JP2021067028A - Suspended scaffold and its installation method - Google Patents

Suspended scaffold and its installation method Download PDF

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JP2021067028A
JP2021067028A JP2019191437A JP2019191437A JP2021067028A JP 2021067028 A JP2021067028 A JP 2021067028A JP 2019191437 A JP2019191437 A JP 2019191437A JP 2019191437 A JP2019191437 A JP 2019191437A JP 2021067028 A JP2021067028 A JP 2021067028A
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scaffolding
suspended
scaffold
bridge
bridge axis
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JP7309565B2 (en
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石川 孝
Takashi Ishikawa
孝 石川
匠 藤田
Takumi Fujita
匠 藤田
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IHI Infrastructure Systems Co Ltd
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Abstract

To provide a suspended scaffold and its installation method with which installation can be efficient by reducing traffic restrictions even if there is a motorway below a bridge body.SOLUTION: A scaffold body 10 formed to be foldable by making multiple floor panels 20 to rotate with each other is used, the scaffold body 10 folded in a direction perpendicular to a bridge axis on the ground below a bridge body is provided, the scaffold body 10 in the folded state is lifted to the bridge body side, and at the same time, as a suspended scaffold that extends horizontally in the direction perpendicular to the bridge axis is formed via deployment so that it extends in the direction perpendicular to the bridge axis, the suspended scaffold that extends horizontally can be formed in a short time simply by unfolding the folded scaffold body 10. At that time, by arranging the scaffold body 10 on the ground in a folded state, it is possible to use a yard 5 as a median strip at a place where the scaffold body 10 is placed on the ground, and the suspended scaffold can be installed efficiently with reduced traffic restrictions.SELECTED DRAWING: Figure 8

Description

本発明は、例えば橋梁の新設、補修、床版取替等の作業現場に用いられ、橋梁本体から吊り下げて設置される吊足場及びその設置方法に関するものである。 The present invention relates to a suspended scaffold that is used at a work site such as new construction, repair, and floor slab replacement of a bridge, and is suspended from the main body of the bridge, and an installation method thereof.

従来、一般道や高速道路等の橋梁において鋼桁が劣化損傷した場合は、鋼桁直下に作業足場を設置し損傷箇所の補修・補強・加工を行う。また、床版が老朽化した場合は、既設床版を主桁上から撤去して新たな床版を架設する床版取替施工が行われる。その際においても、橋梁本体には作業用の足場が設置されるが、その下方及び下方近傍には車道等がある場合が多く、地上から足場を組み上げることができない。そこで、このような橋梁においては、橋桁等から吊り下げられた吊足場が用いられる(例えば、特許文献1参照。)。 Conventionally, when a steel girder is deteriorated and damaged in a bridge such as a general road or an expressway, a work scaffold is installed directly under the steel girder to repair, reinforce, or process the damaged part. In addition, when the floor slab becomes old, the existing floor slab is removed from the main girder and a new floor slab is erected to replace the floor slab. Even in that case, scaffolding for work is installed on the main body of the bridge, but there are many cases where there are roadways and the like below and near the lower part, and the scaffolding cannot be assembled from the ground. Therefore, in such a bridge, a suspended scaffold suspended from a bridge girder or the like is used (see, for example, Patent Document 1).

図27乃至図29に従来の吊足場を橋梁に設置する方法を示す。図27に示す橋梁は、互いに幅方向に間隔をおいて配置された複数の主桁1が橋脚2によって支持され、各主桁1上には床版3が設置されている。また、橋梁下方の地上には片側二車線の車道4が橋脚2の両側をそれぞれ通るように設けられている。各車道4の間には橋脚2が配置されるとともに、各車道4間の中央分離帯をなすヤード5が設けられている。 27 to 29 show a method of installing a conventional suspended scaffold on a bridge. In the bridge shown in FIG. 27, a plurality of main girders 1 arranged at intervals in the width direction are supported by piers 2, and a floor slab 3 is installed on each main girder 1. Further, on the ground below the bridge, a two-lane roadway 4 on each side is provided so as to pass on both sides of the pier 2. A pier 2 is arranged between the roads 4, and a yard 5 forming a median strip between the roads 4 is provided.

この橋梁に吊足場6を設置する場合は、まず、図28に示すように一方の片側二車線の車道4を全面規制して通行止めにし、他方の片側二車線の車道4を対面通行とする。そして、通行止めにした一方の車道4の上方において、図29に示すように橋軸直角方向半分の吊足場6を所定の足場設置区間L(例えば、橋軸方向20m)ずつ橋軸方向に順次設置する。例えば、一区間Lを2日間(夜間のみ)で設置する。この後、他方の片側二車線の車道4を全面規制して通行止めにし、一方の片側二車線の車道4を対面通行とする。そして、通行止めにした他方の車道4の上方において、前述と同様、橋軸直角方向の残り半分の吊足場6を区間Lずつ橋軸方向に順次設置することにより、橋軸直角方向全体に亘る吊足場6が完了する。 When installing the suspension scaffolding 6 on this bridge, first, as shown in FIG. 28, the lane 4 with two lanes on one side is completely restricted and the road is closed, and the lane 4 with two lanes on one side is face-to-face. Then, above the one roadway 4 that has been closed to traffic, as shown in FIG. 29, the suspended scaffolds 6 that are half in the direction perpendicular to the bridge axis are sequentially installed in the bridge axis direction by predetermined scaffolding installation sections L (for example, 20 m in the bridge axis direction). To do. For example, one section L is installed for two days (only at night). After that, the roadway 4 with two lanes on one side is completely restricted and the road is closed, and the roadway 4 with two lanes on one side is used as two-way traffic. Then, above the other roadway 4 which is closed to traffic, the other half of the suspension scaffolding 6 in the direction perpendicular to the bridge axis is sequentially installed in each section L in the direction perpendicular to the bridge axis, thereby suspending the entire bridge axis in the direction perpendicular to the bridge axis. Scaffolding 6 is completed.

特開2004−316070号公報Japanese Unexamined Patent Publication No. 2004-316070

ところで、前述のように吊足場6を設置する際には、橋梁本体の下方の車道4を交通規制して足場用部材(吊チェーン、単管パイプ、足場板等)の搬入及び組立作業を地上から高所作業車等を用いて行う必要があるが、交通量の多い市街地等では長時間に亘る交通規制ができないため、夜間等を利用しながら短区間ずつ行う必要がある。このため、足場の設置作業を効率よく行うことができず、足場の設置工期が長期化するという問題点があった。 By the way, when installing the suspension scaffolding 6 as described above, traffic is regulated on the roadway 4 below the bridge body, and the scaffolding members (suspension chain, single pipe, scaffolding board, etc.) are carried in and assembled on the ground. It is necessary to use aerial work platforms, etc., but since it is not possible to regulate traffic for a long time in urban areas with heavy traffic, it is necessary to carry out short sections at night. For this reason, there is a problem that the scaffolding installation work cannot be performed efficiently and the scaffolding installation work period is lengthened.

本発明は前記問題点に鑑みてなされたものであり、その目的とするところは、橋梁本体の下方に車道等がある場合でも交通規制を少なくして効率よく設置することのできる吊足場及びその設置方法を提供することにある。 The present invention has been made in view of the above problems, and an object of the present invention is a suspended scaffold that can be efficiently installed with less traffic regulation even when there is a roadway or the like below the bridge body. To provide an installation method.

本発明は前記目的を達成するために、橋梁本体から吊り下げて設置される吊足場において、互いに回動自在に連結された複数の床パネルを互いに回動させることにより折り畳み可能に形成された足場本体を備えている。 In order to achieve the above object, the present invention is a scaffold formed so as to be foldable by rotating a plurality of floor panels rotatably connected to each other in a suspended scaffold installed suspended from a bridge body. It has a main body.

また、本発明は前記目的を達成するために、橋梁本体から吊り下げて設置される吊足場の設置方法において、互いに回動自在に連結された複数の床パネルを互いに回動させることにより折り畳み可能に形成された足場本体を用い、橋軸直角方向に折り畳まれた足場本体を橋梁下方の地上に配置しておき、折り畳まれた状態の足場本体を橋梁本体側に吊り上げるとともに、橋軸直角方向に伸長するように展開することにより、橋軸直角方向に水平に延びる吊足場を形成するようにしている。 Further, in order to achieve the above object, the present invention can be folded by rotating a plurality of floor panels rotatably connected to each other in a method of installing a suspended scaffold suspended from a bridge body. Using the scaffolding body formed in, the scaffolding body folded in the direction perpendicular to the bridge axis is placed on the ground below the bridge, and the scaffolding body in the folded state is lifted to the bridge body side and in the direction perpendicular to the bridge axis. By deploying so as to extend, a suspended scaffold extending horizontally in the direction perpendicular to the bridge axis is formed.

これにより、折り畳まれた足場本体を展開することにより水平に延びる吊足場が形成されることから、従来のように橋梁本体の下方において足場用部材の搬入及び組立作業を行うようにした場合に比べ、橋軸直角方向に水平に延びる吊足場を短時間で容易に形成することが可能となる。また、橋軸方向においても、この展開された足場本体をつなぎ合わせることにより、同様に吊足場を短時間で容易に拡張することができる。その際、足場本体を折り畳まれた状態で地上に配置することにより、例えば地上での足場本体の配置場所に中央分離帯としてのヤードを利用することが可能となる。 As a result, a suspended scaffold that extends horizontally is formed by unfolding the folded scaffold body. Therefore, compared to the conventional case where the scaffold members are carried in and assembled below the bridge body. , It is possible to easily form a suspended scaffold extending horizontally in the direction perpendicular to the bridge axis in a short time. Further, also in the direction of the bridge axis, the suspended scaffold can be easily expanded in a short time by connecting the deployed scaffold main bodies. At that time, by arranging the scaffolding body in a folded state on the ground, it is possible to use a yard as a median strip at a place where the scaffolding body is arranged on the ground, for example.

本発明によれば、橋軸方向に水平に延びる吊足場を短時間で容易に形成することができるとともに、例えば地上での足場本体の配置場所に中央分離帯としてのヤードを利用することができるので、橋梁本体の下方及び下方近傍に車道等がある場合でも交通規制を少なくして効率よく吊足場を設置することができ、吊足場の設置工期を大幅に短縮することができる。 According to the present invention, a suspended scaffold extending horizontally in the direction of the bridge axis can be easily formed in a short time, and for example, a yard as a median strip can be used as a place for arranging the scaffold body on the ground. Therefore, even if there is a roadway or the like below or near the lower part of the bridge body, it is possible to efficiently install the suspended scaffolding by reducing traffic restrictions, and the installation construction period of the suspended scaffolding can be significantly shortened.

本発明の第1の実施形態を示す吊足場の平面図Top view of a suspended scaffold showing the first embodiment of the present invention 吊足場の要部平面図Top view of the main part of the suspended scaffolding 吊足場の要部斜視図Perspective view of the main part of the suspended scaffolding 吊足場の設置工程を示す概略正面図Schematic front view showing the installation process of the suspended scaffolding 吊足場の設置工程を示す概略正面図Schematic front view showing the installation process of the suspended scaffolding 吊足場の設置工程を示す概略正面図Schematic front view showing the installation process of the suspended scaffolding 吊足場の設置工程を示す概略正面図Schematic front view showing the installation process of the suspended scaffolding 吊足場の設置工程を示す概略正面図Schematic front view showing the installation process of the suspended scaffolding 吊足場の設置工程を示す概略正面図Schematic front view showing the installation process of the suspended scaffolding 吊足場の設置工程を示す概略正面図Schematic front view showing the installation process of the suspended scaffolding 吊足場の設置工程を示す概略正面図Schematic front view showing the installation process of the suspended scaffolding 吊足場の設置工程を示す概略平面図Schematic plan showing the installation process of the suspended scaffolding 吊足場の展開例を示す床パネルの概略正面図Schematic front view of a floor panel showing an example of deployment of a suspended scaffold 吊足場の他の展開例を示す床パネルの概略正面図Schematic front view of floor panel showing other deployment examples of suspended scaffolding 本発明の第2の実施形態を示す吊足場の設置工程を示す概略平面図Schematic plan showing the installation process of the suspended scaffold showing the second embodiment of the present invention. 吊足場の設置工程を示す概略正面図Schematic front view showing the installation process of the suspended scaffolding 吊足場の設置工程を示す概略正面図Schematic front view showing the installation process of the suspended scaffolding 吊足場の設置工程を示す概略正面図Schematic front view showing the installation process of the suspended scaffolding 吊足場の設置工程を示す概略正面図Schematic front view showing the installation process of the suspended scaffolding 吊足場の設置工程を示す概略正面図Schematic front view showing the installation process of the suspended scaffolding 吊足場の設置工程を示す概略正面図Schematic front view showing the installation process of the suspended scaffolding 連結部材の変形例を示す吊足場の要部平面図Top view of the main part of the suspended scaffold showing a modified example of the connecting member 連結状態を示す連結部材の拡大正面図Enlarged front view of the connecting member showing the connected state 連結解除状態を示す連結部材の拡大正面図Enlarged front view of the connecting member showing the disconnected state 連結工程を示す連結部材の分解斜視図An exploded perspective view of a connecting member showing a connecting process. 連結状態を示す連結部材の斜視図Perspective view of the connecting member showing the connected state 従来の吊足場の設置工程を示す概略正面図Schematic front view showing the installation process of a conventional suspended scaffold 従来の吊足場の設置工程を示す概略正面図Schematic front view showing the installation process of a conventional suspended scaffold 従来の吊足場の設置工程を示す概略平面図Schematic plan showing the installation process of a conventional suspended scaffold

図1乃至図14は本発明の第1の実施形態を示すもので、例えば橋梁の床版取替施工の作業現場に用いられる吊足場の設置方法を示すものである。尚、従来例と同等の構成部分には同一の符号を付して示す。 1 to 14 show the first embodiment of the present invention, and show, for example, a method of installing a suspended scaffold used at a work site of a bridge floor slab replacement construction. The same components as those in the conventional example are designated by the same reference numerals.

本実施形態の吊足場は、橋軸直角方向に折り畳み可能な足場本体10を備え、折り畳まれた状態の足場本体10を吊り上げながら橋軸直角方向に展開することにより設置される。 The suspended scaffold of the present embodiment is provided with a scaffolding body 10 that can be folded in the direction perpendicular to the bridge axis, and is installed by lifting the scaffolding body 10 in the folded state and deploying it in the direction perpendicular to the bridge axis.

足場本体10は複数の床パネル20を有し、各床パネル20は連結部材30を介して互いに回動自在に連結されている。 The scaffolding body 10 has a plurality of floor panels 20, and each floor panel 20 is rotatably connected to each other via a connecting member 30.

床パネル20は、鋼管等のパイプ状部材からなる一対の縦枠21及び一対の横枠22を四角形の枠状に接合することによって形成され、各縦枠21及び各横枠22の内側には着脱可能な板材23が取り付けられている。縦枠21の一端には縦枠21の内径と同等の外径を有する連結ピン21aが設けられ、連結ピン21aを他の縦枠21の他端に挿入することにより、縦枠21同士が軸方向に連結されるようになっている。 The floor panel 20 is formed by joining a pair of vertical frames 21 and a pair of horizontal frames 22 made of pipe-shaped members such as steel pipes in a quadrangular frame shape, and inside each vertical frame 21 and each horizontal frame 22. A removable plate material 23 is attached. A connecting pin 21a having an outer diameter equivalent to the inner diameter of the vertical frame 21 is provided at one end of the vertical frame 21, and by inserting the connecting pin 21a into the other end of the other vertical frame 21, the vertical frames 21 are pivoted to each other. It is designed to be connected in the direction.

連結部材30は内部に縦枠21を回動自在に挿通する一対の円筒部材31からなり、各円筒部材31は接合部32を介して互いに径方向に接合されている。各円筒部材31は縦枠21よりも長さの短い鋼管によって形成され、縦枠21の軸方向両端側が各円筒部材31の両端から外部に露出している。また、連結部材30は吊り下げ用のワイヤやチェーンを連結するための吊環33を有し、吊環33は各円筒部材31の軸方向中央に設けられている。尚、吊環33は各円筒部材31の他の箇所に設けることも可能である。 The connecting member 30 is composed of a pair of cylindrical members 31 that rotatably insert the vertical frame 21 into the inside, and the cylindrical members 31 are joined to each other in the radial direction via the joint portion 32. Each cylindrical member 31 is formed of a steel pipe having a length shorter than that of the vertical frame 21, and both ends of the vertical frame 21 in the axial direction are exposed to the outside from both ends of each cylindrical member 31. Further, the connecting member 30 has a hanging ring 33 for connecting a hanging wire or a chain, and the hanging ring 33 is provided at the center of each cylindrical member 31 in the axial direction. The ring 33 can also be provided at another location of each cylindrical member 31.

以上のように構成された足場本体10は、足場設置現場に応じた枚数(本実施形態では6枚)の床パネル20を備え、各連結部材30を介して各床パネル20を回動することにより長手方向に折り畳み可能になっている。この場合、床パネル20は、例えば縦寸法S1 (縦枠21の長さ)が2m程度、横寸法S2(横枠22の長さ)が2.5m程度に形成されている。また、足場本体10は、図1に示すように長手方向(橋軸直角方向)に伸長した状態で他の足場本体10を連結部材21aを介して連結することにより、足場全体を橋軸方向に拡張することができる。 The scaffolding body 10 configured as described above includes a number of floor panels 20 (six in the present embodiment) according to the scaffolding installation site, and rotates each floor panel 20 via each connecting member 30. Allows it to be folded in the longitudinal direction. In this case, the floor panel 20 is formed, for example, with a vertical dimension S1 (length of the vertical frame 21) of about 2 m and a horizontal dimension S2 (length of the horizontal frame 22) of about 2.5 m. Further, as shown in FIG. 1, the scaffolding body 10 is extended in the longitudinal direction (direction perpendicular to the bridge axis), and the other scaffolding body 10 is connected via the connecting member 21a so that the entire scaffolding is oriented in the bridge axis direction. Can be expanded.

ここで、図4乃至図12を参照し、本実施形態の吊足場を橋梁本体に設置する方法を示す。本実施形態における橋梁本体は、従来例と同様、図4に示すように片側二車線の車道4の上方に位置し、5本の主桁1を有するものである。尚、以下の説明では、足場本体10の各床パネル20を足場本体10の中央から左右(橋軸直角方向)にそれぞれ1枚目、2枚目、3枚目という。また、図5乃至図11における橋脚の図示は省略する。 Here, with reference to FIGS. 4 to 12, a method of installing the suspended scaffolding of the present embodiment on the bridge main body will be shown. As shown in FIG. 4, the bridge main body in the present embodiment is located above the roadway 4 having two lanes on each side and has five main girders 1, as shown in FIG. In the following description, each floor panel 20 of the scaffolding body 10 is referred to as the first, second, and third sheets from the center of the scaffolding body 10 to the left and right (in the direction perpendicular to the bridge axis), respectively. Further, the illustration of the piers in FIGS. 5 to 11 is omitted.

まず、図5に示すように中央側の3本の主桁1にそれぞれ3台の第1の吊上機40を取り付ける。各第1の吊上機40は、例えば吊上能力2t程度の電動トロリ付き電動チェーンブロックからなり、主桁1の下フランジに橋軸方向に移動可能に取り付けられる。また、地上のヤード5には、各床パネル20が互いに厚さ方向に重なり合うように折り畳まれた縮小状態の足場本体10を縦向きに配置する。 First, as shown in FIG. 5, three first hoisting machines 40 are attached to each of the three main girders 1 on the center side. Each first lifting machine 40 is composed of, for example, an electric chain block with an electric trolley having a lifting capacity of about 2 tons, and is attached to the lower flange of the main girder 1 so as to be movable in the bridge axis direction. Further, in the yard 5 on the ground, a reduced scaffolding body 10 in which the floor panels 20 are folded so as to overlap each other in the thickness direction is vertically arranged.

次に、図6に示すように中央の第1の吊上機40のチェーン41を足場本体10の1枚目の各床パネル20の連結部材30に連結するとともに、2枚目及び3枚目の床パネル20をそれぞれ1枚目の各床パネル20との連結部材30を中心に自重により左右外側に90゜回動させる。 Next, as shown in FIG. 6, the chain 41 of the first lifting machine 40 in the center is connected to the connecting member 30 of the first floor panel 20 of the scaffolding body 10, and the second and third ones are connected. The floor panels 20 of the above are rotated by 90 ° to the left and right outside by their own weight around the connecting member 30 with each of the first floor panels 20.

この後、図7に示すように中央の第1の吊上機40によって足場本体10の1枚の各床パネル20を吊り上げるとともに、2枚目及び3枚目の床パネル20をそれぞれ1枚目の各床パネル20との連結部材30を中心に自重により左右内側に90゜回動させる。 After that, as shown in FIG. 7, one floor panel 20 of the scaffolding main body 10 is lifted by the first lifting machine 40 in the center, and the second and third floor panels 20 are respectively the first. The connecting member 30 with each floor panel 20 of the above is rotated 90 ° inward to the left and right by its own weight.

続いて、図8に示すように左右両側の各第1の吊上機40のチェーン41をそれぞれ1枚目の床パネル20と2枚目の床パネル20との間の連結部材30に連結するとともに、中央の第1の吊上機40によって足場本体10を更に吊り上げる。 Subsequently, as shown in FIG. 8, the chains 41 of the first lifting machines 40 on both the left and right sides are connected to the connecting member 30 between the first floor panel 20 and the second floor panel 20, respectively. At the same time, the scaffolding body 10 is further lifted by the first lifting machine 40 in the center.

次に、図9に示すように左右両側の各第1の吊上機40によって1枚目の各床パネル20をそれぞれ水平になるように上方に90゜回動させる。また、左右外側の2本の主桁1にそれぞれ2台の第2の吊上機50を取り付け、各第2の吊上機50のチェーン51をそれぞれ2枚目の床パネル20と3枚目の床パネル20との間の連結部材30に連結する。各第2の吊上機50は、例えば吊上能力200kg程度の電動チェーンブロックからなり、主桁1の下フランジに着脱可能に取り付けられる。尚、ここまでの工程はヤード5内及びその上方での作業となるため、各車線4の交通規制は行われない。但し、足場本体10に第2の吊上機50を連結する際などの準備作業において、図10及び図11に示す後工程のように各車線4の内側一車線(ヤード5側)のみをそれぞれ部分規制する交通規制を行う必要があるが、一時的な短時間規制でよいため長時間に亘る交通規制には至らない。 Next, as shown in FIG. 9, the first lifting machines 40 on both the left and right sides rotate the first floor panel 20 upward by 90 ° so as to be horizontal. Further, two second lifting machines 50 are attached to the two main girders 1 on the left and right outer sides, respectively, and the chains 51 of each of the second lifting machines 50 are attached to the second floor panel 20 and the third, respectively. It is connected to the connecting member 30 between the floor panel 20 and the floor panel 20. Each second lifting machine 50 is composed of, for example, an electric chain block having a lifting capacity of about 200 kg, and is detachably attached to the lower flange of the main girder 1. Since the steps up to this point are performed in and above the yard 5, traffic restrictions on each lane 4 are not applied. However, in the preparatory work such as when connecting the second lifting machine 50 to the scaffolding main body 10, only one inner lane (yard 5 side) of each lane 4 is used as in the post-process shown in FIGS. 10 and 11. It is necessary to carry out partial regulation of traffic, but it does not lead to long-term traffic regulation because temporary short-term regulation is sufficient.

続いて、図10に示すように左右両側の各第2の吊上機50によって2枚目の各床パネル20をそれぞれ水平になるように上方に90゜回動させる。この工程は各車線4の内側一車線の上方を含む範囲での作業となるため、各車線4の内側一車線のみをそれぞれ部分規制する交通規制を行う。以降の工程も同様である。 Subsequently, as shown in FIG. 10, each of the second lifting machines 50 on both the left and right sides rotates the second floor panel 20 upward by 90 ° so as to be horizontal. Since this process is a work in a range including the upper part of one inner lane of each lane 4, traffic regulation is performed to partially regulate only one inner lane of each lane 4. The same applies to the subsequent steps.

次に、図11に示すように3枚目の各床パネル20をそれぞれ水平になるように人手によって上方に90゜回動させ、左右外側の2本の主桁1にそれぞれ吊チェーン60によって連結する。これにより、各床パネル20が全て橋軸直角方向に水平に伸長するように展開した足場本体10が各主桁1の直下に保持され、各連結部材30を図示しない吊チェーンや吊ワイヤ等によって各主桁1に連結することにより吊足場が設置される。 Next, as shown in FIG. 11, each of the third floor panels 20 is manually rotated 90 ° upward so as to be horizontal, and is connected to the two main girders 1 on the left and right outer sides by suspension chains 60, respectively. To do. As a result, the scaffolding body 10 developed so that all the floor panels 20 extend horizontally in the direction perpendicular to the bridge axis is held directly under each main girder 1, and each connecting member 30 is held by a hanging chain, a hanging wire, or the like (not shown). A hanging scaffold is installed by connecting to each main girder 1.

この後、各第2の吊上機50を主桁1から取り外すとともに、各第1の吊上機40を主桁1に沿って次の足場設置位置に移動する。そして、前述と同様の工程により次の足場本体10の吊り上げ及び展開を行うことにより新たな吊足場を設置し、足場本体10同士を連結する工程を順次行うことにより、橋軸方向に吊足場を拡張する。その際、図12に示すように足場本体10による吊足場を所定の足場設置区間L(例えば、橋軸方向20m)ずつ橋軸方向に順次設置する。例えば、一区間Lを1日(夜間のみ)で設置する。 After that, each of the second lifting machines 50 is removed from the main girder 1, and each first lifting machine 40 is moved along the main girder 1 to the next scaffolding installation position. Then, a new suspension scaffold is installed by lifting and deploying the next scaffold main body 10 by the same process as described above, and the suspension scaffold is provided in the bridge axis direction by sequentially performing the steps of connecting the scaffold main bodies 10 to each other. Expand. At that time, as shown in FIG. 12, the suspended scaffolding by the scaffolding body 10 is sequentially installed in the bridge axis direction by a predetermined scaffolding installation section L (for example, 20 m in the bridge axis direction). For example, one section L is installed in one day (only at night).

このように、本実施形態によれば、橋軸直角方向に折り畳まれた足場本体10を橋梁本体の下方の地上に配置しておき、折り畳まれた状態の足場本体10を橋梁本体側に吊り上げるとともに、橋軸直角方向に伸長するように展開することにより、橋軸直角方向に水平に延びる吊足場を形成するようにしたので、折り畳まれた足場本体10を展開するだけで水平に延びる吊足場を形成することができる。これにより、従来のように足場用部材(吊チェーン、単管、足場板等)の搬入及び組立作業を行うようにした場合に比べ、吊足場を短時間で形成することができる。その際、足場本体10は折り畳まれた状態で地上に配置されるので、地上での足場本体10の配置場所に中央分離帯としてのヤード5を利用することができるとともに、吊り上げた足場本体10の一部の展開もヤード5の上方で行うことができる。従って、設置前の足場本体10の配置及び一部の展開作業を各車道4の交通規制をすることなく行うことができるとともに、ヤード5の上方を超えた範囲での展開作業のみを各車道4を一部規制して行えばよいので、交通規制を少なくして効率よく吊足場を設置することができ、吊足場の設置工期を大幅に短縮することができる。 As described above, according to the present embodiment, the scaffolding body 10 folded in the direction perpendicular to the bridge axis is arranged on the ground below the bridge body, and the scaffolding body 10 in the folded state is lifted to the bridge body side. By deploying so as to extend in the direction perpendicular to the bridge axis, a suspended scaffold extending horizontally in the direction perpendicular to the bridge axis is formed. Can be formed. As a result, the scaffolding can be formed in a shorter time than in the conventional case where the scaffolding members (suspension chain, single pipe, scaffolding plate, etc.) are carried in and assembled. At that time, since the scaffolding body 10 is placed on the ground in a folded state, the yard 5 as a median strip can be used as the placement location of the scaffolding body 10 on the ground, and the lifted scaffolding body 10 can be used. Some deployments can also be done above the yard 5. Therefore, the scaffolding body 10 before installation and a part of the deployment work can be performed without traffic regulation of each roadway 4, and only the deployment work in the range beyond the upper part of the yard 5 can be performed on each roadway 4. Since it is only necessary to partially regulate the suspension scaffolding, it is possible to reduce traffic restrictions and efficiently install the suspension scaffolding, and it is possible to significantly shorten the installation construction period of the suspension scaffolding.

また、足場本体10は互いに回動自在に連結された複数の床パネル20からなり、各床パネル20が互いに厚さ方向に重なり合うように折り畳まれた足場本体10を各床パネル20の厚さ方向が橋軸直角方向を向くように縦向きにして配置するようにしたので、折り畳まれた足場本体10の配置スペースを小さくすることができ、橋梁本体の下方に車道4のあるような狭隘な施行場所での吊足場設置作業に極めて有利である。 Further, the scaffolding body 10 is composed of a plurality of floor panels 20 rotatably connected to each other, and the scaffolding body 10 folded so that the floor panels 20 overlap each other in the thickness direction is formed in the thickness direction of each floor panel 20. Since the scaffolding is arranged vertically so that it faces the direction perpendicular to the bridge axis, the space for arranging the folded scaffolding body 10 can be reduced, and the narrow implementation such that the roadway 4 is below the bridge body. It is extremely advantageous for hanging scaffolding installation work in the place.

更に、縮小状態の足場本体10の橋軸直角方向中央部を吊り上げるとともに、足場本体10を橋軸直角方向中央側から橋軸直角方向外側に向かってそれぞれ伸長させるようにしたので、橋軸直角方向中央側の下方に位置する中央分離帯としてのヤード5を利用する場合に極めて有利である。 Further, the central portion of the reduced scaffold body 10 in the direction perpendicular to the bridge axis is lifted, and the scaffold body 10 is extended from the center side in the direction perpendicular to the bridge axis toward the outside in the direction perpendicular to the bridge axis. It is extremely advantageous when the yard 5 as the central separation zone located below the central side is used.

また、橋軸直角方向に伸長した複数の足場本体10を橋軸方向に連結することにより、吊足場を橋軸方向に順次設置するようにしたので、夜間のみの作業など、1回の作業時間が限られる場合でも吊足場の設置を細分化して行うことができ、設置作業をより効率よく行うことができる。 In addition, by connecting a plurality of scaffolding bodies 10 extending in the direction perpendicular to the bridge axis in the direction of the bridge axis, the suspended scaffolding is sequentially installed in the direction of the bridge axis. Even when the number of suspension scaffolds is limited, the suspension scaffolding can be installed in detail, and the installation work can be performed more efficiently.

尚、前記実施形態では、6枚の床パネル20を一列に連結した足場本体10を用いたものを示したが、一つの足場本体10における床パネル20の枚数は橋梁の橋軸直角方向の幅に応じて任意の枚数とすることができる。 In the above embodiment, the scaffolding body 10 in which six floor panels 20 are connected in a row is used, but the number of floor panels 20 in one scaffolding body 10 is the width in the direction perpendicular to the bridge axis of the bridge. It can be any number depending on the number of sheets.

また、前記実施形態では、各床パネル20を一列に連結した足場本体10を一つずつ吊り上げるようにしたものを示したが、例えば第1の吊上機40に吊上能力の高いものを用いるようにすれば、予め複数の足場本体10を連結したものを一回で引き上がることも可能である。 Further, in the above-described embodiment, the scaffolding main body 10 in which the floor panels 20 are connected in a row is lifted one by one. For example, a scaffolding machine 40 having a high lifting capacity is used. By doing so, it is possible to pull up a scaffolding body 10 in which a plurality of scaffolding bodies 10 are connected in advance at one time.

更に、前記実施形態では、足場本体10を橋軸直角方向中央側から橋軸直角方向外側に向かってそれぞれ伸長させるようにしたものを示したが、橋軸直角方向一端側から他端側に向かって一方向に伸長させるようにしてもよい。 Further, in the above-described embodiment, the scaffolding body 10 is extended from the center side in the direction perpendicular to the bridge axis toward the outside in the direction perpendicular to the bridge axis, respectively. It may be extended in one direction.

また、足場本体10の展開は、各床パネル20を、図13に示す時計回り及び図14に示す半時計回りのいずれの方向に回動させるようにしてもよく、折り畳まれる足場本体10を足場設置現場に応じて適宜構成することが可能である。 Further, in the deployment of the scaffolding body 10, each floor panel 20 may be rotated in either the clockwise direction shown in FIG. 13 or the counterclockwise direction shown in FIG. 14, and the folded scaffolding body 10 may be used as a scaffolding. It can be appropriately configured according to the installation site.

更に、吊足場には橋軸直角方向両側の側面部(いわゆる「朝顔」)や防護工が別途設置されるが、足場本体10の両端の床パネル20に予め側面部を回動自在に取り付けておくようにしてもよい。 Further, side surfaces (so-called "morning glory") on both sides in the direction perpendicular to the bridge axis and protective work are separately installed on the suspended scaffold, but the side surfaces are rotatably attached to the floor panels 20 at both ends of the scaffold body 10 in advance. You may leave it.

図15乃至図21は本発明の第2の実施形態を示すので、第1の実施形態の吊足場の他の設置方法を示すのである。尚、第1の実施形態と同等の構成部分には同一の符号を付して示す。 Since FIGS. 15 to 21 show the second embodiment of the present invention, other installation methods of the suspended scaffold of the first embodiment are shown. The same components as those in the first embodiment are designated by the same reference numerals.

第1の実施形態では、第1の吊上機40及び第2の吊上機50を用いて足場本体10の吊り上げ及び展開を行うようにしたものを示したが、本実施形態では第1の吊上機40のみを用いるようにしている。尚、以下の説明では、第1の実施形態と同様、足場本体10の各床パネル20を足場本体10の中央から左右(橋軸直角方向)にそれぞれ1枚目、2枚目、3枚目という。また、橋脚の図示は省略する。 In the first embodiment, the scaffolding main body 10 is lifted and deployed by using the first lifting machine 40 and the second lifting machine 50, but in the present embodiment, the first Only the lifting machine 40 is used. In the following description, as in the first embodiment, the first, second, and third floor panels 20 of the scaffolding body 10 are placed from the center of the scaffolding body 10 to the left and right (in the direction perpendicular to the bridge axis), respectively. That is. Moreover, the illustration of the pier is omitted.

まず、図15に示すように中央の主桁1と左右両側の2本の主桁1にそれぞれ3台の第1の吊上機40を取り付ける。また、地上のヤード5には、各床パネル20が互いに厚さ方向に重なり合うように折り畳まれた縮小状態の足場本体10を縦向きに配置する。 First, as shown in FIG. 15, three first hoisting machines 40 are attached to the central main girder 1 and the two main girders 1 on the left and right sides, respectively. Further, in the yard 5 on the ground, a reduced scaffolding body 10 in which the floor panels 20 are folded so as to overlap each other in the thickness direction is vertically arranged.

次に、図16に示すように中央の第1の吊上機40のチェーン41を足場本体10の1枚目の各床パネル20の連結部材30に連結するとともに、2枚目及び3枚目の床パネル20をそれぞれ1枚目の各床パネル20との連結部材30を中心に自重により左右外側に90゜回動させる。 Next, as shown in FIG. 16, the chain 41 of the first lifting machine 40 in the center is connected to the connecting member 30 of the first floor panel 20 of the scaffolding body 10, and the second and third ones are connected. The floor panels 20 of the above are rotated by 90 ° to the left and right outside by their own weight around the connecting member 30 with each of the first floor panels 20.

この後、図17に示すように中央の第1の吊上機40によって足場本体10の1枚の各床パネル20を吊り上げるとともに、2枚目及び3枚目の床パネル20をそれぞれ1枚目の各床パネル20との連結部材30を中心に自重により左右内側に90゜回動させる。ここで、1枚目の床パネル20と2枚目の床パネル20との連結部分30aをロックする。この場合、例えば1枚目と2枚目の各床パネル20の回動を規制するストッパを取り付けることにより床パネル20同士をロックすることができる。 After that, as shown in FIG. 17, one floor panel 20 of the scaffolding main body 10 is lifted by the first lifting machine 40 in the center, and the second and third floor panels 20 are respectively the first. The connecting member 30 with each floor panel 20 of the above is rotated 90 ° inward to the left and right by its own weight. Here, the connecting portion 30a between the first floor panel 20 and the second floor panel 20 is locked. In this case, for example, the floor panels 20 can be locked to each other by attaching a stopper that regulates the rotation of the first and second floor panels 20.

次に、図18に示すように中央の第1の吊上機40によって足場本体10を更に吊り上げるとともに、図19に示すように左右両側の各第1の吊上機40のチェーン41をそれぞれ2枚目の床パネル20と3枚目の床パネル20との間の連結部材30に連結する。尚、ここまでの工程はヤード5内及びその上方での作業となるため、各車線4の交通規制は行われない。但し、足場本体10に第1の吊上機40を連結する際などの準備作業において、図20及び図21に示す後工程のように各車線4の内側一車線(ヤード5側)のみをそれぞれ部分規制する交通規制を行う必要があるが、一時的な短時間規制でよいため長時間に亘る交通規制には至らない。 Next, as shown in FIG. 18, the scaffolding body 10 is further lifted by the central first lifting machine 40, and as shown in FIG. 19, the chains 41 of the first lifting machines 40 on both the left and right sides are respectively 2 It is connected to the connecting member 30 between the first floor panel 20 and the third floor panel 20. Since the steps up to this point are performed in and above the yard 5, traffic restrictions on each lane 4 are not applied. However, in the preparatory work such as when connecting the first lifting machine 40 to the scaffolding main body 10, only one inner lane (yard 5 side) of each lane 4 is used as in the post-process shown in FIGS. 20 and 21. It is necessary to carry out partial regulation of traffic, but it does not lead to long-term traffic regulation because temporary short-term regulation is sufficient.

続いて、図20に示すように左右両側の各第1の吊上機40によって1枚目の各床パネル20及び2枚目の各床パネル20をそれぞれ水平になるように上方に90゜回動させる。その際、1枚目と2枚目の各床パネル20は回動を規制されているため、互いに水平状態に保たれる。この工程は各車線4の内側一車線の上方を含む範囲での作業となるため、各車線4の内側一車線のみをそれぞれ部分規制する交通規制を行う。以降の工程も同様である。 Subsequently, as shown in FIG. 20, the first floor panels 20 on both the left and right sides are rotated 90 ° upward so that the first floor panel 20 and the second floor panel 20 are horizontal. Move it. At that time, since the rotation of the first and second floor panels 20 is restricted, they are kept in a horizontal state with each other. Since this process is a work in a range including the upper part of one inner lane of each lane 4, traffic regulation is performed to partially regulate only one inner lane of each lane 4. The same applies to the subsequent steps.

次に、図21に示すように3枚目の各床パネル20をそれぞれ水平になるように人手によって上方に90゜回動させ、左右外側の2本の主桁1にそれぞれ吊チェーン60によって連結する。これにより、各床パネル20が全て橋軸直角方向に水平に伸長するように展開した足場本体10が各主桁1の直下に保持され、各連結部材30を図示しない吊チェーンや吊ワイヤ等によって各主桁1に連結することにより吊足場が設置される。 Next, as shown in FIG. 21, each of the third floor panels 20 is manually rotated 90 ° upward so as to be horizontal, and is connected to the two main girders 1 on the left and right outer sides by suspension chains 60, respectively. To do. As a result, the scaffolding body 10 developed so that all the floor panels 20 extend horizontally in the direction perpendicular to the bridge axis is held directly under each main girder 1, and each connecting member 30 is held by a hanging chain, a hanging wire, or the like (not shown). A hanging scaffold is installed by connecting to each main girder 1.

この後、各第1の吊上機40を主桁1に沿って次の足場設置位置に移動する。そして、前述と同様の工程により次の足場本体10の吊り上げ及び展開を行うことにより新たな吊足場を設置し、第1の実施形態と同様、足場本体10同士を連結する工程を順次行うことにより、橋軸方向に吊足場を順次設置する。 After that, each of the first lifting machines 40 is moved to the next scaffolding installation position along the main girder 1. Then, a new suspended scaffold is installed by lifting and deploying the next scaffolding body 10 by the same process as described above, and the steps of connecting the scaffolding bodies 10 to each other are sequentially performed as in the first embodiment. , Install suspended scaffolding in the direction of the bridge axis.

このように、本実施形態によれば、足場本体10を吊り上げる工程で一部の床パネル20同士の連結部分30aの回動を規制するようにしたので、設置工程において連結部分30aに第1の吊上機40を連結する必要がなく、各床パネル20の吊り上げ箇所を少なくすることができる。これにより、3台の第1の吊上機40によって足場本体10の吊り上げ及び展開を行うことができ、吊足場の設置作業をより効率よく行うことができる。 As described above, according to the present embodiment, the rotation of the connecting portion 30a between some floor panels 20 is restricted in the step of lifting the scaffolding body 10, so that the connecting portion 30a is the first in the installation process. It is not necessary to connect the lifting machine 40, and the number of lifting points of each floor panel 20 can be reduced. As a result, the scaffolding main body 10 can be lifted and deployed by the three first lifting machines 40, and the installation work of the hanging scaffolding can be performed more efficiently.

尚、前記各実施形態では、連結部材30によって所定枚数の床パネル20が連結されたものを示したが、図22乃至図26に示すように床パネル20同士を着脱可能に連結する連結部材70を用いるようにしてもよい。 In each of the above embodiments, a predetermined number of floor panels 20 are connected by the connecting member 30, but as shown in FIGS. 22 to 26, the connecting member 70 that detachably connects the floor panels 20 to each other. May be used.

この連結部材70は、前記各実施形態と同様、内部に縦枠21を回動自在に挿通する一対の円筒部材71からなり、各円筒部材71は縦枠21よりも長さの短い鋼管によって形成され、縦枠21の軸方向両端側が各円筒部材71の両端から外部に露出している。各円筒部材71は一対の結合部72,73を介して互いに着脱可能に結合され、各結合部72,73は各円筒部材71の軸方向に延びるように形成されている。各結合部72,73には互いに係合する係合部72a,73bが設けられており、一方の係合部72aは凸状に形成され、他方の係合部72aは凹状に形成されている。この場合、一方の係合部72aの幅方向両側には突部72bがそれぞれ設けられ、他方の係合部73aの幅方向両側には溝部73bがそれぞれ設けられている。 The connecting member 70 is composed of a pair of cylindrical members 71 into which the vertical frame 21 is rotatably inserted, as in each of the above-described embodiments, and each cylindrical member 71 is formed of a steel pipe having a length shorter than that of the vertical frame 21. Both ends of the vertical frame 21 in the axial direction are exposed to the outside from both ends of each cylindrical member 71. The cylindrical members 71 are detachably connected to each other via a pair of connecting portions 72, 73, and the connecting portions 72, 73 are formed so as to extend in the axial direction of the cylindrical members 71. The coupling portions 72 and 73 are provided with engaging portions 72a and 73b that engage with each other, one engaging portion 72a is formed in a convex shape, and the other engaging portion 72a is formed in a concave shape. .. In this case, protrusions 72b are provided on both sides of one engaging portion 72a in the width direction, and groove portions 73b are provided on both sides of the other engaging portion 73a in the width direction.

各結合部72,73は、図25に示すように一方の係合部72aを他方の係合部73aに軸方向から挿入するとともに、各係合部72a,73bを互いに軸方向にスライドさせながら係合する。その際、各溝部73bに各突部72bが嵌合することにより、各結合部72,73が各円筒部材71の径方向への移動を規制される。また、各結合部72,73の軸方向への移動は、例えばボルトで各結合部72,73同士を締結したり、或いは専用のストッパ等を用いて規制することができる。尚、図示していないが、連結部材70には吊り下げ用のワイヤやチェーンを連結するための吊環が設けられる。 As shown in FIG. 25, each of the connecting portions 72 and 73 inserts one engaging portion 72a into the other engaging portion 73a from the axial direction, and slides the engaging portions 72a and 73b in the axial direction with each other. Engage. At that time, the protrusions 72b are fitted into the groove 73b, so that the joints 72, 73 are restricted from moving in the radial direction of the cylindrical member 71. Further, the movement of the joint portions 72, 73 in the axial direction can be regulated, for example, by fastening the joint portions 72, 73 to each other with bolts, or by using a dedicated stopper or the like. Although not shown, the connecting member 70 is provided with a hanging wire or a hanging ring for connecting the chain.

即ち、前記連結部材70を用いることにより、床パネル20同士を着脱可能に連結することができるので、任意の枚数の床パネル20を連結することができ、吊足場の設置現場に応じた長さの足場本体10を容易に形成することができる。この場合、床パネル20同士を連結部材70によって予め連結しておいてもよいし、設置現場で連結するようにしてもよい。 That is, by using the connecting member 70, the floor panels 20 can be detachably connected to each other, so that any number of floor panels 20 can be connected, and the length according to the installation site of the suspended scaffolding. The scaffolding body 10 of the above can be easily formed. In this case, the floor panels 20 may be connected in advance by the connecting member 70, or may be connected at the installation site.

尚、前記各実施形態は本発明の一実施例であり、本発明は前記各実施形態に記載されたものに限定されない。 It should be noted that each of the above-described embodiments is an embodiment of the present invention, and the present invention is not limited to that described in each of the above-described embodiments.

1…主桁、5…ヤード、10…足場本体、20…床パネル、30…連結部材、40…第1の吊上機、50…第2の吊上機、70…連結部材。 1 ... Main girder, 5 ... Yard, 10 ... Scaffolding body, 20 ... Floor panel, 30 ... Connecting member, 40 ... First lifting machine, 50 ... Second lifting machine, 70 ... Connecting member.

Claims (9)

橋梁本体から吊り下げて設置される吊足場において、
互いに回動自在に連結された複数の床パネルを互いに回動させることにより折り畳み可能に形成された足場本体を備えた
ことを特徴とする吊足場。
In the hanging scaffolding installed by hanging from the bridge body
A suspended scaffolding characterized by having a scaffolding body formed so as to be foldable by rotating a plurality of floor panels rotatably connected to each other.
前記足場本体を他の足場本体と橋軸方向に連結可能に形成した
ことを特徴とする請求項1記載の吊足場。
The suspended scaffold according to claim 1, wherein the scaffold body is formed so as to be connectable to another scaffold body in the bridge axis direction.
前記床パネル同士を着脱可能に連結した
ことを特徴とする請求項1または2記載の吊足場。
The suspended scaffold according to claim 1 or 2, wherein the floor panels are detachably connected to each other.
橋梁本体から吊り下げて設置される吊足場の設置方法において、
互いに回動自在に連結された複数の床パネルを互いに回動させることにより折り畳み可能に形成された足場本体を用い、
橋軸直角方向に折り畳まれた足場本体を橋梁下方の地上に配置しておき、
折り畳まれた状態の足場本体を橋梁本体側に吊り上げるとともに、橋軸直角方向に伸長するように展開することにより、橋軸直角方向に水平に延びる吊足場を形成する
ことを特徴とする吊足場の設置方法。
In the installation method of the suspended scaffolding that is suspended from the bridge body,
Using a scaffolding body that is foldable by rotating a plurality of floor panels that are rotatably connected to each other.
Place the scaffolding body folded in the direction perpendicular to the bridge axis on the ground below the bridge,
A scaffolding body in a folded state is lifted toward the bridge body side and expanded so as to extend in the direction perpendicular to the bridge axis to form a suspended scaffolding extending horizontally in the direction perpendicular to the bridge axis. Installation method.
前記各床パネルが互いに厚さ方向に重なり合うように折り畳まれた足場本体を各床パネルの厚さ方向が橋軸直角方向を向くように縦向きにして配置する
ことを特徴とする請求項4記載の吊足場の設置方法。
4. The fourth aspect of the present invention, wherein the scaffolding body folded so that the floor panels overlap each other in the thickness direction is arranged vertically so that the thickness direction of the floor panels faces the direction perpendicular to the bridge axis. How to install the hanging scaffolding.
折り畳まれた状態の足場本体の橋軸直角方向中央部を吊り上げるとともに、足場本体を橋軸直角方向中央側から橋軸直角方向外側に向かってそれぞれ伸長させる
ことを特徴とする請求項4または5記載の吊足場の設置方法。
The fourth or fifth aspect of claim 4 or 5, wherein the central portion of the scaffolding body in the folded state in the direction perpendicular to the bridge axis is lifted, and the scaffolding body is extended from the center side in the direction perpendicular to the bridge axis toward the outside in the direction perpendicular to the bridge axis. How to install the hanging scaffolding.
前記足場本体を吊り上げる工程で一部の床パネル同士の連結部分の回動を規制する
ことを特徴とする請求項4、5または6記載の吊足場の設置方法。
The method for installing a suspended scaffold according to claim 4, 5 or 6, wherein the rotation of a connecting portion between some floor panels is restricted in the step of lifting the scaffold main body.
橋軸直角方向に伸長した複数の足場本体を橋軸方向に連結することにより、吊足場を橋軸方向に順次設置する
ことを特徴とする請求項4、5、6または7記載の吊足場の設置方法。
The suspension scaffold according to claim 4, 5, 6 or 7, wherein the suspension scaffolds are sequentially installed in the bridge axis direction by connecting a plurality of scaffold bodies extending in the direction perpendicular to the bridge axis in the bridge axis direction. Installation method.
前記床パネル同士が着脱可能に連結された足場本体を用いる
ことを特徴とする請求項4、5、6、7または8記載の吊足場の設置方法。
The method for installing a suspended scaffold according to claim 4, 5, 6, 7 or 8, wherein a scaffolding body in which the floor panels are detachably connected to each other is used.
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