JP2020505418A - 受動抗体依存性細胞媒介活性化 - Google Patents
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Abstract
Description
本発明は、国立衛生研究所により授与された補助金第5P01CA163205号に基づく連邦政府の支援によりなされたものである。連邦政府は、本発明に対してある権利を有する。
ナチュラルキラー(NK)細胞は、生殖系免疫グロブリン遺伝子を再編成して適応免疫応答を生成する能力を欠如し、以前に抗原曝露されていなくてもウイルス感染細胞またはがん細胞を認識することができる自然リンパ球細胞である(Orrら、2010年、Cell、142巻、847〜856頁)。NK細胞の機能的ステータスは、種々様々なNK細胞活性化/阻害性受容体およびサイトカインからのシグナル入力により調節される。また、NK細胞は、抗体依存性細胞媒介性細胞傷害(ADCC)の主要なエフェクター細胞であり、IgG分子にその分子のヒンジ領域で結合し、その結果生じる抗原−抗体複合体を介してNK細胞活性化を開始させる低親和性FcγRIIIA/CD16aタンパク質(以降、CD16a)を発現する(Sondermannら、2000年、Nature、406巻、267〜273頁)。CD16aは、NK細胞において、シグナル伝達タンパク質CD3ζとカップリングする(Andersonら、1990年、Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 87巻、2274〜2278頁;Lanierら、1989年、Nature 342巻、803〜805頁)。CD16aによるNK細胞活性化は、そのリン酸化が、引いてはNK細胞の活性化、および抗体で被覆された標的細胞の溶解をもたらすCD3ζのクラスター化に十分な程度に物理的に近接した最低でも2つのCD16a結合部位を必要とする(O'Sheaら、1991年、Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 88巻、350〜354頁)。
本開示は、免疫エフェクター細胞の免疫学的活性化を促進するための試薬、方法、および医薬組成物を提供する。特定の実施形態では、本明細書には、免疫エフェクター細胞上のFcガンマ受容体(FcγR)に結合するドメインおよび標的細胞上のFc結合タンパク質に結合する非重複ドメインを含む免疫学的ポリペプチドが提供される。本明細書に記載のポリペプチドは、抗体の抗原結合領域(いわゆるIgG Fab領域)を使用せずに、免疫エフェクター細胞と標的細胞との間の架橋を形成することが可能である。このタイプの免疫エフェクター細胞活性化は、本明細書では、受動的抗体依存性細胞媒介性細胞傷害(ADCC)と呼ぶ。受動的ADCCは、Fc結合タンパク質をコードする病原体に感染した対象、FcγR以外のFc結合タンパク質をコードする遺伝子を発現する対象、および抗体による処置を受けている対象に有益効果および有害効果の両方を示すことができる。したがって、対象の受動的ADCCを増強または阻害する方法も開示される。
定義
本明細書および以下の特許請求の範囲では、多くの用語が言及されることになるが、それらは、以下の意味を有すると定義されるものとする。
本明細書には、対象の受動的ADCCを増強するための試薬、方法、および医薬組成物が開示されている。特定の実施形態では、本明細書には、Fc結合タンパク質をコードする病原体に感染した対象を処置するための方法であって、対象に、免疫エフェクター細胞上にあるFcγRに結合するドメインおよび病原体によりコードされるFc結合タンパク質に結合する非重複ドメインを含む本発明の医薬組成物が投与される、方法が提供される。他の実施形態では、HSV1感染を有する対象の神経学的損傷を予防するための、およびHSV1感染を有する対象の死亡を予防するための試薬、方法、および医薬組成物が提供される。ある特定の実施形態では、免疫学的ポリペプチドは、抗体、より具体的にはIgG抗体、および特にIgG抗体のFc断片である。IgG含有抗血清も、そのような免疫学的ポリペプチドの範囲内である。本方法に有用な、本明細書で開示される医薬組成物を構成する免疫学的ポリペプチドの特徴は、前記IgG抗体の効力および有用性が、それらの抗原特異性に依存しないということである。
一部の実施形態では、免疫学的ポリペプチドは、免疫グロブリンG(IgG)抗体のFc領域を含むが、抗体の抗原結合領域、例えばFab領域を含まない。例えば、免疫学的ポリペプチドは、IgG1(例えば、配列番号6)、IgG2(例えば、配列番号7)、IgG3(例えば、配列番号8)、またはIgG4(例えば、配列番号9)免疫グロブリンの断片であってもよい。本明細書に示されている配列は例示である。また、当業者であれば、特許請求されている試薬、方法、および医薬組成物は、IgGアイソタイプのアロタイプ変異を含むことを認識するだろう。一部の実施形態では、免疫学的ポリペプチドは、IgG免疫グロブリンのFc領域、またはFcγRおよびFc結合タンパク質に同時に結合することが可能なその断片、またはFcγRもしくはFc結合タンパク質のいずれかに結合することが可能であるが、両方には結合しないその断片(例えば、IgG3)を含み、抗体の抗原結合領域、例えばFab領域を含まない。特定の実施形態では、本開示の免疫学的ポリペプチドは、免疫エフェクター細胞上のFcγRに対して、自然界に見出されるIgGよりも高い親和性で結合するように変更されている(自然に、遺伝子工学により、または別様に)ドメインおよび/または病原体によりコードされるFc結合タンパク質に対して、自然界に見出されるIgGよりも高い親和性で結合する非重複ドメインを含む。免疫学的ポリペプチドは、ヒトIgG1の断片(S6B291;配列番号10)を含有する組換えタンパク質であってもよい。例えば、特定の実施形態では、組換えタンパク質は、ヒトIgG1の残基235〜466(S6B291)(配列番号2)、またはIgG2、IgG3、もしくはIgG4の相当する相同体配列を含む。また、免疫学的ポリペプチドは、当技術分野で公知であるように、ヒトIgG1、IgG2、IgG3、もしくはIgG4のパパインまたはプラスミン消化により製作することができる(例えば、Goding, J.(1983年)、Monoclonal Antibodies: Principles and Practice、Academic Press Inc.、London, U Kを参照)。
また、FcγRおよびFc結合タンパク質に同時に結合することが可能な合成または組換えポリペプチドが開示される。一部の実施形態では、免疫学的ポリペプチドは、IgG免疫グロブリンの2つまたはそれよりも多くのFc領域を含む。特定の実施形態では、Fc領域は、例えば、PEG化またはミリストイル化により修飾されている。
本明細書で開示される方法は、Fc結合タンパク質を発現する標的細胞もしくは病原体の死滅または妨害が望ましい任意の疾患または状態に幅広く適用可能である。
Proteus sp.、Clostridium sp.、Erysipelothrix sp.、Lesteria sp.、Pasteurella multocida、Streptobacillus sp.、Spirillum sp.、Fusospirochetasp.、Treponema pallidum、Borrelia sp.、Actinomycetes、
Mycoplasma sp.、Chlamydia sp.、Rickettsia sp.、Spirochaeta、
Legionella sp.、Mycobacteria sp.、Ureaplasma sp.、Streptomyces sp.、Trichomoras sp.、およびP.mirabilis。
Plasmodium falciparum、P.vivax、P.ovale、P.malaria;Toxoplasma gondii;Leishmania mexicana、L.tropica、L.major、L.aethiopica、L.donovani、Trypanosoma cruzi、T.brucei、Schistosoma mansoni、S.haematobium、S.japonium;Trichinella spiralis;Wuchereria bancrofti;Brugia malayli;Entamoeba histolytica;Enterobius vermiculoarus;Taenia solium、T.saginata、Trichomonas vaginatis、T.hominis、T.tenax;Giardia lamblia;Cryptosporidium parvum;Pneumocytis carinii、Babesia bovis、B.divergens、B.microti、Isospore belli、L hominis;Dientamoeba fragiles;Onchocerca volvulus;Ascaris lumbricoides、Necator americanis;Ancylostoma duodenale;Strongyloides stercoralis;Capillaria philippinensis;Angiostrongylus cantonensis;Hymenolepis nana;Diphyllobothrium latum;Echinococcus granulosus、E.multilocularis;Paragonimus westermani、P.caliensis;Chlonorchis sinensis;Opisthorchis felineas、G.Viverini、Fasciola hepatica Sarcoptes scabiei、Pediculus humanus;Phthirius pubis;およびDermatobia hominis。
また、受動的ADCCを阻害または低減するための方法、試薬、および医薬組成物が開示される。こうした方法は、受動的ADCCを阻害することにより、対象の免疫エフェクター細胞の細胞傷害性を低減する。
また、本明細書には、ウイルス感染細胞および免疫エフェクター細胞の相互作用をモジュレートする遺伝子を特定するための方法が開示される。この方法は、本明細書では、異所性遺伝子発現により媒介される示差的細胞溶解(DC−MEGE)と呼ばれる。この方法は、ヒトリンパ球と、ウイルスに感染した標的細胞により発現される各遺伝子との間の相互作用に関する包括的な理解を提供する。
多形性神経膠芽腫(GBM)は、利用可能な併用療法を適用しても、一貫して致死性の疾患である。腫瘍溶解性HSV(「oHSV」)ベクターを含む複製コンピテントウイルスは、有望な治療選択肢である。
また、本明細書で開示されているように、HSV gEおよびgIは、受動的ADCCを増強し、FcγR保持免疫細胞によるHSV1感染のクリアランスを促進する。したがって、gEおよびgIをコードするHSV Us7およびUs8遺伝子を含むウイルスベクターを含むHSVワクチンが開示される。こうした遺伝子は、感染細胞におけるgEおよびgIのより初期のならびに/またはより高度な発現を促進して受動的ADCCを促進する発現制御配列に、一緒にまたは独立して作動可能に接続されていてもよい。
本開示の組成物は、薬学的に許容される担体と組み合わせて治療的に使用することができる。「薬学的に許容される」とは、生物学的にまたは別様に望ましくないわけでない材料を意味し、つまり、そうした材料は、いかなる望ましくない生物学的作用も引き起こさずに、またはそれが含有されている医薬組成物の他の成分のいずれとも有害な様式で相互作用せずに、対象に投与することができる。担体は、当業者であれば周知であるように、活性成分のあらゆる分解を最小限に抑え、対象でのあらゆる有害副作用を最小限に抑えるように選択される。
本明細書で開示されるポリペプチドを発現するように操作された細胞が提供される。操作された細胞は、細胞培養で増幅させることができる(例えば、生体動物の一部であること(「in vivo」)とは対照的に)。例えば、細胞は、哺乳動物細胞、例えば、CHO細胞、またはヒト細胞、またはマウスハイブリドーマ細胞であってもよい。本明細書で開示されるポリペプチドの発現に使用することができる他のタイプの細胞の例としては、以下のものが挙げられる:マウス骨髄腫細胞(例えば、NSO)、ヒト胚腎臓細胞(例えば、HEK293)、サル腎細胞(例えば、COS)、ヒト上皮癌細胞(例えば、HeLa)、ヒト線維肉腫細胞(例えば、HT−1080)、ベビーハムスター腎細胞、酵母細胞、および昆虫細胞など(例えば、Fernandezら(編)、Gene Expression Systems、Academic Press、1999年を参照)。本開示のポリペプチドおよび適切な培養条件と適合する任意の細胞を使用することができる。
物質および方法
ウイルス、細菌、抗体、およびタンパク質。HSV1 F株は、ATCC、Manassas、VA.から購入した。Us8欠損HSV1Fの生成は、以前に記載されている(Suenagaら、2014年、Microbiology and Immunology 58巻、513〜522頁)。R8411、ルシフェラーゼを発現するHSV1 F株は、Bernard Roizmanにより提供された(Zerboniら、2013年、J Virol 87巻、2791〜2802頁)。野生型(WT)newman株(ATCC、25904)およびプロテインA欠損(Spa−)newmanは、Timothy Frost博士(Dublin、Ireland)から譲り受け、トリプシン大豆ブロス中で増殖した(Patelら、1987年、Infect Immun 55巻、3103〜3110頁)。CD3(HIT3a)、CD14(M5E2)、CD19(HIB19)、CD56(N901)、CD16a(3G8)、CD253(RIK2)、CD69(FN50)、CD62L(DREG56)、CD107a(H4a3)、CD3ζ(pY142)(K25−407.69)、CD3ζ(6B10.2)、CD3(17A2)、CD62L(MEL−14)、CD27(LG.3A10)CD69(H1.2F3)、NKp46(29A1.4)、抗HSV1 gE(9H3)、抗HSV1 gC(1C8)、および抗HSV1 gB(T111)に特異的な抗体は、BD Biosciences、Franklin Lakes、NJ;Biolegend、San Diego、CA;Beckman Coulter、Brea、CA;Abcam、Cambridge、MA;R&D Systems、Minneapolis、MN;Sigma−Aldrich、St.Louis、MO);およびMillipore、Burlington、VAから購入した。抗HSV1 gD(ID3)は、Roselyn J. EisenbergおよびGary Cohenにより提供された。抗HSV1 gE(9H3)は、Abcamから購入した。ビオチン化CD16aおよびHuIgG1 Fcは、Sino Biological、Beijing、Chinaから購入し、IgG1Fc(ΔCD16)は、ヒトIgG1 Fc aa262〜466(配列番号2)を、IL2シグナルペプチドの後にpFuseベクター(InvivoGen、San Diego、CA)にクローニングし、BHK細胞で発現させ、プロテインAアガロースビーズ(Thermofisher)を使用して精製することにより製作した。HSV1特異的抗体を含有する、プールされたヒトIgG(GamaStan、Grifols USA、Los Angeles、CA)は、オハイオ州立大学薬局、Columbus、OHから購入した。
GFP%(+nk)=NK細胞の存在下でのGFPのパーセンテージ、
GFP%(−nk)=NK細胞の非存在下でのGFPのパーセンテージ
異所性遺伝子発現により媒介される示差的細胞溶解(DC−MEGE)により、HSV1 gEが、ヒトNK細胞活性化因子であると特定された。
上記に示されている結果により実証されたように、不偏性の細胞傷害性アッセイであるDC−MEGEにより、HSV1感染後のヒトNK細胞と宿主腫瘍細胞との相互作用が明らかにされた(図1A)。これは、Us12(HuardおよびFruh、2000年、Eur J Immunol 30巻、509〜515頁)およびUs3(Imaiら、2013年、PLoS One 8巻、e72050頁)を除いて、残りのウイルス遺伝子が、NK細胞細胞傷害性の調節に重要であることを報告した初めてのものである。したがって、DC−MEGEは、NK細胞が他の病原体とどのように相互作用するのかを研究するのに有用である。
CMV gp34およびgp68は両方とも、それらのFcの部分を介して、ヒト化抗体リツキシマブおよびヒトIgGの両方に結合することが可能なIgG結合タンパク質である(図28Aおよび28B)。CD16aは、gp34またはgp68のいずれかを発現する神経膠腫細胞と直接的には相互作用しない(図28C)。しかしながら、CD16aは、リツキシマブまたはヒトIgG1 Fc断片の存在下で、gp68を発現する神経膠腫細胞に結合することができるものの、ヒトIgG Fcが存在する場合にさえ、gp34を発現する神経膠腫細胞には結合しない(図28Dおよび28E)。したがって、gp68は、ヒトIgG1 FcおよびCD16aとの三成分複合体を形成することが可能である。加えて、gp68を発現する神経膠腫細胞と共に培養した初代ヒトNK細胞は、CD69およびCD107aの増加ならびにCD62LおよびCD16aの減少により表される活性化表現型を示した(図29Aおよび29B)。
Claims (21)
- Fc結合タンパク質をコードする病原体に感染した対象を処置するための医薬組成物であって、免疫エフェクター細胞上のFcγRに結合するドメインおよび前記病原体によりコードされるFc結合タンパク質に結合する非重複ドメインを含む免疫学的ポリペプチドを含む医薬組成物。
- 前記免疫エフェクター細胞が、B細胞、ナチュラルキラー(NK)細胞、単球、マクロファージ、好中球もしくは顆粒球、T細胞、または樹状細胞である、請求項1に記載の医薬組成物。
- Fc結合タンパク質をコードする前記病原体が、単純ヘルペスウイルス(HSV)、サイトメガロウイルス、または水痘帯状疱疹ウイルス(VZV)である、請求項1に記載の医薬組成物。
- 前記病原体によりコードされるFc結合タンパク質が、ヘルペスウイルス糖タンパク質E(gE)またはサイトメガロウイルス68kDa糖タンパク質(gp68)を含む、請求項3に記載の医薬組成物。
- 免疫エフェクター細胞上のFcγRに結合するドメインを含む前記免疫学的ポリペプチドが、IgG抗体のFc断片である、請求項1に記載の医薬組成物。
- Fc結合タンパク質をコードする病原体に感染した対象を処置する方法であって、前記対象に、治療有効量の請求項1に記載の医薬組成物を投与することを含む方法。
- 免疫エフェクター細胞上のFcγRに結合するドメインを含む前記免疫学的ポリペプチドが、IgG抗体のFc断片である、請求項6に記載の方法。
- HSV1感染を有する対象の神経学的損傷を予防するための医薬組成物であって、免疫エフェクター細胞上のFcγRに結合するドメインおよび単純ヘルペスウイルスによりコードされるFc結合タンパク質に結合する非重複ドメインを含む免疫学的ポリペプチドを含む医薬組成物。
- HSV1感染を有する対象の神経学的損傷を予防するための方法であって、前記対象に、治療有効量の請求項8に記載の医薬組成物を投与することを含む方法。
- HSV1感染を有する対象の死亡を予防するための医薬組成物であって、免疫エフェクター細胞上のFcγRに結合するドメインおよび単純ヘルペスウイルスによりコードされるFc結合タンパク質に結合する非重複ドメインを含む免疫学的ポリペプチドを含む医薬組成物。
- HSV1感染を有する対象の死亡を予防するための方法であって、前記対象に、治療有効量の請求項10に記載の医薬組成物を投与することを含む方法。
- 腫瘍溶解性ウイルス治療を受けている対象のがんを処置するための医薬組成物であって、免疫エフェクター細胞上のFcγRに結合するドメインおよび標的細胞上のFc結合タンパク質に結合する非重複ドメインを含む免疫学的ポリペプチドを含む医薬組成物。
- 腫瘍溶解性ウイルス治療を受けている対象のがんを処置するための方法であって、前記対象に、治療有効量の請求項12に記載の医薬組成物を投与することを含む方法。
- 対象の腫瘍溶解性ウイルス治療を増強するための医薬組成物であって、標的細胞上のFc結合タンパク質に結合する領域を含むが、Fcガンマ受容体(FcγR)に結合する領域を含まないポリペプチドを含む組成物。
- 対象の腫瘍溶解性ウイルス治療を増強するための方法であって、前記対象に、治療有効量の請求項14に記載の医薬組成物を投与することを含む方法。
- 前記医薬組成物が、腫瘍溶解性ウイルス治療剤による処置の前に投与される、請求項15に記載の方法。
- 抗がん治療を受けている対象の炎症を低減する方法であって、
(a)Fc結合タンパク質に結合する領域を含むが、Fcガンマ受容体(FcγR)に結合する領域を含まない治療有効量のポリペプチドを投与すること、および
(b)モノクローナル抗体薬物を含む抗がん治療を施すこと
を含む方法。 - 前記モノクローナル抗体薬物が、リツキシマブ、トシリズマブ、トシツモマブ、トラスツズマブ、ベバシズマブ、ブレンツキシマブベドチン、セツキシマブ、ダラツムマブ、イピリムマブ、オファツムマブ、パニツムマブ、アレムツズマブ、またはペムブロリズマブである、請求項17に記載の方法。
- 医薬組成物が、前記モノクローナル抗体薬物による処置の前に投与される、請求項17に記載の方法。
- 医薬組成物が、IgG抗体のFc断片である免疫エフェクター細胞上のFcγRに結合するドメインを含む免疫学的ポリペプチドを含む、請求項17に記載の方法。
- PBMCまたは単球から樹状細胞またはマクロファージを生成する効率を増加させるための方法であって、プロテインAまたはプロテインGでプレコーティングされたプレートで、または重合されたプロテインAまたはプロテインGと共に、PBMCまたは単球を培養することを含む方法。
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