JP2019181411A - 汚染土壌または汚染水の原位置浄化方法および原位置浄化装置 - Google Patents
汚染土壌または汚染水の原位置浄化方法および原位置浄化装置 Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- JP2019181411A JP2019181411A JP2018079154A JP2018079154A JP2019181411A JP 2019181411 A JP2019181411 A JP 2019181411A JP 2018079154 A JP2018079154 A JP 2018079154A JP 2018079154 A JP2018079154 A JP 2018079154A JP 2019181411 A JP2019181411 A JP 2019181411A
- Authority
- JP
- Japan
- Prior art keywords
- mercury
- contaminated
- water
- iron
- contaminated soil
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Granted
Links
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 title claims abstract description 168
- 239000002689 soil Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 114
- 238000011065 in-situ storage Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 49
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 45
- 238000004140 cleaning Methods 0.000 title abstract 8
- XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N Iron Chemical compound [Fe] XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 143
- 229910052753 mercury Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 136
- QSHDDOUJBYECFT-UHFFFAOYSA-N mercury Chemical compound [Hg] QSHDDOUJBYECFT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 127
- 229910052742 iron Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 72
- 241000894006 Bacteria Species 0.000 claims abstract description 71
- OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon Chemical compound [C] OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 63
- 229910052799 carbon Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 59
- QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N atomic oxygen Chemical compound [O] QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 42
- 229910052760 oxygen Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 42
- 239000001301 oxygen Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 42
- 230000003647 oxidation Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 32
- 238000007254 oxidation reaction Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 32
- 150000002731 mercury compounds Chemical class 0.000 claims abstract description 10
- 238000000746 purification Methods 0.000 claims description 54
- CURLTUGMZLYLDI-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon dioxide Chemical group O=C=O CURLTUGMZLYLDI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 42
- -1 mercury ions Chemical class 0.000 claims description 25
- 229910002092 carbon dioxide Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 21
- 239000001569 carbon dioxide Substances 0.000 claims description 21
- 238000011084 recovery Methods 0.000 claims description 21
- 235000003891 ferrous sulphate Nutrition 0.000 claims description 6
- 239000011790 ferrous sulphate Substances 0.000 claims description 6
- BAUYGSIQEAFULO-UHFFFAOYSA-L iron(2+) sulfate (anhydrous) Chemical compound [Fe+2].[O-]S([O-])(=O)=O BAUYGSIQEAFULO-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 claims description 6
- 229910000359 iron(II) sulfate Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 6
- 229940008718 metallic mercury Drugs 0.000 abstract description 8
- 238000009834 vaporization Methods 0.000 abstract description 5
- 230000008016 vaporization Effects 0.000 abstract description 5
- BQPIGGFYSBELGY-UHFFFAOYSA-N mercury(2+) Chemical compound [Hg+2] BQPIGGFYSBELGY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 abstract 2
- 229940100892 mercury compound Drugs 0.000 abstract 1
- 238000002156 mixing Methods 0.000 description 35
- 239000007788 liquid Substances 0.000 description 16
- 239000007789 gas Substances 0.000 description 11
- 239000003673 groundwater Substances 0.000 description 9
- UQSXHKLRYXJYBZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Iron oxide Chemical compound [Fe]=O UQSXHKLRYXJYBZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 8
- 238000000926 separation method Methods 0.000 description 8
- 238000002347 injection Methods 0.000 description 6
- 239000007924 injection Substances 0.000 description 6
- 230000033116 oxidation-reduction process Effects 0.000 description 6
- 238000010586 diagram Methods 0.000 description 5
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 5
- 239000003344 environmental pollutant Substances 0.000 description 4
- 238000005259 measurement Methods 0.000 description 4
- 231100000719 pollutant Toxicity 0.000 description 4
- 238000012545 processing Methods 0.000 description 4
- 239000000243 solution Substances 0.000 description 4
- 241000605222 Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans Species 0.000 description 3
- 239000007864 aqueous solution Substances 0.000 description 3
- 239000012286 potassium permanganate Substances 0.000 description 3
- 102000004169 proteins and genes Human genes 0.000 description 3
- 108090000623 proteins and genes Proteins 0.000 description 3
- 238000001179 sorption measurement Methods 0.000 description 3
- 238000011144 upstream manufacturing Methods 0.000 description 3
- 239000002699 waste material Substances 0.000 description 3
- 229910000497 Amalgam Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- HCHKCACWOHOZIP-UHFFFAOYSA-N Zinc Chemical compound [Zn] HCHKCACWOHOZIP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 230000002378 acidificating effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000012258 culturing Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000003247 decreasing effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000005516 engineering process Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000010419 fine particle Substances 0.000 description 2
- PCHJSUWPFVWCPO-UHFFFAOYSA-N gold Chemical compound [Au] PCHJSUWPFVWCPO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229910052737 gold Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000010931 gold Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000010842 industrial wastewater Substances 0.000 description 2
- 150000002500 ions Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 239000002101 nanobubble Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910052725 zinc Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000011701 zinc Substances 0.000 description 2
- QGZKDVFQNNGYKY-UHFFFAOYSA-O Ammonium Chemical compound [NH4+] QGZKDVFQNNGYKY-UHFFFAOYSA-O 0.000 description 1
- VYZAMTAEIAYCRO-UHFFFAOYSA-N Chromium Chemical compound [Cr] VYZAMTAEIAYCRO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N Copper Chemical compound [Cu] RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- MYMOFIZGZYHOMD-UHFFFAOYSA-N Dioxygen Chemical compound O=O MYMOFIZGZYHOMD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910002546 FeCo Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229920002148 Gellan gum Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 238000004566 IR spectroscopy Methods 0.000 description 1
- PWHULOQIROXLJO-UHFFFAOYSA-N Manganese Chemical compound [Mn] PWHULOQIROXLJO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 102000007562 Serum Albumin Human genes 0.000 description 1
- 108010071390 Serum Albumin Proteins 0.000 description 1
- BQCADISMDOOEFD-UHFFFAOYSA-N Silver Chemical compound [Ag] BQCADISMDOOEFD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- NINIDFKCEFEMDL-UHFFFAOYSA-N Sulfur Chemical compound [S] NINIDFKCEFEMDL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 241000605118 Thiobacillus Species 0.000 description 1
- ATJFFYVFTNAWJD-UHFFFAOYSA-N Tin Chemical compound [Sn] ATJFFYVFTNAWJD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000003213 activating effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 235000012206 bottled water Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 238000011088 calibration curve Methods 0.000 description 1
- BVKZGUZCCUSVTD-UHFFFAOYSA-N carbonic acid Chemical compound OC(O)=O BVKZGUZCCUSVTD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052804 chromium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000011651 chromium Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052802 copper Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000010949 copper Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000013461 design Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000009792 diffusion process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000010790 dilution Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000012895 dilution Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910001882 dioxygen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000011978 dissolution method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000003651 drinking water Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000010492 gellan gum Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000000216 gellan gum Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000005484 gravity Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000002054 inoculum Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910017053 inorganic salt Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000002955 isolation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000010410 layer Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052748 manganese Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000011572 manganese Substances 0.000 description 1
- WPBNNNQJVZRUHP-UHFFFAOYSA-L manganese(2+);methyl n-[[2-(methoxycarbonylcarbamothioylamino)phenyl]carbamothioyl]carbamate;n-[2-(sulfidocarbothioylamino)ethyl]carbamodithioate Chemical compound [Mn+2].[S-]C(=S)NCCNC([S-])=S.COC(=O)NC(=S)NC1=CC=CC=C1NC(=S)NC(=O)OC WPBNNNQJVZRUHP-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000012528 membrane Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910021645 metal ion Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 244000005700 microbiome Species 0.000 description 1
- 238000005065 mining Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 description 1
- 231100000989 no adverse effect Toxicity 0.000 description 1
- 150000002894 organic compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 230000001590 oxidative effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000002085 persistent effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000000575 pesticide Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000002265 prevention Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000012552 review Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000000523 sample Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920006395 saturated elastomer Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229910052709 silver Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000004332 silver Substances 0.000 description 1
- 241000894007 species Species 0.000 description 1
- 238000003756 stirring Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052717 sulfur Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000011593 sulfur Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000003464 sulfur compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000002344 surface layer Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000002352 surface water Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052718 tin Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000011135 tin Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000002912 waste gas Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000002351 wastewater Substances 0.000 description 1
Images
Landscapes
- Processing Of Solid Wastes (AREA)
- Purification Treatments By Anaerobic Or Anaerobic And Aerobic Bacteria Or Animals (AREA)
- Treatment Of Water By Oxidation Or Reduction (AREA)
- Treatment Of Sludge (AREA)
Abstract
Description
(2)酸素含有微細気泡が、発生時の直径が50μm以下のマイクロバブルである。
(3)3価未満の酸化数の鉄を含む鉄源が硫酸第一鉄である。
(4)無機炭素源が二酸化炭素であり、酸素含有微細気泡中の酸素が大気に含まれる酸素である。
(5)微細気泡含有水供給工程における無機炭素源の添加量が、汚染土壌または汚染水の酸化還元電位が−600mV以上800mV未満となるように調整される。
次に、本発明の汚染土壌または汚染水の原位置浄化方法を詳細に説明するが、本発明の方法は以下の方法に限られるものでは無い。本発明の汚染土壌または汚染水の原位置浄化方法は、汚染土壌および/または汚染水に、水銀耐性鉄酸化細菌、3価未満の酸化数の鉄を含む鉄源、無機炭素源および酸素含有微細気泡を含む水銀耐性鉄酸化細菌含有水を供給する。
水銀耐性鉄酸化細菌含有水供給工程では、水銀耐性鉄酸化細菌、3価未満の酸化数の鉄を含む鉄源、無機炭素源および酸素含有微細気泡を含む水銀耐性鉄酸化細菌含有水を原位置において汚染土壌または汚染水に供給する。
次に、本発明の汚染土壌または汚染水の原位置浄化方法を実施するための汚染土壌または汚染水の原位置浄化装置の一例を説明するが、原位置浄化装置についても、これに限られるものでは無い。
本工程では、汚染土壌または汚染水2中から還元気化された水銀を含む水銀含有水を回収する。回収は、浄化対象が湖沼水や表層部の土壌である場合には、表層部の水を直接吸引することで行われる。しかし、水銀含有水を地下水や深層土壌から回収する必要がある場合には、回収井戸44を土壌中に設け、回収井戸44中に湧出した水銀含有水を吸引手段42により吸引しても良い(以上、回収工程)。
10、100 汚染土壌または汚染水の原位置浄化装置
22 混合槽(供給手段)
24 送液手段(供給手段)
41 回収槽(回収手段)
42 吸引手段(回収手段)
Claims (7)
- 水銀化合物および/または水銀イオンで汚染された汚染土壌または汚染水を原位置で浄化する方法であって、
水銀耐性鉄酸化細菌、3価未満の酸化数の鉄を含む鉄源、無機炭素源および酸素含有微細気泡を含む水銀耐性鉄酸化細菌含有水を前記汚染土壌または汚染水に供給する水銀耐性鉄酸化細菌含有水供給工程を含むことを特徴とする汚染土壌または汚染水の原位置浄化方法。 - 前記微細気泡含有水供給工程後、汚染土壌または汚染水中から還元気化された水銀を含む水銀含有水を回収する回収工程をさらに含む、請求項1に記載の汚染土壌または汚染水の原位置浄化方法。
- 前記酸素含有微細気泡が、発生時の直径が50μm以下のマイクロバブルである、請求項1または2に記載の汚染土壌または汚染水の原位置浄化方法。
- 前記3価未満の酸化数の鉄を含む鉄源が硫酸第一鉄である、請求項1〜3の何れか一項に記載の汚染土壌または汚染水の原位置浄化方法。
- 前記無機炭素源が二酸化炭素であり、前記酸素含有微細気泡中の酸素が大気に含まれる酸素である、請求項1〜4の何れか一項に記載の汚染土壌または汚染水の原位置浄化方法。
- 微細気泡含有水供給工程における無機炭素源の添加量が、前記汚染土壌または汚染水の酸化還元電位が−600mV以上800mV未満となるように調整される、請求項1〜4の何れか一項に記載の汚染土壌または汚染水の原位置浄化方法。
- 水銀化合物および/または水銀イオンで汚染された汚染土壌または汚染水を原位置で浄化する汚染土壌または汚染水の原位置浄化装置であって、
水銀耐性鉄酸化細菌、3価未満の酸化数の鉄を含む鉄源、無機炭素源および酸素含有微細気泡を含む微細気泡含有水を前記汚染土壌または汚染水に供給する供給手段と、
前記微細気泡含有水が供給された汚染土壌または汚染水中から還元気化された水銀を含む水銀含有水を回収する回収手段と、
を有することを特徴とする汚染土壌または汚染水の原位置浄化装置。
Priority Applications (1)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
JP2018079154A JP6968023B2 (ja) | 2018-04-17 | 2018-04-17 | 汚染土壌または汚染水の原位置浄化方法および原位置浄化装置 |
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
JP2018079154A JP6968023B2 (ja) | 2018-04-17 | 2018-04-17 | 汚染土壌または汚染水の原位置浄化方法および原位置浄化装置 |
Publications (2)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
JP2019181411A true JP2019181411A (ja) | 2019-10-24 |
JP6968023B2 JP6968023B2 (ja) | 2021-11-17 |
Family
ID=68338750
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
JP2018079154A Active JP6968023B2 (ja) | 2018-04-17 | 2018-04-17 | 汚染土壌または汚染水の原位置浄化方法および原位置浄化装置 |
Country Status (1)
Country | Link |
---|---|
JP (1) | JP6968023B2 (ja) |
Citations (7)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
JPH0857497A (ja) * | 1994-08-24 | 1996-03-05 | Nippon Steel Corp | 鉄酸化細菌の増殖方法 |
JPH08216696A (ja) * | 1995-02-13 | 1996-08-27 | Inoac Corp | 車両用窓ガラスシール部材およびその製造方法 |
JPH09508854A (ja) * | 1994-02-16 | 1997-09-09 | ブリテイツシユ・ニユクリアー・フユールズ・ピー・エル・シー | 汚染された物質の処理方法 |
JP2001096295A (ja) * | 1999-10-01 | 2001-04-10 | Hazama Gumi Ltd | 水銀の気化方法、及び汚染土壌又は汚染水の浄化方法、並びに水銀の検出方法 |
JP2013107027A (ja) * | 2011-11-18 | 2013-06-06 | Dowa Technology Kk | 鉄の酸化方法及び鉄酸化装置 |
JP2016002046A (ja) * | 2014-06-18 | 2016-01-12 | 株式会社安藤・間 | 電気培養装置 |
JP2017109188A (ja) * | 2015-12-18 | 2017-06-22 | 強化土株式会社 | 土壌浄化工法 |
-
2018
- 2018-04-17 JP JP2018079154A patent/JP6968023B2/ja active Active
Patent Citations (7)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
JPH09508854A (ja) * | 1994-02-16 | 1997-09-09 | ブリテイツシユ・ニユクリアー・フユールズ・ピー・エル・シー | 汚染された物質の処理方法 |
JPH0857497A (ja) * | 1994-08-24 | 1996-03-05 | Nippon Steel Corp | 鉄酸化細菌の増殖方法 |
JPH08216696A (ja) * | 1995-02-13 | 1996-08-27 | Inoac Corp | 車両用窓ガラスシール部材およびその製造方法 |
JP2001096295A (ja) * | 1999-10-01 | 2001-04-10 | Hazama Gumi Ltd | 水銀の気化方法、及び汚染土壌又は汚染水の浄化方法、並びに水銀の検出方法 |
JP2013107027A (ja) * | 2011-11-18 | 2013-06-06 | Dowa Technology Kk | 鉄の酸化方法及び鉄酸化装置 |
JP2016002046A (ja) * | 2014-06-18 | 2016-01-12 | 株式会社安藤・間 | 電気培養装置 |
JP2017109188A (ja) * | 2015-12-18 | 2017-06-22 | 強化土株式会社 | 土壌浄化工法 |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
JP6968023B2 (ja) | 2021-11-17 |
Similar Documents
Publication | Publication Date | Title |
---|---|---|
Hashim et al. | Remediation technologies for heavy metal contaminated groundwater | |
US7300039B2 (en) | Environmental remediation method and apparatus | |
Li et al. | Simultaneous arsenite and nitrate removal from simulated groundwater based on pyrrhotite autotrophic denitrification | |
CA3040696C (en) | Treatment of hydrogen sulfide gas under aerobic conditions | |
WO2006020262A2 (en) | Superoxidant poiser for groundwater and soil treatment with in-situ oxidation-reduction and acidity-basicity adjustment | |
Kyzas et al. | Methods of arsenic wastes recycling: Focus on flotation | |
González-Pérez et al. | Jet electro-absorbers for the treatment of gaseous perchloroethylene wastes | |
JP4065226B2 (ja) | 汚染土壌および汚染地下水の浄化方法 | |
JP2004130184A (ja) | 土壌浄化方法および装置 | |
JP2004202357A (ja) | 有機化合物汚染の浄化方法 | |
JP6968023B2 (ja) | 汚染土壌または汚染水の原位置浄化方法および原位置浄化装置 | |
JP2005040649A (ja) | 地下汚染修復方法 | |
Andreottola et al. | Feasibility study for the remediation of groundwater contaminated by organolead compounds | |
KR100228993B1 (ko) | 오염 토양의 정화방법 | |
JP2002192184A (ja) | 粉末活性炭添加膜分離活性汚泥法 | |
JP2012035181A (ja) | 汚染土壌及び汚染地下水の原位置浄化処理方法 | |
Lu | Effects of hydrogen peroxide on the in situ biodegradation of organic chemicals in a simulated groundwater system | |
CN111925051A (zh) | 一种mbr和臭氧组合污水深度处理工艺 | |
Zhang et al. | Synergetic degradation of Fe/Cu/C for groundwater polluted by trichloroethylene | |
Serna | CHEMICAL OXIDATION AND IN-SITU BIOREMEDIATION OF CHLORINATED ETHENES | |
Lee et al. | A study on the application of manganese oxidizing bacteria for manganese treatment in acid mine drainage | |
CN208700846U (zh) | 一种耐冲击的浓盐废水生化处理装置 | |
JP2006026574A (ja) | 揚水井戸水の水質改善による防錆方法 | |
Elkouz | Treatment of Perchlorate and Multiple Oxyanions: Chemical and Biological Investigations | |
Makhathini et al. | Enriched Co-Treatment of Pharmaceutical and Acidic Metal-Containing Wastewater with Nano Zero-Valent Iron. Minerals 2021, 11, 220 |
Legal Events
Date | Code | Title | Description |
---|---|---|---|
A521 | Request for written amendment filed |
Free format text: JAPANESE INTERMEDIATE CODE: A523 Effective date: 20180420 |
|
A621 | Written request for application examination |
Free format text: JAPANESE INTERMEDIATE CODE: A621 Effective date: 20210204 |
|
A977 | Report on retrieval |
Free format text: JAPANESE INTERMEDIATE CODE: A971007 Effective date: 20210929 |
|
TRDD | Decision of grant or rejection written | ||
A01 | Written decision to grant a patent or to grant a registration (utility model) |
Free format text: JAPANESE INTERMEDIATE CODE: A01 Effective date: 20211019 |
|
A61 | First payment of annual fees (during grant procedure) |
Free format text: JAPANESE INTERMEDIATE CODE: A61 Effective date: 20211026 |
|
R150 | Certificate of patent or registration of utility model |
Ref document number: 6968023 Country of ref document: JP Free format text: JAPANESE INTERMEDIATE CODE: R150 |
|
S531 | Written request for registration of change of domicile |
Free format text: JAPANESE INTERMEDIATE CODE: R313531 |
|
R350 | Written notification of registration of transfer |
Free format text: JAPANESE INTERMEDIATE CODE: R350 |
|
R250 | Receipt of annual fees |
Free format text: JAPANESE INTERMEDIATE CODE: R250 |