JP2018534317A - 結腸がんの処置および検出のための組成物および方法 - Google Patents
結腸がんの処置および検出のための組成物および方法 Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
Description
本発明は、概して、結腸がんおよびその転移の早期の検出および処置のための組成物および方法に関する。
本発明は、国立癌研究所(National Cancer Institute)により授与されたCA165207-01の下、政府の支援で行われた。政府は、本発明において一定の権利を有する。
結腸のがんは、西洋世界において一般的かつ致命的な疾患である。遺伝的素因が重要な役割を果たすが、悪性腫瘍が発生するのには、がんを開始および促進する物質に対する曝露が必須である。
グアニル酸シクラーゼC(GC-C)は、腸管上皮細胞の刷子縁膜上、およびT-84細胞株などの形質転換されたヒト結腸癌細胞上に発現しているI型膜貫通糖タンパク質である。GC-Cは、組織学的に確認されたヒト初代結腸直腸腫瘍および転移物が選択的に発現する受容体であり、一方、正常組織および他のタイプのがんは、GC-C受容体を欠如しているか、または非常に低いレベルのGC-C受容体を発現するかのいずれかである。結腸直腸癌によるその持続的な発現および上部胃腸(GI)管の腺癌による異所性の発現により、GI悪性腫瘍についてのバイオマーカーとしてのその用途が示唆され、結腸直腸がんの検出のためのGC-Cアゴニストベースのインビボイメージングプローブの開発について強い原理が提供される。GC-Cの生理学的リガンドであるウログアニリンは、2つのジスルフィド結合、およびGC-C受容体に対するナノモルの親和性を有する16アミノ酸ペプチドである。プレカナチド(以前はSP-304として公知)およびドルカナチド(dolcanatide)(以前はSP-333として公知)は、ウログアニリンのより安定なアナログである。これらのペプチドは、GC-Cに特異的に結合し、したがって、結腸直腸ポリープ、腫瘍、種々のタイプの異形成病変、および結腸直腸転移の特異的検出のために使用することができる。
本発明のGCRAペプチドは、ウログアニリン、グアニリン、リンホグアニリン、およびSTペプチドのアナログである。「ペプチド」という用語は、特定の長さを含意しない。いくつかの態様において、GCRAペプチドは、25アミノ酸長未満、例えば、20、15、14、13、12、11、10、または5アミノ酸長以下である。
本明細書において使用される場合、「リンカー」または「スペーサー」とは、GCRAペプチドを、本発明による構成成分などの別の部分に連結することができる、任意の化学的部分である。いくつかの態様において、リンカーは、GCRAペプチドのN末端に付着される。いくつかの態様において、リンカーは、GCRAペプチドのC末端に付着される。いくつかの態様において、リンカーは、N末端およびC末端の両方に付着される。リンカーは、任意の適切なサイズであってもよい。いくつかの態様において、リンカーサイズは、GCRAペプチドの活性に影響を及ぼす。いくつかの態様において、リンカーは、10炭素以下の長さであり、GCRAペプチドは、活性を保持している。いくつかの態様において、リンカーは、10炭素、9炭素、8炭素、7炭素、6炭素、5炭素、4炭素、3炭素、2炭素、または1炭素である。
GCRAペプチドは、構成成分に連結されてもよい。構成成分は、薬物送達ビヒクル、化学療法剤、ミセル、ナノ粒子、リポソーム、ポリマー、脂質、イメージング剤、および標識剤である。いくつかの態様において、構成成分は、ビオチンであり、蛍光色素に結合されたアビジンまたはストレプトアビジンでの検出によって追跡される。
薬物送達システムを設計する目的で、種々の種類の高性能担体材料が、必要量の薬物を標的部位へ、必要な期間にわたって効率的にかつ正確に送達するために開発されている。
本発明のGRCAペプチド結合体は、概して、がんの治療薬または予防薬として有用であり、インビボで投与される。それらは、単独で、または他の薬物および/もしくは放射線療法と併せて哺乳動物対象(例えば、ヒト結腸がん患者)に投与することができる。化合物はまた、遺伝学的におよび/または環境的に(例えば、生理学的要因および/または環境要因のために)がんになりやすい対象、例えば、がん(例えば、結腸がん)の家族歴を有する対象、慢性炎症を有するかもしくは慢性ストレスに供されている対象、または天然もしくは非天然の環境的発がん条件(例えば、日光、産業用発がん物質、またはタバコの煙に対する過剰な曝露)に曝されている対象に投与することもできる。
本開示に従う治療用実体の投与は、適している担体、賦形剤、および、改善された移入、送達、耐容などを提供するために製剤中に組み入れられる他の作用物質と共に施されるであろうことが、認識されるであろう。数多くの適切な製剤を、すべての製薬化学者に知られている処方集:Remington's Pharmaceutical Sciences (15th ed., Mack Publishing Company, Easton, PA (1975))、特に、その中のBlaug, Seymourによる87章において見出することができる。これらの製剤には、例えば、粉末、ペースト、軟膏、ゼリー、ワックス、油、脂質、脂質(カチオン性またはアニオン性)含有小胞(Lipofection(商標)など)、DNA結合体、無水吸収ペースト、水中油型エマルジョンおよび油中水型エマルジョン、エマルジョンcarbowax(種々の分子量のポリエチレングリコール)、半固体ゲル、およびcarbowaxを含有する半固体混合物が含まれる。前述の混合物のいずれかは、製剤中の活性成分が製剤化によって不活性化されず、製剤が生理学的に適合性であり、かつ投与経路で耐容性があるという条件で、本開示に従う処置および治療において適切でありうる。製薬化学者によく知られている製剤、賦形剤、および担体に関連する追加的な情報については、Baldrick P. "Pharmaceutical excipient development: the need for preclinical guidance." Regul. Toxicol Pharmacol. 32(2):210-8 (2000)、Wang W. "Lyophilization and development of solid protein pharmaceuticals." Int. J. Pharm. 203(1-2):1-60 (2000)、Charman WN "Lipids, lipophilic drugs, and oral drug delivery-some emerging concepts." J Pharm Sci.89(8):967-78 (2000)、Powell et al. "Compendium of excipients for parenteral formulations" PDA J Pharm Sci Technol. 52:238-311 (1998)、およびそれらにおける引用もまた参照されたい。
本明細書において使用される場合、「およそ」、「約」、または「ほぼ」とは、概して、所与の値または範囲の20パーセント以内、好ましくは10パーセント以内、およびより好ましくは5パーセント以内を意味することになる。本明細書において与えられる数量は近似であり、明白に述べられないならば、「およそ」、「約」、または「ほぼ」という用語が推論されうることを意味する。
SP-333を、インビボイメージングの目的で、適切な赤外(IR)蛍光色素で標識した。ペプチドを、N-ヒドロキシスクシンアミジル(NHS)活性化エステルとペプチドのアミン基との反応を通して、適切なIR色素で標識することにした。PerkinElmer, Incによって供給されているVivoTag680 NHSエステルでの本発明者らの最初の試験は、成功しなかった。したがって、蛍光色素のCy3-NHSエステルおよびCy5.5 NHSエステルとSP-333とのコンジュゲーションを試してみた。Cy3でのSP-333の標識およびその後のHPLC精製は成功し、30%の全標識効率が達成された。Cy5.5の分光学的特性は、VivoTag680のものに匹敵していた。Cy3およびCy5.5は両方とも、バイオイメージング適用において使用されるシアニン蛍光色素のファミリーに属する。本発明者らは、多数の実験を行って、これらの色素が、SP-333のN末端に、GC-C受容体に対するその結合をはっきりと喪失することなく結合されうることを決定した。SP-333に対する色素のいずれかのコンジュゲーションおよびその後の精製は成功したが、生成されたCy3-SP-333およびCy5.5-SP-333は、T84細胞の表面上に発現したGC-C受容体に対する特異的結合を呈することができなかった。本発明者らは、T84細胞およびラット腸組織から単離した細胞膜で、同様の結合実験を行った。再び、これらのプローブは両方とも、いかなる特異的結合も示さなかった。特異的結合の欠如を示す同様の結果がまた、ラット腸断片でのエクスビボ結合においても観察された。したがって、SP-333-IR680蛍光をカスタム合成した。
緩衝液調製
Sorensonのリン酸緩衝液(pH8.0-8.5)を、下記の比に従って調製した:
溶液A:Na2HPO4.12H2O(71.64g)を秤量し、DI水に溶解して、DI水で1000mLに合わせる;
溶液B:NaH2PO4.2H2O(31.21g)を秤量し、DI水に溶解して、DI水で1000mLに合わせる;
溶液A(47.35mL)と溶液B(2.65mL)とを完全に混合し、DI水で希釈して100mLにする。溶液のpHは、pHメーターで測定して8.09であった。
Api 1251(SP-333)酢酸塩(49.6mg、0.0285mmol、1.0eq)を、1.5mLの上記のSorensonのリン酸緩衝液(pH 8.09)に超音波処理で溶解した。上記の透明なペプチド溶液に、IRDye-680LT NHSエステル(40mg、0.0285mol、1.0eq)を添加した。瓶中の残りの色素材料を、1.05mLのSorensonのリン酸緩衝液(pH 8.09)でリンスして、反応混合物に添加した。反応を、室温(20〜28℃)で一晩、光から保護して継続させた。反応を、HPLCでモニタリングした。反応の完了後、反応混合物を濾過して、濾過物を直接、HPLCカラム上に添加した(図1)。
ペプチド溶液を、1.2 um膜を通して濾過し、次いで、Kromasil 10μm、C18固相媒体を25 cmのベッド高まで充填した直径5cmのカラムに添加して、溶媒送達システムによって稼働させた。調製用RP-HPLC精製を、水中10mM NaOH、pH=6.5(H3PO4でpH調整)の緩衝液システムにおいて、80分で11-35%の有機成分の勾配溶出で、90mL/分の流速で行った。関心対象のペプチドを、画分において収集し、HPLCを介して分析して全純度を評価した。
収集した精製画分を、1L容器において脱イオン水に対して2日間、水を4〜8時間毎に交換して、(300 MWCO膜を用いて)透析した。透析したペプチド溶液を、次いで、72時間の凍結乾燥によって単離し、APi1578の最終産物を生じた。
バックグラウンドを低減させ、特異的結合を増強する結合条件を確立するために、実験を行った。これらの実験により、T84単層の齢は、細胞表面上のGC-Cの最大発現の可能にするために播種後7〜9日の間であるべきことが結論づけられた。次に、本発明者らは、最適な結合緩衝液、T84細胞に対するプローブの結合を可能にするインキュベーション時間、およびエンドサイトーシスを最小化する結合インキュベーションの温度を確立した。T84細胞に対するプローブの特異的結合のための最適な条件を、簡潔にここに説明する。ヒトT84細胞を、96黒色透明底プレートにおいてコンフルエントになるまで成長させた。培地を吸引して、プレートを、200ul/ウェルのブロッキング緩衝液(DMEM/F12 + 150mM NaCl + 20mMリン酸水素二ナトリウム、pHを1N HClで6.0に調整)で2時間、細胞培養インキュベーター中、37℃でブロッキングした。ブロッキング緩衝液を吸引して、50ul/ウェルの結合緩衝液(DMEM/F12 + 150mM NaCl + 20mMリン酸水素二ナトリウム、pHを1N HClで6.0に調整)を10分間添加して、細胞をあらかじめ調整した。この後、50ul/ウェルのIR680-SP333を添加した。プレートを、4℃で1時間インキュベートした。インキュベーション後、プレートを、200ul/ウェルの冷却した結合緩衝液で2回洗浄し、100ul/ウェルの冷却したPBS、pH7.2を添加して、Tecan F200を用いてex680、em715でプレートを読み取り、結果を、iControlソフトウェアを用いてプロットした。図3に示されるように、プローブは、T84細胞上に発現したGC-Cに、用量依存様式で特異的に結合した。プローブの結合は、100倍過剰量の非標識SP-333の存在下で大幅に低減し、プローブの結合がGC-C受容体に対して特異的であることが示唆された。
T84細胞に対するIR680-SP-333結合の特異性は、増大する濃度の非標識SP-333との競合によってさらに実証された。図5に示されるように、プローブの結合は、非標識SP-333によって用量依存様式で阻害され、IC50値はおよそ1.6μMであった。この実験を、2つの異なるバッチで数回反復して、プローブがT84細胞表面上のGC-Cに特異的に結合することを確認した。さらに、図6に示されるように、T84 cGMPバイオアッセイにおいて、非結合SP-333、およびIR680またはビオチンに結合されたSP-333の効力。IR680 NHSエステル(約5〜6炭素当量)は、SP-333に直接結合され、一方、ビオチンは、2アミノエトキシエトキシ酢酸(AEEA;各々約9〜10炭素鎖当量)を介してSP-333に結合される。結合体は両方とも、非結合SP-333と比較した際にわずかに低いレベルであるが、T84細胞においてcGMP産生を刺激するそれらの能力によって証明されるように、活性を有する。
エクスビボおよびインビボの研究を行って、Apc+/Min-FCCCマウスにおいて結腸腺腫に対するIR680-SP-333プローブの特異性を評定した。IR680-SP-333を、20 mMリン酸ナトリウム緩衝液および3% BSAを含有するDMEM/F-12培地、pH 6において調製し;同じ培地をインビトロ実験に使用した。最初の予備的研究からのデータに基づいて、組織と0.1μM IR680-SP-333との30分間、37℃でのインキュベーションを、エクスビボ研究のための最適な条件として選択した。落射蛍光画像を、以下のように獲得した:励起波長=640 nm、検出波長=700 nm、曝露時間=オート-3分、F-ストップ=1、ビニング=1(「小」設定)、視野=0.3 cm(設定「C」)。IR680-SP-333プローブは、周囲の正常な結腸粘膜に対するよりも強い結合を、結腸直腸ポリープに対して呈したが、IR680-SP-333プローブは、すべての結腸直腸ポリープには結合しなかった。プローブ結合において観察された不均一性に対するマウスの齢の寄与を排除するために、徹底的なイメージング研究を、種々の齢(2、3、4、5、および6か月)のマウスにおいて行った。このエクスビボ研究においては、マウスを安楽死させ、結腸を摘出して、縦方向に切開し、PBSで洗浄した。結腸組織を、0.1μM IR680-SP-333と37℃で30分間インキュベートした。インキュベーション後、組織をPBSで洗浄し(4回)、上記の設定を用いて、IVIS Spectrumにおいて画像化した。結果として生じた画像の慎重な調査により、3つの主要な結論がもたらされる:1)結腸直腸ポリープに対するIR680-SP-333プローブの結合は、サイズ依存的である。プローブシグナルは、直径が≦3 mmのポリープにおいて、直径が>4 mmのポリープにおいてよりも強かった(図7)。2)シグナルがポリープサイズで変動したため、結合は、結腸直腸ポリープの大部分がより小さい(直径が≦3 mm)、2〜3か月齢のマウスにおいて増強されていた(図7)。マウスが高齢になるにつれて、結腸直腸ポリープはサイズが増大し、ポリープを検出するプローブの能力が減少した(図8)。これらのデータは、GC-C発現が結腸腺腫において常に検出可能ではなかったことを明らかにしたQ-PCR解析によって支持された。結腸直腸ポリープの発生率は、2か月齢のマウス(45%)に対して3か月齢のマウス(70%)においてより高いため、すべてのその後のインビボIR680-SP-333解析において10〜12週齢のマウスを使用して、腫瘍をスクリーニングすることが必要である動物の数を最小化する決定をした。3)IR680-SP-333プローブのシグナルは、ポリープの非存在下であっても、結腸の近位端および遠位端で高かった。同様の未知の起源の非特異的結合が、これらの同じ先端領域で、独立したプローブでの以前の実験において観察されている。
本発明が、それらの詳細な説明と併せて説明されてきたが、前述の説明は、例証となるように、かつ添付の特許請求の範囲によって定義される本発明の範囲を限定しないように意図されている。他の局面、利点、および改変が、添付の特許請求の範囲内である。
Claims (36)
- (a)GCRAペプチドと
(b)該GCRAペプチドが結合されている1つまたは複数の構成成分と
を含む結合体であって、該1つまたは複数の構成成分が、薬物送達ビヒクル、化学療法剤、ミセル、ナノ粒子、リポソーム、ポリマー、脂質、イメージング剤、および標識剤からなる群より選択される、結合体。 - 前記ペプチドと前記1つまたは複数の構成成分とが、直接またはリンカーを介して共有結合している、請求項1に記載の結合体。
- リンカーが、4〜10炭素長である、請求項2に記載の結合体。
- GCRAペプチドが、生物学的活性を維持している、請求項2に記載の結合体。
- 薬物送達ビヒクルが、リポソーム、ポリマーミセル、リポタンパク質ベースの薬物担体、ナノ粒子薬物担体、およびデンドリマーからなる群より選択される、請求項1に記載の結合体。
- 前記構成成分が薬物送達ビヒクルであり、前記結合体が、該薬物送達ビヒクル中に封入された少なくとも1つの化学療法剤をさらに含む、請求項1に記載の結合体。
- 少なくとも1つの化学療法剤が、タキサン、アントラサイクリン、プラチン、または5-フルオロウラシル、およびそれらの任意の組み合わせである、請求項6に記載の結合体。
- 薬物送達ビヒクルがナノ粒子である、請求項6に記載の結合体。
- 前記ナノ粒子が、PLAベースまたはPLGAベースのナノ粒子である、請求項8に記載の結合体。
- 構成成分がGCRAペプチドのN末端に結合されている、請求項1に記載の結合体。
- 構成成分がイメージング剤である、請求項1に記載の結合体。
- イメージング剤が、蛍光色素または放射性部分である、請求項1に記載の結合体。
- 構成成分が標識剤である、請求項1に記載の結合体。
- 標識剤がビオチンである、請求項13に記載の結合体。
- ビオチン結合体が、蛍光色素に結合されたアビジンまたはストレプトアビジンでの検出によって追跡される、請求項14に記載の結合体。
- GCRAペプチドが、表1〜8のいずれか1つのアミノ酸配列から本質的になるペプチドである、請求項1に記載の結合体。
- GCRAペプチドが、SEQ ID NO: 1(SP-304)、SEQ ID NO: 8(SP-326)、SEQ ID NO: 9(SP-333)、SP364(SEQ ID NO: 100)、またはSP366(SEQ ID NO: 102)である、請求項16に記載の結合体。
- GCRAペプチドが、N末端にD-アミノ酸を含有しない、請求項16に記載の結合体。
- GCRAペプチドが、C末端にD-アミノ酸を含有する、請求項16に記載の結合体。
- GCRAペプチドが、N末端にD-アミノ酸を含有せず、かつC末端にD-アミノ酸を含有する、請求項16に記載の結合体。
- GCRAペプチドが、2つの構成成分と結合している、請求項1に記載の結合体。
- GCRAペプチドが、ナノ粒子およびイメージング剤と結合している、請求項21に記載の結合体。
- GCRAペプチドが、ナノ粒子および化学療法剤と結合している、請求項21に記載の結合体。
- ナノ粒子が、GCRAペプチドのC末端に結合されている、請求項21〜23に記載の結合体。
- イメージング剤が、GCRAペプチドのN末端に結合されており、かつナノ粒子が、GCRAペプチドのC末端に結合されている、請求項22に記載の結合体。
- 化学療法剤が、GCRAペプチドのN末端に結合されており、かつナノ粒子が、GCRAペプチドのC末端に結合されている、請求項23に記載の結合体。
- 前記請求項のいずれか一項に記載の結合体および薬学的に許容される賦形剤を含む、組成物。
- 請求項27に記載の組成物を対象に投与する工程を含む、対象における結腸腺腫および結腸微小腺腫の発生率の低減のための方法であって、構成成分が、化学療法剤、または、中に少なくとも1つの化学療法剤が封入されている薬物送達ビヒクル、ミセル、ナノ粒子、リポソーム、ポリマー、脂質である、方法。
- 請求項27に記載の組成物を対象に投与する工程を含む、対象において結腸がんの発生率を低減させるための方法であって、構成成分が、化学療法剤、または、中に少なくとも1つの化学療法剤が封入されている薬物送達ビヒクル、ミセル、ナノ粒子、リポソーム、ポリマー、脂質である、方法。
- 請求項27に記載の組成物を対象に投与する工程を含む、対象において結腸がん転移の発生率を低減させるための方法であって、構成成分が、化学療法剤、または、中に少なくとも1つの化学療法剤が封入されている薬物送達ビヒクル、ミセル、ナノ粒子、リポソーム、ポリマー、脂質である、方法。
- 請求項27に記載の組成物を対象に投与する工程を含む、対象において腺腫発生のリスクを低下させる方法であって、構成成分が、化学療法剤、または、中に少なくとも1つの化学療法剤が封入されている薬物送達ビヒクル、ミセル、ナノ粒子、リポソーム、ポリマー、脂質である、方法。
- 請求項27に記載の組成物を対象に投与する工程を含む、対象において結腸がん転移を処置する方法であって、構成成分が、化学療法剤、または、中に少なくとも1つの化学療法剤が封入されている薬物送達ビヒクル、ミセル、ナノ粒子、リポソーム、ポリマー、脂質である、方法。
- 対象が、そのような腺腫または微小腺腫を発生するリスクを有する、請求項29〜32のいずれか一項に記載の方法。
- 対象が、結腸がん、結腸腺腫、結腸微小腺腫、もしくは結腸ポリープと診断されているか、または、結腸がん、結腸腺腫、結腸微小腺腫、もしくは結腸ポリープと診断された近い血縁関係を有する、請求項33に記載の方法。
- 結腸組織を請求項27に記載の組成物と接触させる工程を含む、結腸微小腺腫または平坦結腸直腸異形成を検出する方法であって、構成成分が、イメージング剤または標識剤である、方法。
- 請求項27に記載の組成物を対象に投与する工程であって、構成成分がイメージング剤である、工程、および対象において該イメージング剤を検出する工程による、結腸直腸がん転移または平坦結腸直腸異形成を検出する方法。
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