JP2018183174A - 様々ながんの免疫治療で使用するための新規ペプチド、ペプチドおよびスキャフォールド組み合わせ - Google Patents
様々ながんの免疫治療で使用するための新規ペプチド、ペプチドおよびスキャフォールド組み合わせ Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
Description
2012年には、1410万件の新規がん症例、3260万人のがん患者(診断の5年以内)、および820万件のがん死亡が世界的に推定された(Ferlay et al.,2013;Bray et al.,2013)。
CLLは現在治療可能ではないが、多くの患者は、遅い疾患進行または症状悪化のみを示す。患者が治療の早期開始の恩恵を受けることはないので、最初のアプローチは「経過観察」である(Richards et al.,1999)。症候性のまたは迅速に進行する疾患がある患者に対しては、いくつかの治療選択肢が利用できる。これらとしては、化学療法;標的療法;モノクローナル抗体、キメラ抗原受容体(CAR)、および能動的免疫療法のような免疫ベース治療法;および幹細胞移植が挙げられる。
活性免疫療法としては、遺伝子治療、全修飾腫瘍細胞ワクチン、DCベースのワクチン、および腫瘍関連抗原(TAA)由来ペプチドワクチンのストラテジーが挙げられる。
結腸直腸がん(CRC)の病期次第で、異なる標準的治療法が、結腸および直腸がんに対して利用できる。標準手順としては、外科手術、放射線療法、化学療法、およびCRC標的療法が挙げられる(Berman et al.,2015a;Berman et al.,2015b)。
食道がんの一次治療ストラテジーは、腫瘍病期と部位、組織型、および患者の医学的状態に左右される。扁平上皮がん患者の小さなサブグループを除いて、手術のみでは十分でない。
胃がん(GC)は、粘膜層を覆う細胞内で始まり、増殖するにつれて外層を通して広がる。外科手術は胃がんの一次治療法であり、唯一の根治的治療法である。進行したGCに対する現行の薬剤投与計画は有効性に劣り、低い5年生存率をもたらす。免疫療法は、GC患者の生存率を改善する代替アプローチであるかもしれない。腫瘍関連リンパ球およびサイトカイン誘導キラー細胞の養子免疫伝達;HER2/neu、MAGE−3または血管内皮成長因子受容体1および2を標的とするペプチドベースのワクチン;およびHER2/neuを標的とする樹状細胞ベースのワクチンが、臨床GC治験において有望な結果を示した。免疫チェックポイント阻害および遺伝子操作T細胞は、追加的な治療の選択肢に相当するかもしれず、それは現在前臨床および臨床試験で評価中である(Matsueda and Graham,2014)。
神経膠芽腫(WHOグレードIV)に対する療の選択肢は、非常に限られている。ドイツ神経学会によって発表された指針によれば、若年患者の標準的治療法には、腫瘍の切除または生検、限局性放射線療法、およびテモゾロミドまたはCCNU/ロムスチンによる、またはプロカルバジンとCCNUおよびビンクリスチン(PCV)との併用による、化学療法が含まれる。米国、カナダ、スイスでは、ベバシズマブ(抗VEGF抗体)による治療も、再発治療のために承認されている(Leitlinien fur Diagnostik und Therapie in der Neurologie,2014)。
疾病管理は、診断時の腫瘍段階、および肝臓の全体的な状態に左右される。手術が治療選択肢ではない場合、異なるその他の治療法が利用できる。
黒色腫の標準的治療は、周囲の健常組織を含めた完全外科的切除である。切除が完全ではない、または全く不可能な場合、患者は一次放射線療法を受け、これは進行期のインターフェロンα投与と組み合わせされ得る(ステージIIB/CおよびIIIA−C)。
治療選択肢は、がん型(小細胞または非小細胞)および病期によって決定され、外科手術、放射線療法、化学療法、およびベバシズマブやエルロチニブやゲフィチニブなどの標的生物学的療法が挙げられる
外科的切除は、初期ならびに進行期卵巣がんにおける一次治療である術後化学療法の適応対象でない非常に低悪性度の卵巣がん(IA期、グレード1)を除いて、外科的除去には、白金類似体による全身化学療法が続く。
膵臓がん患者のための治療の選択肢は、非常に限られている。効果的治療のための1つの大きな問題は、診断時における典型的に進行した腫瘍病期である。さらに、膵臓がんは化学療法薬に対してかなり抵抗性であり、それは、緻密で乏血管性の線維形成性腫瘍間質によって引き起こされるかもしれない。
前立腺がんのための治療ストラテジーは、主にがん病期に左右される。樹状細胞ベースのワクチンであるシプロイセルTは、FDAによって承認された最初の抗がんワクチンであった。CRPCがある患者の生存期間に対するその好ましい効果のために、さらなる免疫療法の開発に向けた多大な努力がなされている。ワクチン接種ストラテジーについては、ペプチドワクチンである前立腺特異的抗原(PSA)−TRICOM、個別化ペプチドワクチンであるPPV、DNAワクチンであるpTVG−HP、およびGM−CSF発現全細胞ワクチンであるGVAXが、異なる臨床試験で有望な結果を示した。さらに、シプロイセルT以外の樹状細胞ベースのワクチン、すなわちBPX−101およびDCVAC/Paは、前立腺がん患者において臨床的奏効を引き起こすことが示された。イピリムマブおよびニボルマブのような免疫チェックポイント阻害物質が、単剤療法として、ならびにアンドロゲン奪取療法、局所放射線療法、PSA−TRICOM、およびGVAXをはじめとするその他の治療法との併用で、現在臨床試験で評価されている。第II相試験で進行を有意に遅延させ、無憎悪生存期間を延長させた免疫調節物質タスキニモドは、現在第III相試験でさらに調査されている。もう一つの免疫修飾物質であるレナリドミドは、初期臨床試験で有望な効果をもたらしたが、第III相試験では生存率を改善できなかった。これらの期待外れな結果にもかかわらず、さらなるレナリドミド治験が継続されている(Quinn et al.,2015)。
初期治療は、最も一般的には、罹患した腎臓の部分的または完全除去のどちらかであり、依然として根治的治療の主流である(Rini et al.,2008)。RCCの既知の免疫原性(immunogenity)は、進行したRCCにおける免疫療法およびがんワクチンの使用を支持する基礎に相当する。リンパ球PD−1発現と、RCCの進行期、グレード、および予後との間の興味深い相関、ならびにRCC腫瘍細胞による選択的PD−L1発現と、より芳しくない臨床転帰との潜在的関連性は、単独での、または抗血管新生薬またはその他の免疫療法アプローチと併用される、RCC治療のための新規抗PD−1/PD−L1薬の開発をもたらした(Massari et al.,2015)。進行したRCCでは、TRIST試験と称される第III相がんワクチン治験が、第一選択標準的治療に追加された、TroVax(ポックスウイルスベクターと共に腫瘍関連抗原5T4を使用したワクチン)が、局所的進行またはmRCCがある患者の生存期間を延長するかどうかを評価する。いずれの群でも生存期間中央値に達しておらず、399人の患者(54%)が試験に残っているが、データの解析は、TroVaxが免疫学的に活性であり、5T4特異的抗体応答の強度と改善された生存期間との間に相関があることの双方を実証する、以前の臨床結果を裏付けている。さらにRCCにおいて過剰発現されるエピトープを使用してペプチドワクチンを検索する、いくつかの研究がある。
SCLCの治療および予後は、診断されたがん病期に大きく左右される。免疫療法は、過度に調査されたがん療法の分野に相当する。SCLCの治療には、様々なアプローチが点在する。アプローチの1つは、天然ヒト免疫抑制剤であるCTLA−4のブロックを標的とする。CTLA−4の阻害は、がんと戦うために免疫系を増強することを意図する。近年、SCLCの治療のための有望な免疫チェックポイント阻害剤の開発が始まっている。もう一つのアプローチは抗がんワクチンに基づき、それは現在臨床試験においてSCLC治療のために利用できる(American Cancer Society,2015;National Cancer Institute,2015)。
AMLの1つの治療選択肢は、CD33を抗体薬物コンジュゲート(抗CD33+カレキアマイシン、SGN−CD33a、抗CD33+アクチニウム−225)、二重特異性抗体(CD33+CD3(AMG330)またはCD33+CD16の認識)およびキメラ抗原受容体(CAR)で標的化することである(Estey,2014)。
NHLの治療は、組織型および病期に左右され(National Cancer Institute,2015):リンパ腫患者では、自然腫瘍退縮が観察され得る。したがって、能動免疫療法が治療選択肢である(Palomba,2012)。
子宮内膜がんの治療は、病期に依存的する。子宮内膜(endometrical)がんの大部分は、通常は診断時に子宮体に限定されて、子宮摘出によって治癒され得る、高度から中程度に分化した類内膜腺がんを含んでなる(World Cancer Report,2014)。
胆管がんは診断が困難なため、大部分が進行期に同定されている。胆管がんは治療が困難であり、通常は致死性である。
膀胱がんの標準的治療法としては、外科手術、放射線療法、化学療法、および免疫療法が挙げられる。
頭頸部扁平上皮がん(HNSCC)は、疫学、病因、および治療において差異を有する不均一腫瘍である(Economopoulou et al.,2016)。
a)がん精巣抗原:T細胞によって認識され得る初めて同定されたTAAはこのクラスに属し、元々はがん精巣(CT)抗原と称されたが、それは、そのメンバーが組織学的に異なるヒト腫瘍において発現し、正常組織では精巣の精母細胞/精原細胞のみに存在し、時として胎盤に存在するためであった。精巣の細胞は、クラスIおよびII HLA分子を発現しないので、これらの抗原は正常組織のT細胞によって認識され得ず、したがって免疫学的に腫瘍特異的と見なされる。CT抗原の周知の例は、MAGEファミリーメンバーおよびNY−ESO−1である。
b)分化抗原:これらのTAAは、腫瘍と、それから腫瘍が生じる正常組織との間で共有される。既知の分化抗原のほとんどは、黒色腫および正常メラノサイトに見いだされる。これらのメラノサイト系関連タンパク質の多くは、メラニン生合成に関与し、したがって腫瘍特異的でないが、それでもなおがん免疫療法のために広く利用されている。例としては、黒色腫に対するチロシナーゼとMelan−A/MART−1、または前立腺がんに対するPSAが挙げられるが、これに限定されるものではない。
c)過剰発現TAA:広範に発現されるTAAをエンコードする遺伝子は、組織学的に異なる型の腫瘍において検出され、多数の正常組織においても概してより低い発現レベルで検出されている。正常組織によってプロセスされて潜在的に提示さるエピトープの多くは、T細胞認識の閾値レベル未満であり得る一方で、腫瘍細胞におけるそれらの過剰発現は、以前確立された免疫寛容を破壊することにより、抗がん応答を始動し得る。このクラスのTAAの顕著な例は、Her−2/neu、サバイビン、テロメラーゼまたはWT1である。
d)腫瘍特異的抗原:これらのユニークなTAAは、正常な遺伝子(β−カテニン、CDK4など)の変異から生じる。これらの分子変化のいくつかは、腫瘍性形質転換および/または進行に関連している。腫瘍特異的抗原は、通常、正常組織に対する自己免疫反応のリスクなしに、強力な免疫応答を誘導できる。他方、これらのTAAは、ほとんどの場合、その上でそれらが同定されたまさにその腫瘍のみと関係があり、通常は、多くの個々の腫瘍間で共有されない。腫瘍特異的(関連)イソ型を有するタンパク質では、ペプチドの腫瘍特異性(または関連性)はまた、ペプチドが腫瘍(関連)エクソンに由来する場合に生じてもよい。
e)異常な翻訳後修飾から生じるTAA:このようなTAAは、特異的でなく腫瘍において過剰発現もされないタンパク質から生じてもよいが、それでもなお、腫瘍において主に活性である翻訳後プロセスによって腫瘍関連になる。このクラスの例は、腫瘍にMUC1のような新規エピトープをもたらす改変グリコシル化パターン、または腫瘍特異的であってもなくてもよい分解中のタンパク質スプライシングのような事象から生じる。
f)オンコウイルスタンパク質:これらのTAAはウイルスタンパク質であり、それらは発がん過程において重要な役割を果たしてもよく、外来性である(ヒト由来でない)ため、それらはT細胞応答を誘起し得る。このようなタンパク質の例は、子宮頸がんにおいて発現されるヒト乳頭腫16型ウイルスタンパク質E6およびE7である。
Bub1発現は、リンパ腫、乳がん、胃がん、および前立腺がんのサブセットにおいて増加する。Bub1過剰発現は、臨床予後不良と相関する(Ricke and van Deursen,2011)。Bub1突然変異は、染色体不安定性を示す結腸直腸がん腫において見いだされ得る(Williams et al.,2007)。
同一性百分率=100[1−(C/R)]
式中、Cは、参照配列と比較される配列との間のアライメント長にわたる、参照配列と比較配列の間の差異の数であり、
(i)比較配列中に対応する整列塩基またはアミノ酸を有しない、参照配列中の各塩基またはアミノ酸、および
(ii)参照配列中の各ギャップ、および
(iii)比較配列中の整列塩基またはアミノ酸と異なる、参照配列中の各整列塩基またはアミノ酸が差異を構成して、
(iiii)アライメントは、整合配列の1位から開始しなくてはならず;
Rは、比較配列とのアライメント長にわたる参照配列中の塩基またはアミノ酸の数であり、参照配列中に生じる任意のギャップもまた、塩基またはアミノ酸として数えられる。
(a)溶液中のまたは凍結乾燥形態の上述の医薬組成物を含有する容器;
(b)任意選択的に、凍結乾燥製剤のための希釈剤または再構成溶液を含有する第2の容器;および
(c)任意選択的に、(i)溶液の使用、または(ii)凍結乾燥製剤の再構成および/または使用のための取扱説明書
を含んでなるキットをさらに目的とする。
1.悪性物質からのHLAリガンドを質量分析法によって同定した
2.ゲノム規模メッセンジャーリボ核酸(mRNA)発現解析を使用して、一連の正常器官および組織と比較して悪性組織中の遺伝子過剰発現を同定した
3.同定されたHLAリガンドを遺伝子発現データと比較した。好ましくは、ステップ2で検出されたような選択的に発現されまたは過剰発現される遺伝子によってコードされる、腫瘍組織上で過剰提示されまたは選択的に提示されるペプチドが、多重ペプチドワクチンのための適切なTUMAP候補と見なされた。
4.同定されたペプチドのTUMAPとしての妥当性を支持する追加的な証拠を同定するために、文献調査を実施した
5.mRNAレベルでの過剰発現の関連性をステップ3からの選択されたTUMAPの腫瘍組織上における再検出と、健常組織における検出の欠如(またはまれな)検出によって確認した。
6.選択されたペプチドによる生体内T細胞応答の誘導が可能かどうかを評価するために、健常ドナーならびにがん患者からのヒトT細胞を使用して、生体外免疫原性アッセイを実施した。
細胞表面に提示される腫瘍関連ペプチドの同定および定量化
組織サンプル
患者の腫瘍組織は、外科手術または検死解剖に与えられた、全ての患者の告知に基づく同意書意のもとに得られた。組織は切除の直後に衝撃凍結されて、TUMAPの単離まで−70℃未満で保存された。
ショック凍結組織サンプルからのHLAペプチド貯留は、HLA−A*02特異的抗体BB7.2、HLA−A、−B、−C特異的抗体W6/32、HLAクラスII特異的抗体L243、CNBr−活性化セファロース、酸処理、および限外濾過を用いて、わずかな修正を加えて、既報のプロトコル(Falk et al.,1991;Seeger et al.,1999)に従って、固体組織からの免疫沈降によって得られた。
得られたHLAペプチド貯留は、逆相クロマトグラフィー(nanoAcquity UPL C system、Waters)によってそれらの疎水性に従って分離し、ESI源を装着したLTQ−velosおよびfusion hybrid質量分光計(ThermoElectron)内で溶出ペプチドを分析した。ペプチド貯留は、毎分400nLの流速を適用して、1.7μm C18逆相材料(Waters)で充填された分析用融合シリカマイクロキャピラリーカラム(75μm内径×250mm)上に直接挿入した。引き続いて、毎分300nLの流速で10%から33%へのBの二段階180分間二成分勾配を用いて、ペプチドを分離した。勾配は、溶媒A(水中の0.1%ギ酸)および溶媒B(アセトニトリル中の0.1%ギ酸)から構成された。nanoESI源への導入には、金被覆ガラス毛管(PicoTip,New Objective)を使用した。LTQ−Orbitrap質量分光計は、TOP5ストラテジーを使用してデータ依存モードで操作した。手短に述べると、Orbitrap(R=30000)内の高質量精度の完全スキャンでスキャンサイクルを開始し、これもまたOrbitrap(R=7500)内の5種の最も豊富な前駆イオンのMS/MSスキャンがそれに続き、以前選択されたイオンは動的に排除された。タンデム質量スペクトルは、SEQUESTおよび追加的な手動調節によって解釈した。同定されたペプチド配列は、生成された天然ペプチド断片化パターンと、配列が同一の合成参照ペプチドの断片化パターンとの比較によって確認した。
本発明のペプチドをコードする遺伝子発現プロファイリング
正常細胞と比較した腫瘍細胞上のペプチドの過剰提示または特異的提示は、免疫療法におけるその有用性にとって十分であり、いくつかのペプチドは、それらの起源タンパク質が正常組織にもまた存在するにもかかわらず、腫瘍特異的である。それでもなお、mRNA発現プロファイリングは、免疫療法のためのペプチド標的の選択において、安全性のレベルを高めることができる。特に、親和性成熟TCRのような安全性リスクが高い治療選択肢では、理想的な標的ペプチドは、腫瘍に特有であり正常組織には見られないタンパク質から誘導され、遺伝子発現の高い腫瘍対正常比は、治療濃度域を示唆する。さらに、ペプチド提示についてまだ分析されていない腫瘍実体における起源遺伝子の過剰発現は、特定のペプチドが各実体において重要であってもよいことを示唆する。
外科的に除去された組織標本は、告知に基づく同意書が各患者から入手された後に、上述の通り提供された(実施例1を参照されたい)。腫瘍組織標本を手術直後にスナップ凍結し、その後、液体窒素下で乳鉢と乳棒を用いて均質化した。TRI試薬(Ambion,Darmstadt,Germany)を使用して、これらのサンプルから全RNAを調製し、RNeasy(QIAGEN,Hilden,Germany)による精製がそれに続き;どちらの方法も製造業者のプロトコルに従って実施した。
腫瘍および正常組織RNAサンプルの遺伝子発現解析は、CeGaT(Tubingen,Germany)によって、次世代配列決定(RNAseq)によって実施した。簡単に述べると、配列決定ライブラリーは、RNA断片化、cDNA転換、および配列決定アダプターの付加を含む、Illumina HiSeq v4試薬キットを使用して、販売業者(Illumina Inc.,San Diego,CA,USA)のプロトコルに従って作製される。複数のサンプルに由来するライブラリーは等モル混合され、Illumina HiSeq 2500配列決定装置上で、製造会社の使用説明書に従って配列決定され、50bpのシングルエンドリードが生成された。処理された読み取りは、STARソフトウェアを使用して、ヒトゲノム(GRCh38)にマッピングされる。発現データは、ensembl配列データベース(Ensembl77)の注釈に基づいて、RPKM(100万個のマッピングされた読み取り当たりキロベース当たり読み取り、ソフトウェアCufflinksによって生成される)として転写物レベルで、そしてエクソンレベルで(全読み取り、ソフトウェアBedtoolsによって生成される)提供される。エクソン読み取りは、エクソン長さおよびアライメントサイズについて正規化されて、RPKM値が得られる。
MHCクラスI提示ペプチドの生体外免疫原性
本発明のTUMAPの免疫原性に関する情報を得るために、本発明者らは、ペプチド/MHC複合体および抗CD28抗体を負荷した人工抗原提示細胞(aAPC)によるCD8+T細胞の反復刺激に基づく、生体外T細胞プライミングアッセイを用いて研究を実施した。このようにして、本発明者らは、本発明のHLA−A*02:01拘束性TUMAPの免疫原性を示し得て、これらのペプチドが、それに対するCD01+前駆T細胞がヒトに存在する、T細胞エピトープであることを実証した(表9)。
ペプチドMHC複合体(pMHC)および抗CD28抗体を負荷した、人工抗原提示細胞による生体外刺激を実施するために、本発明者らは、最初に、告知に基づく同意後に、University clinics Mannheim,Germanyから得られた健常ドナーのCD8ミクロビーズ(Miltenyi Biotec,Bergisch−Gladbach,Germany)を使用した正の選択を通じて、新鮮HLA−A*02白血球除去生成物からCD8+T細胞を単離した。
HLAクラスIペプチドを試験するために、ペプチド特異的T細胞株の生成によって生体外免疫原性が実証され得た。本発明の2種のペプチドの、TUMAP特異的多量体染色後の例示的フローサイトメトリー結果は、対応する陰性対照と共に図3に示される。本発明の5つのペプチドからの結果を表12Aに要約する。本発明の7種のペプチドに関する、TUMAP特異的多量体染色後における例示的フローサイトメトリー結果は、対応する陰性対照と共に図4および図5に示される。本発明からの74種のペプチドの結果は、表12Bに要約される。
ペプチドの合成
Fmocストラテジーを使用した標準的な十分に確立された固相ペプチド合成を使用して、全てのペプチドを合成した。個々のペプチドのアイデンティティーおよび純度は、質量分析および分析用RP−HPLCによって判定された。ペプチドは、純度>50%の白色から灰白色の凍結乾燥物(トリフルオロ酢酸塩)として得られた。全てのTUMAPは、好ましくはトリフルオロ酢酸塩または酢酸塩として投与され、その他の塩形態もまた可能である。
MHC結合アッセイ
本発明によるT細胞ベースの治療法のための候補ペプチドを、それらのMHC結合能力(親和性)についてさらに試験した。個々のペプチド−MHC複合体は、UVリガンド交換によって生成され、UV感受性ペプチドはUV照射に際して切断されて、分析される目的ペプチドで交換された。ペプチド受容性MHC分子と効果的に結合して安定化し得るペプチド候補のみが、MHC複合体の分離を防止する。交換反応の収率を判定するために、安定化MHC複合体の軽鎖(β2m)の検出に基づくELISAを実施した。アッセイは、Rodenko et al.(Rodenko et al.,2006)に一般的に記載されるようにして実施した。
細胞表面に提示される腫瘍関連ペプチドの絶対定量化
抗体および/またはTCRなどのバインダーの生成は、骨の折れる工程であり、いくつかの選択された標的に対してのみ実施されてもよい。腫瘍関連および特異的ペプチドの場合、選択基準としては、提示の排他性および細胞表面に提示されるペプチドの密度が挙げられるが、これに限定されない。実施例1に記載されるペプチドの単離および相対定量化に加えて、本発明者らは、記載される細胞当たりの絶対的ペプチドコピー数も分析された。固形腫瘍サンプル中の細胞当たりのTUMAPコピーの定量化は、単離されたTUMAPの絶対定量化、TUMAP単離の効率、および分析される組織サンプルの細胞計数を必要とする。
質量分析によるペプチドの正確な定量化のために、内標準法を使用して各ペプチドの検量線を作成した。内標準は各ペプチドの二重同位体標識変異型であり、すなわち、2つの同位体標識アミノ酸がTUMAP合成に含まれた。それは、腫瘍関連ペプチドとはその質量異なるのみであるが、他の物理化学的性質に差異を示さない(Anderson et al.,2012)。内標準を各MSサンプルに添加して、全てのMSシグナルを内標準のMSシグナルに対して正規化し、MS実験間の可能な技術的変動を平準化した。
あらゆるタンパク質精製処理と同様に、組織サンプルからのタンパク質の単離には、目的タンパク質のいくらかの損失が伴う。TUMAP単離の効率を判定するために、絶対定量化のために選択された全てのTUMAPについて、ペプチド/MHC複合体が生成された。添加されたものを天然ペプチド/MHC複合体から識別できるように、TUMAPの単一同位体標識バージョンが使用され、すなわち、1つの同位体標識アミノ酸がTUMAP合成に含まれた。これらの複合体は、新鮮に調製された組織溶解産物に、すなわち、TUMAP単離手順の可能な限り早い時点で添加され、次に、以下の親和性精製において、天然ペプチド/MHC複合体のように捕捉された。したがって単一標識TUMAPの回収率を測定することで、個々の天然TUMAPの単離効率に関する結論が可能になる。
絶対ペプチド定量化に供した組織サンプルの細胞数を測定するために、本発明者らは、DNA含量分析を適用した。この方法は、異なる起点の幅広いサンプルに、最も重要なことには、冷凍サンプルに適用できる(Alcoser et al.,2011;Forsey and Chaudhuri,2009;Silva et al.,2013)。ペプチド単離プロトコル中に、組織サンプルを均質溶解産物に処理して、それから小さな溶解産物アリコートを取り出す。アリコートを3つに分割し、それからDNAを単離する(QiaAmpDNAMiniKit,Qiagen,Hilden,Germany)。蛍光ベースのDNA定量化アッセイ(Qubit dsDNA HS Assay Kit,Life Technologies,Darmstadt,Germany)を使用して、少なくとも2つの反復試験において、各DNA単離からの全DNA含有量を定量化する。
前述の実験のデータを用いて、本発明者らは、サンプルの全ペプチド量を総細胞数で除算して、それに続いて単離効率により除算することで、細胞当たりのTUMAPコピー数を算出した。選択されたたペプチドのコピー細胞数は、表15に示される。
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Claims (39)
- 配列番号323、および配列番号323と少なくとも88%相同的なその変異配列の群から選択されるアミノ酸配列を含んでなるペプチドおよびその薬学的に許容可能な塩であって;前記変異体が、主要組織適合性複合体(MHC)分子と結合し、および/またはT細胞を前記変異体ペプチドと交差反応させ;前記ペプチドが完全長ポリペプチドでない、ペプチド。
- MHCクラスIまたはII分子に結合する能力を有し、前記MHCに結合すると、CD4および/またはCD8T細胞によって認識されることができるようになる、請求項1に記載のペプチド。
- そのアミノ酸配列が、配列番号323のいずれか1つに記載の一続きのアミノ酸を含んでなる、請求項1または2に記載のペプチドまたはその変異型。
- 前記ペプチドまたはその変異型が、8〜100、好ましくは8〜30、より好ましくは8〜16のアミノ酸の全長を有し、最も好ましくは前記ペプチドが、配列番号323のいずれかに記載のアミノ酸配列からなり、またはそれから本質的になる、請求項1〜3のいずれか一項に記載のペプチドまたはその変異型。
- 前記ペプチドが、修飾され、および/または非ペプチド結合を含む、請求項1〜4のいずれか一項に記載のペプチドまたはその変異型。
- 前記ペプチドが、特にHLA−DR抗原関連不変鎖(Ii)のN末端アミノ酸を含んでなる融合タンパク質の一部である、請求項1〜5のいずれか一項に記載のペプチドまたはその変異型。
- 請求項1〜6のいずれか一項に記載のペプチドまたはその変異型をエンコードする核酸であって、任意選択的に異種プロモーター配列と結合する、核酸。
- 請求項7に記載の核酸を発現できる、発現ベクター。
- 請求項1〜6のいずれか一項に記載のペプチド、請求項7に記載の核酸または請求項8に記載の発現ベクターを含んでなり、好ましくは樹状細胞などの抗原提示細胞である、組換え宿主細胞。
- 医療用である、請求項1〜6のいずれか一項に記載のペプチドまたはその変異型、請求項7に記載の核酸、請求項8に記載の発現ベクター、または請求項9に記載の宿主細胞。
- 請求項1〜6に記載のペプチドを提示し、または請求項7に記載の核酸を発現し、または請求項8に記載の発現ベクターを発現する、請求項9に記載の宿主細胞を培養するステップと、前記ペプチドまたはその変異型を前記宿主細胞またはその培養液から単離するステップとを含んでなる、請求項1〜6のいずれか一項に記載のペプチドまたはその変異型を製造する方法。
- T細胞を、適切な抗原提示細胞の表面に、または抗原提示細胞を模倣する人工コンストラクトの表面に発現される抗原負荷ヒトクラスIまたはII MHC分子に、前記T細胞を抗原特異的様式で活性化するのに十分な時間にわたり、生体外で接触させるステップを含んでなり、前記抗原が、請求項1〜4のいずれか一項に記載のペプチドである、活性化Tリンパ球を製造するインビトロ法。
- 請求項1〜4のいずれか一項に記載のアミノ酸配列を含んでなるポリペプチドを提示する細胞を選択的に認識する、請求項12に記載の方法によって製造される活性化Tリンパ球。
- 請求項13で定義される活性T細胞の有効数を患者に投与する、その標的細胞が、請求項1〜4のいずれか一項に記載のアミノ酸配列を含んでなるポリペプチドを提示する患者において、標的細胞を死滅させる、活性化Tリンパ球。
- MHC分子と結合すると、請求項1〜5のいずれか一項に記載のペプチドまたはその変異型である、請求項1〜5のいずれか一項に記載のペプチドまたはその変異型を特異的に認識する、可溶性または膜結合抗体である、抗体。
- がんの診断および/または治療用の、またはがんに対する薬剤の製造において使用するための、請求項1〜6のいずれか一項に記載のペプチド、請求項7に記載の核酸、請求項8に記載の発現ベクター、請求項9に記載の細胞、請求項13に記載の活性化Tリンパ球または請求項15に記載の抗体。
- がんが、ペプチド配列番号323がそれに由来するタンパク質の過剰発現を示す、神経膠芽腫、乳がん、結腸直腸がん、腎細胞がん、慢性リンパ球性白血病、肝細胞がん、非小細胞細胞および小細胞肺がん、非ホジキンリンパ腫、急性骨髄性白血病、卵巣がん、膵臓がん、前立腺がん、胃食道接合部がんを含む食道がん、胆嚢がんおよび胆管がん、黒色腫、胃がん、精巣がん、膀胱がん、または子宮がんおよびその他の腫瘍の群から選択される、請求項16に記載のペプチド、核酸、発現ベクター、細胞、活性化Tリンパ球または抗体。
- (a)請求項1〜6のいずれか一項に記載のペプチド又はその変異型、請求項7に記載の核酸、請求項8に記載の発現ベクター、請求項10に記載の細胞、請求項13に記載の活性化Tリンパ球、または請求項15に記載の抗体を含有する医薬組成物を溶液または凍結乾燥形態で含んでなる容器;
(b)任意選択的に、前記凍結乾燥製剤のための希釈剤または再構成溶液を含有する第2の容器;
(c)任意選択的に、配列番号1〜配列番号322、配列番号324〜配列番号417からなる群から選択される少なくとももう1つのペプチド、および
(d)任意選択的に、(i)溶液の使用、または(ii)凍結乾燥製剤の再構成および/または使用のための取扱説明書
を含んでなるキット。 - (iii)緩衝液、(iv)希釈剤、(v)フィルター、(vi)針、または(v)シリンジの1つまたは複数をさらに含んでなる、請求項18に記載のキット。
- 前記ペプチドが、配列番号323である、請求項18または19に記載のキット。
- a)前記個々の患者からの腫瘍サンプルによって提示される腫瘍関連するペプチド(TUMAP)を同定するステップと;
b)a)で同定された前記ペプチドを、正常組織との比較で腫瘍における免疫原性および/または過剰提示について予備選別されたペプチド貯蔵庫と比較するステップと;
c)少なくとも1つのペプチドを、前記患者において同定されたTUMAPと一致する前記貯蔵庫から選択するステップと;
d)ステップc)に基づいて、個別化ワクチンまたは化合物ベースのまたは細胞療法を構築するステップと
を含んでなる、個々の患者のための化合物ベースのおよび/または細胞療法のための個別化抗がんワクチンを製造する方法。 - 前記TUMAPが、
a1)前記腫瘍サンプルからの発現データを前記腫瘍サンプルの組織型に対応する正常組織サンプルからの発現データと比較して、前記腫瘍サンプルにおいて過剰発現されまたは異常に発現されるタンパク質を同定するステップと;
a2)前記発現データを、前記腫瘍サンプル中のMHCクラスI/またはクラスII分子と結合しているMHCリガンドの配列と相関させて、前記腫瘍によって過剰発現されまたは異常に発現されるタンパク質に由来するMHCリガンドを同定するステップと
によって同定される、請求項21に記載の方法。 - 結合ペプチドを前記腫瘍サンプルから単離されたMHC分子から溶出させて、前記溶出したリガンドを配列決定することで、MHCリガンドの配列が同定される、請求項21または22に記載の方法。
- 前記腫瘍サンプルの組織型に対応する前記正常組織が、前記同一患者から得られる、請求項21〜23のいずれか一項に記載の方法。
- 前記貯蔵庫に包含される前記ペプチドが、
aa.正常組織または組織群と比較して悪性組織で過剰発現される遺伝子を同定するステップを含んでなる、マイクロアレイまたは配列決定ベース発現プロファイリングなどの高度並列法によって、ゲノム規模メッセンジャーリボ核酸(mRNA)発現解析を実施するステップと;
ab.ステップaaで検出された、選択的に発現されまたは過剰発現される遺伝子によってコードされる、ペプチドを選択するステップと;
ac.健常ドナーまたは前記患者からのヒトT細胞を使用した生体外免疫原性アッセイを含んでなる、前記選択されたペプチドによる生体内T細胞応答の誘導を判定するステップ;または
ba.HLAリガンドを前記腫瘍サンプルから質量分析を使用して同定するステップと;
bb.正常組織または組織群と比較して悪性組織で過剰発現される遺伝子を同定するステップを含んでなる、マイクロアレイまたは配列決定ベース発現プロファイリングなどの高度並列法によって、ゲノム規模メッセンジャーリボ核酸(mRNA)発現解析を実施するステップと;
bc.前記同定されたHLAリガンドを前記遺伝子発現データと比較するステップと;
bd.ステップbcで検出された、選択的に発現されまたは過剰発現される遺伝子によってコードされる、ペプチドを選択するステップと;
be.ステップbdから選択されたTUMAPを腫瘍組織上で再検出し、健常組織上の検出欠如または希な検出が、mRNAレベルにおける過剰発現の関連性を裏付けるステップと;
bf.健常ドナーまたは前記患者からのヒトT細胞を使用した生体外免疫原性アッセイを含んでなる、前記選択されたペプチドによる生体内T細胞応答の誘導を判定するステップとに基づいて同定される、請求項21〜24のいずれか一項に記載の方法。 - 前記貯蔵庫に包含される前記ペプチドの免疫原性が、生体外免疫原性アッセイ、個々のHLA結合についての患者免疫モニタリング、MHC多量体染色、ELISPOTアッセイおよび/または細胞内サイトカイン染色を含んでなる方法によって判定される、請求項21〜25のいずれか一項に記載の方法。
- 前記貯蔵庫が、配列番号323と、配列番号1〜321及び配列番号324〜417からなる群から選択される複数のペプチドを含んでなる、請求項21〜26のいずれか一項に記載の方法。
- 前記個々の患者からの正常な対応する組織と比較して前記腫瘍サンプルに特有の少なくとも1つの変異を同定するステップと、前記ワクチンに包含するために、または細胞療法を作成するために、前記変異に関連があるペプチドを選択するステップとをさらに含んでなる、請求項21〜27のいずれか一項に記載の方法。
- 前記少なくとも1つの変異が、全ゲノム配列決定によって同定される、請求項28に記載の方法。
- T細胞受容体、好ましくは可溶性または膜結合T細胞受容体であって、HLAリガンドと反応性であり、前記リガンドが配列番号323であるアミノ酸配列と少なくとも75%の同一性を有する、T細胞受容体。
- 前記アミノ酸配列が、配列番号323と少なくとも88%同一である、請求項30に記載のT細胞受容体。
- 前記アミノ酸配列が、配列番号323である、請求項30または31に記載のT細胞受容体。
- 前記T細胞受容体が可溶性分子として提供され、任意選択的に、免疫刺激ドメインまたは毒素などのさらなるエフェクター機能を保有する、請求項30〜32のいずれか一項に記載のT細胞受容体。
- 請求項30〜33のいずれか一項に記載のTCRをエンコードする核酸であって、任意選択的に異種プロモーター配列と結合する、核酸。
- 請求項34に記載の核酸を発現できる、発現ベクター。
- 請求項34に記載の核酸、または請求項15に記載の抗体をコードする核酸、または請求項35に記載の発現ベクターを含んでなる、T細胞またはNK細胞である、宿主細胞。
- 請求項36に記載の宿主細胞を培養するステップと、前記T細胞受容体を前記宿主細胞および/またはその培養液から単離するステップとを含んでなる、請求項30〜33のいずれか一項に記載のT細胞受容体を製造する方法。
- a)配列番号323であるペプチド
b)a)に記載のペプチドおよび/またはペプチドMHC複合体と反応性のT細胞受容体;
c)a)に記載のペプチドと、HLA−DR抗原関連不変鎖(Ii)のN末端のアミノ酸1〜80とを含んでなる融合タンパク質;
d)a)〜c)のいずれかをコードする核酸、または前記核酸を含んでなる発現ベクター;
e)d)の発現ベクターを含んでなる宿主細胞;
f)T細胞を、抗原特異的様式でT細胞を活性化するのに十分な時間にわたり、適切な抗原提示細胞の表面に発現されるa)に記載のペプチドと生体外で接触させるステップを含んでなる方法、ならびにこれらの活性化T細胞を自己または他の患者に移入する方法によって得られる、活性化Tリンパ球;
g)a)に記載のペプチドおよび/またはペプチド−MHC複合体および/またはa)に記載のペプチドを提示する細胞と反応性であり、例えば、免疫活性化ドメインまたは毒素との融合によって潜在的に修飾される、抗体、または可溶性T細胞受容体;
h)配列番号323であるペプチドを認識し、および/または配列番号323であるペプチドとMHC分子との複合体を認識する、アプタマー;
i)a)〜h)のいずれかに記載の結合または標識ペプチドまたはスキャフォールドからなる群から選択される、少なくとも1つの活性成分と、薬学的に許容できる担体、および任意選択的に、薬学的に許容可能な賦形剤および/または安定剤とを含んでなる医薬組成物。 - 請求項1〜5のいずれか一項に記載のペプチドまたはその変異型、好ましくはMHC分子と結合している請求項1〜5のいずれか一項に記載のペプチドまたはその変異型を特異的に認識する、アプタマー。
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