JP2017536683A - ナトリウム−ハロゲン二次電池 - Google Patents
ナトリウム−ハロゲン二次電池 Download PDFInfo
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- 229910052736 halogen Inorganic materials 0.000 title claims abstract description 40
- 239000003792 electrolyte Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 75
- 239000011734 sodium Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 75
- 229910052708 sodium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 59
- DGAQECJNVWCQMB-PUAWFVPOSA-M Ilexoside XXIX Chemical compound C[C@@H]1CC[C@@]2(CC[C@@]3(C(=CC[C@H]4[C@]3(CC[C@@H]5[C@@]4(CC[C@@H](C5(C)C)OS(=O)(=O)[O-])C)C)[C@@H]2[C@]1(C)O)C)C(=O)O[C@H]6[C@@H]([C@H]([C@@H]([C@H](O6)CO)O)O)O.[Na+] DGAQECJNVWCQMB-PUAWFVPOSA-M 0.000 claims abstract description 51
- 150000003839 salts Chemical class 0.000 claims abstract description 40
- 239000012528 membrane Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 21
- 229910001415 sodium ion Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 21
- 229910052794 bromium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 20
- 150000002367 halogens Chemical class 0.000 claims abstract description 19
- 229910052740 iodine Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 17
- 229910052801 chlorine Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 16
- FKNQFGJONOIPTF-UHFFFAOYSA-N Sodium cation Chemical compound [Na+] FKNQFGJONOIPTF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 12
- 239000007784 solid electrolyte Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 6
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 claims description 17
- 239000002228 NASICON Substances 0.000 claims description 13
- 150000001875 compounds Chemical class 0.000 claims description 12
- 239000007788 liquid Substances 0.000 claims description 8
- 239000007787 solid Substances 0.000 claims description 7
- KEAYESYHFKHZAL-UHFFFAOYSA-N Sodium Chemical compound [Na] KEAYESYHFKHZAL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 6
- 239000006260 foam Substances 0.000 claims description 5
- OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon Chemical compound [C] OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- 229910052799 carbon Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 4
- WFKWXMTUELFFGS-UHFFFAOYSA-N tungsten Chemical compound [W] WFKWXMTUELFFGS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- ZOKXTWBITQBERF-UHFFFAOYSA-N Molybdenum Chemical compound [Mo] ZOKXTWBITQBERF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- RTAQQCXQSZGOHL-UHFFFAOYSA-N Titanium Chemical compound [Ti] RTAQQCXQSZGOHL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910052750 molybdenum Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000011733 molybdenum Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000010936 titanium Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910052719 titanium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910052721 tungsten Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000010937 tungsten Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000011888 foil Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000007790 solid phase Substances 0.000 claims 1
- -1 sodium halide Chemical class 0.000 abstract description 11
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 description 42
- FVAUCKIRQBBSSJ-UHFFFAOYSA-M sodium iodide Chemical compound [Na+].[I-] FVAUCKIRQBBSSJ-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 42
- 235000009518 sodium iodide Nutrition 0.000 description 14
- 239000000460 chlorine Substances 0.000 description 12
- XMBWDFGMSWQBCA-UHFFFAOYSA-N hydrogen iodide Chemical compound I XMBWDFGMSWQBCA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 9
- 230000003647 oxidation Effects 0.000 description 9
- 238000007254 oxidation reaction Methods 0.000 description 9
- PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N Nickel Chemical compound [Ni] PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 8
- 150000002500 ions Chemical class 0.000 description 7
- ATHHXGZTWNVVOU-UHFFFAOYSA-N N-methylformamide Chemical compound CNC=O ATHHXGZTWNVVOU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- 230000002378 acidificating effect Effects 0.000 description 6
- 150000004645 aluminates Chemical class 0.000 description 6
- GDTBXPJZTBHREO-UHFFFAOYSA-N bromine Substances BrBr GDTBXPJZTBHREO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 description 6
- 239000000243 solution Substances 0.000 description 6
- WKBOTKDWSSQWDR-UHFFFAOYSA-N Bromine atom Chemical compound [Br] WKBOTKDWSSQWDR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 5
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 description 5
- 239000003960 organic solvent Substances 0.000 description 5
- ZCYVEMRRCGMTRW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 7553-56-2 Chemical compound [I] ZCYVEMRRCGMTRW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- CPELXLSAUQHCOX-UHFFFAOYSA-M Bromide Chemical compound [Br-] CPELXLSAUQHCOX-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 4
- GPWHDDKQSYOYBF-UHFFFAOYSA-N ac1l2u0q Chemical compound Br[Br-]Br GPWHDDKQSYOYBF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 230000008901 benefit Effects 0.000 description 4
- 238000010586 diagram Methods 0.000 description 4
- 150000004820 halides Chemical class 0.000 description 4
- PNDPGZBMCMUPRI-UHFFFAOYSA-N iodine Chemical group II PNDPGZBMCMUPRI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 239000011630 iodine Substances 0.000 description 4
- 230000008018 melting Effects 0.000 description 4
- 238000002844 melting Methods 0.000 description 4
- 229910052759 nickel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- 239000012071 phase Substances 0.000 description 4
- 238000006722 reduction reaction Methods 0.000 description 4
- 239000000919 ceramic Substances 0.000 description 3
- 238000007599 discharging Methods 0.000 description 3
- 239000000374 eutectic mixture Substances 0.000 description 3
- 239000011593 sulfur Substances 0.000 description 3
- 229910052717 sulfur Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- ZAMOUSCENKQFHK-UHFFFAOYSA-N Chlorine atom Chemical compound [Cl] ZAMOUSCENKQFHK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N Copper Chemical compound [Cu] RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- IAZDPXIOMUYVGZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Dimethylsulphoxide Chemical compound CS(C)=O IAZDPXIOMUYVGZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- NINIDFKCEFEMDL-UHFFFAOYSA-N Sulfur Chemical compound [S] NINIDFKCEFEMDL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- HCHKCACWOHOZIP-UHFFFAOYSA-N Zinc Chemical compound [Zn] HCHKCACWOHOZIP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229910021525 ceramic electrolyte Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 229910052802 copper Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000010949 copper Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000013461 design Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000002001 electrolyte material Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000007791 liquid phase Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000000155 melt Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000006262 metallic foam Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000007773 negative electrode material Substances 0.000 description 2
- RPMPQTVHEJVLCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N pentaaluminum;sodium;oxygen(2-) Chemical compound [O-2].[O-2].[O-2].[O-2].[O-2].[O-2].[O-2].[O-2].[Na+].[Al+3].[Al+3].[Al+3].[Al+3].[Al+3] RPMPQTVHEJVLCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- BASFCYQUMIYNBI-UHFFFAOYSA-N platinum Chemical compound [Pt] BASFCYQUMIYNBI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 230000008569 process Effects 0.000 description 2
- 230000009467 reduction Effects 0.000 description 2
- ZIQRIAYNHAKDDU-UHFFFAOYSA-N sodium;hydroiodide Chemical compound [Na].I ZIQRIAYNHAKDDU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229910052725 zinc Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000011701 zinc Substances 0.000 description 2
- VEXZGXHMUGYJMC-UHFFFAOYSA-M Chloride anion Chemical compound [Cl-] VEXZGXHMUGYJMC-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- UFHFLCQGNIYNRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N Hydrogen Chemical compound [H][H] UFHFLCQGNIYNRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910000528 Na alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910003249 Na3Zr2Si2PO12 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 241000321453 Paranthias colonus Species 0.000 description 1
- 125000001246 bromo group Chemical group Br* 0.000 description 1
- 150000001721 carbon Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 238000005352 clarification Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000002322 conducting polymer Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920001940 conductive polymer Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000008151 electrolyte solution Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000000499 gel Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052739 hydrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000001257 hydrogen Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000003780 insertion Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000037431 insertion Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000002608 ionic liquid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910001507 metal halide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 150000005309 metal halides Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 238000012986 modification Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000004048 modification Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000003541 multi-stage reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000011017 operating method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000005192 partition Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052697 platinum Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000011148 porous material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000011160 research Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000002441 reversible effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229910001220 stainless steel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000010935 stainless steel Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000003463 sulfur Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- YBBRCQOCSYXUOC-UHFFFAOYSA-N sulfuryl dichloride Chemical compound ClS(Cl)(=O)=O YBBRCQOCSYXUOC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000012360 testing method Methods 0.000 description 1
- WRTMQOHKMFDUKX-UHFFFAOYSA-N triiodide Chemical compound I[I-]I WRTMQOHKMFDUKX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
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Abstract
Description
本発明は、サンディア国立研究所による契約番号第1189875号により、政府援助を受けて成されたものである。政府は本発明における所定の権利を有する。
正極:X3 −+2e−←→3X−(電池化学反応1)
正極:3X2+2e−←→2X3 −(電池化学反応2)
総反応:2Na+X3 −←→2Na++3X−(電池化学反応1)
総反応:2Na+3X2←→2Na++2X3 −(電池化学反応2)
ここで、Xはヨウ素、臭素または塩素である。
正極:I3 −+2e−←→3I−(0.29V、電池化学反応1)
正極:3I2+2e−←→2I3 −(0.74V、電池化学反応2)
総反応:2Na+I3 −←→2Na++3I−(2.8V、電池化学反応1)(388Wh/kg)
総反応:2Na+3I2←→2Na++2I3 −(3.25V、電池化学反応2)(193Wh/kg)
正極:Br3 −+2e−←→3Br−(0.82V、電池化学反応1)
正極:3Br2+2e−←→2Br3 −(1.04V、電池化学反応2)
総反応:2Na+Br3 −←→2Na++3Br−(3.53V、電池化学反応1)(658Wh/kg)
総反応:2Na+3Br2←→2Na++2Br3 −(3.75V、電池化学反応2)(329Wh/kg)
総電池化学反応は以下の通りである。
総反応:2Na+X2←→2Na++2X−(電池化学反応3)
溶融塩正極電解質AlCl3内のNaIの伝導性が、N−メチルホルムアミドを含む有機溶媒中でのNaIの伝導性と比較された。溶融塩正極電解質は、一般式NaAlXIyClzを有するものである。図4に示すように、120℃において、溶融塩正極電解質中でのNaIの伝導性は、有機溶媒系電解質の伝導性のほぼ3倍であった。溶融塩正極電解質を使用した電池は、より高いNaIのモル濃度のため、より高いエネルギー密度を有する。更に、溶融塩正極電解質を使用した電池は、有機溶媒系正極電解質溶液よりもより安全性が高い。これは、溶融ナトリウムが何らかの理由で溶融正極電解質に接触してしまった場合に、それによる化学反応が単に不燃性の塩を形成するだけであるからである。
溶融AlCl3中にヨウ化ナトリウムを含み、そのNaI:AlCl3比率が60:40(塩基性の電解質)である、本発明のナトリウム−ヨウ素二次電池を製造した。タングステンワイヤーを正極集電体として使用した。正極/正極電解質から溶融ナトリウム負極を分離するために、NASICONが使用された。ヨウ化物の酸化が測定され、上記の電池化学反応1及び電池化学反応2に一致する2つの酸化ピークが認められた。実験結果を図5Aに示す。酸化ピークは、可逆的に観測された。更なる試験として、溶融AlCl3中にヨウ化ナトリウムを含み、そのNaI:AlCl3比率が40:60(酸性の電解質)についても試験した。実験結果を図5Bに示す。得られた結果は、塩基性電解質中でも、酸性の電解質中での第1ヨウ化物酸化ピークと同じような電位の第2酸化ピークが生じることを示す。酸性の電解質中の還元ピークはより高い電位が生じる。これは、電解質が酸性か塩基性かが、I2発生の電位に影響することを示す。
3種の対称型ナトリウム−ヨウ素二次電池を製造し、正極/正極電解質中の酸化/還元反応の可逆性を試験した。表2に記載の3種の対称型電池を製造した。
Claims (14)
- 溶融または固体状の金属ナトリウムから成る負極を有する負極室と、一つ以上のAlX3塩から成る溶融正極電解質中に配置され、NaXから成る正極と、液状正極溶液から負極を分離するナトリウムイオン伝導性固体電解質膜とから成るナトリウム−ハロゲン二次電池であって、負極は、放電中に電気化学的に酸化してナトリウムイオンを放出し、再充電中にナトリウムイオンを電気化学的に還元してナトリウム金属を形成し、NaXにおけるXはCl、Br及びIから選択される同一または異なるハロゲンであり、AlX3に対するNaXの比率が1以上であるナトリウム−ハロゲン二次電池。
- 溶融正極電解質が2種の異なるAlX3塩から成り、これらは一般式NaAlX’4−δX’’δで示され、0<δ<4であり、X’及びX’’はCl、Br及びIから選択される異なるハロゲンである請求項1に記載の二次電池。
- 正極および溶融正極電解質が、一般式NaAlX’4及びNaAlX’’4で示される少なくとも2種の塩の種々のモル比から成る混合溶融塩である請求項2に記載の二次電池。
- NaAlX’’4に対するNaAlX’4のモル比が、9:1〜1:9の範囲であり、対応するδ値が0.4〜3.6である請求項3に記載の二次電池。
- 正極が、更に、追加のNaX化合物または混合NaX化合物を有し、そのモル比は、混合溶融塩正極電解質に対して、NaX:NaAlX’4−δX’’δ=1:1〜3:1の範囲である請求項3に記載の二次電池。
- 二次電池の作動温度が80〜210℃である請求項1に記載の二次電池。
- 電解質膜がNASICON型材料から成る請求項1に記載の二次電池。
- 混合溶融塩正極電解質は、一般式NaAlX’4−d−vX’’dX’’’vで表される異なる3種のAlX3塩から成り、X’、X’’及びX’’’はCl、Br及びIから選択される異なる3種のハロゲンを示し、0<δ<4であり、0<v<4であり、0<δ+v<4である請求項1に記載の二次電池。
- 正極および溶融正極電解質がNaAlCl4、NaAlBr4及びNaAlI4が種々のモル比から成る混合溶融塩から成る請求項8に記載の二次電池。
- 正極が、更に、追加のNaX化合物または混合NaX化合物を有し、そのモル比は、混合溶融塩正極電解質に対して、NaX:NaAlX’4−d−vX’’dX’’’v=1:1〜3:1の範囲であり、0<δ<4であり、0<v<4、0<δ+v<4である請求項8に記載の二次電池。
- 追加のNaXが、集電体内に固相として存在する請求項10に記載の二次電池。
- 正極が、炭素、タングステン、モリブデン及びチタンの少なくとも1つ以上から成る集電体から成る請求項1に記載の二次電池。
- 集電体が、ワイヤー、フェルト、ホイル、プレート、平行板、チューブ、メッシュ、メッシュスクリーン、発泡体の1つ以上から成る請求項11に記載の二次電池。
- 負極を有する負極室と正極とナトリウムイオン伝導性固体電解質膜とから成るナトリウム−ハロゲン二次電池であって、負極は溶融状態の金属ナトリウムから成り、放電中に負極は電気化学的に酸化されてナトリウムイオンを放出し、再充電中にナトリウムイオンが電気化学的に還元されてナトリウム金属を形成し、正極は、一つ以上のAlX3塩から成る溶融正極電解質中に配置されるNaIから成り、XはCl、Br及びIから選択される同一または異なるハロゲンであり、AlX3に対するNaIの比率は1を超え、ナトリウムイオン伝導性固体電解質膜は液体正極溶液から負極を分離することを特徴とするナトリウム−ハロゲン二次電池。
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