JP2017521873A - 有機エレクトロルミネッセンストランジスタ - Google Patents
有機エレクトロルミネッセンストランジスタ Download PDFInfo
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- JP2017521873A JP2017521873A JP2017503881A JP2017503881A JP2017521873A JP 2017521873 A JP2017521873 A JP 2017521873A JP 2017503881 A JP2017503881 A JP 2017503881A JP 2017503881 A JP2017503881 A JP 2017503881A JP 2017521873 A JP2017521873 A JP 2017521873A
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- PPNAOCWZXJOHFK-UHFFFAOYSA-N manganese(2+);oxygen(2-) Chemical class [O-2].[Mn+2] PPNAOCWZXJOHFK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910001512 metal fluoride Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910001092 metal group alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910052759 nickel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000007645 offset printing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000011368 organic material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000004866 oxadiazoles Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 238000007649 pad printing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052763 palladium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- SLIUAWYAILUBJU-UHFFFAOYSA-N pentacene Chemical compound C1=CC=CC2=CC3=CC4=CC5=CC=CC=C5C=C4C=C3C=C21 SLIUAWYAILUBJU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 125000005010 perfluoroalkyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 125000002080 perylenyl group Chemical group C1(=CC=C2C=CC=C3C4=CC=CC5=CC=CC(C1=C23)=C45)* 0.000 description 1
- 239000012071 phase Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000000206 photolithography Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000005240 physical vapour deposition Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229920003023 plastic Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000004033 plastic Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052697 platinum Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229920003227 poly(N-vinyl carbazole) Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920001643 poly(ether ketone) Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920003207 poly(ethylene-2,6-naphthalate) Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920000553 poly(phenylenevinylene) Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920001467 poly(styrenesulfonates) Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000004417 polycarbonate Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920000515 polycarbonate Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000011112 polyethylene naphthalate Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920001155 polypropylene Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920002223 polystyrene Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920000123 polythiophene Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920000915 polyvinyl chloride Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000004800 polyvinyl chloride Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000010453 quartz Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000010791 quenching Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000000171 quenching effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229910052761 rare earth metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- YYMBJDOZVAITBP-UHFFFAOYSA-N rubrene Chemical class C1=CC=CC=C1C(C1=C(C=2C=CC=CC=2)C2=CC=CC=C2C(C=2C=CC=CC=2)=C11)=C(C=CC=C2)C2=C1C1=CC=CC=C1 YYMBJDOZVAITBP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000001338 self-assembly Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052710 silicon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000010703 silicon Substances 0.000 description 1
- VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N silicon dioxide Inorganic materials O=[Si]=O VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000010944 silver (metal) Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000010345 tape casting Methods 0.000 description 1
- 150000007944 thiolates Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 229930192474 thiophene Natural products 0.000 description 1
- 238000012546 transfer Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052723 transition metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 150000003624 transition metals Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- ODHXBMXNKOYIBV-UHFFFAOYSA-N triphenylamine Chemical class C1=CC=CC=C1N(C=1C=CC=CC=1)C1=CC=CC=C1 ODHXBMXNKOYIBV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000012808 vapor phase Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000009834 vaporization Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000008016 vaporization Effects 0.000 description 1
- 235000012431 wafers Nutrition 0.000 description 1
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Abstract
Description
Xは、O、S、及びSeからなる群から選択され、
Ar及びAr'は、出現する毎に独立に、同一若しくは異なる単環式アリール基又はヘテロアリール基であり、
R1及びR2は、独立に、-CN、Ra、-C(O)Rb、及び-C(O)ORbからなる群から選択される同一若しくは異なる電子吸引性基であり、Raは、少なくとも1個のフルオロ又はシアノ基で置換されているC1〜20アルキル基、C2〜20アルケニル基、又はC2〜20アルキニル基であり、Rbは、H、C1〜20アルキル基、C2〜20アルケニル基、及びC2〜20アルキニル基からなる群から選択され、C1〜20アルキル基、C2〜20アルケニル基、及びC2〜20アルキニル基のそれぞれは、1個又は複数のフルオロ及び/又はシアノ基で任意選択で置換されており、
m及びm'は、独立に、1又は2である。
Xは、O、S、及びSeからなる群から選択され、
Ar及びAr'は、出現する毎に独立に、同一若しくは異なる単環式アリール基又はヘテロアリール基であり、
R1及びR2は、独立に、-CN、Ra、-C(O)Rb、及び-C(O)ORbからなる群から選択される同一若しくは異なる電子吸引性基であり、Raは、少なくとも1個のフルオロ又はシアノ基で置換されているC1〜20アルキル基、C2〜20アルケニル基、又はC2〜20アルキニル基であり、Rbは、H、C1〜20アルキル基、C2〜20アルケニル基、及びC2〜20アルキニル基からなる群から選択され、C1〜20アルキル基、C2〜20アルケニル基、及びC2〜20アルキニル基のそれぞれは、1個又は複数のフルオロ及び/又はシアノ基で任意選択で置換されており、
m及びm'は、独立に、1又は2である。
of electrode work function with self-assembled layer:Interplay of energy barrier and tunneling distance on charge injection in organic light-emitting diodes」、Organic Electronics、12(4):602〜608頁(2011);Sungら、「AC Field-Induced Polymer Electroluminescence with Single Wall Carbon Nanotubes」、Nano Letters、11(3):966〜972頁(2011);Qiaoら、「Controlling charge balance and exciton recombination by bipolar host in single-layer organic light-emitting diodes」、Journal of Applied Physics、108(3):034508/1〜034508/8頁(2011);Khizar-ul-Haqら、「Blue organic light-emitting diodes with low driving voltage and enhanced power efficiency based on MoO3 as hole injection layer and optimized charge balance」、Journal of Non-Crystalline Solids、356(20〜22):1012〜1015頁(2010);Qiら、「Analysis of metal-oxide -based charge generation layers used in stacked organic light-emitting diodes」、Journal of Applied Physics、107(1):014514/1-014514/8頁(201);Huangら、「Materials and interface engineering in organic light-emitting diodes」、Organic Electronics、243〜261頁(2010);Helanderら、「Comparison of Alq3/alkali-metal fluoride/ Al cathodes for organic electroluminescent devices」、Journal of Applied Physics、104(9):094510/1〜094510/6頁(2008);Roy Choudhuryら、「LiF as an n-dopant in tris(8-hydroxyquinoline) aluminum thin films」、Advanced Materials、20(8):1456〜1461頁(2008);Vaccaら、「Poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene):poly(4-styrenesulfonate) ratio:Structural, physical and hole injection properties in organic light emitting diodes」、Thin Solid Films、516(12):4232〜4237頁(2008);Yangら、「Improved fabrication process for enhancing light emission in single-layer organic light-emitting devices doped with organic salt」、Japanese Journal of Applied Physics、47(2, Pt. 1):1101〜1103頁(2008);Kimら、「UV-ozone surface treatment of indium-tin-oxide in organic light emitting diodes」、Journal of the Korean Physical Society、50(6):1858〜1861頁(2007);Pratら、「Stable, highly efficient and temperature resistant organic light-emitting devices」、Japanese Journal of Applied Physics, Part 1:Regular Papers, Brief Communications & Review Papers、46(4A):1727〜1730頁(2007);Luoら、「Improving the stability of organic light-emitting devices by using a hole-injection-tunable-anode-buffer-layer」、Journal of Applied Physics、101(5):054512/1〜054512/4頁(2007);Matsushimaら、「Charge-carrier injection characteristics at organic/organic heterojunction interfaces in organic light-emitting diodes」、Chemical Physics Letters、435(4〜6):327〜330頁(2007);Kimら、「Controllable work function of Li-Al alloy nanolayers for organic light-emitting devices」、Advanced Engineering Materials、7(11):1023〜1027頁(2005);Kato、「Designing Interfaces That Function to Facilitate Charge Injection in Organic Light-Emitting Diodes」、Journal of the American Chemical Society、127(33):11538〜11539頁(2005);Veinotら、「Toward the Ideal Organic Light-Emitting Diode. The Versatility and Utility of Interfacial Tailoring by Cross-Linked Siloxane Interlayers」、Accounts of Chemical Research、38(8):632〜643頁(2005);Oyamadaら、「Extremely low- voltage driving of organic light-emitting diodes with a Cs-doped phenyldipyrenylphosphine oxide layer as an electron-injection layer」、Applied Physics Letters、86(3):033503/1〜033503/3頁(2005);Hughesら、「Electron-transporting materials for organic electroluminescent and electrophosphorescent devices」、Journal of Materials Chemistry、15(1):94〜107頁(2005);D'Andradeら、「Efficient organic electrophosphorescent white-light-emitting device with a triple doped emissive layer」、Advanced Materials、16(7):624〜628頁(2004);Kannoら、「Development of OLED with high stability and luminance efficiency by co-doping methods for full color displays」、IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Quantum Electronics、10(1):30〜36頁(2004);Hanら、「Transparent-cathode for top-emission organic light-emitting diodes」、Applied Physics Letters、82(16):2715〜2717頁(2003);Tutisら、「Internal electric field and charge distribution in multilayer organic light-emitting diodes」、Journal of Applied Physics、93(8):4594〜4602頁(2003);Mathaiら、「Controlled injection of holes into AlQ3 based OLEDs by means of an oxidized transport layer」、Materials Research Society Symposium Proceedings、708(Organic Optoelectronic Materials, Processing and Devices):101〜106頁(2002);Croneら、「Charge injection and transport in single-layer organic light-emitting diodes」、Applied Physics Letters、73(21):3162〜3164頁(1998);及びParkら、「Charge injection and photooxidation of single conjugated polymer molecules」、Journal of the American Chemical Society、126(13):4116〜7頁(2004)を参照されたい。
図1に関連して、本教示による有機両極性発光トランジスタ(OLET)をガラス基板(第1の層1)上に製作し、この上にITO(酸化インジウムスズ)でできた透明制御電極2を施した。450nm厚さのポリ(メタクリル酸メチル)(PMMA)から構成される誘電体層3を、スピンコーティングによってITO電極上に製作し、真空中で90℃にて硬化させた。有機放出性両極性チャネルを、昇華によって真空中(10ー7mbar)で誘電体層上に形成させたが、下記の層を含む。
- 誘電体層3の上に蒸着させたp型半導体材料から構成される正孔輸送層4、具体的には、基板を室温にて維持している間に0.1Å/sの速度で昇華させたC8-BTBTでできた15nm厚さの膜;
- 正孔輸送層4と接触している放出性層5、具体的には、ホスト-ゲスト系から構成される60nm厚さの再結合層(20%のゲストエミッタ濃度を有する)。TCTAをホストマトリックスとして使用し、これを、基板を室温にて維持している間に1Å/sの速度で昇華させた。Ir(piq)3をゲストエミッタとして使用し、これを、基板を室温にて維持している間に0.25Å/sの速度で昇華させた;及び
- 放出性層5と接触している電子輸送層6、具体的には、基板を室温にて維持している間に0.1Å/sの速度で昇華させた45nm厚さのN-F2-6の膜。
p型しきい電圧=-40.1V;
p型移動度=5.2×10ー1cm2/Vs;
n型しきい電圧=38.4V;
n型移動度=3.6×10ー3cm2/Vs。
p型半導体材料の正孔輸送層4が、C8-BTBTの代わりにC5-BTBTでできた15nm厚さの膜の層であったことを除いて、例1に記載されているOLETと同じ様式で、及び同じ材料を使用して(電子輸送層6のための材料としてN-F2-6を使用することを含む)第2のOLETを製作した。
p型しきい電圧=-54.5V;
p型-移動度=1.2×10-1cm2/Vs;
n型しきい電圧=25.9V;
n型移動度=4.2×10ー3cm2/Vs。
p型半導体材料の正孔輸送層4が、C8-BTBTの代わりにDNTTでできた15nm厚さの膜の層であったことを除いて、例1に記載されているOLETと同じ様式で、及び同じ材料を使用して(電子輸送層6のための材料としてN-F2-6を使用することを含む)第3のOLETを製作した。
p型しきい電圧=-40V;
p型-移動度=5×10ー5cm2/Vs;
n型しきい電圧=34V;
n型移動度=0.5cm2/Vs。
本例において試験した比較上のデバイスは、R. Capelliら、「Organic light-emitting transistors with an efficiency that outperforms the equivalent light-emitting diodes」、Nature Materials、第9巻、496〜503頁(2010)において報告されている有機発光トランジスタにおいて使用されている、p型半導体材料(DH4T)、n型半導体材料(DFH4T、ビス(フルオロアルキル-置換)オリゴチオフェン)、及び放出性材料(Alq3:DCM)を組み込んだ。
- 誘電体層3上に蒸着させたn型半導体材料の電子輸送層4、具体的には、基板を室温にて維持している間に0.1Å/sの速度で昇華させたDFH4Tでできた、15nm厚さの膜の層;
- 正孔輸送層4と接触している放出性層5、具体的には、ホスト-ゲスト系から構成される60nm厚さの再結合層(20%のゲストエミッタ濃度を有する)。Alq3をホストマトリックスとして使用し、これを、基板を室温にて維持している間に1Å/sの速度で昇華させた。DCMをゲストエミッタとして使用し、これを、基板を室温にて維持している間に0.25Å/sの速度で昇華させた;及び
- 放出性層5と接触している正孔輸送層6、この場合、基板は室温にて維持する一方で0.1Å/sの速度で昇華させたDH4Tの45nm厚さの膜。
p型しきい電圧=-60V;
p型移動度=5.3×10ー1cm2/Vs;
n型しきい電圧=23.7V;
n型移動度=3.6×10ー3cm2/Vs。
DH4Tから構成されるp型半導体材料の層、Alq3:PtOEPから構成される放出性層、及びN-F4-1から構成されるn型半導体材料の層を含む放出性両極性チャネルを有する第2の比較上のOLETを製作した。N-F4-1は、式(N-1)によって表される化合物におけるように二環式コアを有する代わりに、N-F4-1は、三環式(ジチエノ[3,2-b:2',3'-d]チオフェン)コアを有することを除いては、式(N-1)によって表される化合物と構造的に同様である。ジチエノ[3,2-b:2',3'-d]チオフェン化合物が、これらの二環式カウンターパートより非常に高い移動度を有することを従前の報告は示唆してきた。例えば、米国特許出願公開第2013-0207081号を参照されたい。
- 誘電体層3上に蒸着させたp型半導体材料から構成される正孔輸送層4、具体的には、基板を室温にて維持している間に0.1Å/sの速度で昇華させたDH4Tでできた15nm厚さの膜;
- 正孔輸送層4と接触している放出性層5、具体的には、ホスト-ゲスト系から構成される60nm厚さの再結合層(20%のゲストエミッタ濃度を有する)。Alq3をホストマトリックスとして使用し、これを、基板を室温にて維持している間に1Å/sの速度で昇華させた。PtOEPをゲストエミッタとして使用し、これを、基板を室温にて維持している間に0.25Å/sの速度で昇華させた;及び
- 放出性層5と接触している電子輸送層6、具体的には、基板を室温にて維持している間に0.1Å/sの速度で昇華させたN-F4-1の45nm厚さの膜。
p型しきい電圧=-55.2V;
p型移動度=3.8×10ー2cm2/Vs;
n型しきい電圧=ゼロ;
n型移動度=ゼロ。
2 制御電極
3 誘電体層
4 第1のタイプの半導体材料の層
5 放出性材料の層
6 第2のタイプの半導体材料の層
7 電子電極及び正孔電極
Claims (27)
- 少なくとも1つの誘電体層;少なくとも1つの制御電極;少なくとも1つの正孔電極;少なくとも1つの電子電極;及び放出性両極性チャネルを含むアセンブリを含む、有機エレクトロルミネッセンストランジスタであって、
前記誘電体層は、前記制御電極及び前記アセンブリの間に配置され、
前記放出性両極性チャネルは、n型半導体材料の少なくとも1つの層、p型半導体材料の少なくとも1つの層、並びにp型及びn型半導体材料の前記層の間に配置された放出性材料の少なくとも1つの層を含み、
前記n型半導体材料は、式(N-1)
Xは、O、S、及びSeからなる群から選択され、
Ar及びAr'は、出現する毎に独立に、同一若しくは異なる単環式アリール基又はヘテロアリール基であり、
R1及びR2は、独立に、-CN、Ra、-C(O)Rb、及び-C(O)ORbからなる群から選択される同一若しくは異なる電子吸引性基であり、Raは、少なくとも1個のフルオロ又はシアノ基で置換されているC1〜20アルキル基、C2〜20アルケニル基、又はC2〜20アルキニル基であり、Rbは、H、C1〜20アルキル基、C2〜20アルケニル基、及びC2〜20アルキニル基からなる群から選択され、C1〜20アルキル基、C2〜20アルケニル基、及びC2〜20アルキニル基のそれぞれは、1個又は複数のフルオロ及び/又はシアノ基で任意選択で置換されており、
m及びm'は、独立に、1又は2である、有機エレクトロルミネッセンストランジスタ。 - Ar及びAr'が、出現する毎に独立に、フェニル基、チエニル基、チアゾリル基、イソチアゾリル基、チアジアゾリル基、フリル基、オキサゾリル基、イソオキサゾリル基、オキサジアゾリル基、ピロリル基、トリアゾリル基、テトラゾリル基、ピラゾリル基、イミダゾリル基、ピリジル基、ピリミジル基、ピリダジニル基、及びピラジニル基からなる群から選択される、請求項1から3のいずれか一項に記載のトランジスタ。
- 前記p型半導体材料が、オリゴチオフェン、アセン、及び縮合ヘテロアレーンからなる群から選択される正孔輸送化合物を含む、請求項1から6のいずれか一項に記載のトランジスタ。
- 前記p型半導体材料が、ジチオフェン、クアテルチオフェン、チエノチオフェン、ベンゾチオフェン、ナフトチオフェン、ベンゾチエノ[3,2-b][1]ベンゾチオフェン、及びジナフト[2,3-b:2',3'-f]チエノ[3,2-b]チオフェンからなる群から選択される正孔輸送化合物を含み、これらのそれぞれは、炭化水素基で任意選択でα-及び/又はω-置換することができる、請求項1から6のいずれか一項に記載のトランジスタ。
- 前記放出性材料が、青色発光性である、請求項10に記載のトランジスタ。
- 前記放出性材料が、緑色発光性である、請求項10に記載のトランジスタ。
- 前記放出性材料が、赤色発光性である、請求項10に記載のトランジスタ。
- 前記電子電極、正孔電極、及びゲート電極のそれぞれが、独立に、金属又は透明導電酸化物を含む、請求項1から16のいずれか一項に記載のトランジスタ。
- 前記電子電極、正孔電極、及びゲート電極のそれぞれが、独立に、金、銀、モリブデン、銅、チタン、クロム、スズをドープした酸化インジウム及びこれらの組合せからなる群から選択される金属又は透明導電酸化物を含む、請求項17に記載のトランジスタ。
- 前記電子電極及び正孔電極が、異なる金属から構成される、請求項18に記載のトランジスタ。
- 前記誘電体層が、無機酸化物又は窒化物、分子誘電体、ポリマー誘電体、及びこれらの組合せからなる群から選択される電気絶縁材料を含む、請求項1から19のいずれか一項に記載のトランジスタ。
- 前記無機酸化物又は窒化物が、SiO2、Si3N4、Al2O3、ZrOx、AlをドープしたZrOx、及びHfOxからなる群から選択される、請求項20に記載のトランジスタ。
- 前記分子誘電体が、自己組織化ナノ誘電体である、請求項20に記載のトランジスタ。
- 前記ポリマー誘電体が、ポリオレフィン、ポリアクリレート、ポリイミド、ポリエステル、及びフルオロポリマーからなる群から選択される、請求項20に記載のトランジスタ。
- n型半導体材料の前記少なくとも1つの層及び電子電極の間に蒸着させた電子注入副層を更に含む、請求項1から23のいずれか一項に記載のトランジスタ。
- p型半導体材料の前記少なくとも1つの層及び正孔電極の間に蒸着させた正孔注入副層を更に含む、請求項24に記載のトランジスタ。
- 前記放出性両極性チャネルの上面を覆うパシベーション層を更に含む、請求項25に記載のトランジスタ。
- 互いに相互接続しており、基板上に蒸着されている、複数の同一若しくは異なる請求項1から26のいずれか一項に記載の有機エレクトロルミネッセンストランジスタを含む、画像を生成するためのオプトエレクトロニックデバイス。
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