JP2016516715A - 制御性t細胞機能を調節する方法および組成物 - Google Patents
制御性t細胞機能を調節する方法および組成物 Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
Description
本出願は、2013年3月14日に出願された米国仮特許出願第61/781,024号明細書の優先権を主張する。その開示は、その内容全体を参照によって本明細書に援用する。
T細胞系およびクローン。CD4+腫瘍浸潤性リンパ球(TIL108)は、黒色腫患者から外科的に除去された腫瘍サンプルから培養された。全てのTILおよびT細胞クローンは、10%ヒトAB血清および組換えIL−2(300IU/ml)を含有するRPMI 1640培地中で培養された。T細胞クローンは、以前記載されたような限界希釈法(0.3細胞/ウェル)によって、TIL108から作成された(Wang et al.,2002)。最適増幅を得るために、本発明者らは、以前記載されたようなOKT3増殖法を使用した(Wang et al.,2002)。TIL1363−ThおよびTIL1558−Thは、それぞれTIL1363およびTIL1558から確立されたCD4+細胞クローンであり、以前記載されたクローンと同一であり、またはそれに類似していた(Wang et al.,2004)。それらの名称は、それらをその他のCD4+Treg細胞から際立たせる特性、すなわち、抗CD3抗体に応答した、それらのTh1サイトカイン分泌と、未感作CD4+T細胞の増殖を亢進させるそれらの能力を反映することが意図される。T細胞からのサイトカイン放出は、以前記載されたようにして判定された(Wang et al.,2004)。
抑制活性があるCD4+TIL系の同定
腫瘍特異的CD4+T細胞系を作成するために、本発明者らは、最初に、がん患者から外科的に除去された新鮮腫瘍サンプルから、腫瘍浸潤性リンパ球を確立した。CD8+T細胞の枯渇後、腫瘍細胞系のパネルとの対比で、精製CD4+T細胞系が試験された。TIL108は、腫瘍反応性CD4+T細胞系であり、さらなる分析のために選択された。FACS分析は、TIL108が、全CD4+T細胞母集団中に、17%のCD4+CD25+T細胞を含有した一方で、正常なPBMC誘導CD4+T細胞母集団は、約6%のCD25+T細胞を保有したことを明らかにした(図1(A))。これらの細胞の機能特性を判定するために、本発明者らは、TIL108細胞が、抗CD3抗体刺激に対する、精製未感作CD4+T細胞の増殖応答を抑制できた一方で(図1(A))、対照未感作CD4+T細胞は、増殖応答を阻害できなかったことを示し、CD4+TIL108細胞系が、抗原特異的CD4+Treg細胞クローンの豊富な供給源であることが示唆された。
各T細胞クローンのサイトカインプロファイルを判定するために、本発明者らは、全ての12個のT細胞クローンが、大量のGM−CSF、IFN−γ、およびIL−10を分泌したが、その他のサイトカインの分泌はわずかまたは皆無であったことを見出した(図2(A))。FACS分析によって、本発明者らは、全てのIL−10産生T細胞クローンが、CD4、CD25、およびGITRマーカーを発現したことを示した。4つのクローンの典型的なデータは、図2(B)に示される。リアルタイムPCR分析は、これらのIL−10産生CD4+T細胞クローン中のフォークヘッド転写因子(Foxp3)の発現が、CD4+TIL1363−Th細胞中の発現よりも高かったことを明らかにした(図2(C))。総合すると、これらのデータは、TIL108T細胞クローンが、典型的にCD4+制御性T細胞に伴う、マーカーおよびサイトカインを発現することを示唆する。
TIL1363−Thエフェクター細胞が、未感作CD4+T細胞増殖を阻害せずむしろ増強したのとは対照的に、全てのTIL108 Treg細胞クローンは、上の表現型特性に一致して、応答するCD4+T細胞の抗CD3誘発性増殖を用量依存様式で強力に抑制した(図3(A))。これらのTIL108 Treg細胞が、未感作T細胞増殖をどのように阻害するかを判定するために、本発明者らはトランスウェル実験を実施した。図3(B)に示されるように、内側ウェル内のTIL108 Treg細胞クローンは、内側ウェル内のT細胞抑制による影響を受けない外側ウェル内の未感作CD4+T細胞の増殖を依然として抑制できた。したがって、細胞と細胞の接触は、Treg細胞クローンの抑制機能に必須でない。
次に、Treg細胞上清に、抗原特異的CD8+エフェクター細胞増殖を抑制する能力があるかどうかを試験した。図4(A)に示されるように、上清もまた、CD8+TIL1359T細胞の増殖を強力に阻害した。TIL108 Treg細胞クローンによって分泌される可溶性因子が、TIL1363−Thエフェクター細胞のIL−2分泌能力を阻害できるかどうかを判定するために、本発明者らは、抗CD3(OKT3)抗体による刺激ありまたはなしで、TIL108 T細胞クローンからの50μlの細胞上清を添加した150μlの新鮮培養液中で、1363mel(刺激因子)細胞と共にTIL1363−Th細胞を培養した。OKT3刺激TIL1558−Thエフェクター細胞培養物からの上清、またはOKT3刺激なしで培養されたTIL108 Treg細胞からの上清には、いかなる活性も欠如していたのは対照的に、OKT3刺激TIL108 Treg細胞培養物からの上清は、TIL1363−C1細胞によるIL−2分泌を阻害した(図4(B))。TIL1363−Thおよび1363mel細胞と、TIL108 Treg細胞との共培養が、IL−2のより良い阻害をもたらすかどうかをさらに試験するために、本発明者らは、OKT3刺激TIL108 Treg細胞が、OKT3刺激のないTIL108 Treg細胞とは対照的に、TIL1363−Th細胞によるIL−2分泌のより強力な阻害を示すことを見出した(図4(C))。OKT3抗体刺激TIL1558−Th細胞は、TIL1363−Th細胞によるIL−2産生を阻害しなかった。これらのデータは、CD4+Th細胞によるIL−2産生の阻害に、TIL108 Treg細胞の活性化が必須であることを示唆する。
次に本発明者らは、Poly−Gオリゴヌクレオチドが、TIL108 Treg細胞の抑制機能を逆転させ得るかどうかを試験した。Poly−G10によるTIL108 Treg細胞の前処理が、TIL108 Treg細胞の抑制機能の逆転をもたらし、未感作CD4+T細胞の増殖を回復させた一方で、未処理TIL108 Treg細胞は、抑制性であり続けた(図5(A))。より重要なことには、未処理親TIL108 Treg細胞からの上清が、それらの抑制特性を維持したのとは対照的に、Poly−G10処理TIL108 Treg細胞から収集された上清は、未感作CD4+T細胞の増殖を増強し(図5(B))、TIL108 Treg細胞によって分泌される可溶性因子の抑制活性が、Poly−G媒介シグナル伝達経路によって、直接調節されることが示唆された。
TLR8は、マウス中で機能性ではないので(Jurk et al.,2002)、マウス中のTreg細胞抑制の逆転は、ヒトとは異なることが予想される。Poly−Gオリゴヌクレオチドが、マウスTLR8によるTreg細胞の機能逆転を起こさせ得るかどうかを試験するために、本発明者らは、マウスCD4+CD25+Treg細胞を単離して精製し、TLRリガンドに応答するそれらの能力を評価した。マウスTreg細胞が、未感作CD4+T細胞の増殖を抑制できた一方で、Treg細胞またはAPC単独では、抗CD3抗体に応答して増殖しなかった(図6(A))。しかしPoly−Gオリゴヌクレオチドは、マウスTreg細胞の抑制活性の逆転に影響を及ぼさなかった(図6(B))。
マウスTLR8は機能性でないので、本発明者らは、最近、遺伝子組換え(Tg)マウスを作成した。ヒトTLR8は、脾臓、胸線、リンパ節、およびCD4+T細胞内で発現されたが、B細胞、CD8+T細胞またはその他の分析された組織(図7(A))中では発現されなかった。したがって、CD4−hTLR8TgマウスにおけるマウスCD4+T細胞中のhTLR8の忠実な発現および機能は、生体内でTreg細胞機能を操作する、本発明者らの能力を大幅に促進するであろう。hTLR8発現Treg細胞のPoly−G3による処理は、それらの抑制機能を逆転させたが、Poly−T10(対照)による処理は逆転させなかった(図7(B))。これらの研究は、Poly−G3によって、TLR8−発現マウスTreg細胞の抑制機能を逆転させ得ることを示唆する。
Poly−G3処理が、Treg細胞機能を遮断することにより、生体内で抗腫瘍免疫を増強するかどうかを試験するために、本発明者らは、−2および−1日目における、C57BL/6野生型(対照)およびCD4−hTLR8Tgマウスへの、Poly−G3、Poly−T10、またはCpGオリゴヌクレオチドの静脈内注射によって作成された保護腫瘍モデルを開発した。処置したマウスを0日目のB16腫瘍細胞(1×105細胞/マウス)の皮下注射によって攻撃投与して、腫瘍成長を2日毎にモニターした。本発明者らは、Poly−G3処理が、CD4−hTLR8 Tgマウス中で、B16細胞に対する抗腫瘍免疫を増強するが、C57BL/6マウス中では、増強しなかったことを見出した(図8)。Poly−T10およびCpG処理は、C57BL/6およびCD4−hTLR8Tgマウスのどちらにおいても、腫瘍成長を阻害できず、CD4+T細胞中のTLR8発現が、Poly−G3−誘発抗腫瘍免疫に必須であることが示唆された。重要なことに、本発明者らは、Poly−G3処理が、CD4−hTLR8Tgマウスにおいて、前立腺RM1腫瘍細胞の増殖を阻害したことを実証した(図8)。同様の結果は、リンパ腫、MCA28肉腫、およびRM1前立腺がん腫瘍細胞をはじめとする、いくつかのその他の各種がんでも得られた。
TLR8シグナル伝達経路に関する本発明者らの知識は、現在のところ限定的であるので、代案のアプローチは、小分子化合物をスクリーニングすることであろう。このアプローチの実現可能性を実証するために、本発明者らは、Timtec,Inc.から数百種類の小分子化合物を入手して、図9に記載されるものと類似した実験で、それらをスクリーニングした。
Treg細胞抑制機能の薬剤誘発性逆転の永続性を判定するために、本発明者らは、それぞれ1、3、および5日間にわたり、(低濃度の)薬剤の存在下で、Treg細胞(各5×106)を培養した。薬剤なしで培養されたTreg細胞が、対照の役割を果たした。1、3および8日目にTreg細胞を収集して、PBSで3回洗浄して、内在する薬剤を除去した。これらの細胞(0.5〜1×106)の一部が、機能アッセイで使用された一方で、残りのT細胞は、IL−2を含有するT細胞培地中で培養され、3週間にわたり4日毎の機能アッセイで使用された。図11に示されるように、薬剤化合物#1、#4、および#7によるTreg細胞の1日間の処理、次に洗浄後、試験のための使用時までの薬剤非含有培地中での培養。前処理Treg細胞は抑制機能を喪失し、5〜6日間にわたり非抑制状態のままであった。Treg細胞の3日間の薬剤処理では、これらは3〜4週間にわたり非抑制性のままであり、次に再度抑制性になった。同様に、8日間前処理されたTreg細胞は抑制機能を喪失し、次に異なる種類の化合物次第で抑制性になった(図11)。したがって、未感作T細胞増殖の少なくとも50%の回復(すなわちTreg細胞の抑制活性の50%の遮断)に必要な最小薬物濃度と、エフェクターT細胞免疫の誘発を可能にするのに十分な時間にわたり非抑制状態を維持する能力とによる判定で、最も有望な化合物は、さらなる実験のために有用である。Treg細胞抑制機能逆転の永続性は、処理時間に左右されるので、本発明者らは、時間窓を調節して、最小の自己免疫応答リスクで、最大の抗腫瘍免疫を誘発できた。本発明者らはまた、Treg細胞の抑制機能を増強し得る小分子化合物を同定することを期待する。全体的に、本発明者らの研究は、異なる化合物/薬剤によってTreg細胞の抑制機能を調節し得ることを示唆し、これは多くの種類の疾患の治療にとって重要であってもよい。
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Claims (20)
- 抗原をさらに含んでなる、請求項1に記載の医薬組成物。
- アジュバントをさらに含んでなる、請求項1又は2に記載の医薬組成物。
- 前記抗原が、ペプチド抗原、タンパク質抗原、ポリヌクレオチド抗原、または多糖類抗原である、請求項2に記載の医薬組成物。
- MyD88−IRAK4シグナル伝達経路を活性化するヒトToll様受容体(TLR)8に対するリガンドを含んでなる医薬組成物の薬理有効量を、それを必要とする哺乳類に投与するステップを含んでなる、哺乳類において制御性T(Treg)細胞媒介性の免疫抑制を阻害する、または免疫応答を増大させる方法。
- 前記リガンドが、ssRNA40、ssRNA33、CpG、Poly−G10、レシキモド、ロキソリビン、フラジェリン、LPS、Pam3CSK4からなる群から選択される、請求項5に記載の方法。
- 前記哺乳類がヒトである、請求項5から7のいずれか一項に記載の方法。
- 前記哺乳類にがんがあり、またはがんを発症するリスクがあり、がん特異的抗原を含んでなるがんワクチンの免疫原性量が、前記哺乳類にさらに投与される、請求項5から8のいずれか一項に記載の方法。
- アジュバントが、前記哺乳類にさらに投与される、請求項9に記載の方法。
- 前記アジュバントが、前記抗原と共に投与され、または前記抗原と共役している、請求項10に記載の方法。
- 化学療法剤の有効量を投与するステップをさらに含んでなる、請求項11に記載の方法。
- 前記哺乳類が、感染症を患っている、または発症するリスクがある、請求項5から12のいずれか一項に記載の方法。
- 1)候補化合物を提供するステップと、
2)CD4+Treg細胞を提供するステップと、
3)前記候補化合物の存在または不在下で、未感作CD4+T細胞を前記CD4+Treg細胞と共に培養するステップと、
4)前記候補化合物の存在または不在下で、前記未感作CD4+T細胞の増殖速度を測定するステップと、
5)前記候補化合物の存在下の増殖速度と、前記候補化合物の不在下の増殖速度とを比較するステップと
を含んでなり、前記増殖速度が、その存在下でその不在下よりも高い候補化合物が、CD4+Treg細胞の阻害を逆転させると判定されて、阻害剤として選択される、Treg細胞が宿主の免疫応答を抑制する活性の阻害剤をスクリーニングする方法。 - 前記CD4+Treg細胞が、CD25、GITR、およびFoxP3を発現して、IL−10を分泌し、宿主の免疫応答を阻害できる、請求項14に記載の方法。
- 前記CD4+Treg細胞が、抗原に特異的である、請求項14または15に記載の方法。
- 前記CD4+T細胞が、抗原提示細胞(APC)の存在下でさらに培養される、請求項16に記載の方法。
- 前記APCが、抗原を提示する、請求項17に記載の方法。
- 前記APCが、樹状細胞である、請求項18に記載の方法。
- 前記増殖速度が、前記CD4+T細胞への[3H]−チミジン取り込み速度によって判定される、請求項14から19のいずれか一項に記載の方法。
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