JP2016043335A - Storage method of palm seed shell - Google Patents

Storage method of palm seed shell Download PDF

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JP2016043335A
JP2016043335A JP2014171269A JP2014171269A JP2016043335A JP 2016043335 A JP2016043335 A JP 2016043335A JP 2014171269 A JP2014171269 A JP 2014171269A JP 2014171269 A JP2014171269 A JP 2014171269A JP 2016043335 A JP2016043335 A JP 2016043335A
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heat treatment
palm
pks
exhaust gas
facility
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JP6356013B2 (en
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義人 河村
Yoshito Kawamura
義人 河村
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Tokuyama Corp
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    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
    • Y02E20/00—Combustion technologies with mitigation potential
    • Y02E20/12—Heat utilisation in combustion or incineration of waste
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
    • Y02E50/00—Technologies for the production of fuel of non-fossil origin
    • Y02E50/10—Biofuels, e.g. bio-diesel
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
    • Y02E50/00—Technologies for the production of fuel of non-fossil origin
    • Y02E50/30—Fuel from waste, e.g. synthetic alcohol or diesel

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  • Solid Fuels And Fuel-Associated Substances (AREA)
  • Treating Waste Gases (AREA)

Abstract

PROBLEM TO BE SOLVED: To provide a storage method capable of reducing the unpleasant odor of PKS even when a storing term by a conventional method such as field stacking storage, indoor storage and the like is long.SOLUTION: Palm seed shells transported by a transportation means are directly supplied to a heat treatment facility using extraction steam generated from a power generation facility and stored after being heat-treated at 50°C or higher in the heat treatment facility. At that time, it is desirable that an odorous component is removed by contacting a gas containing the odorous component generated in the heat treatment facility with an absorbent or supplied into the furnace of a boiler in the power generation facility and burnt. It is desirable that the moisture content of the palm seed shells is adjusted to be 15 mass% or less by the heat treatment.SELECTED DRAWING: None

Description

本発明は、パーム椰子種子殻の新規な貯蔵方法に関する。詳しくは、簡便で、且つ、安価な処理により、通常の貯蔵方法で長期にわたり貯蔵した場合においても、不快臭が効果的に低減することが可能な、パーム椰子種子殻の貯蔵方法である。   The present invention relates to a novel method for storing palm coconut seed shells. Specifically, the palm coconut seed shell storage method can effectively reduce unpleasant odor even when stored for a long time by a normal storage method by a simple and inexpensive treatment.

火力発電に使用する石油や石炭等の化石燃料の利用を抑制するため、近年、種々のバイオマス燃料が検討されている。その中に、ＰＫＳがある。上記ＰＫＳは、パーム椰子の果肉から分離され、胚平からパーム核油を搾取した後の殻であり、燃焼時の発熱量は４４００ｋｃａ１／Ｋｇと木屑と比較して高いものである。   In order to suppress the use of fossil fuels such as oil and coal used for thermal power generation, various biomass fuels have been studied in recent years. Among them is PKS. The PKS is a shell that is separated from the palm palm pulp and squeezes palm kernel oil from the embryo, and its calorific value at the time of combustion is 4400 kca1 / Kg, which is higher than wood chips.

前記パーム椰子の生産量の増大と共に年間４００万トン程のＰＫＳが発生し、その処理が問題となっている中で、該ＰＫＳを大量に処理する手段の一つとして、石炭等の発電用燃料としての利用が検討されている（特許文献１参照）。   Along with the increase in palm palm production, about 4 million tons of PKS is generated annually, and its processing is a problem. As one of the means for processing PKS in large quantities, fuel for power generation such as coal Is being studied (see Patent Document 1).

ところが、ＰＫＳは、産地で収集され、燃料庫に移送されるが、成分として低級脂肪酸を含有し、かかる低級脂肪酸が菌により分解して生じる分解物は不快臭が強く、そのため、作業環境や周囲の環境に及ぼす影響を低減することも課題として存在していた。それ故、使用に向けて、貯蔵設備に大量に保存することができず、使用量も限られていた。   However, PKS is collected in the production area and transferred to the bunker, but it contains lower fatty acids as components, and the decomposition products produced by the decomposition of these lower fatty acids by bacteria have a strong unpleasant odor. Reducing the impact on the environment also existed as an issue. Therefore, it was not possible to store a large amount in the storage facility for use, and the amount used was limited.

前記かかる不快臭を防止する方法として、消臭剤の散布等が検討されているが、安価な燃料として優位性があるＰＫＳに対して、処理費用の増大は経済的に困難であり、臭気対策が実用化に向けての大きな壁となっていた。   As a method for preventing such unpleasant odor, the application of a deodorant or the like has been studied. However, it is economically difficult to increase the processing cost for PKS, which is superior as an inexpensive fuel, and measures against odor Has become a big wall for practical use.

特開２００３−２６８３９４号公報JP 2003-268394 A

従って、本発明の目的は、簡便で、且つ、安価な処理により、野積みによる貯蔵や屋内貯蔵などの通常の方法による長期の貯蔵においても、ＰＫＳの不快臭の低減が可能な貯蔵方法を提供することにある。   Therefore, an object of the present invention is to provide a storage method that can reduce unpleasant odors of PKS even in a long-term storage by a normal method such as storage by field or indoor storage by simple and inexpensive processing. There is to do.

本発明者らは、上記目的を達成すべく研究を重ねた結果、ＰＫＳを、発電設備の廃蒸気である、抽気蒸気を使用して、特定の温度で加熱処理することにより、前記目的を達成し得ることを見出し、本発明を完成するに至った。   As a result of repeated studies to achieve the above object, the present inventors achieved the above object by heat-treating PKS at a specific temperature using extracted steam, which is waste steam of power generation equipment. As a result, the present invention has been completed.

即ち、本発明によれば、輸送手段により搬送されたパーム椰子種子殻を、発電設備から発生する抽気蒸気を使用した熱処理設備に直接供給し、該熱処理設備にて、８０℃以上の温度で加熱処理した後、貯蔵することを特徴とするパーム椰子種子殻の貯蔵方法が提供される。   That is, according to the present invention, palm palm seed husks conveyed by means of transportation are directly supplied to a heat treatment facility using extracted steam generated from a power generation facility, and heated at a temperature of 80 ° C. or higher in the heat treatment facility. There is provided a method for storing palm coconut seed shells, characterized by storing after treatment.

本発明の方法においては、
（１）前記熱処理設備からの排ガスを無害化処理する排ガス処理手段を有すること、
（２）前記排ガス処理手段が、排ガスを吸収液と接触させて臭気成分を吸収除去する手段であること、
（３）前記排ガス処理手段が、排ガスを発電設備におけるボイラーの火炉に供給して臭気成分を燃焼せしめる手段であること、
（４）前記加熱処理により、パーム椰子種子殻の含水率が１５質量％以下に調整すること、
が好ましい。 In the method of the present invention,
(1) having exhaust gas treatment means for detoxifying the exhaust gas from the heat treatment facility;
(2) The exhaust gas treatment means is a means for absorbing and removing odor components by bringing the exhaust gas into contact with an absorption liquid;
(3) The exhaust gas treatment means is means for supplying exhaust gas to a boiler furnace in a power generation facility to burn odor components,
(4) The moisture content of the palm palm seed shell is adjusted to 15% by mass or less by the heat treatment,
Is preferred.

本発明の加熱処理後のＰＫＳは、不快臭の発生が少ないため、長期間にわたって大量に通常の方法により貯蔵することが可能となる。また、貯蔵設備からの移送時、破砕時、火炉、バーナー等への供給時などにおいても、周囲の環境への影響を低減することができる。   Since the PKS after the heat treatment of the present invention has less unpleasant odor generation, it can be stored in a large amount over a long period of time by an ordinary method. In addition, it is possible to reduce the influence on the surrounding environment at the time of transfer from a storage facility, at the time of crushing, at the time of supply to a furnace, a burner or the like.

更には、前記加熱処理の熱源として発電設備の廃熱として扱われる抽気蒸気を利用することにより、工業的に極めて有利に上記加熱処理を実施できることができる。   Furthermore, the above heat treatment can be carried out industrially very advantageously by using extracted steam treated as waste heat of power generation equipment as a heat source for the heat treatment.

本発明において、ＰＫＳは、パーム核油を採取後の殻である。上記ＰＫＳは、入手後直ちに本発明の方法を適用することができるが、一般に入手可能なＰＫＳには、パーム椰子房、パーム椰子ファイバー、石、木屑等の異物を含んでいることが多く、これらの異物は、後工程で目詰まりを起こし、更には、発電設備のボイラーでの燃焼を妨げるので、本発明の後述する加熱処理を実施する前に除去することが好ましい。かかる除去方法は特に限定されないが、メッシュ３０ｍｍ×３０ｍｍ〜メッシュ５０ｍｍ×５０ｍｍ（ＪＩＳ規格３５５３、ＪＩＳ記号ＣＲ―Ｓ）の篩にＰＫＳをかけ、通過分を回収する方法が簡便であり、しかも、十分な除去効果を有する。   In the present invention, PKS is a shell after palm kernel oil is collected. The PKS can be applied to the method of the present invention as soon as it is obtained. However, generally available PKS often contains foreign substances such as palm coconut buns, palm coconut fibers, stones, and wood chips. These foreign substances cause clogging in a later process and further prevent combustion in the boiler of the power generation facility, and therefore it is preferable to remove them before carrying out the heat treatment described later of the present invention. The removal method is not particularly limited, but a method of collecting PSK by applying a PKS to a sieve of mesh 30 mm × 30 mm to mesh 50 mm × 50 mm (JIS standard 3553, JIS symbol CR-S) is simple and sufficient. It has a good removal effect.

上記ＰＫＳは、通常、船舶等の輸送手段により搬送されるが、かかる搬送されたＰＫＳ、或いは、更に、コンテナーなど輸送手段に移し替えて他の場所に搬送されたＰＫＳに対して本発明を適用する。   The PKS is usually transported by a transportation means such as a ship. However, the present invention is applied to the transported PKS or the PKS transported to another place after being transferred to a transportation means such as a container. To do.

本発明において、上記搬送後のＰＫＳに対して、先ず、５０℃以上、好ましくは、７０℃以上の温度で加熱処理を行うことを特徴とする。   In the present invention, the PKS after transport is first subjected to heat treatment at a temperature of 50 ° C. or higher, preferably 70 ° C. or higher.

即ち、上記加熱処理を実施することにより、ＰＫＳの乾燥を十分行うことができ、不快臭の原因である臭気成分の低減と菌の活性を低下することができ、密閉した貯蔵設備での貯蔵を必要とせず、野積みなどによる、通常の貯蔵方法を問題無く採用することが可能となる。   That is, by performing the above heat treatment, the PKS can be sufficiently dried, the odor component causing the unpleasant odor and the activity of the bacteria can be reduced, and can be stored in a closed storage facility. It is not necessary, and it is possible to adopt a normal storage method such as field loading without problems.

尚、前記加熱温度が５０℃より低い場合、長時間の処理が必要であり、工業的に不利となる。また、上記温度の上限は、特に制限されないが、抽気蒸気の温度やそれを利用する熱処理設備の構造などを勘案すれば、１１５℃未満とすることが好ましい。   In addition, when the said heating temperature is lower than 50 degreeC, the process for a long time is required and it becomes industrially disadvantageous. In addition, the upper limit of the temperature is not particularly limited, but it is preferable that the upper limit of the temperature is lower than 115 ° C. in consideration of the temperature of the extracted steam and the structure of the heat treatment equipment using the extracted steam.

また、前記加熱処理時間は、ＰＫＳが所定の温度まで加熱されれば特に制限されないが、好ましくは、加熱処理後のＰＫＳの水分量が１５質量％以下、好ましくは、１２質量％以下、特に、１０質量％以下となるように前記温度下で処理することが好ましい。   The heat treatment time is not particularly limited as long as the PKS is heated to a predetermined temperature. Preferably, the moisture content of the PKS after the heat treatment is 15% by mass or less, preferably 12% by mass or less. It is preferable to process at the said temperature so that it may become 10 mass% or less.

本発明において、上記加熱処理は、発電設備から発生する抽気蒸気を使用した熱処理設備にＰＫＳを供給して実施される。上記抽気蒸気は、一般に１００〜１５０℃程度の蒸気であり、かかる熱を利用して、安価に大量のＰＫＳの加熱処理を実施することができる。また、処理されるＰＫＳは、例えば、石炭と混焼して発電のためのエネルギー源とされるため、発電設備からの廃蒸気としての抽気蒸気を使用することは、エネルギーのリサイクルの点においても、工業的に極めて有利である。   In the present invention, the heat treatment is performed by supplying PKS to a heat treatment facility using extracted steam generated from the power generation facility. The extraction steam is generally steam at about 100 to 150 ° C., and heat treatment of a large amount of PKS can be performed at low cost by using such heat. Moreover, since the PKS to be processed is used as an energy source for power generation by co-firing with coal, for example, using extracted steam as waste steam from the power generation facility also in terms of energy recycling, It is extremely advantageous industrially.

上記の抽気蒸気を使用するＰＫＳの加熱方法は特に制限されないが、抽気蒸気に含まれる水分がＰＫＳに混入しないように、抽気蒸気と石炭とを接触させずに加熱する間接加熱方式の構造を有していることが望ましい。このような構造の乾燥機は、例えば、回転する円筒の内部に複数のチューブ状加熱管が設けられており、この加熱管に抽気蒸気を流すことにより、円筒内部を流れる石炭を加熱するという構造を有しているもの（チューブロータリードライヤと呼ばれる）が好適である。   The heating method of the PKS using the above-mentioned extraction steam is not particularly limited, but has an indirect heating type structure in which the extraction steam and the coal are heated without contacting so that moisture contained in the extraction steam is not mixed into the PKS. It is desirable that The dryer having such a structure has, for example, a structure in which a plurality of tube-shaped heating pipes are provided inside a rotating cylinder, and coal flowing inside the cylinder is heated by flowing extraction steam through the heating pipe. (Referred to as a tube rotary dryer) is preferred.

また、本発明において、前記輸送手段から上記熱処理設備へのＰＫＳの供給方法に関しても特に制限されないが、可及的に外気と遮断した状態、即ち、臭気成分が大気に放散され難い状態での供給方法が推奨される。例えば、船の船倉、或いはコンテナーから熱処理設備までの輸送においては、フード付きコンベアーで搬送する方法が好適である。   In the present invention, the method for supplying PKS from the transport means to the heat treatment equipment is not particularly limited, but it is supplied in a state where it is blocked from outside air as much as possible, that is, in a state where odor components are not easily diffused into the atmosphere. The method is recommended. For example, in transportation from a ship's hold or from a container to a heat treatment facility, a method of conveying with a hooded conveyor is suitable.

更に、本発明において、前記加熱処理により、熱処理設備から発生する排ガスを無害化処理する排ガス処理手段を有することが好ましい。かかる処理設備としては、公知の設備が特に制限無く採用することができるが、排ガスを水等の吸収液と接触させて臭気成分を吸収除去する吸収除去手段、排ガスを発電設備におけるボイラーの火炉に供給して臭気成分を燃焼せしめる燃焼除去手段が好適である。そのうち、後処理が必要無い、燃焼除去手段が好適である。   Furthermore, in this invention, it is preferable to have an exhaust gas treatment means for detoxifying the exhaust gas generated from the heat treatment equipment by the heat treatment. As such treatment equipment, publicly known equipment can be adopted without particular limitation, but absorption removal means for absorbing and removing odorous components by contacting the exhaust gas with an absorption liquid such as water, and exhaust gas to the boiler furnace in the power generation equipment Combustion removing means for supplying and burning the odor component is suitable. Of these, combustion removal means that does not require post-treatment is preferred.

本発明において、前記加熱処理されたＰＫＳは、不快臭が低減され、また、不快臭を発生する菌の活性が低下された状態にあるため、貯蔵中における不快臭の生成が少ない。   In the present invention, the heat-treated PKS has a reduced unpleasant odor, and has a reduced activity of bacteria that generate an unpleasant odor, and therefore produces less unpleasant odor during storage.

従って、上記加熱処理されたＰＫＳは、密閉した貯蔵設備を必要とせず、野積みにより大量に貯蔵することができる。但し、貯蔵中における水分量の増加を防止するため、屋根付きの貯蔵設備にて貯蔵することがより好ましい。   Therefore, the heat-treated PKS does not require a sealed storage facility and can be stored in large quantities by field stacking. However, in order to prevent an increase in the amount of moisture during storage, it is more preferable to store in a storage facility with a roof.

以下本発明を更に具体的に説明するため、実施例を示すが、本発明はこれに限定されるものではない。   EXAMPLES Hereinafter, examples will be shown to describe the present invention more specifically, but the present invention is not limited thereto.

尚、実施例において、貯蔵中のＰＫＳの臭気試験は、任意に抽出した１００人のモニターに対して、約１ｔのＰＫＳを野積みした後、無風状態で、貯蔵場から５ｍの位置にて、不快臭の度合いを以下の３段階で評価して貰い、その評価結果を示した。   In addition, in an Example, the odor test of PKS during storage is carried out at a position of 5 m from the storage place in a windless state after having piled about 1 t of PKS on an arbitrarily extracted monitor of 100 persons. The degree of unpleasant odor was evaluated in the following three stages, and the evaluation results were shown.

Ａ：不快臭が殆ど無い
Ｂ：若干の不快臭を感じる
Ｃ：激しい不快臭を感じる
実施例１ A: Almost no unpleasant odor B: Some unpleasant odor C: Strong unpleasant odor Example 1

先ず、パーム核油を採取後のＰＫＳを、搬送手段である船舶の船倉より取り出し、メッシュ５０ｍｍ×５０ｍｍ（ＪＩＳ規格３５５３、ＪＩＳ記号ＣＲ―Ｓ）の篩に掛けて異物を除去した後、フード付きのベルトコンベアーにより、発電設備からの抽気蒸気（温度１４０℃）を使用したチューブロータリードライヤに連続的に供給し、出口におけるＰＫＳの温度が８０℃になるように設定して加熱処理を行った。   First, the PKS from which the palm kernel oil has been collected is taken out from the ship's hold, which is a transport means, and passed through a mesh 50 mm x 50 mm (JIS standard 3553, JIS symbol CR-S) sieve to remove foreign matter, and then with a hood. Were continuously supplied to a tube rotary dryer using extracted steam (temperature: 140 ° C.) from the power generation facility, and the PKS temperature at the outlet was set to 80 ° C., and heat treatment was performed.

上記加熱処理により得られたＰＫＳの含水率は、１４．３質量％であり、これを屋根付きの開放系の貯蔵設備に野積みして１週間貯蔵後、かかるＰＫＳについて、臭気テストの結果を表１に示す。   The moisture content of PKS obtained by the above heat treatment is 14.3% by mass, and this is stored in an open storage facility with a roof and stored for one week. Table 1 shows.

尚、加熱処理により発生した排ガスは、配管により発電設備におけるボイラーの火炉に直接供給して含有される臭気成分を燃焼させた。   The exhaust gas generated by the heat treatment was directly supplied to a boiler furnace in a power generation facility through piping to burn odor components contained therein.

実施例２
実施例１において、加熱処理の温度を１００℃とした以外は、同様にして加熱処理を行った。 上記加熱処理により得られたＰＫＳの含水率は、１１．７質量％であり、これを屋根付きの開放系の貯蔵設備に野積みして１週間貯蔵後、かかるＰＫＳについて、臭気テストの結果を表１に示す。 Example 2
In Example 1, the heat treatment was performed in the same manner except that the temperature of the heat treatment was set to 100 ° C. The moisture content of the PKS obtained by the above heat treatment is 11.7% by mass, and this is stored in an open storage facility with a roof and stored for one week. Table 1 shows.

尚、加熱処理により発生した排ガスは、配管により発電設備におけるボイラーの火炉に直接供給して含有される臭気成分を燃焼させた。   The exhaust gas generated by the heat treatment was directly supplied to a boiler furnace in a power generation facility through piping to burn odor components contained therein.

比較例１
実施例１において、加熱処理の温度を４５℃とした以外は、同様にして加熱処理を行った。上記加熱処理により得られたＰＫＳの含水率は、１７．５質量％であり、これを屋根付きの開放系の貯蔵設備に野積みして１週間貯蔵後、かかるＰＫＳについて、臭気テストの結果を表１に示す。 Comparative Example 1
In Example 1, the heat treatment was performed in the same manner except that the temperature of the heat treatment was 45 ° C. The moisture content of PKS obtained by the above heat treatment is 17.5% by mass, and this is stored in an open storage facility with a roof and stored for one week. Table 1 shows.

Figure 2016043335
Figure 2016043335

Claims (5)

パーム椰子種子殻を、発電設備から発生する抽気蒸気を使用した熱処理設備にて、５０℃以上の温度で加熱処理した後、貯蔵することを特徴とするパーム椰子種子殻の貯蔵方法。   A method for storing palm coconut seed shells, comprising: heat treating palm coconut seed husks at a temperature of 50 ° C. or higher in a heat treatment facility using extracted steam generated from a power generation facility; 前記熱処理設備からの排ガスを無害化処理する排ガス処理手段を有する請求項１記載のパーム椰子種子殻の貯蔵方法。   The method for storing palm coconut seed shells according to claim 1, further comprising an exhaust gas treatment means for detoxifying the exhaust gas from the heat treatment facility. 前記排ガス処理手段が、排ガスを水と接触させて臭気成分を吸収除去する手段である請求項２記載のパーム椰子種子殻の貯蔵方法。   The method for storing palm coconut seed shells according to claim 2, wherein the exhaust gas treatment means is means for contacting the exhaust gas with water to absorb and remove odor components. 前記排ガス処理手段が、排ガスを発電設備におけるボイラーの火炉に供給して臭気成分を燃焼せしめる手段である請求項２記載のパーム椰子種子殻の貯蔵方法。   The method for storing palm coconut seed shells according to claim 2, wherein the exhaust gas treatment means is means for supplying exhaust gas to a furnace of a boiler in a power generation facility to burn odor components. 前記加熱処理により、パーム椰子種子殻の含水率が１５質量％以下となるように調整する請求項１〜４のいずれか一項に記載のパーム椰子種子殻の貯蔵方法。   The storage method of the palm palm seed shell as described in any one of Claims 1-4 adjusted so that the moisture content of a palm palm seed shell may be 15 mass% or less by the said heat processing.
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JP6749509B1 (en) * 2019-06-04 2020-09-02 岩谷産業株式会社 Method for treating oil palm seed shell for fuel, method for producing oil palm seed shell fuel and oil palm seed shell fuel

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JP6749509B1 (en) * 2019-06-04 2020-09-02 岩谷産業株式会社 Method for treating oil palm seed shell for fuel, method for producing oil palm seed shell fuel and oil palm seed shell fuel
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