JP2015220127A - Reactor - Google Patents

Abstract

PROBLEM TO BE SOLVED: To provide a reactor that can increase the reaction efficiency and implement reduction in cost.SOLUTION: A reactor has a first base material, an electrolytic layer supported on the first base material, a first electrode and a second electrode which are provided on a principal surface at the opposite side to the first base material out of principal surfaces of the electrolytic layer, and a second base material which has a first groove and a second groove and covers the first electrode and the second electrode. The second base material is disposed on the electrolytic layer so that the first groove and the second groove confront the first electrode and the second electrode, respectively. The distance between the first electrode and the second electrode ranges from not less than 500 nm to not more than 5 μm, and the thickness of the electrolytic layer is larger than the distance between the first electrode and the second electrode.

Description

  The present application relates to a reactor.

  Due to problems such as fossil fuel depletion and global warming, there is an urgent need to develop a new energy source that is sustainable and does not emit carbon dioxide, and technological development of solar power generation and fuel cells is progressing. A fuel cell generates electricity using hydrogen obtained by electrolysis of water, extraction from natural gas including hydrocarbon gas, or the like as fuel. Fuel cells are expected to be used as new energy sources for homes and automobiles. Patent Document 1 discloses a configuration in which a flow path is formed only on the surface side of an electrolyte layer to simplify the structure of the reactor.

JP 2003-282089 A

  It is desired to provide a reactor that has high reaction efficiency and can realize cost reduction.

  The following are provided as exemplary embodiments of the present disclosure.

  A reactor having a first flow path and a second flow path, wherein the reactor includes a first base material, an electrolyte layer supported by the first base material, and a main surface of the electrolyte layer. A second substrate having a first electrode and a second electrode provided on a main surface opposite to the first substrate, and a first groove and a second groove, wherein the first electrode and the first electrode A second base material covering two electrodes, wherein the first channel and the second channel are arranged such that the first groove and the second groove face the first electrode and the second electrode, respectively. A flow path formed by disposing the second base material on the electrolyte layer, wherein a distance between the first electrode and the second electrode is 500 nm or more and 5 μm or less; The reactor is thicker than the distance.

  According to the present disclosure, it is possible to provide a reactor that has high reaction efficiency and can realize cost reduction.

Sectional drawing which shows the exemplary structure of the reactor in Embodiment 1 FIG. 3 is a top view showing an example of the arrangement of electrodes of the reactor in the first embodiment. Top view showing another example of electrode arrangement Top view showing still another example of electrode arrangement Sectional drawing which shows the example structure of the reactor in Embodiment 2 Sectional view showing the structure of a conventional fuel cell

Prior to the description of the embodiment of the present invention, the mechanism of power generation of the fuel cell will be described. FIG. 6 is a cross-sectional view showing a configuration of a conventional fuel cell. A fuel cell 5000 shown in FIG. 6 has a configuration in which a membrane electrode assembly (MEA) in which an electrolyte layer 501 is sandwiched between an anode 502 and a cathode 503 is sandwiched between flow path members 504 and 506 called separators. . Hydrogen is supplied from the flow path 505 formed in the flow path member 504 to the anode 502, and a hydrogen oxidation reaction of H ₂ → 2H ⁺ + 2e ⁻ occurs by the catalytic action of the anode 502. Thereby, protons (H ⁺ ) are generated. Protons move to the cathode 503 through the electrolyte layer 501. The electrons pass through the external circuit 509. Oxygen in the air is supplied to the cathode 503 from the channel 507 formed in the channel member 506, and the oxygen reduction reaction of O ₂ + 4H ⁺ + 4e ⁻ → 2H ₂ O occurs by the catalytic action of the cathode 503. Since water is generated from hydrogen and oxygen and power is generated, the fuel cell is a power generation device that contributes to reducing the environmental load without discharging carbon dioxide. The fuel cell is classified according to the material of the electrolyte layer 501, and includes a polymer electrolyte fuel cell (PEFC), a solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC), and the like.

  As shown in FIG. 6, the structure in which the flow paths are formed on the front surface side and the back surface side of the electrolyte layer has a complicated structure, and it is difficult to reduce the manufacturing process. Moreover, it is difficult to reduce the number of members, and the manufacturing process tends to be complicated. Therefore, the manufacturing cost increases. In the configuration having the flow path only on the surface side of the electrolyte layer as disclosed in Patent Document 1, the manufacturing process can be simplified, but sufficient ion conductivity cannot be obtained, and the reaction efficiency tends to be lowered.

  The present inventor has studied in view of the above circumstances and has come up with the present invention.

  First, an overview of one embodiment of the present invention will be described.

  The reactor which is one embodiment of the present invention is a reactor having a first channel and a second channel, and the reactor includes a first base material, an electrolyte layer, a first electrode and a second electrode. And a second substrate having a first groove and a second groove. The electrolyte layer is supported by the first substrate. The first electrode and the second electrode are provided on the main surface of the electrolyte layer opposite to the first base material. The second base material covers the first electrode and the second electrode. The first flow path and the second flow path are formed by disposing the second base material on the electrolyte layer so that the first groove and the second groove face the first electrode and the second electrode, respectively. It is. The distance between the first electrode and the second electrode is not less than 500 nm and not more than 5 μm. The thickness of the electrolyte layer is greater than the distance between the first electrode and the second electrode.

  The thickness of the electrolyte layer may be not less than 2 times and not more than 10 times the above-mentioned distance.

  In one embodiment, the first electrode has a first straight portion and a second straight portion that are parallel to each other. The second electrode has a third straight portion and a fourth straight portion that are parallel to and parallel to the first straight portion and the second straight portion. The first straight line portion and the second straight line portion are adjacent to each other. The third straight line portion is adjacent to the first straight line portion on the side opposite to the second straight line portion. The fourth straight line portion is adjacent to the second straight line portion on the side opposite to the first straight line portion.

  The first electrode and the second electrode may have a meander shape.

  In one embodiment, the first electrode and the second electrode have a connection portion extending in a direction orthogonal to the extending direction of the first straight portion and the second straight portion. The first straight line portion and the second straight line portion are connected to the connection portion of the first electrode. The third straight line portion and the fourth straight line portion are connected to the connection portion of the second electrode.

  In one embodiment, the reactor has a first opening and a second opening that communicate with the first flow path, and a third opening and a fourth opening that communicate with the second flow path. At least one of the first opening, the second opening, the third opening, and the fourth opening may be provided on the end surface of the second base material.

  In some embodiments, the reactor is configured to be energized between the first electrode and the second electrode.

  Carriers in the electrolyte layer may be hydrogen ions or oxygen ions.

  The fuel cell which is another one aspect | mode of this invention is equipped with the reactor in any one of said.

  The gas sensor which is another one aspect | mode of this invention is equipped with the reactor in any one of said.

  The reformer which is another one aspect | mode of this invention is equipped with the reactor in any one of said.

  Hereinafter, embodiments of the present invention will be described with reference to the drawings.

(Embodiment 1)
FIG. 1 is a cross-sectional view showing an exemplary configuration of a reactor in the present embodiment. 1 is a cross-sectional view taken along the line AA of FIG. 2 to be described later. For reference, FIG. 1 shows an X axis, a Y axis, and a Z axis that are orthogonal to each other. In other figures, an X axis, a Y axis, and a Z axis may be shown. A reactor 100 shown in FIG. 1 has an electrolyte layer 101 on a lower substrate 108. The main surface of the lower substrate 108 that supports the electrolyte layer 101 is typically a flat surface. An example of the electrolyte layer 101 is a solid electrolyte layer having proton conductivity. The reactor 100 includes an anode 102 and a cathode 103 on one main surface S1 of the electrolyte layer 101. As illustrated, the main surface S <b> 1 is a main surface on the opposite side of the lower substrate 108 from the main surface of the electrolyte layer 101.

  The anode 102 and the cathode 103 are electrodes each having a catalyst. In the present disclosure, the distance between the outer edge of the anode 102 and the outer edge of the cathode 103 (the distance indicated by an arrow “e1” in FIG. 1) is 500 nm or more and 5 μm or less. As described later, this can improve the reaction efficiency. An error of about 10 nm is allowed at the upper and lower limits of the above range of distance e1.

  The reactor 100 includes an upper substrate 104 disposed on the electrolyte layer 101. As shown in the figure, a first groove (first recess) 115 and a second groove (second recess) 117 are formed in the upper base material 104. As illustrated, the upper base material 104 covers the anode 102 and the cathode 103. The upper substrate 104 is disposed on the electrolyte layer 101 so that the first groove 115 and the second groove 117 face the anode 102 and the cathode 103, respectively. As a result, the first flow path 105 having the anode 102 inside and the second flow path 107 having the cathode 103 inside are formed inside the reactor 100. The upper base material 104 may be formed by a combination of a plurality of members.

  FIG. 2 is a top view showing an example of the arrangement of the electrodes of the reactor in the present embodiment. In the illustrated example, the anode 102 and the cathode 103 are formed in a meander shape while maintaining a certain distance from each other when viewed from a direction perpendicular to the main surface S1 (see FIG. 1) of the electrolyte layer 101. . More specifically, each of the anode 102 and the cathode 103 has a plurality of linear portions extending along the Y direction in the figure. In each of the anode 102 and the cathode 103, each linear portion is connected by a bent portion.

  In the configuration illustrated in FIG. 2, the anode 102 has a straight portion 102 a and a straight portion 102 b that are parallel to each other. Further, the cathode 103 has a straight portion 103a and a straight portion 103b that are parallel to the straight portion 102a and the straight portion 102b of the anode 102. As shown in the figure, the straight portion 102a and the straight portion 102b of the anode 102 are adjacent to each other along the X direction of the drawing. The straight line portion 103a of the cathode 103 is adjacent to the straight line portion 102a of the anode 102 on the opposite side of the straight line portion 102b of the anode 102 along the X direction in the figure. Further, the straight line portion 103b of the cathode 103 is adjacent to the straight line portion 102b of the anode 102 on the opposite side of the straight line portion 102a of the anode 102 along the X direction in the drawing. In the illustrated example, the anodes 102 and the cathodes 103 are not arranged alternately in a cross section (XZ cross section) perpendicular to the main surface of the electrolyte layer 101.

  Here, the first groove 115 and the second groove 117 (not shown in FIG. 2) of the upper base member 104 are formed in a meander shape so as to correspond to the shapes of the anode 102 and the cathode 103. Therefore, the first flow path 105 and the second flow path 107 can also be meander-shaped flow paths. By forming the anode 102 and the cathode 103 in a meander shape, the first channel 105 and the second channel 107 can be arranged with high density. That is, the area of the part contributing to the reaction can be increased with respect to the area of the electrolyte layer 101. Here, the distance between the adjacent first flow path 105 and the second flow path 107 is c1, the distance between the two adjacent first flow paths 105 is c2, and the distance between the two adjacent second flow paths 107. Let the distance be c3 (see FIG. 1). For example, the first flow path 105 and the second flow path 107 are arranged so that c1 <c2 = c3.

  Please refer to FIG. 1 and FIG. The distance between the adjacent anode 102 and the cathode 103 is e1, the distance between the two adjacent anodes 102 is e2, the distance between the two adjacent cathodes 103 is e3, and the thickness of the electrolyte layer 101 is t1. To do. In the present disclosure, the range of the distance e1 between the adjacent anode 102 and the cathode 103 is set to approximately 500 nm or more and 5 μm or less. The distance e1 is considered to be equivalent to the conduction distance of ions.

  In the present disclosure, the thickness of the electrolyte layer is greater than the distance e1 between the adjacent anode 102 and cathode 103. In the electrolyte layer 101, ions move along a shallow region near the surface on the upper base material 104 side (main surface S <b> 1 shown in FIG. 1) along the in-plane direction. Typically, ions move in a region from the surface of the electrolyte layer 101 to a depth of about 5 μm. In other words, in the present disclosure, the distance e1 is set to a size that is approximately the same as the thickness of the portion of the electrolyte layer 101 where ion conduction occurs. By setting the distance e1 within the above range, efficient ion conduction can be realized.

  By setting the distance e1 to about 5 μm or less, the length of the ion conduction path can be reduced. Therefore, scattering of ions flowing in the crystal of the electrolyte layer 101 due to the crystal lattice can be reduced, and a decrease in ionic conductivity can be suppressed. Further, by setting the distance e1 to about 500 nm or more, the width of the partition wall separating the adjacent first flow path 105 and the second flow path 107 (width c1 of the joining portion of the electrolyte layer 101 and the upper substrate 104, FIG. 1) can be prevented from becoming too small. Thereby, the leak between the 1st flow path 105 and the 2nd flow path 107 can be suppressed.

  The electrolyte layer 101 may be a bulk body. The thickness of the electrolyte layer 101 is, for example, not less than 2 times and not more than 10 times the distance e1 between the adjacent anode 102 and the cathode 103. That is, 2 ≦ (t1 / e1) ≦ 10 may be satisfied. When the thickness of the electrolyte layer 101 is within the above range, the formation of the electrolyte layer 101 is relatively easy.

  In the conventional fuel cell 5000 shown in FIG. 6, ions move along the thickness direction of the electrolyte layer 501. On the other hand, in the present disclosure, ions (for example, protons) move between the adjacent anode 102 and cathode 103 along the in-plane direction of the electrolyte layer 101. According to the present disclosure, since the distance between the adjacent anode 102 and the cathode 103 is in the range of approximately 500 nm to 5 μm, relatively high reaction efficiency can be realized. In addition, since the first flow path 105 and the second flow path 107 are formed on one main surface side of the electrolyte layer 101, the number of members can be reduced and / or the manufacturing process can be simplified. Therefore, the manufacturing cost can be reduced.

  In addition, in the structure in which the anode and the cathode are provided on one main surface of the electrolyte layer, it is conceivable to use comb-shaped anodes and cathodes in order to arrange the flow paths at a high density (for example, FIG. 1). However, when such an anode and cathode are used, reaction efficiency is difficult to improve for the following reasons.

  When comb-shaped anodes and cathodes are used, the anodes and cathodes are alternately arranged in a cross section perpendicular to the main surface of the electrolyte layer. Therefore, if the distance between the anode and the cathode is reduced in order to arrange the flow paths at high density, the distance between the anode-side flow path and the cathode-side flow path is also reduced. That is, in such a configuration, leakage between the flow paths (gas and liquid leakage) is likely to occur. In the configuration in which the anode and the cathode are alternately arranged, for example, ions generated at the anode move toward either the right adjacent cathode or the left adjacent cathode through the electrolyte layer. For example, consider a case where the distance between the anode and the cathode next to the anode on the left is larger than the distance between the anode and the cathode on the right next to the anode. At this time, from the viewpoint of reaction efficiency, it is advantageous that ions move to the cathode on the right side that is closer to the anode. In other words, the movement of ions to the left adjacent cathode located farther from the anode can cause a reduction in reaction efficiency.

  In the configuration illustrated in FIG. 2, the anode 102 and the cathode 103 each have a meander shape and are formed in parallel to each other. Specifically, when viewed along the X direction in the figure, one of two electrodes adjacent to a certain electrode (for example, anode) has a reverse polarity (cathode) and the other has the same polarity (anode). is there. Accordingly, ions can be moved more reliably to the adjacent electrodes of opposite polarity as compared with the configuration in which the anode and the cathode are alternately arranged. According to the present disclosure, higher reaction efficiency can be realized as compared with a configuration in which the anode and the cathode are alternately arranged.

  In the configuration illustrated in FIG. 2, the reactor 100 has an opening 15 a and an opening 15 b that communicate with the first flow path 105. The reactor 100 also has an opening 17a and an opening 17b that communicate with the second flow path 107. For example, the reactant on the anode 102 side is supplied to the first flow path 105 through the opening 15a. The substance produced by the reaction is taken out through the opening 15b. Similarly, the reactant on the cathode 103 side is supplied to the second flow path 107 through the opening 17a. The substance produced by the reaction is taken out through the opening 17b. The thick arrows in FIG. 2 schematically show examples of reactant and product flows. A wiring connecting the anode 102 or the cathode 103 and an external circuit may be drawn out from these openings.

  The opening 15a, the opening 15b, the opening 17a, and the opening 17b described above may be provided on the end surface of the upper base material 104, for example. Here, the “end surface” means a surface substantially perpendicular to the main surface of the electrolyte layer (for example, the main surface S1 shown in FIG. 1). That is, the first groove 115 and / or the second groove 117 may reach the outer edge of the upper substrate 104. At this time, the reactor has at least one opening at its end face. By forming an opening communicating with the flow path on the end face of the reactor, it is possible to suppress complicated connection of wiring and / or piping even when a plurality of reactors are stacked.

  FIG. 3 is a top view showing another example of the arrangement of the electrodes. The anode 102A and the cathode 103A of the reactor 300 shown in FIG. 3 have more bends than the anode 102 and the cathode 103 shown in FIG. Further, the distances e2 and e3 are set to be approximately the same as the distance e1. According to such a configuration, the first flow path 105 and the second flow path 107 can be arranged more densely than the configuration illustrated in FIG. Even when the distances e2 and e3 are set to be approximately the same as the distance e1, in the illustrated configuration, the anodes 102 and the cathodes 103 are not alternately arranged along the X direction. Ions can be moved toward the other electrode.

  FIG. 4 is a top view showing still another example of the arrangement of the electrodes. The anode 102B and the cathode 103B of the reactor 400 shown in FIG. 4 each have a connection portion 102z and a connection portion 103z extending along the X direction in the drawing. In the illustrated example, the anode 102B has a plurality of branches connected to the connection portion 102z. Similarly, the cathode 103B has a plurality of branches connected to the connection portion 103z. In the illustrated example, the straight portion 102a and the straight portion 102b of the anode 102 extend from the connection portion 102z along the Y direction in the drawing. Further, the straight portion 103a and the straight portion 103b of the cathode 103 extend from the connection portion 103z along the Y direction in the drawing. Also in the example illustrated in FIG. 4, the branches of the anode 102 </ b> B and the branches of the cathode 103 </ b> B are not alternately arranged along the X direction in the drawing. Therefore, even in the configuration illustrated in FIG. 4, ions in the electrolyte layer 101 move toward the adjacent electrodes of opposite polarity.

  Thus, the shape of the anode and the cathode is not limited to the meander shape. That is, the shapes of the first channel 105 and the second channel 107 are not limited to the meander shape. However, if each of the first flow path 105 and the second flow path 107 is a single continuous flow path (for example, a meander-shaped flow path) that does not have a branch, the reactants (gas or liquid) are not shared. The advantageous effect of smooth flow in the direction can be obtained. In addition, the number of connection portions for connecting the anode 102 or the cathode 103 to an external circuit can be reduced. The shape of the first flow path 105 and the second flow path 107 may be any shape that can increase the reaction area, and may be, for example, a spiral shape.

  Here, an example of operation | movement of the reactor of this indication is demonstrated. The reactor of the present disclosure can be used in various applications depending on the combination of cathode and anode used. As materials for the cathode and the anode, known materials can be used depending on applications. Here, an example in which the reactor 100 shown in FIGS. 1 and 2 is used as a fuel cell will be described.

Gas is supplied from the first flow path 105 to the anode 102. For example, in the case of a fuel cell, hydrogen is supplied. For example, the catalytic action of the anode 102 causes a hydrogen oxidation reaction of H ₂ → 2H ⁺ + 2e ⁻ to generate protons (H ⁺ ). Protons move through the electrolyte layer 101 and electrons pass through an external circuit connected to the fuel cell. Protons and electrons move to the cathode 103, respectively. In the cathode 103, gas is supplied from the second flow path 107 to cause a reaction. In the case of a fuel cell, the gas is oxygen in the air, and the oxygen reduction reaction of O ₂ + 4H ⁺ + 4e ⁻ → 2H ₂ O occurs by the catalytic action of the cathode 103.

  Moreover, the reactor 100 illustrated in FIG. 1 and FIG. 2 can also be used as a gas sensor, for example. For example, by using a proton conductor as the electrolyte layer 101, the reactor 100 can be used as a hydrogen gas sensor. When the reactor 100 is used as a hydrogen gas sensor, a measurement target gas and a reference gas (for example, the atmosphere) are introduced into the first flow path 105 and the second flow path 107, respectively. By introducing these gases, protons according to the partial pressure of hydrogen of the gas to be measured move through the electrolyte layer 101. At this time, the cathode 103 and the anode 102 function as a sensing electrode and a counter electrode, respectively. Specifically, a current having a magnitude corresponding to the hydrogen concentration in the gas to be measured flows through an external circuit connected to the cathode 103 and the anode 102.

(Embodiment 2)
Next, a second embodiment of the present disclosure will be described. The difference between the second embodiment and the first embodiment is that a voltage is applied between the anode 102 and the cathode 103 during operation.

  FIG. 5 is a cross-sectional view showing a configuration of an exemplary reactor in the present embodiment. The reactor 200 shown in FIG. 5 is configured so that a voltage is applied between the anode 102 and the cathode 103. In the configuration illustrated in FIG. 5, an external power source 110 is connected to the anode 102 and the cathode 103. By applying an electric field between the anode 102 and the cathode 103, efficient ion conduction can be realized. For example, positive ions such as protons generated at the anode 102 can be efficiently drawn toward the cathode 103. The magnitude of the voltage applied between the anode 102 and the cathode 103 is, for example, 0.5 to 250V. The reactor 200 having such a configuration can have a relatively high reaction efficiency.

  Moreover, the reactor 200 illustrated in FIG. 5 can be used as a reformer, for example. In this specification, an apparatus that draws protons from a reactant and generates hydrogen gas, a hydrogenated carbon compound, or a dehydrogenated carbon compound is referred to as a “reformer”. Here, the example which uses the reactor 200 as a steam electrolysis hydrogenation apparatus is demonstrated.

A gas containing water (typically water vapor) is supplied from the first flow path 105 to the anode 102. Further, a hydride (typically liquid) is supplied from the second flow path 107 to the cathode 103. The anode 102 includes a catalyst that oxidizes hydrogen in a gas containing water, such as Ni or Pt. The cathode 103 includes a hydrogenation catalyst such as Ni or Pt. Due to the catalytic action of the anode 102, the reaction of 2H ₂ O → O ₂ + 4H ⁺ + 4e ⁻ proceeds to generate protons (H ⁺ ). Protons move through the electrolyte layer 101 and reach the cathode 103. When the hydride is, for example, toluene, a reaction of C ₇ H ₈ + 6H ⁺ + 6e ⁻ → C ₇ H ₁₄ proceeds in the second channel 107, and methylcyclohexane is obtained in the second channel 107. Thus, the reactor of this indication can be used for the production of so-called organic hydride.

  In the above-described first and second embodiments, the proton conductor is exemplified as the electrolyte layer 101. However, the electrolyte layer 101 is not limited to the proton conductor. The electrolyte layer 101 may be an oxygen ion conductor. That is, the carrier in the electrolyte layer 101 is not limited to protons but may be oxygen ions.

  The reactor according to the present disclosure can be used for a fuel cell, a hydrogenation device, a dehydrogenation device, a steam electrolysis device, a steam electrolysis hydrogenation device, and the like.

DESCRIPTION OF SYMBOLS 100 Reactor 101 Electrolyte layer 102 Anode 103 Cathode 104 Upper base material 105 1st flow path 107 2nd flow path 108 Lower base material 110 External power supply

Claims (11)

A reactor having a first flow path and a second flow path,
The reactor is
A first substrate;
An electrolyte layer supported by the first substrate;
Of the main surface of the electrolyte layer, a first electrode and a second electrode provided on the main surface opposite to the first substrate;
A second base material having a first groove and a second groove, the second base material covering the first electrode and the second electrode;
In the first flow path and the second flow path, the second base material is disposed on the electrolyte layer so that the first groove and the second groove face the first electrode and the second electrode, respectively. Is a flow path formed by
The distance between the first electrode and the second electrode is 500 nm or more and 5 μm or less,
The thickness of the electrolyte layer is a reactor larger than the distance.   The reactor according to claim 1, wherein the thickness of the electrolyte layer is not less than 2 times and not more than 10 times the distance. The first electrode has a first straight portion and a second straight portion that are parallel to each other,
The second electrode has a third linear portion and a fourth linear portion that are parallel to and parallel to the first linear portion and the second linear portion,
The first linear portion and the second linear portion are adjacent to each other;
The third straight line portion is adjacent to the first straight line portion on the opposite side of the second straight line portion;
The reactor according to claim 1 or 2, wherein the fourth straight portion is adjacent to the second straight portion on the opposite side of the first straight portion.   The reactor according to claim 3, wherein the first electrode and the second electrode have a meander shape. The first electrode and the second electrode have a connection portion extending in a direction orthogonal to a direction in which the first straight portion and the second straight portion extend,
The first straight portion and the second straight portion are connected to the connection portion of the first electrode;
The reactor according to claim 3, wherein the third straight portion and the fourth straight portion are connected to the connection portion of the second electrode. The reactor is
A first opening and a second opening communicating with the first flow path; a third opening and a fourth opening communicating with the second flow path;
The at least one opening part of the said 1st opening part, the said 2nd opening part, the said 3rd opening part, and the said 4th opening part is provided in the end surface of the said 2nd base material, The Claim 1 to 5 A reactor according to any one of the above.   The reactor according to claim 1, wherein the reactor is configured to be supplied with a voltage between the first electrode and the second electrode.   The reactor according to claim 1, wherein carriers in the electrolyte layer are hydrogen ions or oxygen ions.   A fuel cell comprising the reactor according to claim 1.   A gas sensor comprising the reactor according to claim 1.   A reformer comprising the reactor according to any one of claims 1 to 8.

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