JP2014515020A - 陰イオン性高分子及び陽イオン性高分子イオン複合体基盤高感度磁気共鳴映像ナノ造影剤及びその製造方法 - Google Patents
陰イオン性高分子及び陽イオン性高分子イオン複合体基盤高感度磁気共鳴映像ナノ造影剤及びその製造方法 Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
Description
実施例1−1:試薬の製造
アセチルアセトン鉄(III)(Iron(III) acetylacetonate)とアセチルアセトンマンガン(II)(manganese(II) actylacetonate)を原料でとして、有機溶媒である1−オクタデセン(1−octadecene)上で高温反応して、マンガンがドープされた酸化鉄ナノ粒子(MnFe2O4)を合成し、この時ナノ粒子の安定剤として界面活性剤であるオレイン酸(oleic acid)を添加した。そして、分子量500kDaのポリガンマグルタミン酸(γPGA)((株)バイオリーダーズ、韓国)、分子量50kDaのキトサン((株)MIRAE BIOTECH、韓国)、PEG−NHS((株)サンバイオ、韓国)を準備した。
ポリガンマグルタミン酸(PGA)(分子量:500kDa)をDMSO溶媒に10mg/mL濃度で溶かし、マンガンがドープされた酸化鉄(MnFe2O4)ナノ粒子は、クロロホルム(chloroform)上で10mg/mLに分散させた。前記二つの溶液を密閉された容器中において、窒素ガスで泡立ち(bubbling)を10分以上続け、窒素雰囲気を作った後、各々の溶液10mLを混ぜた後、温度60℃で2時間撹拌して、ポリガンマグルタミン酸/マンガンがドープされた酸化鉄(MnFe2O4)ナノ粒子を製造した。製造された複合体に溶液に残っている界面活性剤と反応不純物を取り除くために、ヘキサン、エタノール及びクロロホルムを混合した有機溶媒を(hexane:ethanol:chloroform=2:1:1)加えた後、5000rpmで10分間遠心分離した後、上澄み液は捨て、下に残った沈殿物を真空状態デシケーターで一日程度放置し残っている有機溶媒を完全に取り除いた。有機溶媒が完全に取り除かれた複合体に50mMのNaHCO3溶液を20mL程度加えた後、残った沈殿物が完全に溶けるまでボルテックス(vortexing)し、音波処理(sonication)を行った後、0.2μmセルロースフィルター(adventec)を利用してろ過した。
キトサンは、水溶液に10mg/mL濃度で溶かし、水10mLを撹拌しながら、キトサン溶液3mLを添加して、ピペットを利用して、実施例1−2で準備したポリガンマグルタミン酸(γPGA)/マンガン酸化鉄(MnFe2O4)ナノ粒子溶液1mLを添加し、600rpmで2時間撹拌して、さらに10μLのグルタルアルデヒド(glutaraldehyde)を添加して、1時間撹拌した。ポリガンマグルタミン酸(γPGA)/キトサン/マンガン酸化鉄(MnFe2O4)ナノ粒子複合体水溶液相に存在するアミン基の定量は、ニンヒドリン(ninhydrin)法で実施した。この時、標準溶液としてL−リジン(L−lysine)溶液を利用した。
前記実施例1−3で準備したポリガンマグルタミン酸(γPGA)/キトサン/マンガン酸化鉄(MnFe2O4)ナノ粒子複合体に含まれたアミン基のモル濃度比2倍モル濃度のPEG−NHSを3次蒸溜水に溶かし、二つの溶液の体積を1:1で混ぜた後、12時間程度撹拌した。反応しない高分子物質とNHSを取り除くために、5000rpmで10分程度遠心分離し、上澄み液を捨て、沈殿物を3次蒸溜水に再分散させた後、再度遠心分離して精製した。ポリガンマグルタミン酸(γPGA)/キトサン/マンガン酸化鉄(MnFe2O4)ナノ粒子複合体の大きさは、DLS、TEM、及びSEMで観察した。
その結果、DLSで測定した粒子の大きさは、90〜200nmの分布を示していることを確認することができた(図3A)。これは、人体内に取り込ませた時、EPR(enhanced permeation and retention)効果に適した大きさであり、異常組織でのターゲット指向的な特性を持つ。
TEMを介して、粒子の大きさと内部を観察してみた結果、相当数のマンガン−酸化鉄ナノ粒子を球状のポリガンマグルタミン酸(γPGA)/キトサン高分子複合体内部にお封入していることが確認された(図3B)。これは先に説明したように、マンガン−酸化鉄ナノ粒子が、高分子複合体内部で相互作用を起こしながらMRI信号を効果的に増幅させる相乗効果が期待できる。
また、SEMを介して、粒子の表面形状と大きさを観察した結果、DLSで測定された大きさと似た90〜200nm程度の球状の粒子を観察することができた(図3C)。
実施例2−1:ポリガンマグルタミン酸(γPGA)/キトサン/マンガン酸化鉄(MnFe 2 O 4 )ナノ粒子のMRI緩和能(relaxivity)測定
前記の実施例1−3で準備したポリガンマグルタミン酸(γPGA)/キトサン/マンガン酸化鉄(MnFe2O4)ナノ粒子複合体溶液のMRI緩和能は、4.7T小動物用MRIを利用して測定し、溶液相に存在する鉄とマンガン元素の定量は、ICP−AESで測定した。
その結果、ポリガンマグルタミン酸(γPGA)/キトサン/マンガン酸化鉄(MnFe2O4)ナノ粒子複合体のr2は、507(Fe+Mn)mM−1s−1程度であり、すでに相溶化された水溶液相で合成されたデキストラン基盤酸化鉄粒子のr2値より4倍以上増加した数値であることを確認することができた(図4)。
実施例2−1で製造したナノ粒子複合体を癌細胞のHeLa細胞内に伝達する実験を実施した。粒子は、25μg/mL濃度で処理した後、プルシアンブルー(prussian blue)で染色して、伝達有無を確認した。
ポリガンマグルタミン酸(γPGA)/キトサン/マンガン酸化鉄(MnFe2O4)ナノ粒子複合体の表面は、キトサンのアミン基によって陽電荷を帯びるが、これは一般的に陰電荷を帯びている細胞膜によく付着し、細胞内の伝達が容易との特徴があり、粒子は25μg/mL濃度で処理した後、プルシアンブルーで染色して、伝達の有無を確認した(図5)。
実施例2−2で粒子を処理した細胞を集めて、4.7T小動物MRI装備でMRIイメージを得ることができた。
ポリガンマグルタミン酸(γPGA)/キトサン/マンガン酸化鉄(MnFe2O4)ナノ粒子複合体によって標識された細胞は、MRIイメージ上でも確認できるが、標識されない細胞は、周辺の水と共に明るく見られるが、標識された細胞は、暗く示されることを確認することができる。
これらのことから、ポリガンマグルタミン酸(γPGA)/キトサン/マンガン酸化鉄(MnFe2O4)ナノ粒子複合体が、特定細胞内によく伝達される特性を示し、MRIイメージ結果、少量の粒子だけでも磁気共鳴信号によるイメージ暗化(darkening)効果が起きることを確認することができた(図5)。
Claims (5)
- 次の工程を含む陰イオン性高分子及び陽イオン性高分子のイオン結合によって形成された高分子複合体に磁気共鳴映像ナノ造影剤が封入されているナノ粒子複合体の製造方法:
(a)陰イオン性高分子を含む有機溶媒溶液と磁気共鳴映像ナノ造影剤を含む有機溶媒溶液とを混合して、陰イオン性高分子/磁気共鳴映像ナノ造影剤複合体を取得する工程;及び
(b)前記取得された陰イオン性高分子/磁気共鳴映像ナノ造影剤複合体に陽イオン性高分子を添加して、陰イオン性高分子及び陽イオン性高分子のイオン結合によって形成された高分子複合体に磁気共鳴映像ナノ造影剤が封入されているナノ粒子複合体を取得する工程。 - 前記陰イオン性高分子は、ポリグルタミン酸、ポリアクリル酸、アルギン酸、カラギナン、ヒアルロン酸、ポリスチレンスルホン酸塩、カルボキシメチルセルロース、セルロース硫酸塩、デキストラン硫酸塩、ヘパリン、ヘパリン硫酸塩、ポリメチレンコグアニジン及びコンドロイチン硫酸塩からなる群から選択されることを特徴とする請求項1に記載のナノ粒子複合体の製造方法。
- 前記陽イオン性高分子は、キトサン、ポリエチレンイミン、ポリL−リジン、ポリジアリルジメチル塩化アンモニウム、ポリアリルアミン、塩酸塩、ポリオルニチン、ポリビニルアミン塩酸塩、ポリ2−ジメチルアミノエチルメタクリレート、ポリアミドアミン、デンドリマー及びゼラチンからなる群から選択されることを特徴とする請求項1に記載のナノ粒子複合体の製造方法。
- 前記磁気共鳴映像ナノ造影剤は、鉄(Fe)、マンガン(Mn)、コバルト(Co)、ガドリニウム(Gd)、プラセオジム(PR)、サマリウム(Sm)、ユーロピウム(Eu)、テルビウム(Tb)、ジスプロシウム(Dy)、ホルミウム(Ho)、エルビウム(Er)、ツリウム(Tm)、イッテルビウム(Yb)、ルテニウム(Lu)及びこれらの複合体からなるナノ粒子群から選択されることを特徴とする請求項1に記載のナノ粒子複合体の製造方法。
- 請求項1から請求項4のいずれか一項に記載の方法で製造され、陰イオン性高分子及び陽イオン性高分子のイオン結合によって形成された高分子複合体に磁気共鳴映像ナノ造影剤が封入されているナノ粒子複合体。
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