JP2013537515A - 抗ウイルス化合物のためのターゲットとしてのpla2g16 - Google Patents
抗ウイルス化合物のためのターゲットとしてのpla2g16 Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
【選択図】図1
Description
[0001]本出願は、2010年6月18日出願の米国出願第61/356,426号に対する優先権および恩典を請求する。本出願の全内容は本明細書に援用される。
発明の概要
[0003]本発明は、少なくとも部分的に、抗ウイルス薬剤発見のためのターゲットの同定に関する。1つの側面において、本発明は、PLA2G16阻害剤と細胞を接触させる工程を含む、細胞のウイルス感染を阻害する方法を提供する。いくつかの態様において、ウイルスはピコルナウイルスである。いくつかの態様において、細胞は脊椎動物細胞である。いくつかの態様において、脊椎動物細胞は哺乳動物細胞、例えばヒト細胞である。いくつかの態様において、PLA2G16阻害剤はPLA2G16の発現を阻害する。いくつかの態様において、PLA2G16阻害剤はPLA2G16の酵素活性を阻害する。
http://talk.ictvonline.org/media/22/default.aspx/.
http://talk.ictvonline.org/files/ictv_official_taxonomy_updates_since_the_8th_report/default.aspxとして改訂として入手可能)(Carstens, EBおよびBall, L. Ratification vote on taxonomic proposals to the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses. Archives of Virology, 第154巻, 第7号, 2008、ならびにCarstens, E. Ratification vote on taxonomic proposals to the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses(2009) Archives of Virology, 第155巻, 第1号, 2009もまた参照されたい)。The Virus Taxonomy: 2009 リリースv4(2010年3月20日)(ICTVウェブサイト上、http://ictvonline.org/virusTaxonomy.aspで入手可能)が最新の分類学を示す。
[0024]用語「抗体」は、免疫グロブリン、および抗原に結合可能な免疫グロブリンドメインを含有するその誘導体を含む。抗体は、哺乳動物または鳥類種、例えばヒト、げっ歯類(例えばマウス、ウサギ)、ヤギ、ニワトリ等から生じてもよいし、あるいはファージディスプレイなどの技術を用いて、ex vivoで生成されてもよい。抗体には、多様な免疫グロブリンクラスのメンバー、例えばIgG、IgM、IgA、IgD、IgE、またはそのサブクラス、例えばIgG1、IgG2等が含まれる。本発明の多様な態様において、「抗体」は、抗原結合部位を保持し、そして1またはそれより多い可変ドメイン(VHまたはVL)を含む組換え分子を含む、Fab’、F(ab’)2、scFv(一本鎖可変)などの抗体断片または分子を指す。抗体は、多様な態様において、一価、二価または多価であってもよい。抗体は、キメラまたは「ヒト化」抗体であってもよい。抗体は、ポリクローナルまたはモノクローナルであってもよいが、モノクローナル抗体が好ましい可能性もある。いくつかの側面において、抗体はイントラボディであり、これを細胞内で発現させてもよい。いくつかの態様において、化合物は、一本鎖抗体およびタンパク質形質導入ドメイン(例えば融合ポリペプチドとして)を含む。
[0041]本発明は、部分的に、抗ウイルス化合物の同定および/または性質決定に使用する、新規分子ターゲットとしてのホスホリパーゼA2、XVI群(PLA2G16)の同定に関する。PLA2G16は、哺乳動物組織において、広くまたは遍在性に発現されるホスホリパーゼである。現在、PLA2G16ポリペプチドが、脊椎動物細胞、例えば哺乳動物細胞の、ピコルナウイルス科のウイルスによる感染において、重要な役割を果たす宿主細胞因子であることが発見されてきている。本発明は、PLA2G16を阻害するとウイルス感染が阻害されるという認識を含む。実施例により詳細に記載するように、近半数体哺乳動物細胞株(HAP1細胞株)において、ジーントラップ突然変異誘発戦略を用いて、PLA2G16遺伝子(ヒト細胞において染色体11上に位置する)内への挿入によって、ポリオウイルスおよびコクサッキーウイルスB1による感染に細胞が耐性になることが示された。細胞において野生型PLA2G16を発現することによって、野生型PLA2G16機能を回復させると、感染に対する感受性が回復されたが、触媒的に不活性であるPLA2G16の突然変異体型では回復されなかった。さらに、低分子干渉RNA(siRNA)を用いたライノウイルス感受性細胞株(HeLa細胞)における内因性PLA2G16発現のノックダウンによって、これらの細胞はライノウイルス感染に耐性になる。本明細書に記載する発見によって、PLA2G16は、広範囲のウイルスによる脊椎動物細胞の感染に必要であることが示される。
[0050]いくつかの側面において、本発明は、ウイルスによる細胞または被験体の感染を阻害することに関連し、ここでPLA2G16は、ウイルスの生活環の1またはそれより多い段階において促進するかまたは役割を果たす。いくつかの態様において、ウイルスは、1またはそれより多い動物種、例えば1またはそれより多い脊椎動物種、例えば哺乳動物または鳥類種の、PLA2G16を発現する細胞に感染可能である。多様な態様において、PLA2G16が阻害されると、細胞、例えば動物細胞を感染させる能力が減少する任意のウイルスに、本発明を適用することも可能である。本発明は、主に、関心対象の特定のウイルスに言及して記載されているが、細胞におけるPLA2G16ポリペプチドの発現がウイルス生活環の1またはそれより多い段階において促進するかまたは役割を果たす任意のウイルスに、本発明の態様を適用してもよい。いくつかの態様において、ウイルスは医学的に重要であり、例えばヒトに影響を及ぼす1またはそれより多い疾患の原因病原体として、医学業において認識されている。いくつかの態様において、ウイルスは獣医学的に重要であり、例えば非ヒト動物に影響を及ぼす1またはそれより多い疾患の原因病原体として、獣医学業において認識されている。医学的および/または獣医学的に重要であるウイルスを含む、多様なウイルス科の考察に関しては、例えば、Knipe & Howley、上記; Buechen−Osmond, C.、上記、および“ICTVdB− The Universal Virus Database”中のウイルス説明、上記を参照されたい。
[0066]PLA2G16は、脊椎動物脂肪組織(特に白色脂肪組織)において高発現されている〜18キロダルトンタンパク質であり、そしてまた、非常に多様な脊椎動物組織および培養細胞株において、より低いレベルで発現されている。PLA2G16はまた、脂肪特異的ホスホリパーゼA2(AdPLA)、HRAS様抑制因子3(HRASLA3)として、そしていくつかの他の名前でも知られる。当業者は、公的に入手可能なデータベースから、PLA2G16ゲノムおよびmRNA配列、ならびにPLA2G16タンパク質を容易に得ることが可能であろう。PLA2G16をコードするヒト遺伝子には、米国国立バイオテクノロジー情報センター(NCBI; www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov)の遺伝子データベースにおいて、GeneID:11145が割り当てられてきている。マウスおよびラット由来のPLA2G16をコードする遺伝子には、以下のGeneIDが割り当てられてきている:Gene ID: 225845(マウス(Mus musculus)); Gene ID: 24913(ラット(Rattus norvegicus))。当業者は、これらのおよび他の種由来のPLA2G16 mRNAおよびタンパク質の配列を容易に得ることが可能であろう。例えば、NCBIで入手可能なヒトPLA2G16 mRNAおよびタンパク質参照配列の寄託番号は、以下の通りである:NM_001128203(転写物変異体2)およびNP_001121675(タンパク質)。NM_007069.3(転写物変異体1)およびNP_009000.2(タンパク質)。転写物変異体1は、より長い転写物に相当する。変異体1および2は、同じアイソフォームをコードするが、5’非翻訳領域(UTR)が異なる。
特別: C
中性および小さい: A、G、P、S、T
極性および比較的小さい: N、D、Q、E
極性および比較的大きい: R、H、K
非極性および比較的小さい: I、L、M、V
非極性および比較的大きい: F、W、Y
特別: C
[0074]例えば、Zhang, J. J. Mol. Evol. 50:56−68, 2000)を参照されたい。いくつかの態様において、プロリン(P)は、それ自体のグループ中、二番目に特別なアミノ酸と見なされる。特定のグループにおいて、ある置換が特に関心対象である可能性もあり、例えばイソロイシンによるロイシン(またはその逆)、スレオニンによるセリン(またはその逆)、またはグリシンによるアラニン(またはその逆)の置換である。もちろん、非保存的置換は、しばしば、機能の保持と適合する。いくつかの態様において、置換または欠失は、活性に重要なアミノ酸、例えばアミノ酸His−23、Cys−113、Gln−129またはAsn−112を改変せず、または欠失させない。いくつかの態様において、欠失は、C末端36アミノ酸のすべてまたは実質的な部分を除去しない。例えば、いくつかの態様において、欠失は膜貫通ドメインを除去しない。いくつかの態様において、改変は、異なる種のPLA2G16間で異なるアミノ酸で起こる。いくつかの態様において、置換は、アミノ酸を、異なる種において対応する位に存在するものに改変する。いくつかの態様において、機能PLA2G16変異体は、PLA2G16の全長の例えば少なくとも70%、75%、80%、85%、90%、95%、96%、97%、98%、または99%または100%に渡って、PLA2G16に少なくとも95%、96%、97%、98%、99%または100%同一であるポリペプチドを含む。いくつかの態様において、機能PLA2G16変異体は、PLA2G16の全長の例えば少なくとも70%、75%、80%、85%、90%、95%、96%、97%、98%、または99%または100%に渡って、PLA2G16に少なくとも95%、96%、97%、98%、99%または100%同一であるポリペプチドを含み、そしてNおよび/またはC末端でタグを含む。PLA2G16変異体は、その活性を評価する、細胞不含アッセイおよび/または細胞に基づくアッセイで試験されてもよい。
[0080]用語「PLA2G16阻害剤」は、PLA2G16発現を阻害し、そして/またはPLA2G16の1またはそれより多い活性を阻害する化合物を指す。例えば、化合物は、その非存在下に比較した際、化合物の存在下で1またはそれより多いPLA2G16活性が減少し、そして/またはその非存在下に比較した際、化合物の存在下でPLA2G16タンパク質または遺伝子産物のレベルまたは量が減少するならば、「PLA2G16阻害剤」である。特定の態様において、PLA2G16阻害剤は、これらがPLA2G16と物理的に相互作用するという意味でPLA2G16に直接作用する。他の態様において、阻害剤は、PLA2G16に間接的に作用する。PLA2G16阻害剤は、例えば、小分子、核酸、オリゴヌクレオチド、ポリペプチド、ペプチド、脂質、リン脂質等であってもよい。いくつかの態様において、PLA2G16阻害剤は、RNAi剤、アンチセンスオリゴヌクレオチド、アプタマー、または抗体である。いくつかの態様において、PLA2G16阻害剤は小分子である。
[0096]本発明は、ウイルス感染を阻害するのに有用な化合物を同定する方法および本発明の方法を実行するためのアッセイ系を提供する。いくつかの側面において、本発明は、試験化合物が候補抗ウイルス化合物であるかどうかを決定する方法であって、試験化合物がPLA2G16ポリペプチドを阻害するかどうかを決定する工程を含む、ここで化合物がPLA2G16を阻害する場合、化合物が候補抗ウイルス化合物である、前記方法を提供する。関連する側面において、本発明は:(a)試験化合物を提供し;(b)試験化合物がPLA2G16を阻害するかどうかを決定する工程を含む、ここで化合物がPLA2G16を阻害する場合、化合物が候補抗ウイルス化合物である、前記方法を含む。
[00102]いくつかの態様において、試験化合物は、1またはそれより多いウイルスに対して抗ウイルス活性を有すると当該技術分野に認識されるが、関心対象のウイルス、例えばピコルナウイルスによる感染を阻害するのに有用であるとは知られていない化合物である。いくつかの態様において、試験化合物は、当該技術分野において抗ウイルス活性を有すると認識される化合物ではない。
[00148]本明細書記載の方法にしたがって同定され、選択され、または設計された化合物は、多様な使用を有しうる。いくつかの態様において、化合物は、療法目的のため、例えばウイルス感染の治療が必要な被験体のための療法剤として、有用である。いくつかの態様において、被験体は、該生物の体内にまたは体の上に、過剰な数のウイルス集団が存在する際、ならびに/あるいはウイルス集団(単数または複数)の存在の影響が生物の細胞または他の組織に損傷を与えている際、ウイルス感染に「罹患している」。被験体は、例えばウイルス感染に罹患しているか、あるいは(i)一般集団の大部分のメンバー;および/または(ii)その被験体が典型的に経験するリスクレベルと比較した際に、ウイルス感染を発展させるリスクが増加している場合、ウイルス感染の「治療の必要がある」可能性もある。
[00162]吸入による投与のため、適切な噴霧剤、例えば二酸化炭素、フルオロカーボンなどのガスを含有する加圧容器またはディスペンサー、あるいはネブライザーからのエアロゾルスプレーの形で、本発明の組成物を送達してもよい。液体または乾燥エアロゾル(例えば乾燥粉末、巨大孔粒子等)を用いてもよい。本発明はまた、鼻スプレーまたは鼻投与の他の形を用いた組成物の送達も意図する。
[00185]本発明者らは、効率的な順方向遺伝的アプローチを可能にすると考えられる、ヒト細胞における半数体ゲノム設定をまず性質決定した。CML細胞株KBM7のサブクローンは、近半数体染色体セットを所持すると記載されている(Kotecki, M., Reddy, P.S.,およびCochran, B.H. Isolation and characterization of a near−haploid human cell line. Exp Cell Res 252, 273−280, 1999)。本発明者らはまず、この細胞株(B.H. Cochran博士、タフツ大学医学部、マサチューセッツ州ボストンの寛大な提供による)が容易に増殖し、ウイルス感染に耐容性であり、そして効率的にサブクローン可能であるかどうかを調べた。用語「KBM7細胞株」は、本明細書において、この近半数体細胞株またはそのサブクローンを指すよう用いられる。KBM7細胞株またはそのサブクローンの細胞を「KBM7細胞」と称してもよい。KBM7細胞は、高いサブクローニング効率(ほぼ〜80%)を有し、そしていくつかのサブクローンをさらに調べた。KBM7サブクローンは、およそ24時間の世代時間で容易に増殖し、そしてまばらなおよび非常に高い細胞密度(例えば〜1x107細胞/ml)で維持可能であった。重要なことに、フローサイトメトリー分析によって、KBM7サブクローンが、二倍体HCT116結腸直腸癌細胞に比較した際、低二倍体核型を有することが示された。1つのサブクローンを、24色FISHスペクトル核型決定によって、さらに調べ、そしてこのサブクローンは、染色体8以外のすべての染色体に関して半数体であり、そしてBCR−ABL形質転換慢性骨髄性白血病細胞に特徴的なフィラデルフィア染色体(t(9;22))を含有することが示された。PCT公報第WO 2011/006145号、およびCarette JE,ら, Haploid genetic screens in human cells identify host factors used by pathogens, Science. 2009 Nov 27;326(5957): 1231−5もまた参照されたい。
[00186]本発明者らは、次に、KBM−7細胞をレトロウイルスに感染させることが可能であるかどうかを決定した。293T細胞(ATCCから得た)において、パッケージングベクターを伴うGFP発現レトロウイルスベクターのトランスフェクションによって、ウイルスを産生した。レトロウイルスベクターは、pLIB−GFP(Clontech)であったが、多くの異なるレトロウイルスベクターが使用可能であることが理解されるであろう。ウイルスを含有する上清を用いて、KBM7細胞を感染させた。レトロウイルスによるKBM7細胞の感染効率を改善するため、異なる条件を試験した。24ウェル組織培養ディッシュ中、2,000rpmで、室温で45分間、細胞を遠心分離すると、遠心分離なしの場合に比較して、感染効率の2倍の増加が生じた。次に、レトロネクチン、ポリブレンおよび硫酸プロタミン添加の効果を試験して、それぞれ、25%、33%および44%の効率を生じた。1ミリリットルの培地あたり、8マイクログラムの硫酸プロタミンが好ましい添加である。Beckman SW28ローター中、25,000r.p.m.で1.5時間、超遠心することによって、ウイルスを濃縮すると、未希釈ウイルスに比較して、感染率が劇的に改善され、そしてAmiconフィルターによる濃縮よりも好ましかった。結論として、硫酸プロタミンの存在下で、スピン感染のために濃縮ウイルスを用いた場合、KBM−7細胞は最適に感染した。これらのサブクローンは、VSV−G偽型であるGFP発現レトロウイルスまたはレンチウイルスに効率的に(〜70−90%)感染可能であり、そして高レベルのGFP発現を数ヶ月維持した。
[00187]不活性化LTR、アデノウイルス血清型40の長い線維遺伝子由来の強いスプライス−アクセプター部位(Caretteら 2005 The Journal of Gene Medicine 7(8)1053−1062)、およびGFPまたはピューロマイシン耐性遺伝子(PURO)のいずれかの後に、SV40ポリアデニル化シグナルを含有するレトロウイルス・ジーントラップベクターを以下のように構築した。オーバーハングClaIおよびNheI制限部位ならびに部分的スプライス・アクセプター部位を含有するプライマー:(GFP: 5’−GATCGCTAGCCGCATTTCTTTTTTCCAGATGGTGAGCAAGGGCGAGG−3’および5’−GATCGGATCCTTACTTGTACAGCTCGTCCATGC−3’ PURO: 5’−GATCGCTAGCCGCATTTCTTTTTTCCAGATGACCGAGTACAAGCCCAC−3’および5’−GATCGGATCCTCAGGCACCGGGCTTGCGGGTC−3’)を用いたPCR増幅によって、PUROまたはGFPのコード配列を得た。これらのPCR産物をpEGFPC1(Clontech)中に挿入してEGFPを置換した。続いて、オーバーハングClaIおよびBamHI部位ならびにスプライス・アクセプターシグナルの5’端を含有するプライマー(GFP: 5’−GATCATCGATCGCAGGCGCAATCTTCGCATTTCTTTTTTCCAGATGG−3’および5’−GATCGGATCCTTACTTGTACAGCTCGTCCATGC−3’ PURO: 5’−GATCATCGATCGCAGGCGCAATCTTCGCATTTCTTTTTTCCAGATGAC−3’および5’−GATCGGATCCTTACTTGTACAGCTCGTCCATGC−3’)を用いたPCRを行って、完全スプライス・アクセプター部位を導入し、そしてポリアデニル化シグナルが続くGFPまたはPUROいずれかを得た。これらのPCR産物をpRETRO−SUPER(Brummelkampら 2002 Cancer Cell. 2(3):243−7)中に挿入してpolIIIプロモーターを置換した。生じたプラスミドをpGT−GFPおよびpGT−PUROと名付けた。3つのリーディングフレームすべてにGFPまたはピューロマイシン・レポーター遺伝子を含有するジーントラップ構築物を生成した。
[00189]ほぼすべての遺伝子においてノックアウト・アレルを持つ細胞ライブラリーを生成するため、近半数体KBM7細胞を、実施例3に記載するように生成されたジーントラップに感染させた。レトロウイルス・パッケージング・プラスミドと組み合わせて、pGT−GFPまたはpGT−PUROのいずれかで、T175ディッシュ中の293T細胞をトランスフェクションすることによって、ジーントラップウイルスを作製した。Beckman SW28ローター中、25,000r.p.m.で1.5時間の超遠心を用いて、ウイルス含有上清を濃縮した。突然変異体KBM7細胞のバッチは、典型的には、実施例2に記載する方法を用いて、ウェルあたり150万細胞を含有する1枚の24ウェル組織培養ディッシュの感染によって作製される。1ミリリットルあたり500ngのピューロマイシンを用いて、感染2日後に、ピューロマイシン耐性遺伝子を含有するジーントラップに感染した細胞を選択した。限界希釈によって選択した後、細胞を拡大し、そしてさらなるスクリーンのために凍結した。活発に発現される遺伝子に関してジーントラップが導入されるバイアスを無効にするために、GFPジーントラップ感染細胞を、選択せずにスクリーンに用いるか、またはGFP発現細胞に関するFACS分取を用いて選択するか、いずれかとした。いくつかの場合、GFP発現に基づくさらなる層別化を行って、異なるレベルのGFPを含む細胞のバッチを得た。比較的より長い半減期の遺伝子産物をコードする遺伝子を同定する可能性を増加させるため、ジーントラップ感染6日後またはそれより後に、スクリーンを実行して、それによって遺伝子産物が細胞増殖中に希釈されるのを可能にした。
[00190]本発明者らは、例えば、多能性誘導性転写因子、例えばOCT4、SOX2、KLF4およびc−Mycの導入によって、分化した細胞状態の再プログラミングを可能にする、近年記載されている方法、体細胞再プログラミングを用いて、半数体遺伝学に適したさらなる細胞タイプを生成した(Zaehres, H.,およびScholer, H.R.(2007). Induction of pluripotency: from mouse to human. Cell 131, 834−835)。レトロウイルス感染によってKBM−7細胞内にこれらの4つの転写因子を導入すると(Takahashi, K.,ら, Cell, 131(5):861−72, 2007に記載される通り)、付着細胞クローンの形成が生じた。これらのクローンのいくつかまたは大部分は、造血系細胞表面マーカーCD43およびCD45を失った。これらの細胞の大部分は、多能性ではなかった。サブクローンを単離し、そして「HAP1」と名付けた。HAP1細胞は、10%FCSを含有する培地中で培養可能であり、そしてトリプシンを用いて拡大可能であった。これらの細胞は、造血性ではなく、そしてこれらの細胞の大部分は、染色体8を含む各染色体を単一コピーで有した。
[00192]ポリオウイルスのための新規宿主因子を同定するため、HAP1細胞を用いて、より大規模なスクリーンを行った(図1C)。実施例4に記載するように、レトロウイルスを調製し、そして突然変異体HAP1細胞ライブラリーを生成した。1億の突然変異誘発した半数体HAP1細胞をポリオウイルスと接触させ、そして耐性コロニーが増殖するのを可能にした。ジーントラップ挿入部位を同定するため、大規模平行配列決定技術で使用するため、逆PCRプロトコルを適応させた。これを行うため、ジーントラップベクターに感染させた3000万の細胞からゲノムDNAを単離した。2つはNlaIIIそして2つはMseIを用いて、試料あたり4つの消化反応を行った。続いて、消化したDNAをカラム精製し(Qiagen)、そしてT4 DNAリガーゼ(NEB)を用いて、300マイクロリットルの体積中、1マイクログラムのDNAを室温で一晩連結した。別の周期のカラム精製後、外側に向かうプライマーを用いた逆PCRのテンプレートとしてDNAを用いた。大規模平行配列決定プラットホームである「Illuminaゲノム分析装置」で使用するのに必要なアダプター配列を含有するように、オリゴヌクレオチドを設計した。NlaIIIで消化したテンプレートに関して、用いたオリゴヌクレオチドは: 5’−AATGATACGGCGACCACCGAGATCTGATGGTTCTCTAGCTTGCC−3’ 5’−CAAGCAGAAGACGGCATACGACCCAGGTTAAGATCAAGGTC−3’であった。MseIで消化したテンプレートに関して、用いたオリゴヌクレオチドは: 5’−AATGATACGGCGACCACCGAGATCTGATGGTTCTCTAGCTTGCC−3’ 5’−CAAGCAGAAGACGGCATACGACGTTCTGTGTTGTCTCTGTCTG−3’であった。4つのPCR反応をプールし、そして製造者のプロトコルにしたがって、Illuminaゲノム分析装置上での分析に用い、そしてヒトゲノムに対してマッピングした。典型的には、この分析から、ヒトゲノム上の異なる位置にマッピングされる〜20,000の挿入部位が得られる。ジーントラップ挿入が濃縮されているゲノム遺伝子座の同定を容易にするため、グラフ中に「挿入密度」をプロットしてもよい。1/(3つの続く挿入部位までの平均距離)を計算することによって、すべての挿入に関して、挿入密度を決定する。
[00194]アミノ酸113のCからAへの変化(C113A突然変異)によって、PLA2G16が触媒的に不活性になる(Duncan、上記)。FLAGタグを含みまたは含まずに、HAP1細胞において、野生型または突然変異体ヒトPLA2G16を発現するのに適したレトロウイルス構築物を、標準法を用いて生成し、そしてPLA2G16遺伝子座においてジーントラップ挿入を含有する(PLA2G16GT)HAP1細胞内に導入した。Flagタグ化ヒトPLA2G16およびIRES−ブラストサイジン選択可能マーカー遺伝子を発現するpMXレトロウイルスベクターを用いた。PLA2G16の非タグ化型のため、ヒトPLA2G16 cDNAをpBABEpuroレトロウイルスベクター内にクローニングした。PLA2G16に対するポリクローナル抗体を用いて、ウェスタンブロットを行って、PLA2G16発現を調べた(図3)。PLA2G16は、野生型(WT)HAP1細胞(すなわち、ジーントラップベクターに曝露されていないHAP1細胞)において検出された(レーン1)。予期されるように、PLA2G16GT細胞は、検出可能なPLA2G16を欠いた(レーン2)。レーン3〜6に見られるように、PLA2G16は、PLA2G16(野生型またはC113A突然変異体)をコードする構築物を受け取ったPLA2G16GT細胞において容易に検出された。予期されるように、FLAGタグ化PLA2G16のサイズは、非タグ化PLA2G16よりもわずかに大きかった(レーン3および4対5および6を比較されたい)。この実験は、ジーントラップが、実際に、PLA2G16発現を有効に抑止し、そしてHAP1 PLA2G16GT細胞内に導入されると、構築物がPLA2G16発現を回復することを立証した。
[00195]PLA2G16発現を排除すると、ポリオウイルスによる感染が阻害されることを確認するため、半数体PLA2G16GT細胞を、PLA2G16または触媒的に不活性である突然変異体(C113A改変を含有する)をコードするレトロウイルスに感染させた。PLA2G16GTは、ポリオウイルスの非存在下で頑強に増殖する(図4、左パネル)。図4(左から2番目のパネル)に示すように、PLA2G16GT細胞(PLA2G16ジーントラップ挿入を含有する)はまた、ポリオウイルスの存在下でも増殖する。PLA2G16GT細胞において、野生型PLA2G16のレトロウイルス過剰発現によってPLA2G16を補完すると、これらの細胞のポリオウイルスに対する感受性が回復する(右から二番目のパネル)。触媒部位突然変異体(C113A)で補完しても、感受性は回復されない(右パネル)ため、これには、PLA2G16の触媒活性が必要である。
[00197]図5は、野生型半数体細胞および機能PLA2G16を欠く細胞に対するコクサッキーウイルスB1の影響を示す。細胞を24ウェルのウェルにプレーティングし、そして示すMOIのコクサッキーウイルスB1で単層を処理した。感染4日後、クリスタルバイオレットを用いて、生存している接着細胞を染色した。野生型細胞は試験したすべてのMOIでウイルスに非常に感受性であった(最上列)。ジーントラップ挿入のため、PLA2G16に関して突然変異体である細胞は、高濃度のウイルスであっても、コクサッキーウイルスB1によって本質的に影響を受けなかった(上から2列目)。レトロウイルス過剰発現によってPLA2G16を補完すると、コクサッキーウイルスB1に対するこれらの細胞の感受性が回復する(上から3列目)。触媒部位突然変異体(C113A)で補完しても、感受性は回復されない(最下列)ため、これには、PLA2G16の触媒活性が必要である。したがって、PLA2G16ジーントラップ挿入を含有する細胞はコクサッキーウイルスB1に耐性であり、そして野生型を発現することによって感受性は回復可能であったが、触媒的に不活性である突然変異体PLA2G16では回復不能であった。
[00199]PLA2G16のRNAi仲介ノックダウンがライノウイルス感染を阻害する能力を、HeLa細胞において研究した。PLA2G16をターゲットとする2つの異なるsiRNAを用いて、PLA2G16発現をHeLa細胞において阻害し、そしてヒト・ライノウイルスHRV−2およびHRV−14への曝露後、細胞が生存し、そして増殖する能力を調べた。siRNAは、Ambion siRNA 223200、配列5’−CAAGAAACAAGCGACAAAtt−3’およびsiRNA 21977、配列5’−GUACCAGGUCAACAACAAAtt−3’であった。siRNAでトランスフェクションされていないかまたは対照siRNAでトランスフェクションされたHeLa細胞は、ヒト・ライノウイルスHRV−2およびHRV−14による感染に非常に感受性であった(図7、左の2つのカラム)。HeLa細胞においてPLA2G16をノックダウンすると、HRV−2およびHRV−14の両方に対する耐性が有意に増加した(図7、右の2つのカラム)。PLA2G16をターゲティングするsiRNAでトランスフェクションされた細胞は、HRV−2およびHRV−14への曝露後、生存し、そしてよく増殖することが可能であった。
Claims (71)
- PLA2G16阻害剤と細胞を接触させることを含む、細胞のウイルス感染を阻害する方法。
- ウイルスがピコルナウイルスである、請求項1の方法。
- ピコルナウイルスがエンテロウイルスである、請求項2の方法。
- ピコルナウイルスがコクサッキーウイルスである、請求項2の方法。
- ピコルナウイルスがヘパトウイルスである、請求項2の方法。
- ピコルナウイルスがライノウイルスである、請求項2の方法。
- 細胞が脊椎動物細胞である、請求項1の方法。
- 細胞が哺乳動物細胞である、請求項1の方法。
- 細胞がヒト細胞である、請求項1の方法。
- 阻害剤がPLA2G16の発現を阻害する、請求項1の方法。
- 阻害剤がPLA2G16の酵素活性を阻害する、請求項1の方法。
- ウイルス感染の治療が必要な被験体にPLA2G16阻害剤を投与することを含む、被験体においてウイルス感染を治療する方法。
- ウイルス感染がピコルナウイルス感染である、請求項12の方法。
- ピコルナウイルスがエンテロウイルスである、請求項13の方法。
- ピコルナウイルスがコクサッキーウイルスである、請求項13の方法。
- ピコルナウイルスがヘパトウイルスである、請求項13の方法。
- ピコルナウイルスがライノウイルスである、請求項13の方法。
- 被験体が脊椎動物である、請求項12の方法。
- 被験体が哺乳動物である、請求項12の方法。
- 被験体がヒトである、請求項12の方法。
- 阻害剤がPLA2G16の発現を阻害する、請求項12の方法。
- 阻害剤がPLA2G16の酵素活性を阻害する、請求項12の方法。
- 候補抗ウイルス化合物を同定する方法であって:(a)PLA2G16ポリペプチドおよび試験化合物を含む組成物を提供し;(b)試験化合物がPLA2G16ポリペプチドを阻害するかどうかを決定する工程を含み、ここで、化合物がPLA2G16ポリペプチドを阻害する場合、化合物が候補抗ウイルス化合物として同定される、前記方法。
- 工程(b)が、試験化合物がPLA2G16ポリペプチドの発現を阻害するかどうかを決定することを含む、請求項23の方法。
- 工程(b)が、試験化合物がPLA2G16ポリペプチドの酵素活性を阻害するかどうかを決定することを含む、請求項23の方法。
- 酵素活性がホスホリパーゼA2活性である、請求項25の方法。
- 工程(a)の組成物が精製PLA2G16を含む細胞不含組成物であり;そして工程(b)が、試験化合物がPLA2G16の酵素活性を阻害するかどうかを決定する工程を含む、請求項23の方法。
- 工程(a)の組成物がPLA2G16ポリペプチドを発現する細胞を含み、そして工程(b)が、試験化合物がPLA2G16の発現または酵素活性を阻害するかどうかを決定することを含む、請求項23の方法。
- 化合物がPLA2G16ポリペプチドを阻害する場合、化合物がピコルナウイルスによるウイルス感染を阻害するのに有用な候補抗ウイルス化合物として同定される、請求項23の方法。
- 化合物が細胞または被験体のウイルス感染を阻害する能力を評価することをさらに含む、請求項23の方法。
- 細胞を化合物およびウイルスと接触させる工程をさらに含み、ここで細胞は化合物の非存在下でウイルスに感受性である、請求項23の方法。
- 被験体に化合物を投与する工程をさらに含み、ここで被験体は化合物の非存在下でウイルスによる感染に感受性である、請求項23の方法。
- ウイルスに感染した細胞と化合物を接触させる工程をさらに含む、請求項23の方法。
- ウイルスに感染した被験体に化合物を投与する工程をさらに含む、請求項23の方法。
- 候補抗ウイルス化合物を検証する方法であって:(a)請求項23の方法にしたがって同定された候補抗ウイルス化合物を提供し;そして(b)化合物がウイルスによる細胞または生物の感染を阻害するかどうかを決定する工程を含み、ここで化合物がウイルスによる細胞または生物の感染を阻害する場合、化合物が抗ウイルス化合物として検証される、前記方法。
- ウイルスがピコルナウイルスである、請求項35の方法。
- (a)PLA2G16阻害剤;(b)ウイルス;および(c)細胞集団を含む、組成物。
- ウイルスが少なくとも0.01の感染多重度(MOI)で存在する、請求項37の組成物。
- ウイルスがピコルナウイルスである、請求項37の組成物。
- 細胞が培養されている、請求項37の組成物。
- 細胞が脊椎動物細胞である、請求項37の組成物。
- 細胞が哺乳動物細胞である、請求項37の組成物。
- 細胞がヒト細胞である、請求項37の組成物。
- 細胞の少なくともいくつかがウイルスに感染している、請求項37の組成物。
- PLA2G16阻害剤がPLA2G16に結合する、請求項37の組成物。
- PLA2G16阻害剤がPLA2G16の発現を阻害する、請求項37の組成物。
- PLA2G16阻害剤がPLA2G16の酵素活性を阻害する、請求項37の組成物。
- PLA2G16阻害剤が小分子である、請求項37の組成物。
- PLA2G16阻害剤がウイルスによる細胞の感染を検出可能に阻害するのに十分な量で存在する、請求項37の組成物。
- PLA2G16阻害剤を含む組成物であって、被験体におけるウイルス感染を治療するのに有用な、前記組成物。
- PLA2G16阻害剤がPLA2G16に結合する、請求項50の組成物。
- PLA2G16阻害剤がPLA2G16の発現を阻害する、請求項50の組成物。
- PLA2G16阻害剤がPLA2G16の酵素活性を阻害する、請求項50の組成物。
- PLA2G16阻害剤が小分子である、請求項50の組成物。
- ウイルス感染がピコルナウイルス感染である、請求項50の組成物。
- 被験体が脊椎動物である、請求項50の組成物。
- 被験体が哺乳動物である、請求項50の組成物。
- 被験体がヒトである、請求項50の組成物。
- PLA2G16をコードする遺伝子中に突然変異を有する、近半数体(near−haploid)哺乳動物細胞。
- 細胞がPLA2G16の突然変異体型を発現する、請求項59の近半数体哺乳動物細胞。
- 細胞がPLA2G16の突然変異体型を発現し、ここで突然変異体型が、非突然変異体型と比較した際、減少した触媒活性を有する、請求項60の近半数体哺乳動物細胞。
- ウイルスによる感染に対して、増加した耐性を持つ非ヒト多細胞生物を同定する方法であって、生物が減少したPLA2G16発現または活性を有するかどうか決定する工程を含み、ここで生物が減少したPLA2G16発現または活性を有する場合、該生物がウイルスによる感染に対して、増加した耐性を有する、前記方法。
- ウイルスがピコルナウイルスである、請求項62の方法。
- 生物が商業的に重要な脊椎動物である、請求項62の方法。
- (a)機能PLA2G16が減少しているかまたは存在しない多細胞生物を提供し;そして(b)該生物を農業および/または畜産において用いる工程を含む、方法。
- 生物が商業的に重要な脊椎動物である、請求項65の方法。
- 生物が遺伝子改変されていない、請求項65の方法。
- 生物が、機能PLA2G16が減少していないかまたは非存在でない生物に比較して、ピコルナウイルスによる感染に対して増加した耐性を有する、請求項65の方法。
- 機能PLA2G16が減少しているかまたは存在しない農場動物であって、ウイルスによる感染に対して増加した耐性を有する、前記動物。
- ウイルスがピコルナウイルスである、請求項69の農場動物。
- ウシ、ブタ、ヒツジ、ヤギ、ウマ、ニワトリ、またはシチメンチョウである、請求項69の農場動物。
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