JP2013507397A - チアゾリジンジオンエネルギー制限模倣剤 - Google Patents
チアゾリジンジオンエネルギー制限模倣剤 Download PDFInfo
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- JP2013507397A JP2013507397A JP2012533376A JP2012533376A JP2013507397A JP 2013507397 A JP2013507397 A JP 2013507397A JP 2012533376 A JP2012533376 A JP 2012533376A JP 2012533376 A JP2012533376 A JP 2012533376A JP 2013507397 A JP2013507397 A JP 2013507397A
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- Prior art keywords
- thiazolidine
- benzylidene
- dione
- methyl
- trifluoromethyl
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
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- 229940123464 Thiazolidinedione Drugs 0.000 title description 25
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Abstract
Description
この出願は、2009年10月9日に出願された米国仮特許出願第61/250,045号および2010年2月16日に出願された米国仮特許出願第61/304,881号(これらの両方は、その全体が参考として本明細書に援用される)に対する優先権を主張する。
本発明は、助成金第CA112250号の下、Nation Institutes of Healthによる政府の支援によって少なくとも部分的に支援された。政府は、本発明に一定の権利を有し得る。
本明細書にて示される用語は、実施形態の説明のためのみのものであって、本発明を全体として限定するものとして解釈されるべきではない。本発明の説明および添付の請求の範囲において使用されるものとして、単数形「a」、「an」および「the」は、これらの前後の文脈によって禁忌とされない限り、それらの複数形を含む。
本発明は、本発明の1つ以上のチアゾリジンジオン誘導体を被験体に投与することによって被験体でのエネルギー代謝を制限する方法を提供する。特に、本発明は、1つ以上のチアゾリジンジオン誘導体を含む医薬組成物を被験体に投与することによって被験体において解糖を阻害する方法を提供する。
本発明のチアゾリジンジオン誘導体は、式I、II、III、およびIVの化合物を含む。例えば、チアゾリジンジオン誘導体は式I
を有する化合物であり得る。
を有する化合物であり得る。
を有する化合物であり得る。
を有する化合物であり得る。
による化合物;式I
の化合物;および式IV
の化合物であり得る。
本発明のさらなる局面は、被験体でのエネルギー代謝を制限するために使用され得るチアゾリジンジオン誘導体を同定する方法を含む。試験に適している潜在的な薬剤を本明細書では「候補薬剤」と呼ぶ。様々な異なるアッセイを用いてエネルギー代謝を制限する薬剤の能力を同定することができる。例えば、グルコース摂取、解糖速度、またはNADHおよび乳酸塩の産生を減らす化合物の能力を測定することができる。あるいは、またはこれに加えて、Sirt1誘発、AMPK活性化、ERストレス、またはβ−TrCP介在タンパク質分解などのグルコース飢餓様の応答を引き出す化合物の能力を測定することができる。これらの分析を実行する手順は当業者には公知であり、多くが本明細書に示す実施例1に記載されている。候補薬剤の供給源としては、例えば、図2に示すような化合物ライブラリまたは天然源が挙げられる。
本発明は、医薬組成物中の1つ以上のチアゾリジンジオン誘導体を投与する方法を提供する。医薬組成物の例としては、経口、静脈内、筋肉内、皮下、もしくは腹腔内投与、または当業者には公知の任意の他経路のための医薬組成物が挙げられ、一般に薬学的に許容可能なキャリアと共に調剤されるチアゾリジンジオン誘導体を提供することを含む。
本発明の化合物は、化学的技術において、特に本明細書に含まれる記述に照らして周知のプロセスに類似のプロセスを含む合成経路によって合成され得る。出発材料は一般にAldrich Chemicals(Milwaukee、Wisconsin、米国)などの市販源から入手可能であり、または当業者には周知の方法を用いて容易に調製される(例えば、Louis F.FieserおよびMary Fieser、Reagents for Organic Synthesis、v.1−19、Wiley、New York(1967−1999版)および当業者には公知の類似のテキストに一般的に記載された方法によって調製される)。様々なチアゾリジンジオン誘導体の調製は、本発明者によって先に出願された特許出願に記載されている。共にChenらによる米国特許第7,566,787号および米国特許出願第12/389,759号を参照されたい。これらの開示は全体が本明細書において参考により援用されている。多数の具体的なチアゾリジンジオン誘導体の調製を本明細書の実施例において説明する。
本実施例では、本発明者は、トログリタゾン、シグリタゾン、STG28、およびOSU−CG12が、LNCaP前立腺癌およびMCF−7乳癌細胞におけるエネルギー制限に特有の特徴的な細胞応答を引き出すことができたことを示す。これらのエネルギー制限関連の変化としては、解糖速度ならびにNADHおよび乳酸塩の産生の減少、サイレントインフォメーションレギュレータ1(Sirt1)遺伝子発現の一時的な誘発、および細胞内細胞燃料センサAMP活性化プロテインキナーゼ(AMPK)の活性化および小胞体(ER)ストレスを含み、これらの間の相互作用の結果、自食およびアポトーシスとなる。この知見の意味することは多岐にわたる。第1に、これにより、強力なエネルギー制限模倣剤としてのOSU−CG12の同定によって実証されるように、強力なエネルギー制限模倣剤を開発する足場としてTZDを使用する分子基礎が提供される。OSU−CG12は、飢餓関連の細胞応答の媒介となり、またレスベラトロルより1桁高い(IC50、5μM対60〜110μM)癌細胞の成長を抑制するのに効力を示す。第2に、機構的な見地からは、本研究は、細胞サイクルおよびアポトーシス調節タンパク質のβトランスデューシン繰り返し体含有タンパク質(β−TrCP)依存プロテアソーム分解が、一時的なSirt1転写活性化という下流細胞事象を表しているという第1の証拠を提供する。β−TrCPシグナル伝達の活性化は、アポトーシス誘発に与える、グルコース飢餓およびエネルギー制限模倣剤の効果の根底にある。
細胞培養および試薬
LNCaPホルモン応答前立腺癌細胞およびMCF−7ERα陽性乳癌細胞を、American Type Culture Collection(Manassas、VA)から得て、それぞれ10%のウシ胎仔血清(FBS)補足RPMI1640培地およびF12/DMEM培地により維持した。非悪性前立腺上皮細胞(PrEC)を前立腺上皮成長培地(PrEGM)(Lonza Inc、Walkersville、MD)にて維持した。すべての細胞を、5%のCO2を含む加湿インキュベータで37℃で培養した。トログリタゾンおよびシグリタゾンならびにそれらのPPARγ不活性誘導体STG28およびOSU−CG12を公表された手順に従って合成した。Yangら、J Med Chem.51、p.2100−2107(2008)およびZhuら、Cancer Res.65、p.7023−7030(2005)。無グルコースのRPMI1640培地をInvitrogen(Carlsbad、CA)から購入した。2−DG、レスベラトロル、3−メチルアデニン(3−MA)、ニコチンアミドおよびスプリトマイシンをSigma−Aldrich(St.Louis、MO)から購入した。AMPK阻害剤化合物CおよびシクロヘキシミドをCalbiochem(San Diego、CA)から得た。これらの薬剤を、最終DMSO濃度0.1%の培地に添加した。様々なタンパク質に対する抗体を以下の供給源から得た。マウスモノクローナル抗体:βカテニン、サイクリンD1、Weel、p53およびGFP、Santa Cruz Biotechnology(Santa Cruz、CA);β−TrCP,Invitrogen;βアクチン、MP Biomedicals(Irvine、CA)。ラビット抗体:Myc、PARP、NFκB/p105、AR、ERα、p−Ser9−GSK3β、GSK3β、p−Ser473−Akt、Akt、p−Thr202/Tyr204−ERK、ERK、p−Thr180/Tyr182−p38、p38、p−Ser176/180−IκBキナーゼα(IKKα)、IKKα、p−Thr172−AMPK、AMPK、GRP78、Sirt1、AcK382−p53、IRE1α、pSer2448−mTOR、mTOR、p−Thr389−p70S6K、p70S6KおよびTSC2、Cell Signaling Technology(Beverly、MA);EGFR、Sp1およびGADD153、Santa Cruz。ヒトDDIT3 SMARTpool siRNAはDharmacon(Lafayette、Co)から得た。フラグタグ化Sirt1(ワイルドタイプ[WT]およびH363Y優性ネガティブ)、HAタグ化Sirt1、Mycタグ化AMPK(WTおよびK45Rキナーゼデッド)およびTSC2 shRNA血漿をAddgene(Cambridge、MA)から購入した。WTおよびΔF−β−TrCP−Myc血漿を記述のように調製した(Weiら、Mol Pharmacol.76、p.47−57(2009))。GFP−LC3血漿は親切にも同僚から提供された(Kabeyaら、LC3、EMBO J.19、p.5720−5728(2000))。
全RNAを、RNeasyミニキット(Qiagen、Valencia、CA)を用いて、薬物処置したLNCaP細胞から単離し、次にOmniscript RT Kit(Qiagen)を用いて製造業者の指示書に従ってcDNAに逆転写した。PCR生成物を、1%のアガロースゲルにて電気泳動で分離して、臭化エチジウム染色によって視覚化した。
Amaxa Nucleofectorシステム(Amaxa Biosystems、Cologne、ドイツ)のNucleofectorキットRを用いて電気泳動によってトランスフェクションを行った。LNCaP細胞を以下の血漿またはsiRNA、すなわち、WT−およびH363Y−フラグ−Sirt1(DN−Sirt1)、WT−およびK45R−Myc−AMPK(DN−AMPK)、GFP−LC3、TSC2 shRNA、ならびにDDIT3 siRNA(GADD153)によりトランスフェクトした。様々な標的タンパク質に対する免疫ブロットを、既述のように、M−PER溶解緩衝剤(Pierce、Rockfold、IL)により採取した細胞溶解物において行った(Weiら、Mol Pharmacol.76、p.47−57(2009))。蛍光顕微鏡分析に対しては、GFP−LC3発現血漿により、またはスクランブル化もしくはTSC2 shRNAによりトランスフェクトされたLNCaP細胞を36時間、指示されたように処置した。細胞を室温で20分間、3.7%のホルムアルデヒドにより固定した後、検査前に4,6−ジアミジノ−2−フェニルインドール(DAPI)含有固定培地(Vector Laboratories、Burlingame、CA)を用いて核対比染色を行った。ニコン顕微鏡(Eclipse TE300)を用いて画像を観察した。
[5−3H]グルコース(GE Healthcare、Piscataway、NJ)の3H2Oへの変換を公表手順(Ashcroftら、Biochem J.126、p.525−532(1972))に従って測定することによって、解糖速度を決定した。簡単に述べると、LNCaP細胞を6ウェルプレート(4×105細胞数/ウェル)で播種して、次いで24時間後に様々な間隔で10mMの2−DGまたは10μMのOSU−CG12により処置した。PBSで洗浄後、細胞をトリプシン処理し、1mMの非放射性グルコースおよび5μCi/mLの[5−3H]グルコースを含有する500μLのKrebs緩衝液[25mMのNaHCO3、115mMのNaCl、2mMのKCl、2mMのCaCl2、1mMのMgCl2および0.25%のBSA(pH7.4)]において37℃で1時間、再懸濁させた。各処置群からのアリコートを、1mLのH2Oを含有するシンチレーションバイアルに直立に配置された開管内で0.2NのHClに添加した。バイアルを密封して、グルコース消費によって生成されたH2Oを室温で最小限24時間、管外のH2Oで均衡化させた。管内に保持された3Hの量、ならびに蒸発および凝縮によって周りのH2Oへと拡散した量を、シンチレーションカウンタLS6500(Beckman)を用いて個別に決定した。以下の等式:利用したグルコース(pmol)=形成された[3H]水(d.p.m)/[5−3H]グルコース(d.p.m/pmol)]を用いた[5−3H]グルコースからH2Oへの変換速度の計算のために、[5−3H]グルコースのみおよび3H2Oのみの標準を各実験に含めた。
6ウェルプレート(4×105細胞数/ウェル)でのLNCaP細胞を、異なる濃度のレスベラトロルまたはOSU−OG12に露出し、次にKrebs−Ringerリン酸塩緩衝液(128mMのNaCl、4.7mMのKCl、2.5mMのMgSO4、5mMのNa2HPO4および1%のBSA)により37℃で30分間インキュベートした。細胞をPBSで洗浄した後、1μCi/mLの[3H]−2−DG(Perkin Elmer、Waltham、MA)および100mMの非放射性2−DGを含有する1mLのPBSの添加によってグルコース摂取を開始した。5分後、PBSによる広範囲な洗浄によってグルコース摂取を終了させ、細胞を0.1%のSDS緩衝液にて可溶化した。シンチレーションカウンタLS6500(Beckman)を用いて放射能を測定するためにアリコートを取り出した。
NADHおよび乳酸塩の細胞内レベルの決定を、それぞれEnzyChrom NAD+/NADHアッセイキットおよびEnzyChrom L−Lactateアッセイキットを用いて行った(BioAssay Systems、Hayward、CA)。簡単に述べると、LNCaP細胞を、24ウェルプレートにて2×105細胞数/ウェルの密度で24時間培養し、次いで10mMの2−DGまたは10μMのOSU−CG12を様々な時間間隔で処置した。細胞をトリプシン処理して収集した後、NADHおよび乳酸塩の細胞内レベルを製造業者の指示書に従って決定した。
細胞生存度を、3−(4,5−ジメチルチアゾル−2−イル)−2,5−臭化ジフェニルテトラゾリウム(MTT)アッセイを用いて決定した。LNCaPおよびMCF−7細胞を96ウェルプレート(5000細胞数/ウェル)にて播種し、10%のFBSで補足されたそれぞれの培地で24時間インキュベートした。次に細胞を様々な濃度のOSU−CG12、STG28、CG、TG、レスベラトロル、および2−DGにより72時間処置した。次に薬物含有培地を1xMTT(RPMI1640で0.5mg/mL)に置き換え、次いで37℃で2時間インキュベーションした。培地を取り除いた後、減少したMTT染料を200μL/ウェルのDMSOにて可溶化し、吸収度を570mmで測定した。補足グルコースの効果の評価のため、細胞をOSU−CG12により、0.5、2、10、または20mg/mLのグルコースの存在下で72時間処置し、その後MTTを添加した。β−TrCP過剰発現実験では、WT−またはΔF−β−TrCP−Myc血漿によりトランスフェクトされた細胞を様々な濃度のOSU−CG12に72時間露出させ、その後MTTを添加した。
WT−またはΔF−β−TrCPによりトランスフェクトされたLNCaP細胞を6ウェルプレート(4×105細胞数/ウェル)にて播種し、24時間培養し、次にDMSO、5mMの2−DGまたは5μMのOSU−CG12により48時間処置した。PBSによる広範囲な洗浄後、細胞を冷寒80%エタノール中に4℃で一晩固定し、次にヨウ化プロピジウム(100ユニット/mLのRNAaseAを含有するPBS中に50μg/mL)により染色した。細胞サイクル相分布を、FaCScort流量サイトメータを用いて決定して、ModFitLT V3.0プログラムによって分析した。
各実験を3部で行った。すべての実験を少なくとも2回異なる場合に行った。必要な場合は、データは平均値±95%信頼区間として提示される。
TZDは癌細胞での自食を誘発する能力を示す。本発明者は、TZDおよびグルコース除去が、β−TrCP介在プロテアソーム分解を誘発する能力を共有し、これによりTZDをエネルギー制限模倣剤として用いることができることを実証した。文献では、腫瘍エネルギー代謝を選択的に標的とすることにより、多くの低分子薬剤が癌細胞増殖を抑制すると報告されており、これらの薬剤の中でも、2−DGおよびレスベラトロルが特に注目に値する。しかし、これらの薬剤は一般に抗増殖効能が低く、これが治療への適応を制限する要因となる。例えば、LNCaP前立腺癌およびMCF−7乳癌細胞の生存度を阻害する場合の2−DGに対するIC50値は、それぞれ5.5mMおよび4.2mMであり、レスベラトロルの場合はそれぞれ110μMおよび60μMであった(図3A)。これに対して、トログリタゾン(70μMおよび70μM)ならびにシグリタゾン(70μMおよび42μM)の抗増殖効能はレスベラトロルのそれに匹敵する一方で、それらのPPARγ不活性の最適な誘導体、STG28(12μMおよび11μM)ならびにOSU−CG12(5.7μMおよび5.0μM)はそれぞれレスベラトロルおよび2−DGより1〜3桁高い効能を示した。等しく重要なことに、2−DGおよびレスベラトロルと同様に、これらTZDは、正常な前立腺上皮細胞(PrEC)に対して低い細胞毒性を示した。この悪性細胞と非悪性細胞との間の異なる抗増殖効果は、高い濃度のOSU−CG12を48時間処置した後、β−TrCP、Sp1、およびARの発現レベルが変化しなかったことによって証明されるように、TZDにはPrECでのβ−TrCP介在プロテアソーム分解を誘発する能力が無いことに起因するかもしれない(図3B)。
癌細胞は、細胞エネルギー代謝を好気性解糖に移行させることにより腫瘍微環境において成長上の利点を得る、いわゆるワールブルク効果が長い間認められてきた。Gatenbyら、Nat.Rev.Cancer、4、p.891−899(2004);Kimら、Cancer Res.66、p.8927−8930(2006);およびSamudioら、Cancer Res.69、p.2163−2166(2009)。この悪性関連の解糖移行が、ポシトロン断層法で[18F]−フルオロデオキシグルコース摂取をトレースすることによって癌の分子画像化の基礎を構成する。より最近では、様々な自然のまたは化学誘発の腫瘍動物モデルでの発癌を抑制する場合の、食物カロリー制限(Hurstingら、Annu Rev Med.54、p.131−152(2003))、レスベラトロル(Cucciollaら、Cell Cycle.6、p.2495−2510(2007))、および2−DG(Zhuら、Cancer Res.65、p.7023−7030(2005))のインビボでの有効性によって示されるように、解糖阻害への悪性細胞対正常細胞の感受性の違いを利用することによって、癌治療のために好気性解糖を標的にする(Chenら、J Bioenerg Biomembr.39、p267−274(2007))ことに関心が高まっている。慢性エネルギー制限は、一般的な個体数による化学的予防方策として実現するのは難しいので、2−DGおよびレスベラトロルが、それぞれグルコース代謝および摂取を阻害することによりエネルギー制限の有益な効果を模倣するこれらの能力のために、幅広い注目を集めている。しかし、レスベラトロルおよび2−DGは、グルコース代謝をブロックする場合のインビトロにおける効能が比較的弱く、IC50値はそれぞれ少なくとも50μMおよび4mMであり、このためこれらの治療への適用は限られている。
レスベラトロルと同様、OSU−CG12は、解糖速度の低下ならびにNADHおよび乳酸塩の産生の減少によって明らかにされるように、グルコース摂取をブロックすることによりエネルギー制限の効果を模倣した。この薬物誘発代謝障害が、癌細胞において一時的なSirt1遺伝子発現、AMPK活性化、およびERストレスを含む上述の飢餓関連細胞応答の誘発のシグナルとなった。機構的な見地からは、これら細胞応答のそれぞれが、個別の下流シグナル経路の媒介となり、これらの間の相互作用の結果、OSU−CG12の抗増殖効果となる。例えば、データにより、OSU−CG12誘発AMPK活性化は、TSC1/2−mTOR−p70S6K経路を介して自食へと至る一方、ERストレスの場合は、哺乳類細胞でのERストレス応答の重要なメディエータであるIRE1αの上方調節を介してERシャペロンGRP78およびGADD153の転写活性化をシグナル伝達した。
米国国立癌研究所は、様々な異なる癌に対するOSU−CG5およびOSU−CG12の抗癌活性を、様々な異なる細胞株を用いて評価するため実験を行った。NCI60スクリーニング方法の検討に関しては、Shoemaker,R.H、Nature Reviews、6:p.813−823(2006)を参照。より詳しくは、OSU−CG5およびOSU−CG12を試験して、これらの前立腺癌、乳癌、白血病、非小細胞肺癌、結腸癌、CNS癌、黒色腫、卵巣癌、および腎臓癌細胞株の成長を阻害する能力を調べた。様々な異なる細胞株を使用して、各タイプの癌の阻害を評価した。例えば、CCFR−CEM、HL−60、K−562、MOLT−4、RPMI−8226、およびSR細胞株を用いて、白血病に与えるOSU−A9Mの効果を評価した。これらの実験からのデータにより、OSU−CG5およびOSU−CG12は共に、様々な異なるタイプの癌細胞において著しい抗腫瘍効能を示したことが実証された。
濃度Ti<Tzの場合[(Ti−Tz)/Tz]×100 。
AMPKのPPARγ非依存活性化の媒介となるチアゾリジンジオンファミリーのPPARγアゴニストに固有の能力に照らして、本発明者は、これらの薬剤は、これら2つの薬理学的活性を切り離すことによって強力なAMPK活性剤を開発するために薬理学的に利用され得ると仮説を立てた。インハウスのチアゾリジンジオン系の集中化合物ライブラリの2段スクリーニングを行って、低μM濃度で、AMPKを活性化しまたヒトTHP−1マクロファージ中のPPARγとは独立してIL−6産生を阻害する能力を示す新規の薬剤を同定した。
細胞および細胞培養。THP−1単核細胞をAmerican Type Culture Collection(Rockville、MD)から購入し、10%のウシ胎仔血清(FBS)、0.25%のグルコース、0.01%のピルビン酸ナトリウム、50μMの2−メルカプトエタノール、および0.1ml/mlのペニシリン/ストレプトマイシン/L−グルタミンで補足されたL−グルタミン含有RPMI1640により維持した。THP−1単核細胞のマクロファージへの分化を、上述のRPMI1640培地で24時間PMA(50nM)に露出させることによって実行した。結腸26(C−26)腺癌細胞をOhio State Universityの研究者から提供を受けた。C−26細胞を、5%のFBSおよび1%のペニシリン/ストレプトマイシンで補足されたRPMI1640培地で維持した。すべての細胞タイプを5%のCO2を含む加湿インキュベータで37℃で培養した。
チアゾリジンジオン類が潜在的なAMPK活性剤を開発するように構造的に最適化され得るという概念の実証。
最近の証拠により、AMPKは、成長因子シグナル伝達を、mTORの負の調節を通して細胞代謝と統合させることによって、代謝チェックポイントとして働くことが示唆される。Carling,D、Trends Biochem Sci、29、18−24(2004)。この機能的な役割により、癌に対するインスリン抵抗からエネルギー代謝の調節にいたる異なる疾患でのAMPK活性化を標的とする治療値が強調される。例えば、最近の研究では、AICARが、コレステロールおよび脂肪酸生合成を阻害することによって、EGFR活性神経膠芽腫細胞の成長を抑制するのに効果的であったことが示されている。Guoら、Proc Natl Acad Sci USA、106、12932−12937(2009)。
AMPK活性化およびIL−6産生の阻害における化合物53の高い効能に照らして、化合物53は、細胞および動物モデルでの異なる疾患の治療的介入におけるこれら2つのシグナル伝達エフェクターを調整する効果を調査するための有用な薬剤として働く。加えて、AMPK活性化でのその機構の特徴付けにより、AMPKの機能調節に光明が投じられ、これはさらなるAMPK活性剤の同定に至る可能性がある。
化学試薬および有機溶剤は特に言及のない限りSigma−Aldrich(St.Louis、MO)から購入した。核磁気共鳴スペクトル(1H NMR)をBruker DPX300モデル分光計で測定した。化学シフト(δ)は、TMSピークに対して百万分の一(ppm)の単位で報告した。電気スプレーイオン化質量分析を、Micromass Q−Tof II高解像度電気スプレー質量分析計で行った。試験するすべての化合物の純度は化学分析により95%より高く、これはAtlantic Microlab、Inc.(Norcross、GA)により行われ、計算値の0.4%以内であると報告された。フラッシュカラムクロマトグラフィーをシリカゲル(230〜400メッシュ)を用いて行った。8つの先導候補の構造は3つのシリーズ、すなわち、A(8、12、および21)、B(31および44)、ならびにC(49、53、および54)に分類することができた(図12A)。シリーズA〜C化合物の合成のための一般的な手順を図12Bに示す。シリーズAおよびBの化合物は、既に報告した手順を少し修正したものに従って合成した。Huangら、J Med Chem、49、4684−4689(2006);Yangら、J Med Chem、51、2100−2107(2008)。シリーズC活性化合物(49、53、および54)の合成は、例として化合物53の合成によって示す。
ステップa.トリフルオロメタンスルホン酸1−メチル−シクロヘキシルメチルエステル(i)を上述のように1−メチルシクロヘキサンカルボン酸から調製した。Yangら、J Med Chem、51、2100−2107(2008)。i(0.5mmol)、2,4−チアゾリジンジオン(0.6mmol)およびK2CO3(0.7mmol)の混合物をDMF(3mL)に溶解し、4時間攪拌しつつ80℃まで加熱し、水に注ぎ、エチルアセテート(10mL)で3回抽出し、濃縮した。残留物をフラッシュカラムクロマトグラフィーにより精製して、3−(1−メチル−シクロヘキシルメチル)−チアゾリジン−2,4−ジオン(ii)を50%の収率で得た。
Claims (30)
- 被験体において解糖を阻害する方法であって、該方法は、式I:
R1は水素またはヒドロキシルであり、
R2およびR3は、水素、ヒドロキシル、ハロ、アミノ、メチル、メトキシ、エチル、エトキシ、ニトロ、アミノスルホニル、トリフルオロメチルスルホニル、およびハロアルキル部分から選択され、
R4は、アルキル、アルケニル、シクロアルキル、およびアリール基から選択される、
方法。 - R1はヒドロキシルである、請求項1に記載の方法。
- R2はトリフルオロメチルである、請求項2に記載の方法。
- R3は水素である、請求項3に記載の方法。
- 前記化合物は、(Z)−5−(4−ヒドロキシ−3−トリフルオロメチル−ベンジリデン)−3−(1−メチル−シクロヘキシルメチル)−チアゾリジン−2−4−ジオンまたは(Z)−3−(2−エチル−ブチル)−5−(4−ヒドロキシ−3−トリフルオロメチル−ベンジリデン)−チアゾリジン−2−4−ジオンである、請求項4に記載の方法。
- R3はヒドロキシルである、請求項3に記載の方法。
- 前記化合物は、(Z)−5−(3,4−ジヒドロキシ−5−トリフルオロメチル−ベンジリデン)−3−(1−メチル−シクロヘキシルメチル)−チアゾリジン−2−4−ジオン、(Z)−5−(3,4−ジヒドロキシ−5−トリフルオロメチル−ベンジリデン)−3−(2−エチル−ブチル)−チアゾリジン−2−4−ジオン、(Z)−5−(3,4−ジヒドロキシ−5−トリフルオロメチル−ベンジリデン)−3−(2−エチル−ペンチル)−チアゾリジン−2−4−ジオン、(Z)−5−(3,4−ジヒドロキシ−5−トリフルオロメチル−ベンジリデン)−3−(4−イソプロピル−ベンジル)−チアゾリジン−2−4−ジオン、(Z)−3−(4−tert−ブチル−ベンジル)−5−(3,4−ジヒドロキシ−5−トリフルオロメチル−ベンジリデン)−チアゾリジン−2−4−ジオン、(Z)−5−(3,4−ジヒドロキシ−5−トリフルオロメチル−ベンジリデン)−3−(2−トリフルオロメチル−ベンジル)−チアゾリジン−2−4−ジオン、(Z)−3−シクロヘキシルメチル−5−(3,4−ジヒドロキシ−5−トリフルオロメチル−ベンジリデン)−チアゾリジン−2−4−ジオン、(Z)−3−ベンジル−5−(3,4−ジヒドロキシ−5−トリフルオロメチル−ベンジリデン)−チアゾリジン−2−4−ジオン、(Z)−3−シクロヘプチルメチル−5−(3,4−ジヒドロキシ−5−トリフルオロメチル−ベンジリデン)−チアゾリジン−2−4−ジオン、および(Z)−5−(3,4−ジヒドロキシ−5−トリフルオロメチル−ベンジリデン)−3−イソブチル−チアゾリジン−2−4−ジオンからなる群より選択される、請求項6に記載の方法。
- R1は水素であり、R2およびR3はハロ部分である、請求項1に記載の方法。
- 前記化合物は、(Z)−5−(3,5−ジブロモ−ベンジリデン)−3−(1−メチル−シクロヘキシルメチル)−チアゾリジン−2−4−ジオン、(Z)−5−(3,5−ジブロモ−ベンジリデン)−3−(2−エチル−ブチル)−チアゾリジン−2−4−ジオン、(Z)−5−(3,5−ジブロモ−ベンジリデン)−3−(2−エチル−ペンチル)−チアゾリジン−2−4−ジオン、(Z)−5−(3,5−ジブロモ−ベンジリデン)−3−(4−イソプロピル−ベンジル)−チアゾリジン−2−4−ジオン、(Z)−3−(4−tert−ブチル−ベンジル)−5−(3,5−ジブロモ−ベンジリデン)−チアゾリジン−2−4−ジオン、(Z)−5−(3,5−ジブロモ−ベンジリデン)−3−(2−トリフルオロメチル−ベンジル)−チアゾリジン−2−4−ジオン、(Z)−3−シクロヘキシルメチル−5−(3,5−ジブロモ−ベンジリデン)−チアゾリジン−2−4−ジオン、(Z)−3−ベンジル−5−(3,5−ジブロモ−ベンジリデン)−チアゾリジン−2−4−ジオン、(Z)−3−シクロヘプチルメチル−5−(3,5−ジブロモ−ベンジリデン)−チアゾリジン−2−4−ジオン、および(Z)−5−(3,5−ジブロモ−ベンジリデン)−3−イソブチル−チアゾリジン−2−4−ジオンからなる群より選択される、請求項8に記載の方法。
- 前記被験体は癌を有するリスクが高いかまたは癌を有すると診断された、請求項1に記載の方法。
- 被験体において解糖を阻害するための方法であって、該方法は、式II:
R1は、アリール、アルキル、ヘテロアリール、シクロアルキル、およびヘテロシクロアルキル基から選択され、
R2は、水素、ハロ、およびニトロ部分、ならびにアルキル、アルコキシ、およびハロアルキル基から選択され、
R3は、水素およびハロ部分ならびにアルキル、アルコキシ、およびハロアルキル基から選択される、
方法。 - R1は
- R2は、水素、ブロモ、クロロ、メチル、メトキシ、エトキシ、およびニトロから選択され、R3は、水素、メチル、メトキシ、およびブロモから選択される、請求項11に記載の方法。
- 前記化合物は、構造:
- 前記被験体は癌を有するリスクが高いかまたは癌を有すると診断された、請求項11に記載の方法。
- 被験体において解糖を阻害する方法であって、該方法は、式III:
R1は低級アルキル基であり、R2はハロ、メチル、メトキシ、エチル部分から選択される、
方法。 - 前記化合物は、5−[3−ブロモ−4−(6−エトキシ−2,5,7,8−テトラメチル−クロマン−2−イルメトキシ)−ベンジリデン]−チアゾリジン−2,4−ジオン、5−[4−(6−ブトキシ−2,5,7,8−テトラメチル−クロマン−2−イルメトキシ)−3−メトキシ−ベンジリデン]−チアゾリジン−2,4−ジオン、および4−{2−[2−ブロモ−4−(2,4−ジオキソ−チアゾリジン−5−イリデンメチル)−フェノキシメチル]−2,5,7,8−テトラメチル−クロマン−6−イルオキシ}−ブチロニトリルからなる群より選択される、請求項16に記載の方法。
- 被験体において解糖を阻害する方法であって、該方法は、式IV:
R1は水素、メチル、またはトリフルオロメチル部分であり、R2はメトキシまたはニトロ部分であり、そしてR3はアルキルまたはシクロアルキル基である、
方法。 - 前記化合物は、4−メトキシ−N−{4−[3−(1−メチル−シクロヘキシルメチル)−2,4−ジオキソ−チアゾリジン−5−イリデンメチル]−フェニル}−ベンゼンスルホンアミド、N−{4−[3−(1−メチル−シクロヘキシルメチル)−2,4−ジオキソ−チアゾリジン−5−イリデン−メチル]−フェニル}−4−ニトロ−3−トリフルオロメチル−ベンゼンスルホンアミド、およびN−{4−[3−(1−メチル−シクロヘキシルメチル)−2,4−ジオキソ−チアゾリジン−5−イリデンメチル]−フェニル}−4−ニトロ−ベンゼンスルホンアミドからなる群より選択される、請求項18に記載の方法。
- 式III:
式I:
式IV:
からなる群より選択される有効量のチアゾリジンジオン誘導体を提供することによって、アデノシン一リン酸活性化プロテインキナーゼを活性化する方法。 - 前記チアゾリジンジオン誘導体は、式III:
請求項20に記載の方法。 - 前記化合物は、5−[3−ブロモ−4−(6−エトキシ−2,5,7,8−テトラメチル−クロマン−2−イルメトキシ)−ベンジリデン]−チアゾリジン−2,4−ジオン、5−[4−(6−ブトキシ−2,5,7,8−テトラメチル−クロマン−2−イルメトキシ)−3−メトキシ−ベンジリデン]−チアゾリジン−2,4−ジオン、および4−{2−[2−ブロモ−4−(2,4−ジオキソ−チアゾリジン−5−イリデンメチル)−フェノキシメチル]−2,5,7,8−テトラメチル−クロマン−6−イルオキシ}−ブチロニトリルからなる群より選択される、請求項21に記載の方法。
- 前記チアゾリジンジオン誘導体は、式I:
請求項20に記載の方法。 - 前記化合物は、5−(4−ヒドロキシ−3−トリフルオロメチル−ベンジリデン)−3−(1−メチル−シクロヘキシルメチル)−チアゾリジン−2,4−ジオンおよび5−(4−ヒドロキシ−3−トリフルオロメチル−ベンジリデン)−3−プロピル−チアゾリジン−2,4−ジオンからなる群より選択される、請求項23に記載の方法。
- 前記チアゾリジンジオン誘導体は、式III
請求項20に記載の方法。 - 前記化合物は、4−メトキシ−N−{4−[3−(1−メチル−シクロヘキシルメチル)−2,4−ジオキソ−チアゾリジン−5−イリデンメチル]−フェニル}−ベンゼンスルホンアミド、N−{4−[3−(1−メチル−シクロヘキシルメチル)−2,4−ジオキソ−チアゾリジン−5−イリデン−メチル]−フェニル}−4−ニトロ−3−トリフルオロメチル−ベンゼンスルホンアミド、およびN−{4−[3−(1−メチル−シクロヘキシルメチル)−2,4−ジオキソ−チアゾリジン−5−イリデンメチル]−フェニル}−4−ニトロ−ベンゼンスルホンアミドからなる群より選択される、請求項25に記載の方法。
- 被験体においてIL−6発現を阻害する方法であって、該方法は、
式III:
式I:
式IV:
からなる群より選択されるチアゾリジンジオン誘導体を含む医薬組成物を該被験体に投与することを包含する、方法。 - 前記化合物は、5−[3−ブロモ−4−(6−エトキシ−2,5,7,8−テトラメチル−クロマン−2−イルメトキシ)−ベンジリデン]−チアゾリジン−2,4−ジオン、5−[4−(6−ブトキシ−2,5,7,8−テトラメチル−クロマン−2−イルメトキシ)−3−メトキシ−ベンジリデン]−チアゾリジン−2,4−ジオン、および4−{2−[2−ブロモ−4−(2,4−ジオキソ−チアゾリジン−5−イリデンメチル)−フェノキシメチル]−2,5,7,8−テトラメチル−クロマン−6−イルオキシ}−ブチロニトリルからなる群より選択される、請求項27に記載の方法。
- 前記化合物は、5−(4−ヒドロキシ−3−トリフルオロメチル−ベンジリデン)−3−(1−メチル−シクロヘキシルメチル)−チアゾリジン−2,4−ジオンおよび5−(4−ヒドロキシ−3−トリフルオロメチル−ベンジリデン)−3−プロピル−チアゾリジン−2,4−ジオンからなる群より選択される、請求項27に記載の方法。
- 前記化合物は、4−メトキシ−N−{4−[3−(1−メチル−シクロヘキシルメチル)−2,4−ジオキソ−チアゾリジン−5−イリデンメチル]−フェニル}−ベンゼンスルホンアミド、N−{4−[3−(1−メチル−シクロヘキシルメチル)−2,4−ジオキソ−チアゾリジン−5−イリデン−メチル]−フェニル}−4−ニトロ−3−トリフルオロメチル−ベンゼンスルホンアミド、およびN−{4−[3−(1−メチル−シクロヘキシルメチル)−2,4−ジオキソ−チアゾリジン−5−イリデンメチル]−フェニル}−4−ニトロ−ベンゼンスルホンアミドからなる群より選択される、請求項27に記載の方法。
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