JP2013187933A - Motor controller - Google Patents

Abstract

PROBLEM TO BE SOLVED: To reduce motor loss and inverter loss.SOLUTION: In a motor controller, a voltage command generation circuit 14 for performing switching control of an inverter which supplies electric power to a motor by a PWM signal generates a voltage command for determining voltage and phase in an output of the inverter, on the basis of a torque command on rotation frequency of the motor and motor drive. A pulse number generation part 18, on the basis of the rotation frequency of the motor and the torque command, generates the pulse number of the motor in one electricity cycle under the condition that switching the frequency of the inverter and distortion factor of motor current decrease. A PWM signal generation part 16, on the basis of the voltage command and the pulse number, generates a PWM signal which synchronizes with the voltage command to output the PWM signal to the inverter.

Description

  The present invention relates to a motor control device that controls switching of an inverter that supplies electric power to a motor by a PWM signal, a motor control system including the motor control system, and an electric vehicle system.

  Conventionally, inverters have been widely used for motor drive control. That is, DC power is supplied between the positive and negative buses of the inverter and the switching of the inverter is controlled to control the motor drive current. In many cases, the control of the motor drive current by the inverter uses a PWM control that turns on and off the switching element of the inverter by a PWM signal.

  In this PWM control, a beat phenomenon may occur when the frequency of the triangular wave carrier and the frequency of the voltage control command approach each other. For this reason, synchronous PWM control has been proposed in which the frequency of the triangular wave carrier is set to an integer multiple of the frequency of the voltage control command to synchronize the two.

  In Patent Document 1, the upper limit of the switching frequency is set, the rotational frequency of the motor becomes higher than a predetermined value, and the frequency of the carrier and the frequency of the voltage control command are close to each other (the rotational frequency of the motor has a one-to-one relationship). In this case, synchronous PWM control is performed. The number of pulses in the synchronous PWM control is determined so that the switching frequency is lower than the upper limit. Therefore, the number of pulses decreases sequentially as the motor speed increases.

  Patent Document 2 proposes that when the PWM signal is generated by comparing the triangular wave with the voltage command, the pulse number switching timing is set to a timing at which no shock occurs (triangular wave trough timing).

  Further, in synchronous PWM control, low-order harmonic elimination PWM control for removing low-order harmonics is described in Patent Document 2 and the like.

JP 2006-230195 A JP 2010-511129 A JP 2010-200377 A

  In the determination of the number of pulses for synchronous PWM control in Patent Document 1, the number of pulses is determined only by the rotational frequency of the motor. On the other hand, in actual motor driving, the output torque may be different even at the same rotational frequency, and may not be an appropriate number of pulses when considering motor loss and inverter loss.

  A motor control device according to the present invention comprises PWM signal generation means for generating a PWM signal based on a motor rotation frequency and a torque command, and PWM signal output means for outputting the generated PWM signal to an inverter, The inverter outputs drive power based on the PWM signal to the motor.

  And a pulse number calculating means for calculating the number of pulses in one electrical cycle of the motor based on the rotational frequency and torque command of the motor, wherein the PWM signal generating means converts the PWM signal based on the number of pulses. It is preferable to generate.

  Preferably, the pulse number calculation means has a pulse number such that a current distortion rate of the motor determined based on a motor rotation frequency and a torque command is a predetermined value or less.

  The number of pulses is preferably the smallest number of pulses among which the current distortion rate of the motor determined based on the rotational frequency of the motor and a torque command is less than or equal to a predetermined value.

  Further, it is preferable that the number of pulses is the smallest number among a plurality of selectable number of pulses in which the current distortion rate of the motor determined based on the rotation frequency of the motor and a torque command becomes a predetermined value or less. is there.

  And a modulation rate calculation means for calculating a modulation rate based on the rotation frequency and torque command of the motor, the pulse number calculation means calculates the pulse number based on the modulation rate, and the PWM signal generation means includes: It is preferable to generate the PWM signal based on the modulation rate.

  The pulse number calculation means preferably calculates the pulse number using a table.

  In addition, it is preferable that a voltage command generation unit that generates a voltage command based on a rotation frequency and a torque command of the motor is provided, and the PWM signal generation unit generates the PWM signal synchronized with the voltage command.

  A motor control system according to the present invention includes the motor control device described above, the motor, and the inverter.

  The motor is a three-phase motor, the inverter outputs three-phase motor drive power to the motor, the PWM signal generation means performs low-order harmonic elimination PWM control, and the inverter three-phase motor. It is preferable to switch the number of pulses at a timing at which the phase switching state does not change.

  An electric vehicle system according to the present invention includes the motor control system described above.

  According to the present invention, the number of pulses is determined from the rotational frequency of the motor and the torque command. Therefore, an appropriate number of pulses can be set in consideration of motor loss due to harmonics.

  Further, by switching the number of pulses at a timing at which the three-phase switching state of the inverter does not change, the influence due to the switching of the number of pulses can be reduced.

It is a block which shows the structure of 1st Embodiment. It is a figure which shows the relationship between the number of pulses and a current distortion rate. It is a figure which shows the relationship between a modulation factor and the number of pulses on a rotation frequency-torque map. It is a figure which shows the conventional pal number determination. It is a figure which shows the pulse number determination method. It is a flowchart of pulse number determination. It is a block diagram which shows the structure of 2nd Embodiment. It is a figure which shows determining the number of pulses with a rotation frequency and a torque command. It is a figure which shows the relationship between the waveform of 3 pulses, a modulation factor, and switching timing. It is a figure which shows the relationship between the waveform of 5-9 pulses, a modulation factor, and switching timing. It is a figure which shows the relationship between the waveform of 11-19 pulses, a modulation factor, and switching timing. It is a figure which shows the waveform at the time of the pulse number switching of 3 pulses and 5 pulses. It is a figure which shows the waveform at the time of the pulse number switching of 5 pulses and 7 pulses. It is a figure which shows the waveform at the time of the pulse number switching of 9 pulses and 11 pulses. It is a figure which shows the waveform at the time of the pulse number switching of 11 pulses and 15 pulses.

  Hereinafter, embodiments of the present invention will be described with reference to the drawings.

<Apparatus configuration of the first embodiment>
FIG. 1 is a block diagram illustrating a configuration of a motor control system including a motor control device according to an embodiment. This motor control system is mounted on an electric vehicle, and the motor 10 is used to drive the electric vehicle. In this example, the motor 10 to be driven is a three-phase AC motor, and the rotation phase (phase angle) of the rotor is detected by a rotation detector 12 such as a resolver or a Hall element.

  A torque command, which is a target value for the output torque of the motor, and the rotational position detected by the rotation detector 12 are supplied to the voltage command generator 14. The voltage command generator 14 generates voltage commands vd and vq based on the torque command and the rotation frequency (rotational angular velocity ω / 2π) obtained from the rotation position. The voltage commands vd and vq are the excitation voltage command vd and the torque voltage command vq in vector control. Note that the electric frequency and mechanical frequency of a motor differ depending on the number of poles. Therefore, in this specification, the mechanical frequency is ignored, the rotation frequency is an electrical frequency (frequency of the motor current (voltage)), and the cycle is an electrical cycle (cycle of the motor current (voltage)).

  In a normal case, three-phase motor currents iu, iv, iw of the motor 10 are detected, converted to d, q-axis currents id, iq with reference to the rotation phase, and actual current values are obtained. This is compared with the target d and q-axis currents id * and iq * calculated from the torque command, and voltage commands vd and vq by PI control are generated. The voltage commands vd and vq are calculated from the target d and q-axis currents id * and iq * and the rotational angular velocity ω according to the following equations.

  Here, R is a resistance, Ld is a d-axis inductance, Lq is a q-axis inductance, and Φ is a magnitude of a magnetic flux linked to the motor coil. When the torque command is τ, there is a relationship of τ = Φiq * + (Ld−Lq) id * · iq *, and usually id * and iq * are determined so as to maximize the motor efficiency. Also, resistance value changes due to temperature changes, voltage errors due to dead time, etc. are excluded.

  In this way, the voltage commands vd and vq are calculated by obtaining the rotational angular velocity ω from the rotational phase and obtaining id * and iq * from the torque command.

  The voltage command generation unit 14 is also supplied with the input voltage (positive / negative bus voltage) VH of the inverter, and calculates the modulation factor by dividing the amplitude of the voltage command by VH (the following formula).

  As described above, the voltage command generation unit 14 calculates the voltage commands vd and vq and the modulation rate and supplies them to the PWM signal generation unit 16, but supplies the modulation rate to the pulse number generation unit 18. The pulse number generation unit 18 determines whether to perform asynchronous PWM control or synchronous PWM control based on the supplied modulation rate, and determines the number of pulses in the synchronous PWM control. To supply. The generation of the pulse number by the pulse number generation unit 18 will be described later.

  The voltage commands vd and vq from the voltage command generation unit 14, the modulation rate, and the number of pulses from the pulse number generation unit 18 (including commands for asynchronous PWM) are supplied to the PWM signal generation unit 16. The PWM signal generation unit 16 is also supplied with a rotational position signal. Therefore, the PWM signal generation unit 16 generates a PWM signal for turning on / off each switching element of the inverter 20 in order to drive the motor 10.

  That is, with reference to the rotational position, the voltage commands vd and vq are converted from the dq axis to three phases, the PWM waveform is determined based on the modulation rate, and the number of pulses in the synchronous PWM control is determined based on the number of pulses. The PWM signal for turning on / off each switching element is generated.

  Here, the PWM signal generation unit 16 does not generate a PWM signal based on a comparison between a triangular wave and a voltage command, but generates a PWM signal by low-order harmonic elimination PWM. In this low-order harmonic elimination PWM control, a PWM waveform that can erase the low-order harmonic of each pulse number is stored in advance, and synchronous PWM control is performed using this PWM waveform.

  That is, when performing the synchronous PWM control, the PWM signal generation unit 16 determines the waveform of the PWM signal according to the number of supplied pulses, and changes the duty ratio of the waveform according to the modulation rate. As a result, low-order harmonics can be eliminated, and the desired synchronous PWM control of the motor can be performed.

  The inverter 20 has three legs formed of two switching elements connected in series between positive and negative buses, and the midpoint of these legs is connected to the end of each phase coil of the three-phase motor 10. Then, the six switching elements are respectively subjected to switching control by the PWM signal from the PWM signal generation unit 16, thereby supplying a three-phase motor driving current to the three-phase coil of the motor 10.

  Note that DC power of voltage VH is supplied between the positive and negative buses of the inverter 20 from a DC power source such as a battery.

  In this way, by controlling the switching of the inverter 20, it is possible to supply the drive current according to the torque command to the motor 10 and control the drive of the motor 10.

  For example, in an electric vehicle, a hybrid vehicle, and the like, a torque command is determined based on an accelerator depression amount and the like, and the driving of the traveling motor is controlled accordingly.

<Generating the number of pulses>
Here, generation of the pulse number in the pulse number generation unit 18 will be described. FIG. 2 shows the relationship between the modulation rate and the current distortion rate. The current distortion rate is a frequency component obtained by FFT (Fast Fourier Transform) analysis of the motor current, and is calculated by current distortion rate = (high frequency component / fundamental wave). Thus, the current distortion rate decreases as the number of pulses increases. Such a relationship can be calculated by determining the motor configuration and the pulse waveform in PWM control.

  For the current distortion rate, a threshold value that is an upper limit allowed in driving the motor 10 is set, and the pulse number is determined so that the pulse number becomes as small as possible. In this way, the switching loss can be reduced by reducing the number of pulses, and the motor loss can be reduced by reducing the current distortion rate.

  In the example of FIG. 2, the modulation rate at the point where the current distortion rate for each number of pulses intersects the threshold value is approximately as follows. 3 pulses: 0.6, 5 pulses: 0.53, 7 pulses: 0.41, 11 pulses: 0.3, 15 pulses: 0.24. Therefore, by determining the number of pulses as follows according to the modulation rate, it is possible to reduce the number of pulses as much as possible while maintaining the current distortion rate below the threshold value. Note that the upper limit of the modulation rate is 0.78, and more than that is one-pulse rectangular wave control. Therefore, the modulation rate is 0.78 to 0.6 (a1) or more: 3 pulses, 0.6 (a1) to 0.53 (a2): 5 pulses, 0.53 (a2) to 0.41 (a3): 7 pulses, 0.41 (a4) to 0.3 (a5): 11 pulses, 0.3 (a5) to 0.24 (a6): 15 pulses.

  The relationship between the modulation rate and the number of pulses is shown in FIG. 3 together with the relationship between the motor rotation frequency and the motor output torque (torque command). In the figure, 1p to 19p indicate the number of pulses.

  As described above, in this embodiment, since the number of pulses is determined based on the modulation rate, the number of pulses is not simply determined based on the rotation frequency N, but also varies depending on the output torque. That is, the modulation factor is determined by the output torque and the rotation frequency, and the number of pulses at that time is determined. As can be seen from FIG. 3, even when the rotational frequency is the same, the number of pulses decreases as the output torque increases, thereby reducing the number of pulses while suppressing the current distortion rate below a predetermined value.

  FIG. 4 shows a conventional method for determining the number of pulses according to the rotation frequency. As described above, the number of pulses is basically determined only by the rotation frequency and does not depend on the output torque at that time. Therefore, the current distortion rate increases and the motor loss may increase.

  The pulse number generation unit 18 determines the number of pulses with respect to the modulation rate supplied from the voltage command generation unit 14 by holding a relationship between the modulation rate and the number of pulses as a table or performing a determination process. be able to.

  FIG. 5 shows a method for determining the number of pulses in the pulse number generation unit 18. In this example, the change in the number of pulses has hysteresis. That is, when the modulation rate switching point an (n is a subscript number) is set to a slightly small value a1n, and the modulation rate decreases and the number of pulses increases, a1n is used to change the modulation rate. An is used to increase the number of pulses and decrease the number of pulses. Thereby, the control of the number of pulses can be stabilized.

  FIG. 6 shows a flowchart for executing the pulse number determination method of FIG. Thus, the number of pulses S can be determined by the value of the modulation factor A.

<Configuration of Second Embodiment>
FIG. 7 shows the configuration of the second embodiment. In this example, the pulse number generation unit 18 is supplied with a rotation frequency obtained from the rotation position detected by the rotation detector 12 and a torque command.

  The pulse number generation unit 18 determines the number of pulses from the supplied rotation frequency and torque command. As described above, there is a fixed relationship between the torque command, the rotation frequency, and the modulation rate, and the same number of pulses can be determined without using the modulation rate. For example, as shown in FIG. 8, a table 18a for outputting the number of pulses for two inputs is prepared so that the number of pulses is determined according to the rotation frequency and output torque (torque command), and the number of pulses is determined. Good.

  This also provides the same effect.

<Pulse number switching timing>
9 to 11 show the waveform of each pulse number and the pulse change timing with respect to the modulation rate.

  FIG. 9 shows the case of 3 pulses. As shown in the left diagram of FIG. 9, there are three pulses at 360 degrees, and the signs are opposite each other at 180 degrees. In all waveforms, 0 to 90 degrees and 90 to 180 degrees are symmetric with respect to 90 degrees. Therefore, the timing at which the pulse state changes (switching timing) may be 0 to 90 degrees.

  In the case of 3 pulses, the switching timing changes according to the modulation rate as shown in the right figure of FIG. That is, the switching timing is 60 degrees when the modulation rate is 0, and 90 degrees when the modulation rate is 0.78. The three pulses are used when the modulation rate is large. For example, if a switching timing of 0 degree is set, the switching timing and the other phases (120, 240 degrees) shifted by 120 degrees are also used as the switching timing. There is no overlap.

  FIG. 10 shows the case of 5 to 9 pulses. In this case, the modulation degree may be set to 45 degrees (165, 285 degrees) since it is sufficient to consider a degree of modulation of about 0.5 or less. Further, in the 11 to 19 pulses, as shown in FIG. 11, it may be set to 0 (120, 240) degrees.

  Thus, by considering the relationship between the modulation rate and the pulse waveform, it is possible to prevent the switching timing of the number of pulses from overlapping the switching timing of each phase.

  12 to 15 show pulse switching timing, each phase switching waveform, and motor current d-axis and q-axis current waveforms. Thus, it is understood that the number of pulses can be changed without causing a large change in the motor current by changing the number of pulses at the timing shown in FIG.

  10 motor, 12 rotation detector, 14 voltage command generator, 16 PWM signal generator, 18 pulse number generator, 20 inverter.

Claims (11)

PWM signal generating means for generating a PWM signal based on the rotational frequency and torque command of the motor;
PWM signal output means for outputting the generated PWM signal to an inverter;
With
The inverter outputs drive power based on the PWM signal to the motor.
Motor control device. A pulse number calculating means for calculating the number of pulses in one electric cycle of the motor based on the rotation frequency and torque command of the motor;
With
The PWM signal generation means generates the PWM signal based on the number of pulses.
The motor control device according to claim 1.   The motor control device according to claim 2, wherein the pulse number calculation means has a pulse number such that a current distortion rate of the motor determined based on a rotation frequency of the motor and a torque command becomes a predetermined value or less.   4. The motor control device according to claim 2, wherein the number of pulses is the minimum number of pulses among the number of pulses in which a current distortion rate of the motor determined based on a rotation frequency and a torque command of the motor is equal to or less than a predetermined value. .   The number of pulses is the smallest pulse number among a plurality of selectable pulse numbers in which a current distortion rate of the motor determined based on a rotation frequency and a torque command of the motor is a predetermined value or less. The motor control apparatus described. A modulation factor calculating means for calculating a modulation factor based on the rotational frequency and torque command of the motor;
With
The pulse number calculation means calculates the pulse number based on the modulation rate,
The PWM signal generating means generates the PWM signal based on the modulation rate;
The motor control device according to claim 2.   The motor control device according to claim 2, wherein the pulse number calculation unit calculates the pulse number using a table. Voltage command generating means for generating a voltage command based on the rotational frequency and torque command of the motor;
With
The PWM signal generation means generates the PWM signal synchronized with the voltage command.
The motor control device according to claim 1. The motor control device according to any one of claims 2 to 8,
The motor;
The inverter;
Comprising
Motor control system. The motor is a three-phase motor;
The inverter outputs three-phase motor drive power to the motor,
The PWM signal generation means performs low-order harmonic elimination PWM control, and switches the number of pulses at a timing at which the three-phase switching state of the inverter does not change.
The motor control system according to claim 9.   An electric vehicle system comprising the motor control system according to claim 9.