JP2012505921A - 低酸素性損傷または虚血性損傷を治療しまたは予防するための組成物および方法 - Google Patents
低酸素性損傷または虚血性損傷を治療しまたは予防するための組成物および方法 Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
【選択図】図1
Description
本願は、2008年10月16日に出願された米国仮特許出願第61/105,910号に関する米国特許法第119条第(e)項の下での特典を主張するものであり、該出願は、そのすべての内容が全体として引用により本明細書中に組み込まれている。
本発明は、低酸素性条件または虚血性条件に曝露された生物材料の損傷を治療しまたは予防するための方法、ならびにそのために有用な化合物および化合物を含む組成物に関する。
カルコゲニン元素を含む化合物、すなわち、周期表の第6群にあるもの(酸化物を除く)は通常、「カルコゲニド」または「カルコゲニド化合物」と呼ばれる。これらの元素は、硫黄(S)、セレン(Se)、テルル(Te)、およびポロニウム(Po)である。一般的なカルコゲニドは、S、Se、およびTeのうちの1つ以上を、他の元素に加えて含む。
(式中:
R1およびR2が各々独立して、置換または非置換アリール、置換または非置換アラルキル、置換または非置換ヘテロアリール、および置換または非置換ヘテロアリールアルキルからなる群から選択され;かつ
nは2〜5の整数である。)。
(式中:
R1a、R1b、R1c、R1d、R2a、R2b、R2c、およびR2dが各々独立して、水素、ヒドロキシ、ハロゲン、アミノ、置換または非置換C1-C8アルキル、置換または非置換C1-C8アルコキシ、置換または非置換C1-C8アルキルアミノ、および-CO2Zからなる群から選択され、ここで、Zが水素または置換もしくは非置換C1-C8アルキルであり、但し、下記を条件とする:
(a)R1a、R1b、R1c、R1d、R2a、R2b、R2c、およびR2dがすべて水素というわけではなく;
(b)R1b、R1c、R2b、およびR2cがすべて水素である場合、R1a、R1d、R2a、およびR2d がすべてクロロというわけではなく;かつ
(c)R1a、R1b、R1c、R2a、R2b、R2cがすべて水素である場合、R1dおよびR2dが両方とも、-CO2Hではなく、またはR1dおよびR2dが両方とも-CO2CH3ではない。)。
(式中:
R3およびR4が各々独立して、置換または非置換ヘテロアリールからなる群から選択され、但し、R3およびR4が両方とも置換または非置換イミダゾリジン-2,4-ジオネイルではないことを条件とする。)。
Amsterdam)参照)。プロドラッグに関する論議は、Higuchi, T., et al., A. CS.
Symposium Series, Vol. 14において、およびBioreversible Carriers
in Drug Design, Ed. Edward B. Roche, American Pharmaceutical Association and
Pergamon Press, 1987において提供されている。
cord)、平滑筋、骨格筋、卵巣、精巣、子宮、臍帯などの特定の組織または臓器に由来することができる。ある実施態様において、細胞は、下記の細胞種のうちの1つとして特徴づけることができる:血小板、骨髄細胞、赤血球、リンパ球、脂肪細胞、線維芽細胞、上皮細胞、内皮細胞、平滑筋細胞、骨格筋細胞、内分泌細胞、グリア細胞、神経細胞、分泌細胞、遮蔽機能細胞、収縮性細胞、吸収性細胞、粘膜細胞、角膜縁細胞(角膜由来)、幹細胞(全能性、多能性(pluripotent)、または多能性(multipotent))、未受精卵母細胞もしくは卵母細胞、または精子。
(i)特に、哺乳動物が該容態に罹患しやすいが、該容態に罹患しているとはまだ診断されていない場合、このような哺乳類において疾患または容態が生じるのを予防すること;
(ii)該疾患または容態を阻害すること、すなわち、その発症を抑止すること;
(iii)該疾患または容態を軽減すること、すなわち、該疾患または容態の退行を生じさせること;あるいは
(iv)該疾患または容態から結果として生じる症状を軽減すること、すなわち、潜在的な疾患または容態に向かうことなく疼痛を軽減すること。本明細書で使用される場合、用語「疾患」および「容態」は、相互に交換可能に用いられてもよく、または特定の病弊もしくは容態が、原因となる公知の作用因を有さなくてもよく(そのため、病因は、まだ作用していない。)、それゆえ、疾患としてまだ認識されていないが、望ましくない容態または症候群としてにすぎないものであり、ここで、多かれ少なかれ、具体的なセットの症状が臨床医によってすでに同定されている。
Ultra Version 11.0ソフトウェア命名プログラム(CambridgeSoft)を用いて、I.U.P.A.Cの命名法系統に関して改変された形態である。
式中:
R1およびR2が各々独立して、置換または非置換アリール、置換または非置換アラルキル、置換または非置換ヘテロアリール、および置換または非置換ヘテロアリールアルキルからなる群から選択され;かつ
nが、2〜5の整数である。
式中:
nは、2、3、4、または5であり;かつ
R1a、R1b、R1c、R1d、R1e、R2a、R2b、R2c、R2d、およびR2eが各々独立して、水素、ヒドロキシ、ハロゲン、アミノ、置換または非置換C1-C8アルキル、置換または非置換C1-C8アルコキシ、置換または非置換C1-C8アルキルアミノ、および-CO2Zからなる群から選択され、ここで、Zが水素または置換もしくは非置換C1-C8アルキルである
式中:
nは、2、3、4、または5であり;かつ
R1a、R1b、R1c、R1d、R1e、R2a、R2b、R2c、R2d、およびR2eが各々独立して、水素、ヒドロキシ、ハロゲン、アミノ、置換または非置換C1-C8アルキル、置換または非置換C1-C8アルコキシ、置換または非置換C1-C8アルキルアミノ、および-CO2Zからなる群から選択され、ここで、Zが水素または置換もしくは非置換C1-C8アルキルである。
式中:
R1a、R1b、R1c、R1d、R1e、R2a、R2b、R2c、およびR2dが各々独立して、水素、ヒドロキシ、ハロゲン、アミノ、置換または非置換C1-C8アルキル、置換または非置換C1-C8アルコキシ、置換または非置換C1-C8アルキルアミノ、および-CO2Zからなる群から選択され、ここで、Zが水素または置換もしくは非置換C1-C8アルキルであり、但し、下記を条件とする:
(a)R1a、R1b、R1c、R1d、R1e、R2a、R2b、R2c、およびR2dがすべて水素というわけではなく;
(b)R1b、R1c、R2b、およびR2cがすべて水素である場合、R1a、R1d、R2a、およびR2d がすべてクロロというわけではなく;かつ
(c)R1a、R1b、R1c、R2a、R2b、およびR2cがすべて水素である場合、R1dおよびR2dが両方とも、-CO2Hまたは-CO2CH3ではない。
式中:
R3およびR4は各々独立して、置換または非置換ヘテロアリールからなる群から選択され、但し、R3およびR4が両方とも置換または非置換イミダゾリジン-2,4-ジオネイルではないことを条件とする。
P. G. M. Wutz, Protective Groups in Organic Synthesis (1999), 3rd Ed., Wileyに詳細に記載されている。当業者が認めるであろうように、保護基はまた、Wang樹脂、Rink樹脂、または2-クロロトリチル-クロリド樹脂などのポリマー樹脂であってもよい。
Science and Practice of Pharmacy, 21st Edition (Philadelphia College of
Pharmacy and Science, 2005)を参照されたい。投与されるべき組成物は、任意の事象において、本発明の教示に従った関心対象の疾患または容態の治療のための治療的有効量の本発明の化合物、またはその医薬として許容し得る塩を含むであろう。
Infect (2003):47:155参照)、うっ血性心不全、硬変症における血管異常(Fiorucci S, et
al, Hepatology. (2005) 42:539参照)、のための有望な治療として、心臓保護薬(Geng, et al,
Biochem and Biophy Res Com (2004) 313:362参照)として、神経保護薬(Qu K. et al,
Stroke. (2006) 889参照)として、心筋虚血再灌流損傷(Johansen et al,
Basic Res Cardiol (2006) 101 : 53参照)において、血管の石灰化を低下させるために(Wu et al, Acta
Pharmacol Sin. (2006) 27:299参照)、薬剤治療によって誘発される胃の損傷を低下させるために(Fiorucci, S. et
al, Gastroenterology (2005) 129:1210参照)、好中球接着を低下させるために、および白血球仲介性炎症を調節するために(Zanardo et al,
FASEB J. (2006) 20: 2118-2120参照)、勃起不全(Srilatha B. et al, Eur J
Pharmacol. (2006) 535:280参照)、過敏性腸症候群(Distrutti E.,
et al, JPET (2006) 319:447参照)において、ならびに炎症後過敏症における抗侵害受容効果について、動物モデルにおいて用いられてきた。
770、780、790、800、810、820、830、840、850、860、870、880、890、900、910、920、930、940、950、960、970、980、990、1000 mMもしくはM、または本明細書で導き出せる任意の範囲として表してもよい。
5th edition (Wiley, December 2000)参照)に従って合成されてもよく、または本発明において説明されるとおり調製されてもよい。
反応スキーム1
(34), 6048-6050)によって説明される手順の変更によって調製することができる。R1が本明細書で定義されるとおりである反応スキーム1に関して、構造1の化合物は、購入することができまたは当業者に公知の方法に従って調製することができ(例えば、以下の反応スキーム3参照)、適切な溶媒における硫黄粉末、硫化ナトリウム、および臭化ジデシルジメチル-アンモニウム(DDAB)と反応させて、構造2のジスルフィドを生じることができる。
反応スキーム2
反応スキーム3
反応スキーム4
Abu-Yousef, L, Harpp, D. Tetrahedron Letters 41 (2000), 7809-7812参照)。R1およびR2が本明細書で定義されるとおりである反応スキーム4に関して、構造9のジスルフィド化合物を購入し、または当業者に公知の方法に従って調製し、ジクロロメタンなどの適切な溶媒において1-クロロ-3-トリチルトリスルファンと反応させて、構造10のペンタスルフィドを生じる。
実施例1
代表的なジスルフィド化合物の合成
下記のジスルフィド化合物を、下記の一般的な手順によって上記の反応スキームに従って調製する:水(1.25mL)における硫黄粉末(2.5mmol)および硫化ナトリウム(5mmol)の混合物を50℃で0.5時間激しく撹拌した後、室温に冷却した。この混合物に、臭化ジデシルジメチル-アンモニウム(DDAB、4モル%)を添加した後、クロロホルム(1.25mL)における臭化物(すなわち、R1-Br)(5mmol)を添加した。室温で一晩撹拌した後、この反応混合物を水(10mL)に注ぎ、ジエチルエーテル(15mL×3)で抽出した。組み合わせた抽出物を水(10mL)で洗浄し、乾燥させ(Na2SO4)、乾燥するまで蒸発させた。所望のジスルフィドを、10%CH2Cl2/ヘキサンを用いるシリカゲルカラムクロマトグラフィーによって精製した。
代表的なテトラスルフィド化合物の合成
下記のテトラスルフィド化合物を、R1およびR2が本明細書に定義されるとおりである上記の反応スキームに従って、下記の一般的な手順によって調製する:無水ジエチルエーテル(12.5mL)におけるメルカプタン(すなわち、R1-SH)(5mmol)およびピリジン(5mmol)の溶液を0.5時間かけて、25mLの無水エーテルにおける塩化硫黄(5mmol)の撹拌した溶液(-78℃)に滴下して添加した。反応混合物を-78℃で0.5時間アルゴン下で撹拌した後、無水ジエチルエーテル(12.5mL)における第二のメルカプタン(すなわちR2-SH)(5mmol)およびピリジン(5mmol)を添加した。-78℃でさらに0.5時間撹拌した後、反応物を水(25mL)の添加によって急冷し、室温に加温させておいた。有機層を分離し、水性洗浄液のpHがほぼ中性になるまで、水(25mL)で数回洗浄した。有機層を乾燥するまで蒸発させた。所望のポリスルフィドをシリカゲルカラムクロマトグラフィー、ヘキサンからの再結晶、または分取HPLC(カラム:Phenomenex、250×10mm、10ミクロ、Luna 10μ)のいずれかによって精製した。
モノブロモビマン誘導体化を介したHEPES緩衝液におけるポリスルフィド化合物からのスルフィド放出の分析
化合物(3-1)、(3-2)、および(3-3)を90:10のエタノール:PEG(ポリエチレングリコール)-300+0.1%TFA(トリフルオロ酢酸)に40mMの濃度に溶解した。このストック溶液をHEPES緩衝液(50mM、pH8.0)において4.2mMの濃度にさらに希釈した。次に、試験化合物をHEPES(50mM、pH8.0)に385μMの終濃度で添加した。試験化合物を有するまたは有さない200μLのHEPESを、200μLのモノブロモビマン(10mM)および200μLのHEPES(50mM、pH8.0)を含むガラスバイアルに、試験化合物の添加後の下記の時点で添加した:10分、30分、および120分。バイアルを軌道振蘯機において正確に10分間インキュベートした後、2mLの酢酸エチルを添加し、最短でも10分間転がした。次に、バイアルを1200rpmで7〜10分間遠心分離した後、1mLの有機相を蒸発バイアルに移した。次に、有機相を窒素流の下で乾燥させ、アセトニトリルに取り、HPLCによって分析した。種々のインキュベーション時間におけるスルフィド濃度を図1に示す。
モノブロモビマン誘導体化を介した緩衝液+グルタチオンにおけるポリスルフィド化合物からのスルフィド放出の分析
化合物(3-1)、(3-2)、および(3-3)を90:10のエタノール:PEG(ポリエチレングリコール)-300+0.1%TFA(トリフルオロ酢酸)において40mMの濃度に溶解した。このストック溶液をHEPES緩衝液(50mM、pH8.0)において4.2mMの濃度にさらに希釈した。次に、試験化合物をHEPESまたはHEPES+グルタチオン(GSH、500μM)に385μMの終濃度で添加した。試験化合物を有するまたは有さない200μLのHEPES/HEPES+GSHを、200μLのモノブロモビマン(10mM)および200μLのHEPES(50mM、pH8.0)を含むガラスバイアルに、試験化合物の添加後の下記の時点で添加した:10分、30分、および120分。バイアルを軌道振蘯機において正確に10分間インキュベートした後、2mLの酢酸エチルを添加し、最短でも10分間転がした。次に、バイアルを1200rpmで7〜10分間遠心分離した後、1mLの有機相を蒸発バイアルへと移した。次に、有機相を窒素流の下で乾燥させ、アセトニトリルに取り、HPLCによって分析した。種々のインキュベーション時間におけるスルフィド濃度を図2および図3に示す。
H2Sプローブを介した緩衝液+グルタチオンにおけるポリスルフィド化合物からのスルフィド放出の分析
反応容器として機能する機器は、閉鎖型チャンバー呼吸計(Oroboros oxygraph O2k)であった。呼吸計は、チャンバーフロア近くで溶液酸素濃度をモニターするためのポーラログラフ酸素センサー(POS)を各々固定された16mm内径の二重パイレックス(登録商標)チャンバーを有しており、各々、15.8mmの外径のPVDFまたはPEEKストッパーを有しており、このストッパーは、限定された酸素メモリを呈し、チャンバー容積を1〜5mLに調整するよう挿入することができる材料である。ストッパーは、1mmの直径の注射ポートと、PHSSおよびpH電極を保持するための2つの2.5mmポートを有していた。チャンバーに挿入されると、液相の上の空気または気体がすべて、注射ポートを通じてチャンバーから除去され、チャンバーに液体溶液のみを残した。
モノブロモビマン誘導体化を介したラット鮮血におけるポリスルフィド化合物からのスルフィド放出の分析
化合物(3-1)、(3-2)、および(3-3)を90:10のエタノール:PEG(ポリエチレングリコール)-300+0.1%TFA(トリフルオロ酢酸)において40mMの濃度に溶解した。このストック溶液を、HEPES緩衝液(50mM、pH8.0)において4.2mMの濃度にさらに希釈した。硫化ナトリウムを0.9%NaClにおいて4.2mMの濃度に希釈した。次に、試験化合物を385μMの終濃度でラット鮮血に添加した。また、血液に希釈ビヒクル(90:10のエタノール:PEG-300+0.1%TFAまたは40:40:20のアセトニトリル:アセトン:PEG-300+0.1%TFA)を対照として加えた。試験化合物を加えた200μLの血液を、200μLのモノブロモビマン(10mM)および200μLのHEPES(50mM、pH8.0)を含むガラスバイアルに、加えた後の下記の時点で添加した:0分、10分、20分、30分、40分、50分、60分、80分、および110分。未処理の血液またはビヒクルを加えた血液を反応混合物に下記の時点で添加した:0分、30分、および110分。未処理の/加えた血液または加えた媒体の添加後、バイアルを軌道振蘯機において正確に10分間インキュベートした後、2mLの酢酸エチルを添加し、最短でも10分間転がした。次に、バイアルを1200rpmで7〜10分間遠心分離した後、1mLの有機相を蒸発バイアルへと移した。次に、有機相を窒素流の下で乾燥させ、アセトニトリルに取り、HPLCによって分析した。種々のインキュベート時間におけるスルフィド濃度を図5に示す。
ポリスルフィド化合物の投与後のラット血中スルフィドの検出
化合物(3-1)、(3-5)、(3-7)、(3-8)、または硫化ナトリウムの投与後のラット血中のスルフィドレベルを測定した。結果を図6〜図11に示す。下記の例は、ラットにおける化合物(3-1)の投与を示す。実験は、9〜10週齢の雄Sprague Dawleyラット(276〜300g)(Charles River Laboratory, Boston
Massachusetts)からなる3〜4個体の群を用いて、頚静脈カテーテル(JVC)および大腿静脈カテーテル(FVC)により実施した。実験手順の開始前1〜3日間、動物を温度および湿度の制御された環境において回復させおよび順化させた。食餌および水を自由摂取で提供した。
マウス肝臓虚血-再灌流損傷モデルにおける肝損傷からの細胞保護利点の決定
肝臓虚血-再灌流(I/R)損傷のモデルにおける細胞保護利点を提供する化合物(3-1)の能力をマウスにおいて試験した。本研究において、化合物(3-1)の肝臓虚血後および5時間の再灌流期の直前の腹腔内急速投与が、血清において測定された肝トランスアミナーゼであるアラニンアミノトランスフェラーゼ(ALT)を低下させることが示された。対照的に、ビヒクルによる処理は、肝I/R損傷における保護的利点を何ら提供しなかった。
マウス心筋虚血再灌流モデルにおける心臓保護利点
心筋虚血-再灌流(I/R)損傷モデルにおける心臓保護利点を提供する化合物(3-1)の能力をマウスにおいて試験した。本研究において、虚血後および24時間の再灌流期の5分前に左心室腔へ化合物(3-1)を急速投与すると、心筋虚血が低下し、危険面積の百分率としての心筋梗塞の大きさが減少したことが示される。本研究において用いたマウスは、8〜10週齢のC57-BL6/Jマウス(Jackson Laboratory, Bar Harbor, Maine)であった。食餌および水を自由摂取で提供した。試験動物は、実験手順の開始前に温度および湿度の制御された環境において順化させておいた。
Physiol. Heart Circ. Physiol. (2004) 286:H276-H282を参照されたい。
Claims (44)
- nが、2、3、または5である、請求項1記載の方法。
- nが、4である、請求項1記載の方法。
- R1およびR2が各々、置換または非置換アリールである、請求項1記載の方法。
- R1およびR2が各々、置換または非置換フェニルである、請求項4記載の方法。
- nが、2、3、または5である、請求項6記載の方法。
- nが、4である、請求項6記載の方法。
- R1およびR2が各々、置換または非置換アラルキルである、請求項1記載の方法。
- R1およびR2が各々、置換または非置換ベンジルである、請求項11記載の方法。
- nが、2、3、または5である、請求項13記載の方法。
- nが4である、請求項13記載の方法。
- R1およびR2が各々、置換または非置換ヘテロアリールである、請求項1記載の方法。
- R1およびR2が各々、置換または非置換ヘテロアリールアルキルである、請求項1記載の方法。
- 前記接触が、注射による、注入による、連続注入による、吸収による、吸収による、浸漬による、限局性灌流による、カテーテルを介する、または洗浄を介する、静脈内、皮内、動脈内、腹腔内、病巣内、頭蓋内、関節内、前立腺内、胸腔内、気管内、鼻腔内、硝子体内、膣内、直腸内、局所的(topically)、腫瘍内、筋肉内、腹腔内、眼内、皮下的、結膜下、経皮的、小胞内、粘膜的、心膜内、臍部内、眼内、経口的、局所的(locally)を含む、請求項1記載の方法。
- 前記低酸素性条件または虚血性条件が、前記生物材料に対する損傷、前記生物材料に有害な影響を与える疾患の発症もしくは進行、または前記生物材料の出血から結果として生じる、請求項1記載の方法。
- 前記生物材料が、前記損傷前に、前記疾患の発症もしくは進行の前に、または前記生物材料の出血前に前記化合物と接触する、請求項24記載の方法。
- 前記損傷が、外部の物理的起源に由来する、請求項1記載の方法。
- 前記損傷が手術である、請求項26記載の方法。
- 前記損傷、前記疾患の発症もしくは進行、または前記生物材料における出血から結果として生じる障害または死滅から前記生物材料を保護する量および時間で、前記生物材料が前記化合物と接触する、請求項1記載の方法。
- 前記生物材料が、細胞、組織、臓器、生体、および動物からなる群から選択される、請求項1記載の方法。
- 前記生物材料が動物である、請求項29記載の方法。
- 前記動物が哺乳類である、請求項30記載の方法。
- 前記哺乳類がヒトである、請求項31記載の方法。
- 前記生物材料が血小板を含む、請求項1記載の方法。
- 前記生物材料が移植されるべきである、請求項1記載の方法。
- 前記生物材料が、再灌流損傷の危険にある、請求項1記載の方法。
- 前記生物材料が、出血性ショックの危険にある、請求項1記載の方法。
- 前記低酸素性条件または虚血性条件が結果として、心筋梗塞、敗血症、脈管異常、硬変症、脈管の石灰化沈着、薬剤処理によって誘発される胃の損傷、熱傷、肺の損傷、好中球接着、白血球仲介性炎症、勃起不全、過敏性腸症候群、炎症後過敏症後における抗侵害受容効果、急性冠症候群、心停止、計画心臓バイパス手術、うっ血性心不全、新生児の低酸素症/虚血、心筋梗塞性再灌流損傷、不安定性狭心症、血管形成術後、動脈瘤、外傷、脳卒中、出血性ショック、および/または失血を生じる、請求項1記載の方法。
- 下記の構造(IV):
(式中:
R1a、R1b、R1c、R1d、R2a、R2b、R2c、およびR2dが各々独立して、水素、ヒドロキシ、ハロゲン、アミノ、置換または非置換C1-C8アルキル、置換または非置換C1-C8アルコキシ、置換または非置換C1-C8アルキルアミノ、および-CO2Zからなる群から選択され、ここで、Zが水素または置換もしくは非置換C1-C8アルキルであり、但し、下記を条件とする:
(a)R1a、R1b、R1c、R1d、R2a、R2b、R2c、およびR2dがすべて水素というわけではなく;
(b)R1b、R1c、R2b、およびR2cがすべて水素である場合、R1a、R1d、R2a、およびR2d がすべてクロロというわけではなく;かつ
(c)R1a、R1b、R1c、R2a、R2b、およびR2cがすべて水素である場合、R1dおよびR2dが両方とも-CO2Hまたは-CO2CH3ではない。)。 - R3およびR4が各々独立して、置換または非置換イミダゾリル、置換または非置換オキサゾリル、置換または非置換テトラゾリル、および置換または非置換ピリジニルからなる群から選択される、請求項40記載の化合物。
- 請求項38〜42のいずれか一項記載の化合物との組み合わせで医薬として許容し得る担体または希釈剤を含む、医薬組成物。
- 前記医薬組成物がさらに、1つ以上の界面活性剤、1つ以上の錯化剤、および/または1つ以上の共溶媒を含む、請求項43記載の組成物。
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PCT/US2009/061046 WO2010045582A2 (en) | 2008-10-16 | 2009-10-16 | Compositions and methods for treating or preventing hypoxic or ischemic injury |
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CN113088224B (zh) * | 2021-02-26 | 2022-11-29 | 广东美的白色家电技术创新中心有限公司 | 应用于封装产品的保护组合物、功率模块及其制备方法 |
CN113387880B (zh) * | 2021-06-11 | 2023-12-12 | 江西扬帆新材料有限公司 | 2-巯基吡啶和2,2’-吡啶硫醚的集成制备方法 |
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JPN6013061125; Coelho,P.J.,et al.: '"Antifungal polysulphides from Petiveria alliacea L."' Phytochemistry Vol.57,No.5, 200107, P.743-747 * |
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US20100130555A1 (en) | 2010-05-27 |
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US8202997B2 (en) | 2012-06-19 |
WO2010045582A2 (en) | 2010-04-22 |
MX2011003809A (es) | 2011-08-12 |
CA2740568A1 (en) | 2010-04-22 |
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