JP2012143997A - Heat resistant packaging container having excellent transparency, and method of manufacturing the same - Google Patents

Abstract

PROBLEM TO BE SOLVED: To provide a packaging container made from a multilayer sheet, the packaging container being excellent in transparency and shape forming degree.SOLUTION: The packaging container is obtained by hot shaping a laminate sheet having a two or three layer structure formed by laminating a core layer having both surfaces of a front surface and a back surface and a skin layer provided to at least one of both surfaces of the core layer. The core layer of the laminate sheet is composed of an unstretched sheet of amorphous polyethylene terephthalate (A-PET) having a specific melting point Tm (generally 260°C). The skin layer of the laminate sheet is composed of a stretched film of polyethylene terephthalate (OPET film). The packaging container having excellent transparency and shape forming degree is obtained by shaping the laminated sheet while heating the sheet so that the temperature of the skin layer becomes ≥200°C and below the melting point Tm of the amorphous polyethylene terephthalate in the heat forming.

Description

  The present invention relates to a packaging container obtained by thermoforming a laminated sheet having a multilayer structure of two or more layers, and a method for producing the packaging container.

  2. Description of the Related Art Known packaging containers for food containers and the like are obtained by subjecting a resin sheet made of a thermoplastic resin such as polyester or polypropylene to thermoforming such as hot plate molding or vacuum / pressure forming. Initially, as the sheet for forming a container, a monolayer sheet of biaxially oriented polyester (see Patent Documents 1 and 2) and a single layer sheet of biaxially stretched polyethylene terephthalate (see Patent Document 3) are mainly used. By devising conditions and molding conditions, molded products (containers) having excellent heat resistance and the like have been provided.

  However, when a container is manufactured by further thermoforming a single-layer sheet that has been stretched in advance, if the container has a relatively simple shape (for example, a shallow dish-type tray), it is accurate as the mold by thermoforming. The shape can be reproduced, but it is difficult to give the exact shape as the mold if the container is somewhat complicated in shape like a so-called deep object (a container with depth). was there. This is due to the fact that the degree of freedom of deformation at the thermoforming stage is already insufficient because thermoforming itself is a process of further stretching the stretched sheet. Under these circumstances, in recent years, it has become the mainstream to obtain a packaging container by using a multilayer sheet obtained by laminating two or three resin layers having different properties and thermoforming this.

  For example, Patent Document 4 (Japanese Patent No. 4223700) discloses a laminated sheet composed of an inner layer 4 of amorphous PET and an outer layer 5 of crystalline PET, and each layer is in an amorphous state, and the crystallization temperature of crystalline PET. The container is molded by thermoforming at the following temperature, and then the container is heated from the outside to the crystallization temperature of crystalline PET (120 ° C. or higher) with a heater to thermally crystallize the crystalline PET. A method for producing a heat-resistant PET container is disclosed (see claim 1, paragraphs 0009 to 0015). According to this method, since amorphous PET is thermoformed, deep drawing is facilitated (see paragraph 0024 of the same document). In addition, crystallization of crystalline PET can improve the heat resistance, rigidity, and impact resistance of the PET container (see paragraph 0023 of the same document).

  Patent Document 5 (Japanese Patent Laid-Open No. 2009-280218) discloses a stretched A-PET sheet obtained by first stretching a sheet of A-PET (Amorphous PET), and an unstretched A-PET film or sheet. A laminated sheet integrated with a dry laminate was heat-formed at 80 to 150 ° C. in a thermoforming machine mold and subjected to secondary stretching, and crystallization was enhanced by orientation crystallization by this secondary stretching. A heat-resistant transparent A-PET container is disclosed (see summary of the same document, claims 1 and 5). According to this method, a food container having high heat resistance and high transparency can be obtained. In paragraph 0042 of Patent Document 5, the reason why the upper limit of the stretching temperature of the secondary stretching is 150 ° C. is as follows: “If it exceeds 150 ° C., the drawdown of the sheet becomes large and the molded product is wrinkled when it is molded. The reason is not only that. That is, among developers of multilayer PET sheet containers, there is a general recognition that when an A-PET multilayer sheet is heated to a high temperature exceeding 150 ° C., the transparency is drastically reduced (see FIG. 2). For this reason, it seems that in accordance with such general recognition, Patent Document 5 also suppresses the upper limit temperature of secondary stretching to 150 ° C.

Japanese Patent Publication No.59-51407 Japanese Patent Publication No.62-18339 Japanese Patent No. 4172878 Japanese Patent No. 4223700 JP 2009-280218 A

However, conventional heat-resistant containers derived from laminated sheets also have some drawbacks.
In the heat resistant PET container of Patent Document 4, although heat resistance is imparted by crystallization of the outer layer 5, the color changes from transparent to white (see paragraph 0013 of the same document). Patent Document 4 states in its paragraph 0014 that “the outer layer 5 changes from transparent to white due to thermal crystallization and does not need to be colored.” In the field of food containers, which is the main application, whitening of the resin, that is, opacification, is not very preferable from the viewpoint of ensuring visual confirmation of the contents.

  In the A-PET container of Patent Document 5, both heat resistance and transparency are achieved, but a multi-layer having a primary stretched A-PET sheet (in Example 1 of Document 5, thickness 0.26 mm) as a core layer. Despite the use of the sheet, the heating temperature at the time of heat forming (secondary stretching) is suppressed to 150 ° C. or less at the maximum from the viewpoint of ensuring transparency. For this reason, at the actual manufacturing site, the formability (characteristic that can ensure the exact shape as the molding die) is not so good, or it is necessary to lengthen the heating time in order to improve the shapeability. The disadvantage is that productivity is not good.

  That is, it is difficult to say that the conventional technology for manufacturing heat-resistant containers derived from multilayer sheets can achieve both of ensuring the transparency of containers and ensuring good formability in the manufacturing process.

  An object of the present invention is to provide a packaging container derived from a laminated sheet excellent in transparency and formability, and a method for producing the packaging container.

[The origin of the inventive idea]
As will be described in detail later in the section “DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION”, the inventors of the present application are concerned with the transparency of thermoformed products in the thermoforming of multilayer laminated sheets mainly composed of polyethylene terephthalate (PET) resin. It has been found that the formability has a very unexpected tendency as shown in the graph of FIG. The present invention has been made based on this new discovery.

[Means for solving problems]
The invention according to claim 1 is a two-layer or three-layer laminated sheet obtained by laminating a core layer having both front and back surfaces and a skin layer provided on one or both sides of the core layer. A packaging container obtained by shaping by thermoforming selected from vacuum forming, pressure forming or vacuum / pressure forming,
While the core layer of the laminated sheet is composed of an unstretched sheet of amorphous polyethylene terephthalate having a specific melting point (Tm), the skin layer of the laminated sheet is composed of a stretched film of polyethylene terephthalate, and during the thermoforming The laminate sheet is molded while being heated so that the temperature of the skin layer is 200 ° C. or higher and lower than the melting point (Tm) of the amorphous polyethylene terephthalate, thereby achieving both formability and transparency. This is a packaging container.

The invention according to claim 2
A) a sheet preparation step of preparing an unstretched sheet of amorphous polyethylene terephthalate having a specific melting point (Tm);
B) a film preparation step of preparing a stretched film of polyethylene terephthalate;
C) A laminated sheet forming step of forming a laminated sheet having a two-layer structure in which an unstretched sheet of amorphous polyethylene terephthalate is used as a core layer, and a stretched film of polyethylene terephthalate is laminated on one side of the core layer as a skin layer; ,
D) The laminated sheet was heated with the skin layer facing down so that the temperature of the skin layer was 200 ° C. or higher and lower than the melting point (Tm) of the amorphous polyethylene terephthalate. A thermoforming step of shaping the laminated sheet into a container shape by thermoforming selected from hot plate forming, vacuum forming, pressure forming or vacuum pressure forming;
It is a manufacturing method of the packaging container characterized by manufacturing through this.

The invention according to claim 3
A) a sheet preparation step of preparing an unstretched sheet of amorphous polyethylene terephthalate having a specific melting point (Tm);
B) a film preparation step of preparing a stretched film of polyethylene terephthalate;
C) a laminated sheet forming step of forming a laminated sheet having a three-layer structure in which the amorphous polyethylene terephthalate unstretched sheet is used as a core layer, and the polyethylene terephthalate stretched film is laminated on both sides of the core layer as a skin layer; ,
D) Heating the laminated sheet so that the temperature of the skin layer is 200 ° C. or higher and lower than the melting point (Tm) of the amorphous polyethylene terephthalate, and heating the laminated sheet, A thermoforming step of forming into a container shape by thermoforming selected from vacuum forming, pressure forming or vacuum pressure forming;
It is a manufacturing method of the packaging container characterized by manufacturing through this.

  According to the packaging container and the manufacturing method of the packaging container according to the present invention, in a container derived from a laminated sheet having a two-layer or three-layer structure, good formability at the time of thermoforming and transparency of the container obtained after molding It is possible to achieve a good balance between ensuring sex.

The graph which shows typically the correlation (new knowledge) with sheet | seat temperature, the transparency of a container, and a shaping property. The graph which shows typically the correlation (conventional knowledge) with sheet | seat temperature, the transparency of a container, and a shaping property. The example of a lamination sheet is shown, (a) is a fragmentary sectional view of a lamination sheet of a three layer structure, (b) is a fragmentary sectional view of a lamination sheet of a two layer structure. The graph which shows the relationship between the haze (transparency) of a container, and sheet | seat temperature. Sectional drawing which shows typically the favorable adhesion state to the metal mold | die of a three-layer structure sheet. Sectional drawing which shows typically the bad adhesion state to the metal mold | die of a two-layer structure sheet.

(Definition of terms) In this specification, each term is used in the following meaning.
“Sheet” refers to a thick film having a thickness of 100 μm or more, and “film” refers to a thin film having a thickness of less than 100 μm. In addition, it may refer to amorphous polyethylene terephthalate and may be referred to as “A-PET” (A in A-PET means amorphous), and may refer to stretched polyethylene terephthalate as “OPET”. . The term “container” includes not only the main body of the container but also the lid of the container.

Hereinafter, preferred modes for carrying out the present invention will be described.
The method for producing a packaging container according to the present invention comprises a sheet preparation step (A), a film preparation step (B), a laminated sheet formation step (C), and a thermoforming step (D).

  In the sheet preparation step (A), an unstretched sheet of amorphous polyethylene terephthalate having a specific melting point Tm is prepared. The melting point Tm of amorphous polyethylene terephthalate (A-PET) is generally 260 ° C. The unstretched sheet of A-PET can be obtained, for example, by using a pellet-shaped A-PET resin as a raw material, melting it in an extrusion molding apparatus, and extrusion molding it by a T-die method or the like. The thickness of the A-PET sheet is preferably 100 μm to 1 mm. If the thickness of the A-PET sheet is less than 100 μm, the thickness of the container obtained after thermoforming becomes too thin, and it becomes difficult to ensure the required performance in terms of the strength and rigidity of the container. On the other hand, when the thickness of the A-PET sheet exceeds 1 mm, the shapeability in thermoforming may be deteriorated. “Unstretched” means that the A-PET sheet obtained by extrusion molding or the like has not been stretched.

  In the film preparation step (B), a stretched film of polyethylene terephthalate is prepared. Here, the stretched film refers to a film obtained by stretching an unstretched PET film. In the present invention, it is preferable to use a biaxially stretched film as the stretched film. And as a draw ratio in that case, it is preferable that it is 3 to 4 times in each of a X direction and a Y direction (direction orthogonal to a X direction). This stretched PET film ensures the heat resistance of the container after thermoforming. The thickness of the stretched film (stretched film) is preferably 5 to 20 μm, more preferably 10 to 15 μm. When the thickness of the stretched film is less than 5 μm, there is a disadvantage that the film is torn during stretching or the heat resistance of the container after thermoforming is lowered. On the other hand, when the thickness of the stretched film exceeds 20 μm, the shapeability in thermoforming may be deteriorated.

  In the laminated sheet forming step (C), a laminated sheet having a two-layer or three-layer structure is formed. Specifically, the non-stretched sheet of amorphous polyethylene terephthalate is used as a core layer, and the stretched film of polyethylene terephthalate is laminated as a skin layer on one or both sides of the core layer to form a two-layer or three-layer structure. A sheet is formed. As a laminating method, a laminating process or a dry laminating process in which both layers are bonded together with an adhesive interposed between the core layer and the skin layer can be employed.

  In the thermoforming step (D), the laminated sheet having the two-layer or three-layer structure is shaped into a container shape by thermoforming. As the thermoforming method, any one of hot plate forming, vacuum forming, pressure forming, or vacuum / pressure forming can be selected. Hot plate molding refers to a technique in which a sheet is heated with one side of a sheet by a hot plate and then molded with a mold placed above the hot plate without moving the heated sheet. On the other hand, vacuum forming, pressure forming, and vacuum / pressure forming are performed by heating the (upper and lower) surfaces of the sheet in the heater zone (heating region), then moving the heated sheet to the forming zone, and providing the gold provided in the forming zone. A technique for forming a sheet by attaching it to a mold.

In the thermoforming of the step (D), as preheating before adhering to the molding die, the temperature of the skin layer is 200 ° C. or higher and less than the melting point (Tm) of the amorphous polyethylene terephthalate. Heat to any temperature in the range.
The reason why the heating temperature of the laminated sheet is set in the above range is as follows.

  2. Description of the Related Art Conventionally, among developers (persons skilled in the art) of containers manufactured using a multilayer sheet mainly composed of PET, as shown in FIG. It was generally recognized that there was a tendency to decrease. In other words, those skilled in the art believed that in the region higher than 150 ° C., the tendency for transparency to decrease with increasing heating temperature was maintained. As a matter of fact, a temperature rise limiter that regulates the upper limit of the heating temperature is added to commercial hot plate molding machines and vacuum / pneumatic molding machines used by those skilled in the art for safety considerations by equipment manufacturers. In general, the temperature rise limiter prevents heating to a temperature of 200 ° C. or higher. For this reason, no one skilled in the art has attempted to thermoform by heating a PET-based multilayer sheet to 200 ° C. or higher.

  However, the inventor of the present application said that in the multilayer laminated sheet, the core layer is held like a water balloon by the skin layer by OPET and does not sag even when heated to 200 ° C. or higher (does not draw down). Because of this, I came up with an experiment to remove the temperature rise limiter from the hot plate molding machine and perform thermoforming, and actually tried it. As a result, an unexpected result as shown in FIG. 1 was obtained. In other words, in the region where the heating temperature of the laminated sheet is 150 ° C. or higher and lower than 200 ° C., the transparency of the container remained extremely poor as previously recognized, but the transparency suddenly improved when it reached about 200 ° C. In addition, it has been found that in the high temperature region of 200 to 260 ° C., it is possible to ensure almost the same degree of transparency as the low temperature region of less than 150 ° C. In addition, with regard to the formability during thermoforming (characteristic that can ensure the exact shape as the molding die), the shapeability is better as the temperature is higher over the temperature range from 100 ° C to around 260 ° C. I was able to confirm the tendency. In other words, it has been discovered that in the temperature range of 200 ° C. or higher and lower than 260 ° C., the transparency and shapeability of the container obtained by thermoforming can be compatible.

  As described above, according to the present invention, even when a multi-layer laminate sheet mainly composed of polyethylene terephthalate (PET) is used, the molded product (container) obtained by thermoforming has good formability without impairing transparency. Can be secured. Moreover, the heat resistance (heat-resistant temperature about 100 degreeC) of the grade calculated | required by the container for foodstuffs is securable by employ | adopting the stretched film made from PET for the skin layer which comprises a lamination sheet.

[Production of laminated sheet]
Pellet-shaped A-PET resin (manufactured by Sanbo Co., Ltd .: trade name “CZ-333”) was melted and then extruded with an extruder to obtain an A-PET sheet having a thickness of 250 μm. Meanwhile, a commercially available biaxially stretched PET film (manufactured by Toyobo Co., Ltd .: trade name “Toyobo Ester Film E5100”) was procured. This biaxially stretched PET film is a 12-fold stretched product (3 times in the X direction and 4 times in the Y direction) and has a thickness of 12 μm.

Prototype Example 1: Three-layer Laminated Sheet After applying urethane adhesive on both sides of the A-PET sheet, overlay the commercially available biaxially stretched PET film on each coated surface and apply to a laminating machine As shown in FIG. 3 (a), a laminated sheet having a three-layer structure obtained by dry laminating a 12 μm thick biaxially stretched PET film (OPET film) on both sides of a 250 μm thick A-PET sheet. Obtained. This is referred to as “Trilayer Structure Laminated Sheet of Prototype Example 1”.

Prototype Example 2: Two-layer Laminated Sheet After applying a urethane-based adhesive on one side of the A-PET sheet, the commercially available biaxially stretched PET film is overlaid on the coated surface and applied to a laminating machine. As shown in FIG. 3B, a laminated sheet having a two-layer structure obtained by laminating a 12 μm thick biaxially stretched PET film (OPET film) on one side of a 250 μm thick A-PET sheet was obtained. . This is referred to as “two-layer laminated sheet of prototype example 2”.

Experiment 1 (Prototype experiment to ensure transparency)
When the three-layer structure laminated sheet of Prototype Example 1 is heated by using a hot plate molding machine (manufactured by Asano Laboratory Co., Ltd .: high-speed hot plate heating type pneumatic molding machine CLS54H) from which the temperature rise limiter is removed, A prototype experiment was conducted to investigate the relationship between the sheet temperature and the transparency of the resulting container. In the experiment, the temperature of the shaping mold in the hot plate molding machine was maintained at 30 to 40 ° C. The prototyped container is a rectangular container lid of length 165 mm × width 165 mm × height 25 mm. For each container (lid) obtained at each heating temperature, the haze (%) of the portion corresponding to the top surface was measured based on the plastic optical property test method of JIS K7105. Haze is an index of transparency. The smaller the% value, the higher the transparency. Table 1 shows the results of this prototype experiment. A graph of Table 1 is shown in FIG. In Table 1, the evaluation of transparency by visual observation (three-step evaluation of “◯”, “Δ”, “×”) was also performed. In this visual evaluation, “◯” indicates that the transparency is good, “Δ” indicates that the transparency is slightly poor, and “X” indicates that the transparency is poor. Evaluation "x" shows that transparency is so bad that it cannot be used as a transparent container for food. The evaluations “Δ” and “◯” indicate that they are in a range that can be used as a transparent food container.

  From Table 1 and FIG. 4, it can confirm that the transparency of a container becomes comparatively favorable also in the area | region whose sheet | seat heating temperature in hot plate molding is 200 degreeC or more.

Experiment 2 (Prototype experiment on shaping)
The laminated sheets of Prototype Examples 1 and 2 are thermoformed using a hot plate molding machine (same as Experiment 1 above) with the temperature rise limiter removed, so that the sheet temperature during heating and the shapeability are good or bad. A prototype experiment was conducted to investigate the relationship between In the experiment, the temperature of the shaping mold in the hot plate molding machine was maintained at 30 to 40 ° C. The prototype container is a lid of a rectangular container having the same shape and the same size as the container (cover) of Experiment 1 above.

The formability was evaluated in three stages, “◯”, “Δ”, and “×”, based on the adhesiveness (visual observation) of the laminate sheet to the shaping die of the hot plate molding machine. In this three-level evaluation,
“◯” indicates that the heated sheet is attracted and adhered to the mold, and that the shaping according to the shape of the mold is realized.
“Δ” indicates that the attracting adhesion of the heating sheet to the mold is slightly sweet, and the shaping according to the mold shape is not partially realized.
“X” indicates that the attracting adhesion of the heating sheet to the mold is very sweet, and shaping according to the mold shape is not realized at all.
Table 2 shows the evaluation results of the formability when the three-layer structure laminated sheet of Prototype Example 1 is used.
In Table 3, the evaluation result of the shaping property at the time of using the two-layer structure laminated sheet of Prototype Example 2 is shown.

  In Example 2-1 and Example 2-2 in Table 2, the evaluation of formability is “◯”. This means that, as schematically shown in FIG. 5, the heated three-layer laminated sheet is closely attached to the cavity 11 of the mold 10 and molding is performed. In particular, in each corner portion 12 of the mold cavity corresponding to the four corner positions of the top surface of the container (lid body), the entire three layers of the laminated sheet were closely adhered to the corner portion 12 and the molding was performed. That means. The same applies to Examples 3-1 to 3-4 in Table 3.

  In the failure example a and failure example i in Table 3, the evaluation of the formability is “x”, but this is because the temperature of the hot plate is too low and the entire sheet can be shaped as the mold shape. It means no. In addition, in the failure example C and failure example D in Table 3, the evaluation of the formability is “Δ”. As schematically shown in FIG. 6, although the heated two-layer laminated sheet generally adheres to the cavity 11 of the mold 10, the mold cavity corresponding to the four corner positions of the top surface of the container (lid body). This means that the sheet adhesion at each corner 12 was partially poor. Specifically, the two-layered laminated sheet is directly heated on the lower side of the OPET layer (vertical direction) on the lower side of the hot plate, and the upper side of the hot plate is moved without moving the heated sheet. Molded into a molded mold. The A-PET layer that is in direct contact with the surface of the mold showed good adhesion to the mold at the corner portion 12, but the OPET layer could not follow the A-PET layer at the corner portion. -Peeling (gap) occurred between the PET layer and the OPET layer, and as a result, the OPET layer was not shaped according to the mold shape. From Table 3, a temperature of 160 ° C. or higher is required on the surface of the hot platen (sheet surface) in order to satisfactorily hot plate the two-layer sheet of Prototype Example 2.

  Table 4 shows a list of evaluations relating to formability and transparency for each of the examples shown in Tables 2 and 3 above. The evaluation of transparency and the measurement of haze (%) in Table 4 are in accordance with Experiment 1.

  According to each Example of Table 4, the container (lid body) excellent in both formability and transparency is obtained by hot plate molding at a temperature of 200 ° C. or higher using the laminated sheet of Prototype Example 1 or 2. be able to.

  [Modification] Although hot platen molding is performed in the above-described Examples 1-1 to 3-4, vacuum molding, pressure molding, or vacuum / pressure molding may be employed instead of hot plate molding. In this case, it goes without saying that the same result (or tendency) as the above experimental result can be obtained. When the two-layer laminated sheet is heated in the heater zone (heating region) of the thermoforming step (D), it is better to have the skin layer made of OPET down (in the vertical direction) to hold the core layer. .

10 Mold of Hot Plate Molding Machine 11 Cavity of Mold 12 Corner of Cavity of Mold

Claims (3)

A laminated sheet having a two-layer or three-layer structure formed by laminating a core layer having both front and back surfaces and a skin layer provided on one or both surfaces of the core layer is formed by hot plate forming, vacuum forming, pressure forming, or vacuum pressure forming. A packaging container obtained by shaping by thermoforming selected from molding,
The core layer of the laminated sheet is made of an unstretched sheet of amorphous polyethylene terephthalate having a specific melting point (Tm), and the skin layer of the laminated sheet is made of a stretched film of polyethylene terephthalate,
By shaping the laminated sheet while heating so that the temperature of the skin layer is 200 ° C. or higher and lower than the melting point (Tm) of the amorphous polyethylene terephthalate during the thermoforming, A packaging container characterized by having both transparency. A) a sheet preparation step of preparing an unstretched sheet of amorphous polyethylene terephthalate having a specific melting point (Tm);
B) a film preparation step of preparing a stretched film of polyethylene terephthalate;
C) A laminated sheet forming step of forming a laminated sheet having a two-layer structure in which an unstretched sheet of amorphous polyethylene terephthalate is used as a core layer, and a stretched film of polyethylene terephthalate is laminated on one side of the core layer as a skin layer; ,
D) The laminated sheet was heated with the skin layer facing down so that the temperature of the skin layer was 200 ° C. or higher and lower than the melting point (Tm) of the amorphous polyethylene terephthalate. A thermoforming step of shaping the laminated sheet into a container shape by thermoforming selected from hot plate forming, vacuum forming, pressure forming or vacuum pressure forming;
The manufacturing method of the packaging container characterized by manufacturing through this. A) a sheet preparation step of preparing an unstretched sheet of amorphous polyethylene terephthalate having a specific melting point (Tm);
B) a film preparation step of preparing a stretched film of polyethylene terephthalate;
C) a laminated sheet forming step of forming a laminated sheet having a three-layer structure in which the amorphous polyethylene terephthalate unstretched sheet is used as a core layer, and the polyethylene terephthalate stretched film is laminated on both sides of the core layer as a skin layer; ,
D) Heating the laminated sheet so that the temperature of the skin layer is 200 ° C. or higher and lower than the melting point (Tm) of the amorphous polyethylene terephthalate, and heating the laminated sheet, A thermoforming step of forming into a container shape by thermoforming selected from vacuum forming, pressure forming or vacuum pressure forming;
The manufacturing method of the packaging container characterized by manufacturing through this.

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