JP2011140829A - Headrace for water power generation and hydroelectric method for mountainous area - Google Patents

Abstract

<P>PROBLEM TO BE SOLVED: To produce flowing water contributing to water power generation with an intermediate capacity or lower, by taking water flowing down from a mountaintop area while possessing high kinetic energy, so as to lead the water with low flow-down resistance into a waterwheel for power generation. <P>SOLUTION: A headrace for water power generation takes the water from an upper section of the flowing water in a mountain dale etc., and leads the water inward as the flowing water necessary for the running of the waterwheel for the power generation, which is installed in a lower section. The headrace, which is at least partially arranged in an inclined state, leads the flowing water, taken by a sidlingly arranged section, into the waterwheel for the power generation after converting the flowing water to high-velocity flowing water from low-velocity flowing water. Additionally, the cross-sectional-direction inner periphery of the headrace is set to be decreased in inverse proportion to the flow velocity of the flowing water passing therethrough, so as to prevent the dispersion of the flowing water. <P>COPYRIGHT: (C)2011,JPO&INPIT

Description

  The present invention relates to a hydroelectric power generation conduit that takes in running water (for example, swamps) in the upper part of a mountain and introduces it as running water necessary for operation of a power generation turbine installed in the lower part.

Currently, as a global environmental problem, the de-CO ₂ conversion of energy is screamed, and the development of new energy as clean energy is urgently needed. As one of them, photovoltaic power generation is being put into practical use. However, the solar power generation system is suitable for countries with vast deserts but not for Japan. The biggest reason is that there is no land to deploy this technology. If this is implemented in Japan, it will cause natural destruction and major changes in lifestyles, resulting in high electricity prices.

  By the way, Japan is a small island country sandwiched between the vast Pacific Ocean and the Sea of Japan. The land area is 80% and the forest is only 20%. Japan is blessed with marine energy as a result of the Earth's natural movement cycle, has a humid and rainy climate, and has suitable conditions for hydropower generation. From this point, hydroelectric power generation should be noted as clean energy compared to power generation by sunlight, wind power, tidal power, etc.

Here, when we look at the amount of power generated in Japan, the total amount of power generated in FY2007 described in the 2009 edition of the Energy Economic Statistics Manual is 120 billion [kWh].
Hydropower (7%): 84 billion [kWh]
Thermal power (70%): 840 billion [kWh]
Nuclear power (22%): 264 billion [kWh]
Others (1%): 12 billion [kWh]
It has become. Thermal power and nuclear power are growing, but hydropower is not growing because of almost constant power generation. The reason for this is that large-scale development sites for hydropower plants have already been developed, leaving only small and medium-sized sites.

In this way, because the country is small, there is no large river suitable for hydropower generation in Japan. As a major river in the world, for example, there is the Mississippi River in the United States, and when combined with the Missouri River upstream, the total length is about 6019 [km] and the basin area is about 3.25 million [km ² ]. There is Yangtze River in China, the total length is about 6380 [km], and the basin area is about 1.17 million [km ² ]. On the other hand, the total land area of Japan is about 370,000 [km ² ], which is less than the catchment area of the Mississippi River and the Yangtze River. The Tone River, the largest river in Japan, has a total length of about 322 [km] and a catchment area of about 17 [km ² ].

The basic amount that contributes to hydropower is the product of “basin area” and “precipitation”. Directly, it is “river flow” and “head”. Japan is advantageous in terms of precipitation. According to the 2009 science chronology, the average precipitation (1971-2000) in developed countries around the world
London: 750.6 [mm]
Berlin: 570.7 [mm]
Paris: 647.6 [mm]
Rome: 716.9 [mm]
Tokyo: 1466.7 [mm]
It is. In this way, Japan outperforms other countries in terms of precipitation.

  There are several classification methods for hydropower generation that are currently in use. According to the intake method, as shown in Fig. 1, (a) waterway power generation method, (b) dam power generation method, (c) waterway It is divided into dam power generation methods (for example, Non-Patent Document 1). In FIG. 1, 1 is an intake river, 2 is an intake weir, 3 is a water conduit, 4 is a sand basin, 5 is a water tank, 6 is a hydraulic pipe, 7 is a hydroelectric power plant, 8 is a water outlet, 9 is a discharge river, 10 is a reservoir, 11 is a dam, and 12 is a surge tank. A common feature of each hydropower generation system is that the water is stored in the intake weir 2 and dam 11, where the kinetic energy of the water flowing in the intake river is once reduced to zero, and the outlet 8 from the intake weir 2 and dam 11 It is to use the water pressure by the head, that is, the potential energy.

The amount of hydropower resources that can be used in a certain area is that the average annual precipitation is Sa [m ² ], the average altitude is H [m], and the annual average precipitation is R [m]. The potential energy E [kJ]
E = Sa · R · g · H [kJ] (1)
Indicated by g is the acceleration of gravity [m / s ² ]. Expressing the number of seconds in a year in T seconds,
T = 3600 × 24 × 365 = 31.536 × 10 ⁶ seconds (2)
Therefore, if the potential energy E is used throughout the year, the electric power W [kW] obtained per unit second is
W = (Sa · R · g · H) / (31.536 × 10 ⁶ ) [kW] (3)
It becomes. When this is converted into the electric energy Eh [kWh],
Eh = W · 3600 [kWh] (4)
It becomes. The amount of power generated by water resources and energy owned by one country can be obtained by integrating the amount of power Eh [kWh] over the entire country. The water resource energy obtained in this way is called “theoretical embedded hydraulic energy”.

  Among these theoretically encapsulated hydroelectric energy, hydroelectric energy that can be economically developed is "economic encapsulated hydropower energy". Globally (mainly developed countries), economic-embedded hydroelectric energy is said to be about 20% of theoretically-embedded hydroelectric energy. However, in Japan, because there are many mountains, there are many flows that flow into the sea as flash floods, so it is said that it is about 10 to 12% less. It is difficult to accurately determine these theoretically encapsulated hydroelectric energy and economic encapsulated hydropower energy. In particular, the current hydropower generation method uses the Taiga method, which is not suitable for Japan, as described above, so it cannot be denied that both energies are low.

Here, to give an example of the Three Gorges Dam, which is said to be the largest in the world, this dam is located in the middle of the Yangtze River, well downstream of Chongqing. In terms of power generation specifications, the dam has a bank height of 185 [m] and a bank top length of 2309.47 [m]. The dam lake has a length of about 570 [km], a normal water level of 175 [m], and an effective storage volume of 2.215 × 10 ¹⁰ [m ³ ]. The power plant has a generator output of 700,000 [kW], and there are 26 generators, so the total power output is 26 x 70 = 18.2 million [kW] (further 6 expansion plan), The amount is 85 billion [kWh].

In contrast, the largest Tadami River power plant in Japan (power development) has a dam height of 157 m and a crest length of 480 m. The dam lake has an effective storage capacity of 4.58 × 10 ⁸ [m ³ ]. The power plant has only 4 generators and a total power output of only 560,000 [kW]. The head is the same, but the length of the bank is about 1/5, and there is a difference of nearly two digits in the effective storage flow rate.

  As mentioned above, the amount of power generated by hydropower in Japan is 84 billion [kWh], so the amount of power generated at one location in the Three Gorges Dam is 85 billion [kWh]. It can be seen that the amount of electric power is equivalent to one Three Gorges Dam by collecting several tens of thousands to 100,000 [kWh] small power plants. It should be noted here that the theoretical velocity V [m / s] possessed by the potential energy of the drop 150 [m] is about V = 54.21 [m / s] in free fall.

Yoshikawa, Kakimoto, Yao, “Power Generation Engineering”, The Institute of Electrical Engineers, 2003, pp. 3-25.

  Figure 2 illustrates the characteristics of Japanese hydropower. Reference numerals 20A and 20B denote basin area portions of the respective points. In each basin area, there are several rivers 22 that are gathered to form a river 23. Because the country is small, most of the rivers 23 do not become large rivers, but flow into the sea as they are. However, if there is a water intake point 24 that is suitable for hydroelectric power generation of a waterway type, a dam type, or a waterway dam type, such a place has been regarded as a suitable site for the construction of a hydroelectric power plant. Reference numeral 21 denotes a mountain. When a dam is constructed, a submerged area occurs, which causes problems such as resettlement of residents, loss of historic sites, water pollution and impact on the ecosystem. Fortunately, it is small in Japan. By the way, in the case of the Three Gorges Dam, 1.4 million people are required to be relocated by 2007, and 2.3 million people by 2020.

  There are various mountain shapes, but there are many shapes represented by Mount Fuji. Such a mountain has a strong slope near the summit, which is 60 degrees in a steep place, but is about 30 to 45 degrees. And usually it becomes gentler as it goes to the bottom. Until now, the power plant was built at the base of the mountain and at a point 24 away from the base as shown in FIG.

Here, as shown in FIG. 3, the flowing water flows down from the river 23 at a flow velocity V ₀ [m / s] through a water conduit 25 inclined from the start point A1. At this time, it is assumed that the energy of the flowing water of the river 23 is converted into the kinetic energy of the flowing water without loss (hereinafter, this flowing state is referred to as a theoretical flowing state). The velocity V (t) [m / s] of flowing water after t seconds in the water conduit 25 after passing through the starting point A1 is
V (t) = g · sin θ · t + V ₀ (5)
It is represented by The descending travel distance x (t) along the water conduit 25 at that time is:
x (t) = 1/2 · t ² · g · sin θ + V ₀ · t (6)
It is represented by

In FIG. 3, the following experiment will be conducted.
(1) The water conduit 25 has a width a [m], a depth d [m], and values at the starting point A1 are a = 5 [m] and d = 1 [m].
(2) The initial flow velocity of running water at the starting point A1 is set to V ₀ = 1 [m / s].
(3) The inclination angle of the water conduit 25 is constant at θ = 30 degrees.
(4) The flowing water flowing down the water guide channel 25 has no change in the flow rate Q [m ³ / s], the flow velocity V [m / s] increases as it flows down, and the width a [m] is constant. The depth d [m] becomes shallower in inverse proportion to the flow velocity V [m / s] (the principle of connection).

  FIG. 4 shows the calculation result. x is a distance from the starting point A1 along the water conduit 25 at the elapsed time t, S is a cross-sectional area of running water at the distance x point (= a × d), and b is a cross-section S at the distance x point. This is the distance (b = √ (S)) of one side when it is a regular square. Here, looking at the depth d [m], the speed V = 5.9 [m / s] after 1 second from 1 [m] at the point of t = 0 (starting point A1). , Has dropped rapidly to about 17 [cm]. After 10 seconds, the velocity V = 50 [m / s] and d = 2 [cm]. After 30 seconds, the velocity reaches near V = 150 [m / s] and d = 6.8 [mm]. Thus, although it is calculation of the theoretical flow state, since the slope is steep near the top of the mountain, it can be seen that the flowing water has a large kinetic energy. However, in the actual mountain, the rain flow is around 1 cm, so the large kinetic energy has been overlooked.

  The flowing water with high kinetic energy at the top of the mountain collides with stones and rocks, goes over the mountain surface, loses its kinetic energy, and forms a stream over many years. In this way, the flowing water in the river is unsuitable for use in hydroelectric power generation as it is because the flow velocity is gentle and slow. However, if appropriate processing is performed so as not to lose the kinetic energy, it has the potential to become a large kinetic energy source for hydroelectric power generation.

  The purpose of the present invention is to take the flowing water from the top of the mountain having a large kinetic energy as described above so that it can be introduced into a power generation turbine with low flow resistance and generate flowing water that contributes to power generation of medium capacity or less. It is to provide a hydroelectric power conduit that is made possible.

In order to achieve the above object, the hydroelectric power guide channel according to the first aspect of the present invention is a hydroelectric power generation channel that takes in running water in the upper part of the mountain and introduces it as running water necessary for operation of the power generating turbine installed in the lower part. It is a water conduit, wherein at least a part is inclined and the flowing water taken by the inclined arrangement portion is converted from low-speed flowing water to high-speed flowing water and then introduced into the power generation water turbine.
According to a second aspect of the present invention, in the hydroelectric power generation channel according to the first aspect, the inner periphery in the cross-sectional direction of each part is set to be inversely proportional to the flow velocity of the flowing water passing therethrough. It is characterized by.
The invention according to claim 3 is characterized in that, in the hydroelectric power generation channel according to claim 1 or 2, the plurality of running waters are merged and gathered into one running water as going downstream. To do.
According to a fourth aspect of the present invention, in the hydroelectric power generation channel according to the first, second or third aspect, the floor surface is formed of a low friction-resistant material and the side wall is formed of a hydrophilic material that oozes out water. It is characterized by being.
The invention according to claim 5 is characterized in that in the hydroelectric power generation channel according to claim 1, 2, or 3, at least a part of the aerial channel is floating from the ground surface.
The invention according to claim 6 is the hydroelectric power guide channel according to claim 1, 2, 3, or 5, wherein a water collecting channel for collecting rainwater or snowmelt water that has fallen at a high place in the mountain is provided, and the water collecting channel The running water collected in step 1 is introduced into the upper end.

  According to the hydroelectric power guide channel of the present invention, since the water taken from the upper part of the mountain (for example, a swamp) is not decelerated by stones or rocks, the kinetic energy flows down almost without being lost. Since it is introduced into a water turbine, a large amount of power can be generated. At this time, by setting the length of the wet edge in the cross-sectional direction of each part of the water channel so as to be inversely proportional to the flow rate of the flowing water passing therethrough, the dispersion of the flowing water in the water channel is prevented and the resistance loss is reduced. Can be reduced. The present invention has the following features. (I) Since most of the country of Japan is mountainous, power generation using the hydroelectric power generation channel of the present invention can be applied in many prefectures. (Ii) Since dams are not required, construction costs are low, and if the land is blessed, it is possible to install two or more hydropower canals in one basin (river) in that basin. Power generation capability. (Iii) Since it can be constructed at the upper part of the mountainous area, it has little effect on the downstream river. (Iv) Since rain is free, there is almost no operating cost. (V) A portion of the power generated in each region is consumed in that region, so the transition to the soft path method is accelerated. (Vi) Currently, effective investment is required in rural areas due to the financial crisis. (Vii) This hydropower canal can be used not only in Japan but also in countries with mountainous areas, and a lot of demand is expected especially in Southeast Asia with heavy rain and mountainous areas.

It is explanatory drawing of the conventional hydroelectric power generation system. It is explanatory drawing of the water intake for the conventional electric power generation. It is explanatory drawing of the flowing water which flows down the water conduit of inclination | tilt angle (theta). In FIG. 3, the flow velocity V at each time t when the inclination angle θ of the waterway is 30 degrees, the distance x along the inclined surface, the flowing water depth d, the flowing water cross-sectional area S, and the flowing water cross section are square. It is explanatory drawing which shows the data of the length b of one side. In FIG. 3, an explanatory diagram showing data of the flow velocity V at each time t, the distance x along the inclined surface, the horizontal distance l, and the drop h when the inclination angle θ of the waterway is 30 degrees, 45 degrees, and 50 degrees. It is. It is explanatory drawing which shows the data of the electric power generation P obtained from the flow volume Q and the flow velocity V of flowing water. It is a map of the mountain part used as the object which implements this invention. It is sectional drawing between A1-A2 in FIG. It is sectional drawing between A2-A3 in FIG. It is explanatory drawing at the time of making a water conduit into an air conduit. It is explanatory drawing which shows the data of the theoretical electric power P obtained from the flow velocity V and the flow volume Q of 2 types of nozzle diameters in a Pelton turbine. It is explanatory drawing of the water retention of a mountainous part. It is explanatory drawing of the water collection channel which collects rainwater and snowmelt water near the mountaintop.

First, assuming that the flow rate of flowing water flowing into the water turbine for power generation is Q [m ³ / s] and the head that effectively acts on the water turbine is h [m], the theoretical power generation power P [kW] seems to be well known. In addition,
P = g · Q · h [kW] (7)
It is represented by The theoretical generated power P is also called theoretical hydraulic power. If the velocity of flowing water introduced into the power generation turbine is V [m / s],
P = 1/2 · QV ² [kW] (8)
It can be rewritten as The flowing water at the top of the mountain has a small flow rate Q but a large flow velocity V. In the plain, the flow rate Q is large, but the drop h is small.

  In the conventional dam type power generation method, the large velocity energy of the flowing water at the top of the mountain is not used at all, and it is stored in the dam as still water. In other words, kinetic energy was thrown into the reservoir. The hydroelectric power generation method explained in FIG. 1 that discards without using the kinetic energy of the mountainous part that can obtain a large speed V in the country with many mountainous parts and few plains like Japan, It is not suitable. In Japan, it is generally recognized that there is less space for development of the hydroelectric power generation method described in FIG. 1, and that it will be necessary to rely on power generation methods other than hydropower in the future.

  Thus, although there are few suitable sites for the hydroelectric power generation method described in FIG. 1, there are many suitable sites for hydroelectric power stations throughout Japan when utilizing the velocity energy of the flowing water at the top of the mountain. Since it is at the top of the mountain, the flow rate that can be used is limited, so it is not suitable for large-capacity power plants, but it is suitable for medium- to small-capacity power plants of about 100,000 to several thousand [kW]. Suitable land is widely distributed.

  There are many peaks at the top of the mountain, where the angle of inclination ranges from 30 to 45 degrees, and depending on the location, it can be as much as 50 degrees. When the inclination angle θ is 30, 45, and 50 degrees, in FIG. 3, the flow velocity V [m / s], the distance x [m], the distance l [m], and the drop h [m] every one second elapse. FIG. 5 shows the result obtained. The distance l [m] is a horizontal distance from the starting point A1, and the head h [m] indicates a head from the starting point A1. As the flowing water flows down, the flow velocity increases, and the flowing water cross-sectional area at the falling point decreases accordingly.

When hydroelectric power generation is performed using high-speed flowing water at the top of the mountain, the problem is how much theoretical power generation P [kW] can be obtained. The theoretical generated power P [kW] obtained from the flowing water at the flow rate Q [m ³ / s] and the speed V [m / s] is obtained by the above-described equation (8). FIG. 6 shows the relationship between Q, V, and P obtained from this equation (8). For example, when Q = 10 [m ³ / s] and V = 100 [m / s], the theoretical generated power is P = 50,000 [kW]. This is a calculation assuming that the kinetic energy of running water is converted to 100% electrical energy. The flow velocity V of the running water is not considered for the loss. Therefore, it is considered that the actual generated power is about 30 to 60 “%.” If the generated power of 30 “%” is P ₃₀ , then P ₃₀ = 15000 [kW], and 60 [%] Then, P ₆₀ = 30,000 [kW].

  It is not clear how many mountains exist in Japan that are compatible with the hydroelectric power generation system according to the present invention. In so-called mountains and mountain ranges, mountains with an altitude of 2000 to 3000 [m] are connected. In such a mountainous area, there is a possibility that flowing water having a speed exceeding 150 to 200 [m / s] can be obtained. However, since it is not technically a good idea to handle very high-speed flowing water, it is safer to use it for power generation at an appropriate flow velocity and then use the discharged water downstream to obtain power generation.

  Alpines with altitudes exceeding 1000 [m] are ubiquitous, but mountains around 500 [m] exist in all parts of Japan. According to “Takeuchi Tadashi; Nihonzan Name Directory, Hakusan Shobo”, the total number of Japanese mountains is 18,000. This includes hills with an altitude of about [m]. Therefore, the number of mountains that are 500 [m] or higher that can be used for hydropower generation is estimated to be 8000, and the altitude is 500 [m]. Then, it is assumed that the portion that can be used as a power generation conduit is 250 [m], which is half of that. According to this assumption, the flow velocity V [m / s] of the free fall obtained from the drop 250 [m] can be obtained as about 70 [m / s] by simple calculation.

Assuming the flow rate at a mountain with an altitude of about 500 [m] as constant Q = 6 [m ³ / s], calculation is made under the condition of flow velocity V = 70 [m / s], When the theoretical generated power P [kW] obtained when the car is installed is obtained, from the equation (8),
P = 1/2 · QV ² = 14700 [kW]
It becomes. Assuming that there are an average of two places where a mountain can be formed in one mountain, the total theoretical generated power Pm [kW] in one mountain doubles to Pm = 29400 [kW]. In Japan as a whole, 8000 times this is the virtual generated power Ps [kW] of running water,
Ps = 29400 × 8000 = 2.352 × 10 ⁸ [kW]
It becomes.

When this virtual generated power Ps is set to an electric energy Ws [kWh],
Ws = 20603 billion [kWh]
It becomes. This power amount Ws is based on the theoretical power generation amount, and the actual total power generation amount Wt [kWh] is
Wt = η · Ws
It becomes. η is the conversion efficiency including the conversion loss. The value of η is unknown, but it seems to be between 0.3 and 0.6. Therefore,
Wt = 6181-13262 billion [kWh]
It becomes.

  As described above in paragraph 0004, the total amount of electricity generated in Japan is less than about 120 billion [kWh]. Therefore, the actual total power generation amount Wt mentioned above indicates that if hydropower generation is used well, it will be able to cover about 50% of the total power generation amount at best. ing. In addition, since the numerical value used here employs a slightly smaller value, there is a possibility that an output amount larger than the actual total generated power amount Wt may be obtained.

  The main point of the present invention is to prevent the speed of flowing water flowing down the upper part of a mountain such as a river from being lost by stones or rocks. The swamp water goes down with increasing speed as it goes down the slope. This understanding is especially important for the application of running water in mountainous areas. As described with reference to FIG. 4, in the water conduit with the inclination angle θ = 30 degrees, if the width a of the water conduit is fixed to 5 [m], there is first a depth of d = 1 [m]. The water decreases to a depth of about 17 [cm] after 1 second and decreases to a depth of about 2 [cm] after 10 seconds. Therefore, the flowing water with reduced depth usually collides with these, and the kinetic energy is lost, and the flowing water becomes gentle flowing water and cannot be used for power generation. Therefore, the present invention forms a water conduit that smoothly flows a large amount of flowing water, guides the flowing water there, prevents the kinetic energy of the flowing water from disappearing, and exhibits a large power generation capacity.

  A mountainous mountain stream and a water conduit formed there will be described. Figure 7 is a 1 / 5,000 map published by the Geospatial Information Authority of Japan, showing a part of the Tengendai in the Yonezawa area. This area is dotted with mountains with an altitude of around 1500 [m] without any special high mountains. The target river is upstream of Shibukawa 23A. In the Tengendai area, there is Yokokawa 23B (including Nagakurazawa 23C and Zazazawa 23D) next to the west, and one similar river on the east side that is not shown in FIG. 7, and west of Yokogawa 23B. There is a big swamp around. In addition, there are 4-5 spots that are smaller than Shibukawa 23A. Shibukawa 23A starts from the southeast end of FIG. 7 and flows toward Tohoku with a gentle slope. The west valley from Shibukawa 23A descends to the Mogami River, and the eastern stream from Shibukawa 23A descends to the Haguro River.

In FIG. 7, along the Shibukawa 23A, there is an A2 point at a point where the head from the start point A1 (several tens of meters downstream from the source point of the Shibukawa 23A) is 500 [m], and the head from the start point A1 is 1000 [m]. There is an A3 point at the point. The interval between the contour lines in FIG. 7 is 50 m, and each 50 m is displayed as a thick line. By intake of running water swamp Shibukawa 23A at the start point A1, the A1-A2-A3 between point to form a water conduit and to flow down therethrough, the flow rate of the A2 point _{V A2 [m / s],} A3 If the flow velocity at the point is V _A3 [m / s],
V _A2 ≈ 100 [m / s]
V _A3 ≈ 140 [m / s]
It is. The flow rate is unknown, but assuming that Q = 6 [m ³ / s] and the initial velocity of flowing water at point A1 is V ₀ = 1 [m / s], the theory at points A2 and A3 The generated powers P _A2 and P _A3 are obtained from Equation (8) and FIG.
P _A2 = 30,000 [kW]
P _A3 = 58,000 [kW]
It becomes. Forest roads, etc. are provided up to the point A3, which are useful for transporting equipment for the construction of the waterway.

  It is an object of the present invention to provide a water conduit that guides high-speed running water to a low place from a mountainous high place. In principle, the waterway will be constructed by removing the stones and rocks that have slowed the speed of the water that should be high-speed water. However, in general, as shown in FIG. 7, it is normal for the swamp to descend while being refracted. In flowing water, speed loss occurs with refraction, and refraction should be avoided as much as possible in order to obtain high-speed flowing water. For this purpose, the following three kinds of methods for constructing the water conduit can be considered. (a). (B) Construction method for renovating existing rivers to waterway for high-speed running water for power generation, (b) Construction method for waterway with few refracted parts and a straight line, (c) Water flow intake This is a method of constructing a water conduit straight from the power generation inlet. Next, each method will be specifically described.

<(A). Construction method to renovate an existing stream into a waterway for high-speed running water for power generation>
This method is used only in places where rivers flow straight down. The stones and rocks of the swamps will be removed, and an open water channel with a rectangular, trapezoidal, semicircular cross section, etc. will be built directly on the swamp. At this time, since the cross-sectional area of the flowing water decreases in inverse proportion to the flow velocity, the size of each cross section of the water conduit is set to correspond to this. That is, by reducing the inner circumference in the cross-sectional direction of each part in inverse proportion to the flow velocity of the flowing water passing therethrough, the flowing water does not disperse and the resistance loss at the time of flowing down is reduced. Also, except for the semicircular water conduit, the floor surface is made of low friction resistance material such as stone pavement, concrete, metal, etc. to reduce the flow resistance. Furthermore, it is desirable to form the side wall (including semicircular shape) with a hydrophilic material such as a masonry or chemical compound that exudes water. If a hydrophilic material is used, it becomes possible to plan the inflow of groundwater in the middle of a conduit.

<(B). A method of constructing a water conduit close to a straight line with few refracting parts near an existing stream>
As for the swamp, there are few things that satisfy the condition of flowing down linearly as in (a). In practice, it is normal that the light refracts and flows down as shown in FIG. Since the velocity loss of running water increases at this refraction, I want to get as close to a straight line as possible. If a straight path that passes near the swamp is obtained, it is possible to construct a conduit with the same basin area as the swollen and with less speed loss. One example is a water conduit 25A indicated by a solid line between A1 and A2 in FIG. Since this water conduit 25A is formed along the mountain surface, it is necessary to newly excavate, but there is little need to remove many stones and rocks. The construction method of the water conduit 25A is performed in the same manner as described in (a). FIG. 8 shows a cross section between A1 and A2. Since it descends sequentially from the A1 point to the A2 point, the flowing water taken at the starting point A1 can be led to the A2 point by the open water conduit 25A. The water conduit 25A between A1 and A2 does not necessarily have to follow the mountain surface, and a part of the water conduit can be excavated or reclaimed to have a constant inclination.

<(C). Method of constructing a water conduit straight from the intake of flowing water to the intake of power generation>
In this method, the route between the starting point (water intake) and the final point (inlet to the turbine for power generation) is connected linearly, and the velocity loss of running water in the water channel is minimized. can do. The water conduit 25B between A2 and A3 in FIG. 7 corresponds to this. Unlike the methods (a) and (b), this method is a route that crosses the ridge (penetration) without passing through the valleys, so tunnel construction is often required. FIG. 9 shows a cross section between A2 and A3. The dotted line between A2 and A3 in FIG. 9 is a straight water conduit 25B connecting the points A2 and A3. Where the cross-sectional curve (ground surface) 26 is above the water conduit 25B, the water conduit 25B is It becomes a tunnel buried in the ground. In addition, the water conduit 25B between A2-A3 is not restricted to a straight line, A parabola shape including a catenary (suspension line) curve may be sufficient.

  In each of the above-described methods (a) to (c), as part or all of the water conduit, as shown in FIG. 10, an aerial water conduit 25 </ b> C supported by the support column 32 is installed so as to float from the ground surface 31. Can do. At this time, since the aerial conduit 25C is higher than the ground surface 31 by the height h1, when applying the aerial conduit 25C to the exposed portion of the conduit 25B between the dotted lines A2 to A3 in FIG. Can be reduced. The height h1 is determined by the geology of the installation location, the inclination angle, the length of the tunnel portion, the flow rate of running water, and the like. In the case where the upper end of the aerial conduit 25 </ b> C becomes the water intake 33, a filter or the like (not shown) is installed in the water intake 33 so that the flowing water from the river 22 is taken in. The downstream of the stream 22 is a withered stream 22A because flowing water has flowed into the air conduit 25C during the beginning. When the aerial conduit 25C is a water pipe (pipe) type, small holes 25Ca are opened in places above the water pipe to introduce the atmosphere, and the interior of the water pipe is maintained at atmospheric pressure.

In a mountainous area, the flow rate Q [m ³ / s] that can flow into the conduit is not so large. Therefore, the power generation turbine used in the power plant is mainly the Pelton turbine system. In the Pelton turbine, the number of nozzles is determined by the flow rate, but the maximum is six. When the nozzle diameter is 12 [cm] and 15 [cm], the generated power calculated by the equation (8) from the flow velocity V [m / s] and the flow rate Q [m ³ / s] at the insertion port of the water turbine P [kW] is shown in FIG. The nozzle diameter of a Pelton turbine currently used is normally 10 [cm], but here, 12 [cm] and 15 [cm] are listed as target values.

The generated power P [kW] shown here is 100% for the efficiency of the turbine and the generator, but in reality, there is a loss between the turbine and the generator, so about 70 to 80% is generated. It becomes electric power. Note that the flow rate Q [m ³ / s] itself in FIG. 11 is almost the same at the start and end points of the water conduit because the water conduit of the present invention narrows the cross-sectional area in inverse proportion to the flow velocity V [m / s]. Are the same.

  A problem in implementing the present invention will be the development of civil engineering machines that can be used for work on steep slopes. Since there is no machine that can achieve the purpose in a mountainous area with steep slopes in mountainous high places, it is necessary to develop these. Although the mountainous area is rough, it is said that the devastation near the top is particularly bad. There is a need for a machine that can stably and promptly perform the work of climbing the rough steep ground stably and taking out and disposing of rocks and rocks existing in the rivers. I look forward to Japan's outstanding technological development capabilities.

  The power generation system is required to be able to maintain a constant output throughout the year. Ideally, a constant output can be generated regardless of the dry or rainy season. To that end, it is important to constantly maintain the mountaintops that are extremely desolated and increase the amount of water retained near the top of the mountains. In particular, increasing the amount of water retained from the top of the mountain to the vicinity of the intake of the conduit is essential for improving power generation efficiency.

  As shown in FIG. 12, there are irrigated trees 41 such as shrubs and oaks, dead leaf layers (humus soil) 42 and soil 43 on the surface of the land (the leaves of the trees are omitted). . For a long time, an effective method that has been adopted to increase the water retention capacity of relatively low mountainous areas has been afforestation. Usually, the primary purpose of afforestation was wood production, and rather water retention was a secondary effect. For this reason, the mountainous upper layer where it was difficult to cut out plantation timber has been left in its natural state. It is necessary to actively plant trees that have a large water holding capacity and are excellent as wood. It must be done with the maintenance of the forest road. Tree leaves are also said to be useful for temporary water retention.

  If there are fallen leaves or dead leaves in the upper part of the mountain, it becomes a dead leaf layer 42, and a considerable amount of water is accumulated between the fallen leaves and dead leaves, and they gradually become fermented and decayed to become humus, and finally become soil 43. A systematic study of enhancing the water retention capacity of the dead leaf layer 42 is important. By spraying a water retention agent on the dead leaf layer 42 or between fallen leaves, the water retention capacity of this layer can be increased. Water retention agents must be returned to the soil due to aging.

  The last is improvement of the soil 43 itself. The improvement of the soil 43 has been performed for a long time with the main purpose of growing plants. However, in recent years, it has been caused by changes in natural weather, or severe precipitation has occurred in various places, which had never been expected before, causing a huge disaster. As a means for preventing such disasters, research for increasing the water retention capacity of the soil 43 has become active, but it is desirable to cover the upper part of the mountain with the soil 43 having as much water retention capacity as possible. For example, if the water retention capacity is increased to several hundred times to several thousand times that of the prior art, it is possible to secure a water retention amount corresponding to a dam even in the middle and low mountains. If the water retention capacity of the upper mountain area is increased as described above, and the water retention capacity of the conventional upper mountain area is increased from several hundred to several thousand times, it becomes easy to realize a stable and high-power hydropower plant according to the present invention. be able to.

  Currently, some of the rainwater and snowmelt water that has fallen on the mountain tops flows into the swamp, but the rest becomes groundwater, falls down the mountains and enters the rivers and rivers, and is also used for human life. Has not been used and has flowed into the sea. Utilizing rainwater and snowmelt water at the top of the mountain as effectively as possible is also a means for making the present invention more effective.

  For this purpose, various means are conceivable. FIG. 13 is a specific example of collecting rainwater and snowmelt water on the mountaintop by a relatively simple method. In FIG. 13, 51 is a mountain top, and ridges extending downward from the mountain tops 52 </ b> A to 52 </ b> E, and 25 </ b> D to 25 </ b> F represent power generation conduits for power generation according to the present invention that are constructed between the ridges. It is assumed that there is no stream generated between the ridges 52C-52D and between the ridges 52E-52A due to the influence of topography and the like, and rainwater and snowmelt water on the mountaintop 51 during this period has been washed away downstream. ing.

  In such a case, an annular water collecting channel 53 that almost goes around the mountain top 51 is constructed so as to descend from the point X with a gentle gradient and reach the point Y, and this annular water collecting channel 53 is connected to each of the water conduits 25D to 25F. If it is connected to the upper water intake, the rainwater and snowmelt water collected in the annular catchment channel 53 can be diverted to the conduits 25D to 25F, and the flow rate Q of the conduits 25D to 25F can be increased. . If the water retention capacity enhancement measure is applied in the ring of the circular catchment channel 53, the effective use of rainwater and snowmelt water on the mountain top 51 can be increased to an almost ideal state. The above is an explanation of an ideal case, and depending on the actual mountain water condition, the purpose of collecting water may be achieved even if the annular collecting channel is not necessarily closed.

  In addition, a plurality of tributary diversion channels are provided in the upstream part of the main diversion channel in which the water flow at the lower end is introduced into the power generation turbine, and the flow from each of these tributary diversion channels joins the main diversion channel. You may make it do. In this way, the final flow rate Q of the flowing water introduced into the power generation turbine can be increased, and the power generation efficiency can be increased.

1: Intake river, 2: Intake weir, 3: Inlet channel, 4: Sand basin, 5: Water tank, 6: Hydraulic pipe, 7: Hydroelectric power plant, 8: Outlet, 9: Outlet river, 10: Reservoir 11: Dam, 12: Surge tank 20A, 20B: Basin area part, 21: Mountain, 22: Sawa, 22A: Withering, 23: River, 23A: Shibukawa, 23B: Yokogawa, 23C: Nagakurazawa, 23D: Zaza Sawa, 24: intake point, 25: waterway, 25A-25F: waterway, 25Ca: hole, 26: surface 31: surface, 32: support, 33: water intake 41: tree, 41: dead leaf layer, 42: soil 51: mountain top, 52A-52E: ridge, 53: circular catchment

The object of the present invention is to take in the flowing water from the top of the mountain that can have a large kinetic energy as described above, so that it can be introduced into a power generation turbine with low flow resistance, and can generate flowing water that contributes to power generation of medium capacity or less. It is intended to provide a hydroelectric power guide channel and a mountain hydropower generation method .

In order to achieve the above object, the hydroelectric power generation channel of the present invention is installed at the upper part of the mountain part, and has a water intake port for taking in the flowing water flowing down the mountain part in a direction perpendicular to the contour line, and the mountain part. The flowing water that is installed and taken from the intake port has a flow path that increases the flow velocity of the flowing water with a small speed loss and decreases the flowing water cross-sectional area, and the flowing water that has increased in flow speed by flowing down the flowing water passage. And an introduction port to be introduced into a power generation turbine of a hydroelectric power plant installed in a mountainous area .
The hydroelectric power guide channel of the present invention is characterized in that it is formed in a linear shape, a shape close to a straight line with few bent portions, or a parabolic shape including a catenary curve from the intake port to the inlet port. .
In the hydroelectric power generation channel according to the present invention, the intake port is installed at a source point of the mountainous part or at a position where a sunk bottom is maintained several tens of meters downstream from the source point and where the flow rate is increased. It is characterized by.
In the hydroelectric power conduit according to the present invention, the water collected by the annular catchment that descends with a gentle gradient along the contour line surrounding the vicinity of the top of the mountain part or the arc-shaped catchment that forms a part of the ring It is added to the running water upstream from the intake.
In the hydroelectric power guide channel according to the present invention, the running water is connected to the hydroelectric power generation turbine driving device through the introduction port installed in the mountain part.
Moreover, the mountainous hydropower generation method of the present invention has a contour line by means of a water intake installed at a headwater point in the mountainous part or at a headwater point where the head of the headwater is increased several tens of meters from the headwater point where the head is improved and the flow rate is increased. Water flowing down a mountain part in a direction perpendicular to the water is taken, and the water taken from the intake is formed into a linear shape, a shape close to a straight line with few bends, or a parabolic shape including a catenary curve. Connecting the running water with a reduced velocity loss and a reduced flow cross-sectional area to the hydroelectric turbine driving device via the inlet installed in the mountainous area by flowing down the waterway and increasing the flow velocity with low velocity loss It is characterized by.
Further, in the mountainous hydropower generation method of the present invention, the water flow collected by the circular waterway that descends with a gentle gradient along the contour line surrounding the vicinity of the top of the mountainous part or the arc-shaped waterway that forms a part of the ring is The water is added to running water upstream from the water intake.

According to the hydroelectric power generation channel of the present invention, the water taken from the upper part of the mountain (for example, a stream that has not been used so far ) is not decelerated by stones or rocks, so that the kinetic energy is almost lost. Since it flows down and is introduced into the water turbine for power generation, large electric power can be generated. At this time, by setting the length of the wet edge in the cross-sectional direction of each part of the water channel so as to be inversely proportional to the flow rate of the flowing water passing therethrough, the dispersion of the flowing water in the water channel is prevented and the resistance loss is reduced. Can be reduced. The present invention has the following features. (I) Since most of Japan's national land is mountainous, power generation using the hydroelectric power conduit of the present invention can be applied in many prefectures. (Ii) Since no dam is required, construction costs are low, and if the land is blessed, there are multiple rivers in one mountain, and hydroelectric power channels corresponding to each river (river). Can be installed, and it can demonstrate enormous power generation capacity throughout Japan. (iii) Since it can be constructed at the upper part of the mountainous area, it has little effect on the downstream river. (iv) Since rain is free, there is almost no operating cost. (v) A portion of the power generated in each region is consumed in that region, so the transition to the soft path method is accelerated. (vi) Currently, effective investment is required in rural areas due to the financial crisis, and it can be used not only in Japan but also in countries with mountainous areas. Especially in Southeast Asia where there are many mountainous areas due to heavy rain, many demands are expected.

First, assuming that the flow rate of the flowing water flowing into the power generation turbine is Q [m ³ / s] and the head that effectively acts on the turbine is h [m], the theoretical power generation power P _e [kW] is well known. like,
P _eh = gQh [kW] (7)
It is represented by This theory generated power P _e is also referred to as the theory hydropower. If the velocity of flowing water introduced into the power generation turbine is V [m / s],
P _eV = 1/2 · QV ² [kW] (8)
It can be rewritten as The flowing water at the top of the mountain has a small flow rate Q but a large flow velocity V. In the plain, the flow rate Q is large, but the drop h is small.

When hydroelectric power generation is performed using high-speed flowing water at the top of the mountain, how much theoretical power generation P _e [kW] can be obtained is a problem. The theoretical generated power P _e [kW] obtained from the flowing water at the flow rate Q [m ³ / s] and the speed V [m / s] is obtained by the above-described equation (8). From this equation (8), Q, V, that was obtained relation _{P e,} diagrams 6. For example, when Q = 10 [m ³ / s] and V = 100 [m / s], the theoretical generated power is P _e = 50,000 [kW]. This is a calculation assuming that the kinetic energy of running water is converted to 100% electrical energy. The flow velocity V of the running water is not considered for the loss. Therefore, the actual generated power is considered to be about 30 to 60 “%”. If the power generated by the 30 "%" and _{P 30, P} 30 = 1 15,000 [kW], and the the 60 _"%", and _{P 60} = 3 million in [kW].

Altitudes over 1000 [m] are unevenly distributed, but mountains around 500 [m] exist in all parts of Japan. According to “Takeuchi Tadashi; Nihonzan Name Directory, Hakusan Shobo”, the total number of Japanese mountains is 18,000. This includes hills at an altitude of several [m], so we estimate 8000 (accurately, 500 [m]) that can be used for hydropower generation in mountains over 500 [m]. The above-mentioned mountain is 13098, and the mountain above 700 [m] is 7712.) Further, at an altitude of 500 [m], the effective head that can be used as a power generation conduit is 250 [m ] Is assumed. According to this assumption, the flow velocity V [m / s] of free fall obtained from the drop 250 [m] can be obtained as about 70 [m / s] by simple calculation.

Assuming that the flow rate at a mountain with an altitude of about 500 [m] is constant = 6 [m ³ / s], calculation is performed under the condition of flow velocity V [m / s], and a power generation turbine is installed at the lower end of the waterway The theoretically generated power P _e [kW] obtained when
P _eV = 1/2 · QV ² = 14700 [kW]
It becomes. Assuming that there are an average of two places where a mountain can be formed in one mountain, the total theoretical generated power P _m [kW] in one mountain is doubled to P _m = 29400 [kW]. In Japan as a whole, this 8000 times is the virtual generated power P _s [kW] of running water,
P _s = 29400 × 8000 = 2.352 × 10 ⁸ [kW]
It becomes.

When this virtual generated power P _{s is set} to the electric energy Ws [kWh],
Ws = 20603 billion [kWh]
It becomes. This electric power amount Ws is based on the theoretical electric power generation amount, and the actual total electric power generation amount W _t [kWh] is
W _t = η · Ws
It becomes. η is the conversion efficiency including various conversion losses. The value of η is unknown, but it seems to be between 0.3 and 0.6. Therefore,
W _t = 6182-2123 billion [kWh]
It becomes.

In each of the above methods (a) to (c), as part or all of the water conduit, as shown in FIG. 10, an aerial water conduit 25 </ b> C supported by the support column 32 is installed so as to float from the ground surface 31. Can do. At this time, since the aerial conduit 25C is higher than the ground surface 31 by the height h1, when applying the aerial conduit 25C to the exposed portion of the conduit 25B between the dotted lines A2 to A3 in FIG. Can be reduced. The height h1 is determined by the geology of the installation location, the inclination angle, the length of the tunnel portion, the flow rate of running water, and the like. In the case where the upper end of the aerial conduit 25 </ b> C becomes the water intake 33, a filter or the like (not shown) is installed in the water intake 33 so that the flowing water from the river 22 is taken in. The downstream of the stream 22 is a withered stream 22A because flowing water has flowed into the air conduit 25C during the beginning. When the aerial conduit 25C is a water pipe (pipe) type, small holes 25Ca are opened in places above the water pipe to introduce the atmosphere, and the interior of the water pipe is maintained at atmospheric pressure. (This constitutes the so-called “Kaiyoshiki” waterway.)

In the mountainous area, the flow rate Q [m ³ / s] that can flow into the conduit is not so large. Therefore, the power generation turbines used in hydroelectric power stations installed in mountainous areas are mainly Pelton turbines. In the Pelton turbine, the number of nozzles is determined by the flow rate, but the maximum is six. When the nozzle diameter is 12 [cm] and 15 [cm], the generated power calculated by the equation (8) from the flow velocity V [m / s] and the flow rate Q [m ³ / s] at the inlet of the water turbine P _e [kW] is shown in FIG. The nozzle diameter of a Pelton turbine currently used is normally about 10 [cm], but here, 12 [cm] and 15 [cm] are listed as target values.

The generated power P _e [kW] shown here assumes the efficiency of the water turbine and the generator as 100 [%], but in reality, there is a loss in the water turbine and the generator, so about 70 to 80 [%] is generated power. It becomes. Note that the flow rate Q [m ³ / s] itself in FIG. 11 is substantially the same at the start and end points of the water channel because the water channel of the present invention narrows the cross-sectional area in inverse proportion to the flow velocity V [m / s]. It is.

Claims (6)

It is a hydroelectric power conduit that takes in running water from the upper part of the mountain and introduces it as running water necessary for the operation of the power turbine installed at the lower part.
A hydroelectric power guide channel, wherein at least a part of the hydroelectric power supply channel is inclined, and the water taken by the inclined arrangement portion is converted from low-speed flowing water to high-speed flowing water and then introduced into the power generation turbine. The hydroelectric power conduit according to claim 1,
The hydroelectric power generation channel, wherein the inner periphery in the cross-sectional direction of each part is set to be inversely proportional to the flow velocity of the flowing water passing therethrough. The hydroelectric power guide channel according to claim 1 or 2,
A hydroelectric power guide channel, characterized in that a plurality of running waters are merged and gathered into one running water as it goes downstream. The hydroelectric power conduit according to claim 1, 2, or 3,
Hydroelectric power generation conduit characterized in that the floor surface is formed of a low friction resistant material and the side wall is formed of a hydrophilic material that exudes water. The hydroelectric power conduit according to claim 1, 2, or 3,
An aqueduct for hydropower generation, characterized by having at least a part of an aerial canal floating from the ground surface. In the hydroelectric power guide channel according to claim 1, 2, 3, or 5,
A hydroelectric power guide channel, characterized in that a water collecting channel for collecting rainwater or snowmelt water that has fallen at a high place in the mountainous region is provided, and flowing water collected in the water collecting channel is introduced into the upper end.

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