JP2010251755A - Heat dissipation device - Google Patents

Heat dissipation device Download PDF

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Publication number
JP2010251755A
JP2010251755A JP2010091521A JP2010091521A JP2010251755A JP 2010251755 A JP2010251755 A JP 2010251755A JP 2010091521 A JP2010091521 A JP 2010091521A JP 2010091521 A JP2010091521 A JP 2010091521A JP 2010251755 A JP2010251755 A JP 2010251755A
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Japan
Prior art keywords
heat
container
heat dissipation
dissipation device
wick
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JP2010091521A
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Japanese (ja)
Inventor
Ching-Bai Hwang
清白 黄
Jin-Gong Meng
勁功 孟
Jui-Wen Hung
鋭▲ウェン▼ 洪
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Furui Precise Component Kunshan Co Ltd
Foxconn Technology Co Ltd
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Furui Precise Component Kunshan Co Ltd
Foxconn Technology Co Ltd
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Publication of JP2010251755A publication Critical patent/JP2010251755A/en
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    • HELECTRICITY
    • H01ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01LSEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES NOT COVERED BY CLASS H10
    • H01L23/00Details of semiconductor or other solid state devices
    • H01L23/34Arrangements for cooling, heating, ventilating or temperature compensation ; Temperature sensing arrangements
    • H01L23/36Selection of materials, or shaping, to facilitate cooling or heating, e.g. heatsinks
    • H01L23/367Cooling facilitated by shape of device
    • H01L23/3672Foil-like cooling fins or heat sinks
    • FMECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F28HEAT EXCHANGE IN GENERAL
    • F28DHEAT-EXCHANGE APPARATUS, NOT PROVIDED FOR IN ANOTHER SUBCLASS, IN WHICH THE HEAT-EXCHANGE MEDIA DO NOT COME INTO DIRECT CONTACT
    • F28D15/00Heat-exchange apparatus with the intermediate heat-transfer medium in closed tubes passing into or through the conduit walls ; Heat-exchange apparatus employing intermediate heat-transfer medium or bodies
    • F28D15/02Heat-exchange apparatus with the intermediate heat-transfer medium in closed tubes passing into or through the conduit walls ; Heat-exchange apparatus employing intermediate heat-transfer medium or bodies in which the medium condenses and evaporates, e.g. heat pipes
    • F28D15/0266Heat-exchange apparatus with the intermediate heat-transfer medium in closed tubes passing into or through the conduit walls ; Heat-exchange apparatus employing intermediate heat-transfer medium or bodies in which the medium condenses and evaporates, e.g. heat pipes with separate evaporating and condensing chambers connected by at least one conduit; Loop-type heat pipes; with multiple or common evaporating or condensing chambers
    • FMECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F28HEAT EXCHANGE IN GENERAL
    • F28DHEAT-EXCHANGE APPARATUS, NOT PROVIDED FOR IN ANOTHER SUBCLASS, IN WHICH THE HEAT-EXCHANGE MEDIA DO NOT COME INTO DIRECT CONTACT
    • F28D15/00Heat-exchange apparatus with the intermediate heat-transfer medium in closed tubes passing into or through the conduit walls ; Heat-exchange apparatus employing intermediate heat-transfer medium or bodies
    • F28D15/02Heat-exchange apparatus with the intermediate heat-transfer medium in closed tubes passing into or through the conduit walls ; Heat-exchange apparatus employing intermediate heat-transfer medium or bodies in which the medium condenses and evaporates, e.g. heat pipes
    • F28D15/0275Arrangements for coupling heat-pipes together or with other structures, e.g. with base blocks; Heat pipe cores
    • HELECTRICITY
    • H01ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01LSEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES NOT COVERED BY CLASS H10
    • H01L23/00Details of semiconductor or other solid state devices
    • H01L23/34Arrangements for cooling, heating, ventilating or temperature compensation ; Temperature sensing arrangements
    • H01L23/42Fillings or auxiliary members in containers or encapsulations selected or arranged to facilitate heating or cooling
    • H01L23/427Cooling by change of state, e.g. use of heat pipes
    • HELECTRICITY
    • H01ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01LSEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES NOT COVERED BY CLASS H10
    • H01L23/00Details of semiconductor or other solid state devices
    • H01L23/34Arrangements for cooling, heating, ventilating or temperature compensation ; Temperature sensing arrangements
    • H01L23/46Arrangements for cooling, heating, ventilating or temperature compensation ; Temperature sensing arrangements involving the transfer of heat by flowing fluids
    • H01L23/467Arrangements for cooling, heating, ventilating or temperature compensation ; Temperature sensing arrangements involving the transfer of heat by flowing fluids by flowing gases, e.g. air
    • HELECTRICITY
    • H01ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01LSEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES NOT COVERED BY CLASS H10
    • H01L2924/00Indexing scheme for arrangements or methods for connecting or disconnecting semiconductor or solid-state bodies as covered by H01L24/00
    • H01L2924/0001Technical content checked by a classifier
    • H01L2924/0002Not covered by any one of groups H01L24/00, H01L24/00 and H01L2224/00

Abstract

<P>PROBLEM TO BE SOLVED: To provide a heat dissipation device having superior cooling efficiency. <P>SOLUTION: The heat dissipation device includes: a heat conductor 10 having a hollow structure, in which a wick and a suitable amount of working fluid are charged; and a heat dissipation body. The heat conductor includes: an evaporation container 14; and a cooling container 16 which extends upward from the evaporation container and penetrates the heat dissipation body to mutually communicate with evaporation container. The wick 18 includes: a horizontal portion 181 provided in the evaporation container; and a raised portion 182 extending upward from the horizontal portion into the cooling container. An evaporation passage for moving steam is formed between a periphery of the raised portion and an inner wall of the cooling container. <P>COPYRIGHT: (C)2011,JPO&INPIT

Description

本発明は放熱装置に係り、特に電子部品を冷却するための放熱装置に関するものである。   The present invention relates to a heat dissipation device, and more particularly to a heat dissipation device for cooling an electronic component.

電子技術の急速な発展に伴い、電子部品(特に中央処理装置)の集積回路がますます複雑になり、発生する熱量もますます増加している。前記電子部品を冷却するために、放熱装置を前記電子部品に装着する。   With the rapid development of electronic technology, integrated circuits of electronic components (especially central processing units) are becoming more and more complex, and the amount of heat generated is also increasing. In order to cool the electronic component, a heat dissipation device is mounted on the electronic component.

従来の放熱装置は、電子部品に接触するソリッドの基板と、放熱器と、前記基板と前記放熱器との間に位置するヒートパイプと、を備える。前記電子部品で発生した熱量が前記基板によって前記ヒートパイプの一端に伝導し、さらに前記ヒートパイプによって前記ヒートパイプの他端に接触する前記放熱器に伝導し、前記放熱器によって外界へ放散される。前記放熱装置においては、前記ヒートパイプと前記基板との間の熱抵抗が大きいため、前記放熱装置の冷却効率に影響する。   A conventional heat radiating device includes a solid substrate in contact with an electronic component, a radiator, and a heat pipe positioned between the substrate and the radiator. The amount of heat generated in the electronic component is conducted by the substrate to one end of the heat pipe, further conducted by the heat pipe to the radiator that contacts the other end of the heat pipe, and dissipated to the outside by the radiator. . In the heat radiating device, since the thermal resistance between the heat pipe and the substrate is large, the cooling efficiency of the heat radiating device is affected.

以上の問題点に鑑み、本発明は、冷却効率が優れた放熱装置を提供することを目的とする。 In view of the above problems, an object of the present invention is to provide a heat dissipation device having excellent cooling efficiency.

中空構造であり、その内部にはウイック(wick)と適量の作動流体が封入される熱伝導体と、放熱体と、を備えてなる放熱装置であって、前記熱伝導体は、蒸発コンテナと、前記蒸発コンテナから上に向かって伸び出して前記放熱体を貫き且つ前記蒸発コンテナと互いに連通する冷却コンテナと、を備え、前記ウイックは、前記蒸発コンテナの内部に設けられる水平部と、前記水平部から上に向かって前記冷却コンテナ内に伸び出す直立部と、を備え、前記直立部の周囲と前記冷却コンテナの内壁との間には、蒸気を移動させる蒸気通路が形成される。   A heat dissipation device having a hollow structure, including a heat conductor in which a wick and an appropriate amount of working fluid are enclosed, and a heat dissipator, wherein the heat conductor includes an evaporation container and A cooling container extending upward from the evaporating container and penetrating through the heat dissipating body and communicating with the evaporating container, the wick includes a horizontal portion provided inside the evaporating container, and the horizontal An upright portion extending upward from the portion into the cooling container, and a steam passage for moving the steam is formed between the periphery of the upright portion and the inner wall of the cooling container.

従来の技術に比べて、前記放熱装置は、熱伝導体を電子部品に直接に接触して、前記電子部品からの熱量が前記熱伝導体内部のウイック及び作動流体によって伝導されるため、従来の放熱装置のソリッドの基板に比べて、熱抵抗が小さくなり、熱伝導機能が上がる。 Compared with the prior art, the heat dissipation device directly contacts the heat conductor with the electronic component, and the amount of heat from the electronic component is conducted by the wick and the working fluid inside the heat conductor. Compared to the solid substrate of the heat dissipation device, the thermal resistance is reduced and the heat conduction function is improved.

本発明の実施形態に係る放熱装置の組立図である。It is an assembly drawing of the thermal radiation apparatus which concerns on embodiment of this invention. 図1に示す放熱装置の分解図である。FIG. 2 is an exploded view of the heat dissipation device shown in FIG. 1. 図2に示す熱伝導体の分解図である。FIG. 3 is an exploded view of the heat conductor shown in FIG. 2. 図1に示す放熱装置のIV線−IV線に沿う断面図である。It is sectional drawing which follows the IV line-IV line of the thermal radiation apparatus shown in FIG. 図1に示す放熱装置のV線−V線に沿う断面図である。It is sectional drawing which follows the V line-V line of the thermal radiation apparatus shown in FIG.

以下、図面を参照して、本発明に係る具体的な実施例の構成を詳細に説明する。   Hereinafter, the configuration of a specific embodiment according to the present invention will be described in detail with reference to the drawings.

図1及び図2に示したように、本発明の実施形態に係る放熱装置は、熱伝導体10と、放熱体20と、を備える。   As shown in FIGS. 1 and 2, the heat dissipating device according to the embodiment of the present invention includes a heat conductor 10 and a heat dissipating body 20.

前記放熱体20は、互いに平行且つ等間隔に配置される複数の放熱フィン22を順次に重ねて構成する。前記放熱フィン22は、略矩形の板状であって、その中部には、2つの狭長な円孔222が設けられる。前記2つの円孔222は、対向設置されており、且つ略「ハ」字状を呈す。各々の放熱フイン22の円孔222は互いに対応するため、前記放熱体20を貫通する2つの貫通孔が形成される。前記円孔222の周縁から上に向かって環縁224が突出する。   The heat dissipating body 20 is formed by sequentially stacking a plurality of heat dissipating fins 22 arranged in parallel and at equal intervals. The heat radiating fins 22 have a substantially rectangular plate shape, and two narrow circular holes 222 are provided in the middle thereof. The two circular holes 222 are opposed to each other and have a substantially “C” shape. Since the circular holes 222 of the heat radiating fins 22 correspond to each other, two through holes that penetrate the heat radiating body 20 are formed. An annular edge 224 protrudes upward from the periphery of the circular hole 222.

図3乃至図5を同時に参考すると、前記熱伝導体10は中空構造であり、その内部にはウイック18と適量の作動流体が封入される。前記熱伝導体10は、銅などのような伝熱性能が優れる金属から製造される。前記作動流体は、水、アルコールなどの低沸点を有する液体である。   Referring to FIGS. 3 to 5 at the same time, the heat conductor 10 has a hollow structure, in which a wick 18 and an appropriate amount of working fluid are enclosed. The heat conductor 10 is manufactured from a metal having excellent heat transfer performance such as copper. The working fluid is a liquid having a low boiling point such as water or alcohol.

前記熱伝導体10は、水平の蒸発コンテナ14と、前記蒸発コンテナ14に直交する2つの冷却コンテナ16と、を備える。前記蒸発コンテナ14は、中空平板状であり、対向設置される下側枠体144及び上側枠体142を備える。前記上側枠体142と前記下側枠体144との間には、収容空間が形成される。前記上側枠体142の頂面の中部には、2つの狭長な収容孔140が形成され、且つ前記2つの収容孔140の周縁から上に向かって前記上側枠体142に直交する2つの環状の凸壁141が突出する。前記2つの凸壁141は対向設置されており、且つ略「ハ」字状を呈す。前記2つの冷却コンテナ16は、頂端が密封され且つ底端が開放した細長い中空扁平状である。前記2つの冷却コンテナ16の底端は、それぞれ前記蒸発コンテナ14の2つの凸壁141内に収容され、且つ前記凸壁141の内壁に溶接などにより密着される。前記蒸発コンテナ14の内部は前記冷却コンテナ16の内部と互いに連通して、密閉キャビティが形成される。   The heat conductor 10 includes a horizontal evaporation container 14 and two cooling containers 16 orthogonal to the evaporation container 14. The evaporation container 14 has a hollow flat plate shape, and includes a lower frame body 144 and an upper frame body 142 that are disposed to face each other. A storage space is formed between the upper frame 142 and the lower frame 144. Two narrow housing holes 140 are formed in the middle of the top surface of the upper frame body 142, and two annular holes orthogonal to the upper frame body 142 from the periphery of the two housing holes 140 upward. The convex wall 141 protrudes. The two convex walls 141 are opposed to each other and have a substantially “C” shape. The two cooling containers 16 have an elongated hollow flat shape with the top end sealed and the bottom end open. The bottom ends of the two cooling containers 16 are respectively accommodated in the two convex walls 141 of the evaporation container 14 and are in close contact with the inner walls of the convex walls 141 by welding or the like. The interior of the evaporation container 14 communicates with the interior of the cooling container 16 to form a sealed cavity.

前記ウイック18は、前記熱伝導体10の輪郭に相似し、水平部181と、前記水平部181に直交し且つ前記水平部181と一体に成型される2つの直立部182と、を備える。前記ウイック18の水平部181は、板状であり、前記蒸発コンテナ14の内部に設けられる。前記ウイック18の水平部181は、前記蒸発コンテナ14の下側枠体144に接触する。前記ウイック18の水平部181と前記上側枠体142との間には、蒸気を移動させる蒸気空間147が形成されている。前記ウイック18の2つの直立部182は、板状であり、別々に前記水平部181の中部から上に向かって前記冷却コンテナ16の頂部まで伸び出す。前記ウイック18の2つの直立部182は、それぞれ前記2つの冷却コンテナ16の内壁に接触していなく所定の間隔で離れているため、前記ウイック18の2つの直立部182の周囲と前記2つの冷却コンテナ16の内壁との間に蒸気通路148が形成される。前記蒸気通路148は前記蒸気空間147と連通する。前記ウイック18は網状である。   The wick 18 is similar to the outline of the heat conductor 10 and includes a horizontal portion 181 and two upright portions 182 that are orthogonal to the horizontal portion 181 and are integrally formed with the horizontal portion 181. The horizontal portion 181 of the wick 18 has a plate shape and is provided inside the evaporation container 14. The horizontal portion 181 of the wick 18 contacts the lower frame 144 of the evaporation container 14. A steam space 147 for moving steam is formed between the horizontal portion 181 of the wick 18 and the upper frame 142. The two upright portions 182 of the wick 18 are plate-like and extend separately from the middle portion of the horizontal portion 181 to the top of the cooling container 16. Since the two upright portions 182 of the wick 18 are not in contact with the inner walls of the two cooling containers 16 and are separated from each other by a predetermined interval, the two upright portions 182 of the wick 18 and the two cooling portions 182 are separated. A steam passage 148 is formed between the inner wall of the container 16. The steam passage 148 communicates with the steam space 147. The wick 18 has a net shape.

前記放熱装置を組み立てる時、前記熱伝導体10の2つの冷却コンテナ16を前記放熱体20の2つの貫通孔内に穿設させ、且つ前記熱伝導体10の環縁224と溶接によって固定される。   When assembling the heat dissipating device, the two cooling containers 16 of the heat conductor 10 are drilled into the two through holes of the heat dissipator 20 and fixed to the ring edge 224 of the heat conductor 10 by welding. .

前記放熱装置を使う場合、前記熱伝導体10の蒸発コンテナ14の底面を電子部品に接触させて、前記電子部品から生じる熱量は前記蒸発コンテナ14の内部に伝導されて前記蒸発コンテナ14内の作動流体を蒸発させて蒸気になり、該蒸気が前記蒸発コンテナ14の蒸気空間147から前記冷却コンテナ16の蒸気通路148に沿って流動するとともに熱量を前記冷却コンテナ16によって前記放熱フィン22に輸送し、前記放熱フィン22によって熱量が外界に放熱されるため、前記冷却コンテナ16の温度が下がり、前記冷却コンテナ16内の蒸気が液化凝結し、且つ前記冷却コンテナ16の内部に設けられるウイック18の直立部182による毛細管圧力によって、凝結した液相の作動流体が前記蒸発コンテナ14の水平部181に回流し、このように作動流体が絶えずに蒸発気化/液化凝結するため、前記電子部品からの熱量を絶えずに外部に伝導する。   When the heat dissipation device is used, the bottom surface of the evaporation container 14 of the heat conductor 10 is brought into contact with an electronic component, and the amount of heat generated from the electronic component is conducted into the evaporation container 14 to operate in the evaporation container 14. The fluid is evaporated to become steam, and the steam flows from the steam space 147 of the evaporation container 14 along the steam passage 148 of the cooling container 16 and transports heat to the radiation fins 22 by the cooling container 16; Since the amount of heat is radiated to the outside by the radiation fins 22, the temperature of the cooling container 16 is lowered, the vapor in the cooling container 16 is liquefied and condensed, and the upright portion of the wick 18 provided inside the cooling container 16. The condensed liquid-phase working fluid is caused to flow into the horizontal portion 181 of the evaporation container 14 by the capillary pressure due to the pressure 182. Flow, because this way the working fluid is vaporized / liquefied condense constantly, conducted to the outside constantly the amount of heat from the electronic component.

前記放熱装置において、前記熱伝導体10を電子部品に直接に接触して、前記電子部品からの熱量が前記熱伝導体10内部のウイック18及び作動流体によって伝導されるため、従来の放熱装置のソリッドの基板に比べて、熱抵抗が小さくなり、熱伝導機能が上がる。前記熱伝導体10の冷却コンテナ16は扁平状であり、且つ前記円孔222の周縁に環縁224が形成されるから、前記冷却コンテナ16と前記放熱フィン22との間の接触面積が増大し、熱伝導効率を向上して、さらに放熱効率を向上する。前記熱伝導体10の冷却コンテナ16は略「ハ」字状を呈すから、前記放熱装置の一側に放熱ファンが配置される場合、前記放熱ファンからの気流を案内することができる。   In the heat dissipating device, the heat conductor 10 is brought into direct contact with the electronic component, and the amount of heat from the electronic component is conducted by the wick 18 and the working fluid inside the heat conductor 10. Compared to a solid substrate, the thermal resistance is reduced and the heat conduction function is improved. Since the cooling container 16 of the heat conductor 10 has a flat shape and an annular edge 224 is formed at the periphery of the circular hole 222, the contact area between the cooling container 16 and the radiation fins 22 increases. , Improve the heat conduction efficiency, further improve the heat dissipation efficiency. Since the cooling container 16 of the heat conductor 10 has a substantially “C” shape, when a heat radiating fan is disposed on one side of the heat radiating device, the air flow from the heat radiating fan can be guided.

本実施例において、前記冷却コンテナ16の数量は2つであるが、他の実施例において、前記冷却コンテナ16の数量を適当に変化させることができる。   In the present embodiment, the number of the cooling containers 16 is two. However, in other embodiments, the number of the cooling containers 16 can be appropriately changed.

10 熱伝導体
14 蒸発コンテナ
16 冷却コンテナ
18 ウイック
20 放熱体
22 放熱フィン
140 収容孔
141 凸壁
142 上側枠体
144 下側枠体
147 蒸気空間
148 蒸気通路
181 水平部
182 直立部
222 円孔
224 環縁
DESCRIPTION OF SYMBOLS 10 Thermal conductor 14 Evaporation container 16 Cooling container 18 Wick 20 Radiator 22 Radiation fin 140 Housing hole 141 Convex wall 142 Upper frame body 144 Lower frame body 147 Steam space 148 Steam passage 181 Horizontal part 182 Upright part 222 Circular hole 224 Ring edge

Claims (8)

中空構造であり、その内部にはウイックと適量の作動流体が封入される熱伝導体と、放熱体と、を備えてなる放熱装置であって、
前記熱伝導体は、蒸発コンテナと、前記蒸発コンテナから上に向かって伸び出して前記放熱体を貫き且つ前記蒸発コンテナと互いに連通する冷却コンテナと、を備え、
前記ウイックは、前記蒸発コンテナの内部に設けられる水平部と、前記水平部から上に向かって前記冷却コンテナ内に伸び出す直立部と、を備え、前記直立部の周囲と前記冷却コンテナの内壁との間には、蒸気を移動させる蒸気通路が形成されることを特徴とする放熱装置。
A heat dissipation device comprising a hollow structure, a heat conductor in which a wick and an appropriate amount of working fluid are enclosed, and a heat dissipator,
The heat conductor includes an evaporating container, and a cooling container extending upward from the evaporating container, penetrating the heat radiating body and communicating with the evaporating container.
The wick includes a horizontal portion provided inside the evaporation container, and an upright portion extending upward from the horizontal portion into the cooling container, the periphery of the upright portion and the inner wall of the cooling container, A heat dissipation device is characterized in that a steam passage for moving the steam is formed between them.
前記ウイックの水平部と前記蒸発コンテナの内壁との間には、前記蒸気通路と連通する蒸気空間が形成されることを特徴とする請求項1に記載の放熱装置。   The heat radiating device according to claim 1, wherein a steam space communicating with the steam passage is formed between a horizontal portion of the wick and an inner wall of the evaporation container. 前記冷却コンテナは、2つであり、略「ハ」字状を呈すことを特徴とする請求項2に記載の放熱装置。   The heat dissipation device according to claim 2, wherein the number of the cooling containers is two and has a substantially “C” shape. 前記ウイックの直立部は、前記水平部に直交することを特徴とする請求項1に記載の放熱装置。   The heat dissipation device according to claim 1, wherein the upright portion of the wick is orthogonal to the horizontal portion. 前記ウイックの直立部は、前記水平部と一体に成型されることを特徴とする請求項1に記載の放熱装置。   The heat dissipation device according to claim 1, wherein the upright portion of the wick is formed integrally with the horizontal portion. 前記蒸発コンテナは、対向設置される下側枠体及び上側枠体を備え、前記上側枠体と前記下側枠体との間に収容空間が形成され、前記上側枠体には、2つの収容孔が形成され、且つ前記2つの収容孔の周縁から上に向かって2つの環状の凸壁が突出され、前記2つの冷却コンテナは、頂端が密封され且つ底端が開放された細長い中空扁平状であり、前記2つの凸壁1内に収容され、且つ前記凸壁の内壁に溶接などにより密着されることを特徴とする請求項1に記載の放熱装置。   The evaporation container includes a lower frame and an upper frame that are installed opposite to each other, and an accommodation space is formed between the upper frame and the lower frame, and the upper frame has two accommodations. A hole is formed, and two annular convex walls protrude upward from the peripheral edges of the two receiving holes, and the two cooling containers have an elongated hollow flat shape with the top end sealed and the bottom end open. The heat dissipation device according to claim 1, wherein the heat dissipation device is housed in the two convex walls 1 and is in close contact with the inner wall of the convex wall by welding or the like. 前記放熱体は、互いに平行且つ等間隔に配置される複数の放熱フィンが順次に重ねて構成することを特徴とする請求項1〜請求項6のいずれか一項に記載の放熱装置。   The heat radiating device according to any one of claims 1 to 6, wherein the heat radiating member includes a plurality of heat radiating fins arranged in parallel with each other at equal intervals in order. 前記放熱体には、前記冷却コンテナを穿設させる円孔が設けられ、前記円孔の周縁から上に向かって環縁が突出することを特徴とする請求項7に記載の放熱装置。   The heat radiating device according to claim 7, wherein the heat radiating body is provided with a circular hole for drilling the cooling container, and an annular edge protrudes upward from a peripheral edge of the circular hole.
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