JP2010091271A - Flow measuring device of fluid - Google Patents

Abstract

<P>PROBLEM TO BE SOLVED: To cause the timing of power-on of an amplification means to approach the timing of receiving an ultrasonic signal, to save power. <P>SOLUTION: Power supply by a power source 7 is started while a high-resistance resistor is selected as a connecting resistor between a receiving vibrator and the variable amplification means 11, at first set time just before an estimated propagation time of the ultrasonic signal estimated by a propagation time estimation means 16. A high resistance value is set according to the amplification factor of the amplification means 11 so that vibration noise between the terminals of the receiving vibrator generated on that occasion is easily attenuated, and the connecting resistor between the receiving vibrator and the amplification means 11 is switched over to a low-resistance resistor at a second set time, to receive the ultrasonic signal. Consequently, the start timing of the power supply to the amplification means 11 is made to approach the receiving timing. <P>COPYRIGHT: (C)2010,JPO&INPIT

Description

  The present invention relates to a flow measuring device that measures physical quantities such as a flow velocity, a flow rate, and a temperature of a fluid by measuring a propagation time of an ultrasonic signal.

  Conventionally, in this type of flow meter, a technique called the reciprocal difference method is widely known. In this method, transducers are placed on the upstream and downstream sides of the fluid flow direction, respectively, and the propagation time for ultrasonic waves to propagate between the two transducers is measured. This is based on the fact that the propagation time is different.

  More specifically, measurement is performed based on the property that the reciprocal difference in mutual propagation time is proportional to the flow rate.

  FIG. 4 shows a flow rate measuring apparatus using the reciprocal difference method, and a first vibrator 102 that transmits ultrasonic waves and a second vibrator 103 that receives transmitted ultrasonic waves in the middle of the fluid conduit 101. Are arranged on the upstream side and the downstream side in the flow direction, and the ultrasonic wave propagation path is set so as to obliquely cross the fluid flowing in the fluid pipe line 101.

  Furthermore, a measurement unit 104 that measures the propagation time of ultrasonic waves using the two vibrators 102 and 103, a control unit 105 that controls the measurement unit 104, and a fluid flow velocity based on the measurement result of the measurement unit 105, A calculation unit 106 for obtaining a flow rate is arranged.

  In FIG. 4, the sound velocity is C, the flow velocity is v, the distance between the two vibrators 102 and 103 is L, the angle formed by the ultrasonic wave propagation direction and the flow direction is θ, and upstream of the fluid conduit 101. When the ultrasonic wave is transmitted from the transducer 102 arranged and received by the transducer 103 arranged on the downstream side, the propagation time is t1, and the propagation time in the reverse direction is t2, t1 and t2 are expressed by the following equations: Can be obtained.

t1 = L / (C + v cos θ) (1)
t2 = L / (C−v cos θ) (2)
(1) and (2) are modified, and the flow velocity v is obtained in (3).

v = L · (1 / t1-1 / t2) / 2 cos θ (3)
The fluid flow rate can be obtained by multiplying the value obtained in (3) above by the cross-sectional area of the fluid conduit.

  As is apparent from the above-described measurement principle, the ultrasonic flow measuring device has a structure that does not have a mechanical moving part, so that it is a mechanical so-called membrane that is currently widely used in domestic and overseas gas meters. It is expected to replace the gas meter.

  Most gas meters are installed outdoors where commercial power cannot be secured, and, unlike consumer appliances, are required to be maintenance-free.

  Therefore, for example, in Japan, it is necessary to guarantee operation for 10 years by battery driving. Therefore, it is desired that the power consumption be extremely small.

On the other hand, the ultrasonic signal output from the ultrasonic transducer is generally extremely attenuated in gas.

  For example, when the level of the transmission wave is 5 v, the level of the reception wave may be attenuated to the order of μV.

  As described above, it is necessary to amplify a very small reception signal by using an amplifier, and there is a situation in which an increase in power consumption cannot be avoided.

  Therefore, in order to satisfy the long life, it is essential to shorten the operation time of the receiving circuit including the amplifier as much as possible.

  As a method of shortening the operation time, a method of executing power supply only near the reception point of the ultrasonic signal can be considered. In such a configuration, when the circuit power is turned on, a large voltage fluctuation occurs transiently at both ends of the receiving vibrator, which causes unnecessary vibration in the receiving vibrator and causes the original reception. Since this unnecessary vibration is superimposed on the signal, there arises a problem that the measurement accuracy is deteriorated.

As means for solving this problem, for example, at the start of power supply of the receiving circuit, the receiving vibrator is separated from the receiving circuit, and after the power supply voltage is stabilized, the receiving vibrator and the receiving circuit are connected. It has been proposed (see, for example, Patent Document 1).
Japanese Patent Laid-Open No. 11-173880

  However, even in the configuration as described above, a transient change applied to both ends of the receiving vibrator at the moment when the receiving vibrator and the receiving circuit are connected is not completely eliminated, and a slight but unnecessary vibration is caused. Is inevitable.

  On the other hand, as described above, since the attenuation of the ultrasonic signal propagating in the gas is particularly severe, it is necessary to considerably increase the amplification factor of the amplifier circuit. For this reason, the slight unnecessary vibration that occurs when the receiving vibrator is connected is finally greatly amplified.

  Therefore, in addition to the power supply voltage stabilization wait time before the reception signal arrives, a wait time is required until unnecessary vibration that occurs when the reception transducer and the reception circuit are connected is settled.

  As a result, there is a problem that the power supply time for the receiving circuit cannot be shortened as much as expected, and the power consumption cannot be reduced as intended.

  The present invention solves such a conventional problem, and an object of the present invention is to enable highly accurate measurement while maintaining power saving performance.

In order to solve the conventional problem, a fluid flow rate measuring device of the present invention includes a transmission vibrator that is provided in a fluid flow path and transmits an ultrasonic signal, a reception vibrator that receives the ultrasonic signal, A variable amplifying means connected to the receiving vibrator via a load resistor and capable of changing an amplification factor, a power switch for switching supply / stop of power to the variable amplifying means, the receiving vibrator and the variable amplifying means A resistance value switching means capable of switching the connection resistance value, a reception determining means for judging reception of an ultrasonic signal based on an output of the variable amplification means, and measuring a propagation time from transmission to reception of the ultrasonic signal Timer, a propagation time predicting means for determining the next predicted propagation time based on the past propagation time measured by the timer, a reception control means for controlling the power switch and the resistance switching means And the reception control means starts supplying power to the variable amplification means by the power switch at a first set time before the predicted propagation time, and the first set time and the predicted propagation time The connection resistance between the receiving vibrator and the variable amplifying means is switched from a high resistance value to a low resistance value that can be regarded as almost zero by the resistance value switching means during a second set time in between. It is made to change according to.

  Since the fluid flow measuring device of the present invention can make the power supply start timing of the amplifying means closer to the reception timing, highly accurate measurement is possible while maintaining power saving performance.

  According to a first aspect of the present invention, there is provided a transmission vibrator that is provided in a fluid flow path and transmits an ultrasonic signal, a reception vibrator that receives the ultrasonic signal, and a gain that is connected to the reception vibrator via a load resistor. Variable amplifying means that can be changed, a power switch that switches supply / stop of power to the variable amplifying means, resistance value switching means that can switch a connection resistance value between the receiving vibrator and the variable amplifying means, and the variable Based on the reception determination means for determining reception of the ultrasonic signal based on the output of the amplification means, a timer for measuring the propagation time from transmission to reception of the ultrasonic signal, and the past propagation time measured by the timer Propagation time predicting means for determining the next predicted propagation time, and reception control means for controlling the power switch and the resistance switching means, wherein the reception control means is provided before the predicted propagation time. Power supply to the variable amplifying unit is started by the power switch at a set time of 1, and the reception transducer is switched by the resistance value switching unit at a second set time between the first set time and the predicted propagation time. Since the high resistance value is changed in accordance with the amplification factor, the connection resistance between the variable amplification means and the variable amplification means is switched from a high resistance value to a low resistance value that can be regarded as almost zero. The power of the amplifying means is turned on with the connection resistance between the receiving vibrator and the variable amplifying means set to an appropriate value according to the amplification factor, and the vibration noise between the receiving vibrator terminals generated during power supply is rapidly Since the ultrasonic signal is received by switching the connection resistance between the receiving transducer and the amplifying means to a low resistance after being attenuated, the power supply start timing of the variable amplifying means can be brought closer to the receiving timing. Because, it is possible to highly accurate measurements while keeping the power savings.

  In the second invention, in particular, the first invention is configured to include an amplification factor setting unit that sets the amplification factor of the variable amplification unit according to the type of fluid to be measured. High-precision measurement is possible while maintaining power-saving performance.

  In particular, the third aspect of the invention relates to a transmission / reception switching means capable of measuring both the forward direction and the reverse direction of the flow by switching the roles of the transmission vibrator and the reception vibrator of the first or second invention, and a timer. And calculating means for calculating the fluid flow rate based on the propagation time measured in step (i), wherein the reception control means determines the first and second set times based on the individual predicted propagation times in the forward and reverse directions of the flow. Therefore, by setting the power-on timing separately in the forward and reverse directions of the flow, it is possible to set the optimal control timing regardless of flow rate fluctuations, and more accurate flow measurement while maintaining power saving performance Is possible.

  Embodiments of the present invention will be described below with reference to the drawings. The embodiments do not limit the present invention.

(Embodiment 1)
In FIG. 1, a first vibrator 2 that transmits ultrasonic waves is disposed in the middle of a fluid flow path 1, and a second vibrator 3 that receives ultrasonic waves transmitted from the first vibrator 2 is disposed on the upstream side of the flow. Located downstream of the flow.

  That is, the ultrasonic wave transmitted from the first vibrator 2 crosses the fluid flowing through the fluid flow path 1 obliquely and is received by the second vibrator 3.

  The first vibrator 2 and the second vibrator 3 are connected to a subsequent processing block via transmission / reception switching means 4 that reverses the role of transmission / reception.

  The transmission / reception switching means 4 is composed of four switches. When the contact a is closed, the first vibrator 2 is a transmission vibrator, the second vibrator 3 is a reception vibrator, and when the contact b is closed, the second vibrator. Reference numeral 3 is a transmitting vibrator, and the first vibrator 2 is a receiving vibrator.

  The transmission vibrator is connected to the transmission means 5, and the reception vibrator is connected to a subsequent receiving circuit via two variable resistors 6.

  The variable resistor 6 is a volume resistor having a double structure, and is configured so that both have the same value in conjunction with each other.

  The receiving circuit includes a power source 7 composed of a battery for supplying circuit driving power, a power switch 8 for switching power supply and stop of the power source 7, a gas type setting means 9 for switching the fluid to be measured, and a setting for the gas type setting means 9 Depending on the contents, the amplification factor setting means 10 for setting the amplification factor of the received signal, the variable amplification means 11 for amplifying the output of the reception transducer by the amplification factor set by the amplification factor setting means 10, and the output of the variable amplification means 11 It is comprised with the reception determination means 12 which detects reception of an ultrasonic signal.

  The degree of attenuation of the ultrasonic signal transmitted through the fluid varies greatly depending on the difference in the fluid to be measured. For example, when propane gas and city gas are compared, the received signal voltage when transmitted at the same voltage may be several times greater for propane gas.

  In order to enable use with a plurality of measurement objects, it is necessary to keep the input signal level of the reception determination unit 12 the same, so the gas type setting unit 9 switches the gas type of the measurement object, The amplification factor setting means 10 is configured to set the amplification factor of the variable amplification means 11 according to the contents.

  Here, the gas type setting means 9 is constituted by a mechanical switch, a semiconductor switch, or the like.

  The trigger means 13 outputs a trigger signal for instructing the start of a series of measurement operations, and in synchronization with this trigger signal, the timer 14 starts measuring the elapsed time after the start of ultrasonic measurement.

  The measured value of the timer 14 when the reception determining means 12 determines the propagation of the received wave is the propagation time of this measurement.

  This propagation time is output to the computing means 15, where various values related to flow measurement such as flow velocity and flow rate value are calculated.

  Here, one of the calculated values is an average value of propagation times for a predetermined number of times (for example, 8 times). This value is stored in the propagation time prediction means 16.

  The reception control means 17 controls the switching timing of the power switch and the resistance value of the variable resistor 6. The control timing at this time is based on the past measurement results stored in the propagation time prediction means 16. To be determined.

  Subsequently, the operation of the fluid flow measuring apparatus configured as described above will be described.

  First, the operation when the first vibrator 2 is a transmission vibrator will be described.

  First, a trigger signal instructing the start of measurement is output from the trigger means 13. At this time, the contact a of the transmission / reception switching means 4 is closed, and as a result, the first vibrator 2 and the transmission means 5 are connected. The subsequent receiving circuit is connected via the second vibrator 3 and the variable resistor 6.

  At this time, the variable resistance value is set so that unnecessary vibration energy generated in the receiving vibrator is efficiently consumed, and details will be described later. Further, the contact of the power switch 8 is open, and the power supply to the receiving circuit is stopped.

  In synchronization with the output of the trigger signal output from the trigger unit 13, a drive signal (for example, an AC signal of 500 kHz) is output from the transmission unit 5, and an ultrasonic signal is output from the first transducer 2.

  In synchronism with this, the timer 14 starts and measurement of the elapsed time after the output of the ultrasonic signal starts.

  The ultrasonic signal output from the first transducer 2 eventually reaches the receiving circuit, but its propagation time hardly changes unless the environmental conditions, flow velocity, and flow rate change significantly, so the latest measured value is used. And is predictable.

  By realizing a configuration in which power supply is started immediately before the propagation time based on the prediction data, it is possible to significantly reduce power consumption compared to the case where power is always supplied.

  The reception control means 17 obtains the first set time that is the switching timing of the power switch 8 and the second set time that is the resistance value switching timing of the variable resistor 6 based on the data stored in the propagation time prediction means 16. The switching signal is output at those times.

  As these setting time optimization methods will be described later, first, operations in the first and second setting times will be described first.

  When the measured value of the timer 14 started from the trigger signal output reaches the first set time, a control signal is output from the reception control means 17, the contact of the power switch 8 is closed, and the variable amplifying means 11 from the power supply 7 and Drive power is supplied to the reception determination means 12.

  At this time, due to the discontinuous voltage change that occurs, a slight potential difference is transiently generated between both terminals of the second vibrator 3 that is a receiving vibrator.

  This potential difference becomes an energy source for unnecessary vibration of the receiving vibrator. However, since this energy is not continuously supplied, it is consumed by the load resistance of the receiving circuit and eventually disappears. At this time, qualitatively, vibration energy is consumed most efficiently when the load resistance value and the impedance of the receiving vibrator are matched, that is, when the values are the same.

  FIG. 2 is a diagram showing an example of the relationship between the elapsed time T from when the power switch 8 is closed and the power supply is started, and the voltage V between both terminals of the receiving vibrator, that is, unnecessary vibration.

As shown in FIG. 2, the unnecessary vibration becomes a curve that attenuates while maintaining a constant periodicity. By changing the value of the variable resistor 6, the degree of attenuation changes.

  FIG. 3 is a characteristic diagram showing the relationship between the resistance value R of the variable resistor 6 and the voltage level of unwanted vibration. The figure shows the magnitude of the voltage level V of the envelope of the unnecessary vibration curve after a predetermined time has elapsed from the start of energization of the power supply 7.

  That is, it shows how the unnecessary vibration level generated when the power is turned on changes depending on the value of the variable resistance value R.

  A method for setting the resistance value R of the variable resistor 6 will be described with reference to FIG. As shown in the figure, the unnecessary vibration is smallest when the resistance value R is equal to the impedance Z0 of the receiving vibrator.

  However, since the value of Z0 at this time is a value of about several hundreds Ω, there is a disadvantage that it is easily affected by external noise other than vibration noise.

  For this reason, the value of R is made as small as possible (substantially in a short-circuit state) and is less susceptible to external noise.

  Therefore, the resistance value of the variable resistor 6 is controlled in accordance with the amplification factor of the variable amplifying means 11 so that the load resistance value when the power is turned on is minimized.

  For example, it is assumed that the ratio of the amplification factor of the variable amplification means 11 at the time of city gas measurement and LP gas measurement is 5: 1.

  Since it is the unnecessary vibration level after amplification after being amplified by the variable amplification means 11 that affects the measured value, when measuring city gas, the input side of the variable amplification means 11, that is, both terminals of the receiving vibrator It is necessary to suppress the unnecessary vibration level generated between them to 1/5 compared with LP gas.

  If the allowable value of the unnecessary vibration level after amplification is determined, the amplification factor is known, so that the allowable value of the unnecessary vibration level before amplification is easily obtained.

  If the value at this time is V1, there are two resistance values that satisfy V1, but Z1 that is smaller than Z0 that is the impedance of the receiving vibrator is adopted from the above description. Similarly, in the case of LP gas, the unnecessary vibration level before amplification is V2, which is a value five times V1, and the resistance value satisfying this is a value smaller than Z1.

  As described above, the optimum resistance value for vibration energy consumption can be set according to the amplification factor of the variable amplification means 11.

  When the measured value of the timer 14 reaches the second set time after the vibration energy is consumed, a control signal is output from the reception control means 17 and the resistance value of the variable resistor 6 is switched to zero.

  After the second set time, when the ultrasonic signal propagated in the flow path propagates to the vibrator 3, the signal output is output to the variable amplification means 11 via the variable resistor 6.

  Since the connection resistance is switched to zero, the received signal voltage at both ends of the second vibrator 3 can be transmitted to the variable amplifying means 11 with high efficiency.

  The reception signal amplified by the variable amplification unit 11 is output to the reception determination unit 12 where reception determination processing is performed.

  Although detailed description of the configuration of the reception determination unit 12 is omitted, here, a specific part of the reception waveform is determined as a reception point, and specifically, the falling of the zero-cross point in the third period of the reception waveform is received. Points shall be judged.

  When reception determination is made by the reception determination means 12, the time measurement of ultrasonic propagation in the forward direction of the flow with the first transducer 2 as the transmission transducer and the second transducer 3 as the reception transducer is completed.

  At the end of measurement in the forward direction, the measurement value of the timer 14 is output to the calculation means 15 as the propagation time in the forward direction of the flow. At the same time, a control signal for switching transmission / reception is output from the reception control means 17.

  Upon receiving this control signal, the contact b of the transmission / reception switching means 4 is closed, the second vibrator 3 and the transmission means 5 are connected, the first vibrator 2 and the receiving circuit are connected, and transmission / reception of both vibrators is performed. The relationship is reversed.

  Further, the contact of the power switch 8 is opened, and the power supply from the power source 7 to the variable amplifying means 11 and the reception determining means 12 is stopped.

  The reception control means 17 outputs a reset signal to the trigger means 13 after a predetermined delay. The trigger unit 13 receives the reset signal and outputs a trigger signal for starting measurement to the timer 14 and the transmission unit 5. From here, the measurement using the second vibrator 3 as the transmission side is started.

  In the subsequent operation, a series of processes up to the reception determination in the reception determination means 12 is executed in the same manner as the above-described procedure, just by switching the transmission / reception relationship between the two transducers.

  When reception determination is performed by the reception determination means 12, the time measurement of ultrasonic propagation in the direction opposite to the flow is completed with the second transducer 3 as the transmission side and the first transducer 2 as the reception side.

  At the end of the measurement in the reverse direction of the flow, the measurement value of the timer 14 is output to the calculation means 15 as the propagation time in the reverse direction of the flow. At the same time, a control signal for switching transmission / reception is output from the reception control means 17.

  Upon receiving this control signal, the contact a of the transmission / reception switching means 4 is closed, the first vibrator 2 and the transmission means 5 are connected, the second vibrator 3 and the reception circuit are connected, and transmission / reception of both vibrators is performed. The relationship is reversed again.

  Further, the contact of the first switch 12 is opened, and the power supply from the power source 7 to the variable amplifying means 11 and the reception determining means 12 is stopped.

  The reception control means 17 outputs a reset signal to the trigger means 13 after a predetermined delay, and this time, the measurement using the first vibrator 2 as the transmission side is started.

  As described above, every time measurement is performed, the measurement is continued while switching the transmission / reception relationship between the two vibrators with a certain delay time.

  Then, when the measurement is completed a predetermined number of times (e.g., 8 times each in the forward direction and the reverse direction), the calculation means 15 determines the average propagation time for each of the 8 measurement results separately in the forward direction and the reverse direction. , And the value is stored in the propagation time prediction means 16. Further, a flow rate value is obtained based on the average propagation time value.

  Next, a method for optimizing the first set time and the second set time using the propagation time average value stored in the propagation time predicting means 16 will be described.

  The value of the propagation time does not change abruptly in a short time unless a foreign gas is mixed in the flow path or the gas is intentionally replaced. Can be considered as an approximate expected value for the next eight measurements.

  Assuming that the forward propagation time average value of the flow is Ta, in the next eight forward measurements, vibration noise generated at both ends of the vibrator related to the first set time and the second set time is measured. Each control timing may be set in anticipation of an appropriate margin so as to be sufficiently small in the vicinity of the elapsed time Ta after the start.

  If the time until the vibration level converges after closing the power switch 8 is α, and the resistance value of the variable resistor 6 is switched to zero and the time until the vibration level converges is β, the value of the timer 14 The time when the elapsed time from the start of measurement indicated by Tam- (α + β) is the first set time T1, and the time when the elapsed time is Ta-β is the second set time T2, and the variable resistance of the power switch 8 6 may be switched.

  As described above, in the fluid flow measuring device of the present invention, based on the predicted propagation time stored in the propagation time predicting means 16, the connection resistance between the receiving vibrator and the variable amplifying means 11 is set just before that time. In a state where the vibration energy is set to a value that is efficiently consumed according to the amplification factor, the variable amplifying means 11 is turned on, and the vibration noise between the receiving vibrator terminals generated when the power is supplied is reduced. It is decaying rapidly.

  After that, since the ultrasonic signal is received after the connection resistance between the receiving vibrator and the variable amplifying unit 11 is switched to zero, the power supply start timing of the variable amplifying unit 11 can be made closer to the received waveform. Therefore, highly accurate measurement is possible while maintaining power saving performance.

  Further, since the amplification factor of the variable amplifying means 11 is changed according to the measurement fluid, high-precision measurement is possible while maintaining power saving performance regardless of the measurement fluid.

  In addition, by setting the power-on timing separately in the forward and reverse directions of the flow, it is possible to set the optimal control timing regardless of flow rate fluctuations, enabling more accurate flow measurement while maintaining power saving performance. It becomes.

  As described above, the fluid flow measuring device according to the present invention can bring the power-on timing of the amplifying means closer to the reception timing of the ultrasonic signal, and can save power. It can be applied to gas meters, water meters and the like.

1 is a block diagram of a fluid flow measurement device according to Embodiment 1 of the present invention. Characteristics of the device Another characteristic diagram of the device Block diagram of a conventional fluid flow measurement device

Explanation of symbols

DESCRIPTION OF SYMBOLS 1 Fluid flow path 2 1st vibrator | oscillator 3 2nd vibrator | oscillator 4 Transmission / reception switching means 6 Variable resistance 7 Power supply 8 Power switch 9 Gas type switching means 10 Amplification rate setting means 11 Variable amplification means 12 Reception determination means 14 Timer 15 Calculation means 16 Propagation time prediction means 17 Reception control means

Claims (3)

A transmission vibrator that is provided in the fluid flow path and transmits an ultrasonic signal, a reception vibrator that receives the ultrasonic signal, and a variable that is connected to the reception vibrator via a load resistor and can change an amplification factor. Amplifying means, a power switch for switching power supply / stop to the variable amplifying means, a resistance value switching means capable of switching a connection resistance value between the receiving vibrator and the variable amplifying means, and an output of the variable amplifying means A reception determination unit for determining reception of an ultrasonic signal based on the above, a timer for measuring a propagation time from transmission to reception of the ultrasonic signal, and a next predicted propagation time based on the past propagation time measured by the timer And a reception control means for controlling the power switch and the resistance switching means, wherein the reception control means has a first setting before the predicted propagation time. In the meantime, power supply to the variable amplifying means is started by the power switch, and the receiving vibrator and the variable are changed by the resistance value switching means at a second set time between the first set time and the predicted propagation time. A fluid flow measuring device characterized in that the connection resistance with the amplifying means is switched from a high resistance value to a low resistance value that can be regarded as substantially zero, and the high resistance value is changed according to the amplification factor. The fluid flow measuring device according to claim 1, further comprising an amplification factor setting unit that sets an amplification factor of the variable amplification unit according to the type of fluid to be measured. Transmission / reception switching means that enables measurement in both the forward and reverse directions of the flow by switching the roles of the transmitting vibrator and the receiving vibrator, and arithmetic means for calculating the fluid flow rate based on the propagation time measured by the timer 3. The fluid flow measurement according to claim 1, wherein the reception control means determines the first and second set times based on individual predicted propagation times in the forward direction and the reverse direction of the flow. apparatus.

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