JP2010079242A - Toner - Google Patents

Abstract

<P>PROBLEM TO BE SOLVED: To provide a toner which is excellent in development stability in both of a low-temperature and low-humidity environment and a high-temperature and high-humidity environment. <P>SOLUTION: The toner includes: toner particles at least containing a binder resin and a colorant; and a fatty acid metal salt, wherein the fatty acid metal salt includes particles having a volume-based median diameter (D50s) of 0.15-0.65 μm and a liberation ratio of the fatty acid metal salt is in the range of 1.0-25.0%. <P>COPYRIGHT: (C)2010,JPO&INPIT

Description

  The present invention relates to a toner used in electrophotography, electrostatic recording, and magnetic recording. More specifically, the present invention relates to an electrostatic charge image developing toner (hereinafter abbreviated as “toner”) used in an image recording apparatus that can be used in a copying machine, a printer, a facsimile, a plotter, and the like.

As electrophotographic technology used in copying machines, printers, facsimile receivers, etc., the demands from users are becoming more and more demanding year by year as the devices develop. In recent years, there is a strong demand to provide stable image quality that does not depend on the environment because it is possible to print a large number of sheets and the environment used by the expansion of the market has expanded. .
In order to satisfy the above requirements, a toner having high durability and high image quality is required more than before, and many improvements have been made to solve the above problems.

  For example, it is known to use a fatty acid metal salt in a toner as a cleaning aid or an anti-filming agent for an electrostatic latent image carrier. However, on the other hand, the fatty acid metal salt causes fogging and a decrease in image density, and high image quality cannot be obtained. Therefore, it has been disclosed to improve fogging while improving filming and voiding in an electrostatic latent image carrier by using a fatty acid metal salt and a titanic acid compound in combination (for example, Patent Document 1).

  In addition, by defining the relationship between the particle size of toner particles having a certain storage modulus or the particle size distribution of toner particles and the particle size and distribution of fatty acid metal salt particles, the image quality, fog and electrostatic latent image carrier can be obtained. It is disclosed to improve the filming (for example, Patent Documents 2 and 3).

  Further, it is disclosed that fog, toner scattering and toner leakage are suppressed by containing an additive (alumina and titanium oxide) that defines the work function relationship with the base particles and a fatty acid metal salt (for example, Patent Document 4).

  Furthermore, it is disclosed that the image stability can be improved while coating a toner particle with a fatty acid metal salt to suppress the liberation rate while serving as an anti-filming agent for the electrostatic latent image carrier. For example, Patent Document 5).

  Certainly, such measures can reduce fogging, toner scattering, and toner leakage while suppressing toner filming on the latent electrostatic image bearing member, resulting in high durability and high image quality stability. It came to be obtained. However, as a result of intensive studies by the present inventors, in the toners described in Patent Documents 1 and 2, the particle size of the fatty acid metal salt used is too large. For this reason, although the initial fog is effective, it has been found that there is a problem that fogging is generated when a large number of sheets are printed and the change in chargeability is increased. It has been found that the toners described in Patent Documents 3 and 4 have a problem of fogging due to a decrease in chargeability when the number of printed sheets increases in a severe environment of low temperature and low humidity and high temperature and high humidity.

  Further, in the toner described in Patent Document 5, it is necessary to coat the toner particles with a fatty acid metal salt, and there is a problem that the toner particles are easily mechanically damaged in the coating step and development streaks are likely to occur. I found out.

  In addition to the problems described above, each measure still has problems in terms of toner contamination on members that generate large amounts of friction such as toner carriers and toner supply members in a low temperature and low humidity environment. I found out. In particular, it has been found that when a large number of sheets are printed, image defects due to toner filming on the member occur. Even in the printing of a large number of sheets, which is required in the market, it is actually necessary to improve various characteristics in order to obtain stable developability without depending on the use environment.

JP-A-8-272132 Japanese Patent Laid-Open No. 9-311499 JP 2002-296829 A JP 2007-148198 A JP 2007-108622 A

An object of the present invention is to provide a toner that solves the above background art.
That is, an object of the present invention is to provide a toner having excellent durability and development stability in both low temperature and low humidity and high temperature and high humidity environments over a long period of time.

The present invention is a toner having toner particles containing at least a binder resin and a colorant and a fatty acid metal salt,
The fatty acid metal salt is composed of particles having a median diameter (D50s) on a volume basis of 0.15 μm or more and 0.65 μm or less,
The toner relates to a toner having a liberation rate of the fatty acid metal salt of 1.0% or more and 25.0% or less.

  According to the present invention, a toner capable of stably obtaining a high-quality image without depending on the environment even in long-term printing can be obtained. That is, according to the present invention, it is possible to suppress filming on the toner carrier, the toner supply member, etc. even in printing for a long time in a low temperature and low humidity environment, and also in a low temperature and low humidity and high temperature and high humidity environment for a long time. A toner capable of suppressing fogging can be obtained.

It is a graph which shows the particle size distribution of the fatty-acid metal salt 1 used for the Example of this invention. It is a graph which shows the particle size distribution of the fatty-acid metal salt 2 used for the Example of this invention. It is a graph which shows the particle size distribution of the fatty-acid metal salt 11 used for the comparative example of this invention. It is a graph which shows the particle size distribution of the fatty-acid metal salt 12 used for the comparative example of this invention. It is a graph which shows the load-displacement curve in the micro compression test of the toner A used for the Example of this invention. It is sectional drawing of a process cartridge. It is a figure which shows the image of the printing rate of 1% with a horizontal line.

The ability to print over a long period of time without depending on temperature and humidity is an essential condition for satisfying market needs. Therefore, the present inventors have intensively studied to obtain the characteristics.
As a result, it has been found that the above characteristics can be obtained by adding a fatty acid metal salt having a certain particle size and particle size distribution and defining the amount of the fatty acid metal salt in the toner.

  Specifically, a toner particle containing at least a binder resin, a colorant, and a release agent, and a fatty acid metal salt composed of particles having a median diameter (D50s) on a volume basis of 0.15 μm to 0.65 μm. In the toner, the liberation rate of the fatty acid metal salt is 1.0% or more and 25.0% or less. Thereby, the above excellent characteristics can be obtained.

Although the detailed reason is unknown, inventors infer as follows.
In the process cartridge as shown in FIG. 6, the toner carrier (14) and the toner supply member (15) are rubbed, and the toner carrier (14) and the electrostatic latent image carrier (10) are rubbed. As a result, mechanical damage to the toner increases. Therefore, toner filming tends to easily occur on the toner carrier and the toner supply member. In particular, as the process speed increases under a low temperature and low humidity environment, the rubbing increases and the damage to the toner becomes more significant. Further, as the number of printed sheets increases, the toner is deteriorated and the filming of the member is likely to occur. When toner filming occurs on the toner carrier or the like, there is a difference in chargeability between the filming portion and the other portions, and image defects such as shading unevenness occur on the image.

  Therefore, in the present invention, a fatty acid metal salt having a smaller particle size than that conventionally used is contained in the toner, and the liberation rate of the fatty acid metal salt from the toner particles is controlled within a predetermined range. . By doing so, it has been found that toner filming on the toner carrier and the toner supply member can be suppressed, toner deterioration can be suppressed, and high image quality can be obtained over a long period of time. Further, it has been found that fogging due to a decrease in chargeability, which is a problem when a fatty acid metal salt is added, is reduced, and development stability can be obtained over a long period of time.

  The fatty acid metal salt used in the toner of the present invention comprises particles having a median diameter (D50s) on a volume basis of 0.15 μm or more and 0.65 μm or less. Such a fine fatty acid metal salt acts as a lubricant when the toner is rubbed between the toner carrier and the toner supply roller. Due to the effect as a lubricant, damage to toner particles can be reduced and the occurrence of filming can be suppressed. Further, since it is fine, it can be present uniformly on the surface of each particle of the toner, and the generation of toner charged to a reverse polarity can be reduced. As a result, it is possible to reduce fog and image stability that have been easily generated when a fatty acid metal salt is added, and a stable and high-quality image can be obtained even in a long-term high-temperature and high-humidity environment.

  In the present invention, when the median diameter of the fatty acid metal salt on the volume basis is smaller than 0.15 μm, the particle diameter is small, so that the function as a lubricant is lowered, and the effect of suppressing toner filming on the toner carrier is obtained. It's hard to be done. On the other hand, when it exceeds 0.65 μm, the fatty acid metal salt tends to be unevenly present on the surface of the toner particles, so that a charge distribution is generated between the toner particles and the toner of reverse polarity increases. For this reason, fog and image stability due to the fatty acid metal salt are likely to occur in a high temperature and high humidity environment. In addition, release in the toner tends to occur more easily as the particle size increases, and when a large number of prints are made, the fatty acid metal salt is released from the toner and the effect of suppressing filming diminishes. This is likely to cause image defects due to image processing. A more preferable range of the median diameter (D50s) is 0.30 μm or more and 0.60 μm or less, and when it is within this range, the effects of the present invention can be obtained more stably.

  In the present invention, the fatty acid metal salt liberation rate in the toner needs to be 1.0% or more and 25.0% or less. When the liberation rate of the fatty acid metal salt is in the range of 1.0% to 25.0%, a certain amount of the fatty acid metal salt is present on the surface of the toner particles even after printing a large number of sheets. The effect of the invention is exhibited continuously. When the liberation rate is less than 1.0%, the amount of fatty acid metal salt supplied to the cleaning process becomes insufficient, and there is a tendency for defective cleaning. Conversely, when the liberation rate exceeds 25.0%, fogging due to liberation of fatty acid metal increases. Furthermore, when a large number of sheets are printed, the free fatty acid metal salt is consumed, and the effect as a lubricant when the toner is rubbed is diminished, and filming on the toner carrier occurs. There is. A more preferable range of the liberation ratio is 2.0% or more and 20.0% or less, and if it is within this range, an image with higher image quality can be obtained more stably.

The liberation rate of the fatty acid metal salt in the present invention means the metal element strength of the fatty acid metal salt in the toner by X fluorescence, and the fatty acid metal salt after passing the toner through a sieve (635 mesh) having a mesh size of 25 μm three times. (X−Y) / X, where Y is the metal element strength.
By verifying the ease of liberation of the fatty acid metal salt by this method, the degree of liberation of the fatty acid metal salt in actual image formation can be estimated. By allowing the toner to pass through the mesh, the fatty acid metal salt that is insufficiently attached and easily released becomes a cloud state or adheres to the mesh during the mesh pass. Therefore, the fatty acid metal salt in the toner is reduced, and the liberation rate required by the above measurement is increased. A small liberation rate means that the difference in the amount of fatty acid metal salt before and after passing through the mesh is small, meaning that liberation of the fatty acid metal salt is suppressed even when a large number of sheets are printed. . Therefore, if the liberation rate is 20.0% or less, the lubricant effect is sufficiently exhibited, and filming, which is the effect of the present invention, can be suppressed.

The fatty acid metal salt has a property of being easily liberated as compared with other additives. Since the particle of the fatty acid metal salt in the present invention has a smaller particle size than the conventional fatty acid metal salt, it can be easily adhered to the toner particles to some extent. In order to fall within the range of the liberation rate of the present invention, it is necessary to optimize toner particle design and mixing process conditions (temperature, rotation time, etc.). The fatty acid metal salt preferably has a span value B defined by the following formula (1) of 1.75 or less.
Span value B = (D95s−D5s) / D50s (1) Formula D5s: 5% integrated diameter based on volume of fatty acid metal salt D50s: 50% integrated diameter based on volume of fatty acid metal salt D95s: based on volume based on fatty acid metal salt 95% integrated diameter Span value B is an index indicating the particle size distribution of the fatty acid metal salt. If the span value B is 1.75 or less, the variation in the particle size of the fatty acid metal salt present in the toner is reduced. Further, charging stability can be obtained more. When the span value B exceeds 1.75, the toner charged to the opposite polarity tends to increase, and thus fogging is likely to occur. The span value B is more preferably 1.50 or less, and if it is 1.50 or less, a more stable image can be obtained. More preferably, it is 1.35 or less.

  As the fatty acid metal salt suitably used, a metal salt selected from zinc, calcium, magnesium, aluminum and lithium is preferable. Moreover, fatty acid zinc or fatty acid calcium is particularly preferable, and when these are used, the effect of the present invention becomes more remarkable.

  Further, the fatty acid of the aliphatic metal salt is preferably a higher fatty acid having 12 to 22 carbon atoms. When fatty acids having 12 or more carbon atoms are used, it is easy to suppress the generation of free fatty acids. The amount of free fatty acid is preferably 0.20% by mass or less. When the number of carbon atoms of the fatty acid is 22 or less, the melting point of the fatty acid metal salt does not become too high, and good fixability is easily obtained. As the fatty acid, stearyl acid is particularly preferable.

  Examples of the fatty acid metal salt include zinc stearate, calcium stearate, magnesium stearate, aluminum stearate, lithium stearate and the like, and zinc laurate.

  The addition amount (content) of the fatty acid metal salt is preferably 0.02 parts by mass or more and 0.50 parts by mass or less, more preferably 0.05 parts by mass or more and 0.30 parts by mass with respect to 100 parts by mass of the toner particles. It is below mass parts. If the addition amount is 0.02 parts by mass or more, the effect of addition is sufficiently obtained, and if it is 0.50 parts by mass or less, the stability of the image density is particularly enhanced.

In the toner of the present invention, from the viewpoint of high developability and high image quality, the ratio between the span value A and the span value B obtained from the following formula (2) using the toner number-based particle size distribution data (A / B) is preferably 0.25 or more and 0.75 or less.
Span value A = (D95t−D5t) / D50t (2) Expression D5t: 5% integrated diameter based on the number of toners D50t: 50% integrated diameter based on the number of toners D95t: 95% integrated diameter based on the number of toners Span value If the ratio is within such a range, the particle size distribution of the fatty acid metal salt with respect to the particle size distribution of the toner is balanced, and variation in the presence state of the fatty acid metal salt among the toner particles is suppressed. As a result, the toner has a good balance between fog and image density, and a high-quality image can be obtained. When the ratio of the span values is smaller than 0.25, the particle size distribution of the fatty acid metal salt is broad with respect to the particle size distribution of the toner, so that charging becomes non-uniform and fogging is likely to occur. On the other hand, if it exceeds 0.75, the particle size distribution of the fatty acid metal salt is too sharp with respect to the particle size distribution of the toner, which is effective in suppressing fogging, but the reason is not clear, but the stability of the concentration cannot be obtained. A decrease in density is likely to occur. Considering the balance between fog and concentration stability, the span value (A / B) ratio is more preferably 0.30 or more and 0.70 or less.

  The toner of the present invention preferably has a number average particle diameter (D1) of 3.0 μm or more and 8.0 μm or less. This is because finer latent image dots are faithfully developed in order to obtain a higher quality image. When the number average particle diameter is within the above range, high transfer efficiency can be obtained and scattering can be suppressed, so that particularly good image formation is possible. In addition, the photoconductor can be prevented from being scraped or the toner can be fused. Moreover, since it is excellent in fluidity | liquidity and stirring property, more favorable charging property is obtained.

The toner of the present invention preferably satisfies the following conditions in a micro compression test. When a load of 9.8 × 10 ⁻⁴ N is applied to one particle of toner at a load speed of 9.8 × 10 ⁻⁵ N / sec, the maximum displacement rate R ₁₀₀ of the particle is 0.20 ≦ R ₁₀₀ ≦ 0. It is preferable that the displacement rate R ₂₀ of the particles at a load of 2.0 × 10 ⁻⁴ N is 0.010 ≦ R ₂₀ ≦ 0.080. The above properties are physical properties that are greatly related to the properties of the toner particles. By setting the properties within the above range, the deterioration of the toner can be suppressed, and the liberation rate of the fatty acid metal salt can be appropriately controlled. In addition, since the toner having the above characteristics is maintained with a certain degree of deformation under a relatively small load, the deterioration of the toner is suppressed at the degree of stress applied to the developing member, and the filming suppressing effect when the fatty acid metal salt is added is suppressed. Will last longer. On the other hand, since the deformation rate is high at a large load received by fixing, high gloss is easily obtained. Further, since the contact surface between the toner and the fixing portion is increased, the heat transfer property is improved and high fixing property is obtained.

When R ₁₀₀ is within the above range, the displacement in the fixing step is moderate, a high gloss image can be obtained, and good low-temperature fixability can be achieved. Moreover, even when a large number of sheets are printed, the generation of deformed particles can be suppressed.

If R ₂₀ is within the above range, the deformation of the toner particles due to stress received by the developing member can appropriately suppressed, it is possible to obtain a filming suppression effect over a longer period of time. In addition, it is possible to suppress toner particle defects and wax component exudation, and to satisfactorily suppress fogging and development streaks. More preferably, R ₁₀₀ is 0.40 ≦ R ₁₀₀ ≦ 0.80, and R ₂₀ is 0.020 ≦ R ₂₀ ≦ 0.060.

  Further, the toner preferably has a viscosity at 100 ° C. of 8000 Pa · s to 65000 Pa · s. The above characteristics are also physical properties greatly related to the properties of the toner particles, and are one means for controlling the liberation rate. In addition, a toner having the above-mentioned characteristics in a preferable range is excellent in low-temperature fixability and durability, and can obtain a high gloss image satisfactorily.

  The toner preferably has an average circularity of 0.940 or more and 0.990 or less by a flow type particle image analyzer. If the average circularity is within the above range, the uneven distribution of the fatty acid metal salt can be suppressed, so that the toner charge distribution becomes sharp and the occurrence of fog can be suppressed well. Further, since the contact area between the toner particles and the fatty acid metal salt becomes appropriate, excessive liberation of the fatty acid metal salt from the toner can be suppressed, and the effect of suppressing filming on the toner carrier becomes more remarkable. More preferably, it is 0.950 or more and 0.985 or less, and more preferably 0.960 or more and 0.980 or less, so that the stability of image quality is further obtained.

Next, a toner manufacturing method will be described.
The toner particles used in the present invention may be produced by any method, but a production method of granulating in an aqueous medium such as a suspension polymerization method, an emulsion polymerization method, or a suspension granulation method. It is preferable to obtain by.

Hereinafter, the most preferable suspension polymerization method for obtaining the toner particles used in the present invention will be described as an example to describe the method for producing the toner.
The binder resin, colorant, and other additives such as wax components as required are uniformly dissolved or dispersed by a disperser such as a homogenizer, ball mill, colloid mill, or ultrasonic disperser, and polymerization is started. The agent is dissolved to prepare a polymerizable monomer composition. Next, toner particles are produced by suspending the polymerizable monomer composition in an aqueous medium containing a dispersion stabilizer and performing polymerization.

  The polymerization initiator may be added simultaneously with the addition of other additives to the polymerizable monomer, or may be mixed immediately before suspending the polymerizable monomer in the aqueous medium. Also, a polymerization initiator dissolved in a polymerizable monomer or solvent can be added immediately after granulation and before starting the polymerization reaction.

  Examples of the binder resin for the toner include commonly used styrene-acrylic copolymers, styrene-methacrylic copolymers, epoxy resins, and styrene-butadiene copolymers. As the polymerizable monomer, a vinyl polymerizable monomer capable of radical polymerization can be used. As the vinyl polymerizable monomer, a monofunctional polymerizable monomer or a polyfunctional polymerizable monomer can be used.

  The following are mentioned as a polymerizable monomer for producing | generating a binder resin. Styrene; Styrenic monomers such as o- (m-, p-) methylstyrene, m- (p-) ethylstyrene; methyl acrylate, methyl methacrylate, ethyl acrylate, ethyl methacrylate, propyl acrylate, Propyl methacrylate, butyl acrylate, butyl methacrylate, octyl acrylate, octyl methacrylate, dodecyl acrylate, dodecyl methacrylate, stearyl acrylate, stearyl methacrylate, behenyl acrylate, behenyl methacrylate, 2-ethylhexyl acrylate, Acrylic acid ester monomers such as 2-ethylhexyl methacrylate, dimethylaminoethyl acrylate, dimethylaminoethyl methacrylate, diethylaminoethyl acrylate and diethylaminoethyl methacrylate, Ether-based monomers; butadiene, isoprene, cyclohexene, acrylonitrile, methacrylonitrile, acrylic acid amide, such as ene-based monomers methacrylamide.

  These polymerizable monomers are used alone or in general, and have a theoretical glass transition temperature (Tg) of 40 to 75 described in Publication Polymer Handbook 2nd edition III-p139-192 (manufactured by John Wiley & Sons). A polymerizable monomer is appropriately mixed and used so as to indicate ° C. If the theoretical glass transition temperature is less than 40 ° C., problems are likely to occur from the viewpoint of storage stability and durability stability of the toner, while if it exceeds 75 ° C., the fixability is lowered.

In the case of producing toner particles, it is a preferable example to add a low molecular weight polymer so that the THF soluble content of the toner has a preferable molecular weight distribution. The low molecular weight polymer can be added to the polymerizable monomer composition when toner particles are produced by suspension polymerization. The low molecular weight polymer has a weight average molecular weight (Mw) measured by gel permeation chromatography (GPC) in the range of 2,000 to 5,000, and Mw / Mn of less than 4.5, preferably Those of less than 3.0 are preferred in terms of fixability and developability.
Examples of the low molecular weight polymer include low molecular weight polystyrene, low molecular weight styrene-acrylic acid ester copolymer, and low molecular weight styrene-acrylic copolymer.
It is preferable to use together with the above-mentioned binder resin a polar resin having a carboxyl group such as a polyester resin or a polycarbonate resin.

  When the toner particles are directly produced by the suspension polymerization method, it is preferable to use a monomer composition containing a polar resin. Thereby, the added polar resin forms a thin layer on the surface of the toner particles in accordance with the balance of polarity exhibited by the polymerizable monomer composition serving as toner particles and the aqueous dispersion medium. Alternatively, the polar resin exists with a concentration gradient from the toner particle surface toward the center. That is, the addition of a polar resin can reinforce the shell portion of the core-shell structure, so that it is easy to optimize the micro-compression hardness of the toner particles, and both developability and fixability are well balanced. It becomes easy.

  A preferable addition amount of the polar resin is 1 to 25 parts by mass, and more preferably 2 to 15 parts by mass with respect to 100 parts by mass of the binder resin. If the amount is less than 1 part by mass, the presence state of the polar resin in the toner particles tends to be non-uniform. On the other hand, if it exceeds 25 parts by mass, the layer of the polar resin formed on the surface of the toner particles becomes thick.

  Examples of the polar resin include polyester resin, epoxy resin, styrene-acrylic acid copolymer, styrene-methacrylic acid copolymer, and styrene-maleic acid copolymer. A polyester resin is particularly preferable, and the acid value is preferably in the range of 4 to 20 mgKOH / g. When the acid value is within the above range, a good shell structure can be formed, the charge rising property and the charging environmental stability are excellent, and it is possible to satisfactorily suppress the decrease in image density and the occurrence of fog. it can. The molecular weight of 3,000 to 30,000 is preferably a main peak molecular weight because the fluidity and negative frictional charging characteristics of the toner particles can be improved.

In order to increase the mechanical strength of the toner particles and control the molecular weight of the THF soluble component of the toner, a crosslinking agent may be used when the binder resin is synthesized.
Examples of the bifunctional crosslinking agent include the following. Divinylbenzene, bis (4-acryloxypolyethoxyphenyl) propane, ethylene glycol diacrylate, 1,3-butylene glycol diacrylate, 1,4-butanediol diacrylate, 1,5-pentanediol diacrylate, 1,6 -Hexanediol diacrylate, neopentyl glycol diacrylate, diethylene glycol diacrylate, triethylene glycol diacrylate, tetraethylene glycol diacrylate, polyethylene glycol # 200, # 400, # 600 diacrylate, dipropylene glycol diacrylate, polypropylene Glycol diacrylate, polyester-type diacrylate (MANDA Nippon Kayaku), and diacrylate above instead of diacrylate Thing. The following are mentioned as a polyfunctional crosslinking agent. Pentaerythritol triacrylate, trimethylol ethane triacrylate, trimethylol propane triacrylate, tetramethylol methane tetraacrylate, oligoester acrylate and methacrylate, 2,2-bis (4-methacryloxypolyethoxyphenyl) propane, diallyl phthalate, tri Allyl cyanurate, triallyl isocyanurate and triallyl trimellitate. The addition amount of these crosslinking agents is preferably 0.05 to 10 parts by mass, more preferably 0.1 to 5 parts by mass with respect to 100 parts by mass of the polymerizable monomer.

The following are mentioned as a polymerization initiator. 2,2′-azobis- (2,4-dimethylvaleronitrile), 2,2′-azobisisobutyronitrile, 1,1′-azobis (cyclohexane-1-carbonitrile), 2,2′-azobis Azo or diazo polymerization initiators such as -4-methoxy-2,4-dimethylvaleronitrile, azobisisobutyronitrile; benzoyl peroxide, methyl ethyl ketone peroxide, diisopropyl peroxycarbonate, cumene hydroperoxide, 2,4-dichlorobenzoyl Peroxide-based polymerization initiators such as peroxide, lauroyl peroxide, tert-butyl-peroxypivalate.
The amount of these polymerization initiators to be used varies depending on the target degree of polymerization, but is generally 3 to 20 parts by mass with respect to 100 parts by mass of the polymerizable vinyl monomer. The kind of the polymerization initiator varies slightly depending on the polymerization method, but is used alone or in combination with reference to the 10-hour half-life temperature.

  The toner of the present invention contains a colorant as an essential component in order to impart coloring power. Examples of the colorant that can be preferably used include the following organic pigments, organic dyes, and inorganic pigments.

  Examples of organic pigments or organic dyes as cyan colorants include copper phthalocyanine compounds and derivatives thereof, anthraquinone compounds, and basic dye lake compounds. Specifically, the following are mentioned. C. I. Pigment blue 1, C.I. I. Pigment blue 7, C.I. I. Pigment blue 15, C.I. I. Pigment blue 15: 1, C.I. I. Pigment blue 15: 2, C.I. I. Pigment blue 15: 3, C.I. I. Pigment blue 15: 4, C.I. I. Pigment blue 60, C.I. I. Pigment blue 62, C.I. I. Pigment Blue 66.

  Examples of the organic pigment or organic dye as the magenta colorant include the following. Condensed azo compounds, diketopyrrolopyrrole compounds, anthraquinones, quinacridone compounds, basic dye lake compounds, naphthol compounds, benzimidazolone compounds, thioindigo compounds, perylene compounds. Specifically, the following are mentioned. C. I. Pigment red 2, C.I. I. Pigment red 3, C.I. I. Pigment red 5, C.I. I. Pigment red 6, C.I. I. Pigment red 7, C.I. I. Pigment violet 19, C.I. I. Pigment red 23, C.I. I. Pigment red 48: 2, C.I. I. Pigment red 48: 3, C.I. I. Pigment red 48: 4, C.I. I. Pigment red 57: 1, C.I. I. Pigment red 81: 1, C.I. I. Pigment red 122, C.I. I. Pigment red 144, C.I. I. Pigment red 146, C.I. I. Pigment red 150, C.I. I. Pigment red 166, C.I. I. Pigment red 169, C.I. I. Pigment red 177, C.I. I. Pigment red 184, C.I. I. Pigment red 185, C.I. I. Pigment red 202, C.I. I. Pigment red 206, C.I. I. Pigment red 220, C.I. I. Pigment red 221, C.I. I. Pigment Red 254.

  Examples of the organic pigment or organic dye as the yellow colorant include compounds typified by condensed azo compounds, isoindolinone compounds, anthraquinone compounds, azo metal complexes, methine compounds, and allylamide compounds. Specifically, the following are mentioned. C. I. Pigment yellow 12, C.I. I. Pigment yellow 13, C.I. I. Pigment yellow 14, C.I. I. Pigment yellow 15, C.I. I. Pigment yellow 17, C.I. I. Pigment yellow 62, C.I. I. Pigment yellow 74, C.I. I. Pigment yellow 83, C.I. I. Pigment yellow 93, C.I. I. Pigment yellow 94, C.I. I. Pigment yellow 95, C.I. I. Pigment yellow 97, C.I. I. Pigment yellow 109, C.I. I. Pigment yellow 110, C.I. I. Pigment yellow 111, C.I. I. Pigment yellow 120, C.I. I. Pigment yellow 127, C.I. I. Pigment yellow 128, C.I. I. Pigment yellow 129, C.I. I. Pigment yellow 147, C.I. I. Pigment yellow 151, C.I. I. Pigment yellow 154, C.I. I. Pigment yellow 155, C.I. I. Pigment yellow 168, C.I. I. Pigment yellow 174, C.I. I. Pigment yellow 175, C.I. I. Pigment yellow 176, C.I. I. Pigment yellow 180, C.I. I. Pigment yellow 181, C.I. I. Pigment yellow 191, C.I. I. Pigment Yellow 194.

  Examples of the black colorant include carbon black and those prepared by using the above yellow colorant / magenta colorant / cyan colorant to black.

These colorants can be used alone or in combination and further in the form of a solid solution. The colorant used in the toner of the present invention is selected from the viewpoints of hue angle, saturation, brightness, light resistance, OHP transparency, and dispersibility in the toner.
The colorant is preferably used by adding 1 to 20 parts by mass with respect to 100 parts by mass of the polymerizable monomer or binder resin.

  When obtaining toner particles using a polymerization method, it is necessary to pay attention to the polymerization inhibitory property and water phase transferability of the colorant, and preferably, the colorant is subjected to a hydrophobic treatment with a substance that does not inhibit polymerization. It is better to leave it. In particular, since dye-based colorants and carbon black have many polymerization inhibiting properties, care must be taken when using them. A preferable method for treating the dye-based colorant includes a method in which a polymerizable monomer is polymerized in the presence of these dyes in advance. In this case, the obtained colored polymer is added to the polymerizable monomer composition.

  Moreover, about carbon black, you may process with the substance (for example, polyorganosiloxane etc.) which reacts with the surface functional group of carbon black besides the process similar to the said dye.

As the dispersion stabilizer used when preparing the aqueous medium, known inorganic and organic dispersion stabilizers can be used.
Specifically, the following are mentioned as an example of an inorganic dispersion stabilizer. Tricalcium phosphate, magnesium phosphate, aluminum phosphate, zinc phosphate, magnesium carbonate, calcium carbonate, calcium hydroxide, magnesium hydroxide, aluminum hydroxide, calcium metasilicate, calcium sulfate, barium sulfate, bentonite, silica, alumina . Examples of the organic dispersant include the following. Polyvinyl alcohol, gelatin, methyl cellulose, methyl hydroxypropyl cellulose, ethyl cellulose, carboxymethyl cellulose sodium salt, starch.

  Commercially available nonionic, anionic and cationic surfactants can also be used. Examples of such surfactants include the following. Sodium dodecyl sulfate, sodium tetradecyl sulfate, sodium pentadecyl sulfate, sodium octyl sulfate, sodium oleate, sodium laurate, potassium stearate, calcium oleate.

As the dispersion stabilizer used at the time of preparing the aqueous medium, an inorganic poorly water-soluble dispersion stabilizer is preferable, and it is preferable to use a poorly water-soluble inorganic dispersion stabilizer that is soluble in an acid.
Further, when preparing an aqueous medium using a hardly water-soluble inorganic dispersion stabilizer, the amount of these dispersion stabilizers used is 0.2 to 2.0 parts by mass with respect to 100 parts by mass of the polymerizable monomer. It is preferable that In the present invention, it is preferable to prepare an aqueous medium using 300 to 3,000 parts by mass of water with respect to 100 parts by mass of the polymerizable monomer composition.

  When preparing an aqueous medium in which the poorly water-soluble inorganic dispersion stabilizer is dispersed, a commercially available dispersion stabilizer may be used as it is. In order to obtain particles of a dispersion stabilizer having a fine uniform particle size, an aqueous medium may be prepared by generating a poorly water-soluble inorganic dispersion stabilizer in a liquid medium such as water under high-speed stirring. For example, when tricalcium phosphate is used as a dispersion stabilizer, a preferred dispersion stabilizer can be obtained by mixing sodium phosphate aqueous solution and calcium chloride aqueous solution under high speed stirring to form fine particles of tricalcium phosphate. Can do.

In the present invention, known wax components can be used, and specific examples include the following.
Petroleum wax such as paraffin wax, microcrystalline wax, petrolatum and derivatives thereof; montan wax and derivatives thereof; hydrocarbon wax and derivatives thereof according to the Fischer-Tropsch method; polyolefin wax and derivatives thereof such as polyethylene wax and polypropylene wax; carnauba wax Natural waxes such as candelilla wax and derivatives thereof; higher aliphatic alcohols; fatty acids such as stearic acid and palmitic acid; acid amide waxes; ester waxes; hardened castor oil and derivatives thereof; plant waxes;
Examples of the derivatives include oxides, block copolymers with vinyl monomers, and graft modified products.

  In the toner, if necessary, a charge control agent can be mixed with toner particles and used. By adding a charge control agent, it is possible to stabilize the charge characteristics and control the optimum triboelectric charge amount according to the development system.

  As the charge control agent, a known one can be used, and a charge control agent that has a high charging speed and can stably maintain a constant charge amount is particularly preferable. Further, when the toner particles are produced by a direct polymerization method, a charge control agent having a low polymerization inhibition property and substantially free from a solubilized product in an aqueous medium is particularly preferable.

  Examples of the charge control agent for controlling the toner to be negatively charged include the following. Organic metal compounds and chelate compounds are effective, and monoazo metal compounds, acetylacetone metal compounds, aromatic oxycarboxylic acids, aromatic dicarboxylic acids, oxycarboxylic acids, and dicarboxylic acid-based metal compounds. Other examples include aromatic oxycarboxylic acids, aromatic mono- and polycarboxylic acids and metal salts thereof, anhydrides, esters, and phenol derivatives such as bisphenol. Further examples include urea derivatives, metal-containing salicylic acid compounds, metal-containing naphthoic acid compounds, boron compounds, quaternary ammonium salts, calixarene, and resin charge control agents.

Examples of the charge control agent that controls the toner to be positively charged include the following. Nigrosine-modified products such as nigrosine and fatty acid metal salts; guanidine compounds; imidazole compounds; quaternary ammonium salts such as tributylbenzylammonium-1-hydroxy-4-naphthosulfonate, tetrabutylammonium tetrafluoroborate, and the like Onium salts such as phosphonium salts and lake pigments thereof; triphenylmethane dyes and lake pigments thereof (as rake agents, phosphotungstic acid, phosphomolybdic acid, phosphotungsten molybdic acid, tannic acid, lauric acid, Gallic acid, ferricyanide, ferrocyanide, etc.); metal salt of higher fatty acid; resin charge control agent.
These charge control agents can be contained alone or in combination of two or more.

Among these charge control agents, a metal-containing salicylic acid-based compound is preferable in order to sufficiently exhibit the effects of the present invention, and the metal is particularly preferably aluminum or zirconium. The most preferred charge control agent is an aluminum 3,5-di-tert-butylsalicylate compound.
A preferable blending amount of the charge control agent is 0.01 to 20 parts by mass, more preferably 0.5 to 10 parts by mass with respect to 100 parts by mass of the polymerizable monomer or binder resin. However, it is not essential to add a charge control agent to the toner of the present invention, and the toner does not necessarily contain a charge control agent by actively utilizing frictional charging with the toner layer thickness regulating member or the toner carrier. There is no need to let it.

  As a mixer used in the additive mixing step, an existing high-speed stirring mixer such as a Henschel mixer or a super mixer can be used.

  The toner of the present invention must contain fatty acid metal salt particles having a median diameter (D50s) of 0.15 μm or more and 0.65 μm or less on a volume basis. It may be. Examples of the additive include fine powder such as silica fine powder, titanium oxide fine powder, or double oxide fine powder thereof. Among the inorganic fine powders, silica fine powder and titanium oxide fine powder are preferable.

Examples of the silica fine powder include dry silica or fumed silica produced by vapor phase oxidation of silicon halide, and wet silica produced from water glass. As the inorganic fine powder, dry silica having less silanol groups on the surface and inside of the silica fine powder and less Na ₂ O and SO ₃ ²⁻ is preferable. The dry silica may be a composite fine powder of silica and another metal oxide by using a metal halogen compound such as aluminum chloride or titanium chloride together with a silicon halogen compound in the production process.

  The inorganic fine powder is added to the toner particles in order to improve the fluidity of the toner and to make the toner uniform. By hydrophobizing the inorganic fine powder, it is possible to adjust the charge amount of the toner, improve the environmental stability, and improve the characteristics in a high-humidity environment. It is preferable to use it. When the inorganic fine powder added to the toner absorbs moisture, the charge amount as the toner is reduced, and the developability and transferability are easily lowered.

  Treatment agents for hydrophobizing inorganic fine powder include unmodified silicone varnish, various modified silicone varnishes, unmodified silicone oil, various modified silicone oils, silane compounds, silane coupling agents, other organosilicon compounds, organic A titanium compound is mentioned. These treatment agents may be used alone or in combination.

  Among these, inorganic fine powder treated with silicone oil is preferable. More preferably, the inorganic fine powder is hydrophobized with a coupling agent and simultaneously treated with a silicone oil, or a hydrophobized inorganic fine powder that is treated with a coupling agent and then treated with silicone oil. is there. When such a hydrophobized inorganic fine powder is used, the charge amount of the toner can be maintained high even under a high humidity environment, and the selective developability can be reduced.

  The total amount of the inorganic fine powder is preferably 1.5 to 5.0 parts by mass with respect to 100 parts by mass of the toner particles.

  In order to set the liberation rate of the fatty acid metal salt within the range specified in the present invention, for example, the toner particles and the fatty acid metal salt can be mixed under the following conditions.

  In the mixing step of the toner particles and the additive, the stirring blade disposed in the mixing unit moves, and the toner particles and the external additive receive energy from the stirring blade and collide with each other. Additives adhere to the surface.

  At the start of mixing of the toner particles and the additive, a difference in the movement speed between the toner particles and the additive occurs due to the difference in particle diameter and specific gravity, and the chance of collision between the toner particles and the additive increases. Thereby, the homogenization of the additive in the toner proceeds mainly. When mixing is continued and the movement of the toner particles and the additive reaches a steady state, the difference in relative motion speed between the particles becomes small, and the chance of collision between the toner particles and the additive decreases. By the contact, the adhesion of the additive to the toner particles mainly proceeds.

  In the present invention, it is necessary to control the liberation rate within a certain range while maintaining the particle size of the fatty acid metal salt. For this purpose, it is important that the fatty acid metal salt is present more uniformly on the surface of the toner particles and efficiently adhered to the toner particles. In order to make the fatty acid metal salt more uniformly present on the surface of the toner particles, it is effective to provide a pause step in the mixing step. By providing a pause process and dividing the mixing process into several times, the time during which the difference in the movement speed between the toner particles and the fatty acid metal salt occurs can be made longer than when the normal mixing process is performed. Thus, the homogenization of the fatty acid metal salt on the surface of the toner particles is further advanced. Further, by repeating the pause step and the mixing step in this way, the fatty acid metal salt can be efficiently attached to the toner particle surface, and the release rate is suppressed while suppressing the loss of the fatty acid metal salt due to excessive stress. Can be controlled within a desired range. In addition, by providing a pause step, it is possible to suppress the temperature rise due to friction between the toner particles, the external additive and the toner to be produced and the vessel wall, the stirring blade, etc. The occurrence of this problem is suppressed, and a high-quality image can be obtained.

The peripheral speed at the leading edge of the stirring blade in the mixing step is preferably in the range of 32.0 m / sec to 78.0 m / sec. Within this range, the energy received from the stirring blade can be reduced to a level that does not cause rapid heat generation. When the peripheral speed at the leading edge of the stirring blade is within the above range, liberation of the fatty acid metal salt can be suppressed without deteriorating the toner particles and the fatty acid metal salt.
In the resting step, the peripheral speed of the stirring blade is reduced to 15.0 m / sec or less for the purpose of giving a difference in motion speed between the toner particles and the additive as described above, and the peripheral speed range is 10 seconds or more. It is preferable to maintain.

  As described above, the temperature in the tank during the mixing step is preferably set to 42 ° C. or lower in order to suppress the deterioration of the fatty acid metal salt, the toner particles, and the toner.

  The physical properties of the fatty acid metal salt and toner in the present invention were measured using the following method.

<Measurement of median diameter and span value B of fatty acid metal salt>
The volume-based median diameter of the fatty acid metal salt used in the present invention is measured according to JIS Z8825-2 (2001), and is specifically as follows.
As a measuring device, a laser diffraction / scattering particle size distribution measuring device “LA-920” (manufactured by Horiba, Ltd.) is used. The dedicated software “HORIBA LA-920 for Windows (registered trademark) WET (LA-920) Ver. 2.02” attached to LA-920 is used for setting measurement conditions and analyzing measurement data. As the measurement solvent, ion-exchanged water from which impure solids are removed in advance is used.

The measurement procedure is as follows.
(1) A batch type cell holder is attached to LA-920.
(2) A predetermined amount of ion-exchanged water is put into a batch type cell, and the batch type cell is set in a batch type cell holder.
(3) The inside of the batch cell is stirred using a dedicated stirrer chip.
(4) Press the “refractive index” button on the “display condition setting” screen and select the file “110A000I” (relative refractive index 1.10).
(5) In the “display condition setting” screen, the particle diameter reference is set as the volume reference.
(6) After performing warm-up operation for 1 hour or longer, the optical axis is adjusted, the optical axis is finely adjusted, and blank measurement is performed.
(7) Put about 60 ml of ion-exchanged water in a glass 100 ml flat bottom beaker. Among them, as a dispersant, “Contaminone N” (a nonionic surfactant, an anionic surfactant, a 10% by weight aqueous solution of a neutral detergent for washing a pH 7 precision measuring instrument comprising an organic builder, Wako Pure Chemical Industries, Ltd. About 0.3 ml of a diluted solution obtained by diluting the product (manufactured) with ion exchange water about 3 times by mass is added.
(8) Two oscillators with an oscillation frequency of 50 kHz are incorporated with the phase shifted by 180 degrees, and an ultrasonic disperser “Ultrasonic Dispersion System Tetora 150” (manufactured by Nikka Ki Bios) with an electrical output of 120 W is prepared. . About 3.3 l of ion-exchanged water is placed in the water tank of the ultrasonic disperser, and about 2 ml of Contaminone N is added to the water tank.
(9) The beaker of (7) is set in the beaker fixing hole of the ultrasonic disperser, and the ultrasonic disperser is operated. And the height position of a beaker is adjusted so that the resonance state of the liquid level of the aqueous solution in a beaker may become the maximum.
(10) In a state where the aqueous solution in the beaker of (9) is irradiated with ultrasonic waves, about 1 mg of a fatty acid metal salt is added to the aqueous solution in the beaker little by little and dispersed. Then, the ultrasonic dispersion process is continued for another 60 seconds. In this case, the fatty acid metal salt may become a lump and float on the liquid surface. In this case, ultrasonic dispersion is performed for 60 seconds after the lump is submerged in the water by shaking the beaker. Moreover, in ultrasonic dispersion, it adjusts suitably so that the water temperature of a water tank may become 10 to 40 degreeC.
(11) The aqueous solution in which the fatty acid metal salt prepared in the above (10) is dispersed is immediately added little by little to a batch type cell, taking care not to enter bubbles, and the transmittance of the tungsten lamp is 90% to 95%. Adjust so that Then, the particle size distribution is measured. Based on the obtained volume-based particle size distribution data, 5% integrated diameter, 50% integrated diameter, and 95% integrated diameter are calculated. The obtained values are D5s, D50s, and D95s, and the span value B is obtained from these values.

<Rate of fatty acid metal salt>
The liberation rate of the fatty acid metal salt in the toner according to the present invention is determined using a powder tester (manufactured by Hosokawa Micron) having a digital vibrometer (Digivibro MODEL 1332), an X-ray fluorescence analyzer Axios (manufactured by PANallytical), and measurement condition setting and measurement. Using the attached dedicated software “SuperQ ver. 4.0F” (manufactured by PANalytical) for data analysis, the liberation rate of the fatty acid metal salt is determined from the intensity difference of the fluorescent X-rays.

Specific measurement methods are as follows.
(1) About 4 g of toner is placed on an aluminum ring having a diameter of 40 mm, and a sample is prepared by compressing with a press machine at 150 kN. The obtained sample is measured with a fluorescent X-ray analyzer (Axios) to obtain the metal element strength of the fatty acid metal salt in the toner.
(2) A sieve (635 mesh) having an opening of 25 μm is set on a vibrating table of a powder tester. To this sieve, 5 g of accurately weighed toner is added, and the amplitude of the digital vibrometer is adjusted to about 0.60 mm, and vibration is applied for about 2 minutes. The above operation is repeated twice more, and the toner is passed through a 25 μm (635 mesh) sieve a total of 3 times. Next, about 4 g of the obtained sample is placed on an aluminum ring having a diameter of 40 mm, and compressed by a press machine at 150 kN to prepare a sample. The obtained sample is measured with a fluorescent X-ray analyzer (Axios) to obtain the metal element strength of the fatty acid metal salt after passing through a sieve three times.

  Rh is used as the anode of the X-ray tube, the measurement atmosphere is vacuum, the measurement diameter (collimator mask diameter) is 27 mm, and the measurement time is 10 seconds. Further, when measuring a light element, it is detected by a proportional counter (PC), and when measuring a heavy element, it is detected by a scintillation counter (SC).

The liberation rate of the fatty acid metal salt is determined from the following equation by measuring the Kα-ray net intensity (KCPS) of the metal element of the fatty acid metal salt before and after sieving.
{(Kα ray net intensity of metal element of fatty acid metal salt in toner before sieving) − (Kα ray net intensity of metal element of fatty acid metal salt in toner after sieving)} / (before sieving) (Kα-ray net intensity of metal element of fatty acid metal salt in toner)
<Free fatty acid content of fatty acid metal salt>
The amount of free fatty acid of the fatty acid metal salt in the present invention is obtained by accurately weighing 1 g of a sample, dissolving it in a 1: 1 mixture of ethanol and ethyl ether, neutralizing and titrating with an aqueous potassium hydroxide solution using phenolphthalein as an indicator. Ask.

<Measurement of Number Average Particle Size (D1) and Span Value A of Toner>
The number average particle diameter (D1) of the toner is calculated as follows. As a measuring device, a precise particle size distribution measuring device “Coulter Counter Multisizer 3” (registered trademark, manufactured by Beckman Coulter, Inc.) using a pore electrical resistance method equipped with a 100 μm aperture tube is used. The attached dedicated software “Beckman Coulter Multisizer 3 Version 3.51” (manufactured by Beckman Coulter, Inc.) is used for setting the measurement conditions and analyzing the measurement data. The measurement is performed with 25,000 effective measurement channels.

  As an electrolytic aqueous solution used for the measurement, a solution in which special grade sodium chloride is dissolved in ion-exchanged water to a concentration of about 1% by mass, for example, “ISOTON II” (manufactured by Beckman Coulter, Inc.) may be used. it can.

Prior to measurement and analysis, the dedicated software was set as follows.
On the “Change Standard Measurement Method (SOM)” screen of the dedicated software, set the total count in the control mode to 50000 particles, set the number of measurements once, and set the Kd value to “Standard particles 10.0 μm” (Beckman Coulter Set the value obtained using By pressing the “Threshold / Noise Level Measurement Button”, the threshold and noise level are automatically set. In addition, the current is set to 1600 μA, the gain is set to 2, the electrolyte is set to ISOTON II, and the “aperture tube flush after measurement” is checked.
In the “Pulse to particle size conversion setting” screen of the dedicated software, the bin interval is set to logarithmic particle size, the particle size bin is set to 256 particle size bin, and the particle size range is set to 2 μm to 60 μm.

The specific measurement method is as follows.
(1) About 200 ml of the electrolytic solution is placed in a glass 250 ml round bottom beaker exclusively for Multisizer 3, set on a sample stand, and the stirrer rod is stirred counterclockwise at 24 rpm. Then, the dirt and bubbles in the aperture tube are removed by the “aperture flush” function of the dedicated software.
(2) About 30 ml of the electrolytic aqueous solution is put into a glass 100 ml flat bottom beaker. In this, "Contaminone N" (nonionic surfactant, anionic surfactant, 10% by weight aqueous solution of neutral detergent for pH7 precision measuring instrument cleaning, made by organic builder, manufactured by Wako Pure Chemical Industries, Ltd. About 0.3 ml of a diluted solution obtained by diluting 3) with ion-exchanged water is added.
(3) Two oscillators with an oscillation frequency of 50 kHz are incorporated with the phase shifted by 180 degrees, and an ultrasonic disperser “Ultrasonic Dispersion System Tetora 150” (manufactured by Nikkaki Bios) with an electrical output of 120 W is prepared. A predetermined amount of ion-exchanged water is placed in a water tank of an ultrasonic disperser, and about 2 ml of the contamination N is added to the water tank.
(4) The beaker described in (2) is set in the beaker fixing hole of the ultrasonic disperser, and the ultrasonic disperser is operated. And the height position of a beaker is adjusted so that the resonance state of the liquid level of the electrolyte solution in a beaker may become the maximum.
(5) In a state where the electrolytic aqueous solution in the beaker described in (4) is irradiated with ultrasonic waves, about 10 mg of toner is added to the electrolytic aqueous solution little by little and dispersed. Then, the ultrasonic dispersion process is continued for another 60 seconds. In the ultrasonic dispersion, the temperature of the water tank is appropriately adjusted so as to be 10 ° C. or higher and 40 ° C. or lower.
(6) To the round bottom beaker described in (1) installed in the sample stand, the electrolyte aqueous solution described in (5) in which the toner is dispersed using a pipette is dropped, so that the measured concentration becomes about 5%. adjust. Measurement is performed until the number of measured particles reaches 50,000.
(7) The measurement data is analyzed with the dedicated software attached to the apparatus, and the number average particle diameter (D1) and the span value A are calculated. The “average diameter” on the “analysis / number statistical value (arithmetic average)” screen when the graph / number% is set in the dedicated software is the number average particle diameter (D1). In addition, “d ₁₀ ” of the “analysis / count statistics (arithmetic mean)” screen is the number-based integrated 10% diameter, “d ₅₀ ” is the number-based integrated 50% diameter, and “d ₉₀ ” is The number-based integrated 90% diameter. The obtained values are D10t, D50t, and D90t, and the span value A is calculated from these values.

<Toner micro-compression test>
In the present invention, the micro-compression of the toner is measured using an ultra-micro hardness meter ENT1100 (manufactured by Elionix). As a specific measuring method, a toner is applied on a ceramic cell, and minute air is sprayed so that the toner is dispersed on the cell. The cell is set in the apparatus and measured.
While looking through the microscope attached to the apparatus, on the measurement screen (horizontal width: 160 μm, vertical width: 120 μm), toner particles that are not in an aggregated state but are present in isolation are selected and used as measurement objects. In order to eliminate the displacement error as much as possible, the particle size is selected and measured within the range of the number average particle size (D1) ± 0.20 μm.

When 100 toner particles satisfying the above conditions are selected and a load of 9.8 × 10 ⁻⁴ N is applied to one particle at a load speed of 9.8 × 10 ⁻⁵ N / sec, the maximum displacement of the particles X ₁₀₀ (μm), the displacement amount of the particles at a load of 2.0 × 10 ⁻⁴ N is X ₂₀ (μm), and the particle diameter D of the particles to be measured is measured. Data processing is performed as follows. From the measurement result of the maximum displacement amount X ₁₀₀ (μm), the data of the remaining 80 particles are used except for the data of particles that give the data of the 1st to 10th maximum value and the 1st to 10th minimum value. To do. About 80 _thereof, X 100 / _D, the values of _{X 20} / D is calculated, to calculate the respective arithmetic mean. The average value is defined as the maximum displacement rate R ₁₀₀ and displacement rate R ₂₀ in the present invention. The toner particle diameter D (μm) is obtained by measuring the major axis and minor axis of the toner particles using the software attached to the ultrafine hardness meter ENT1100, and obtaining [(major axis + minor axis) / 2]. Use the value.

<Measurement Method of Toner Viscosity at 100 ° C.>
The viscosity of the toner at 100 ° C. is measured using a constant-load extrusion type capillary rheometer “Flow Characteristic Evaluation Apparatus Flow Tester CFT-500D” (manufactured by Shimadzu Corporation) according to the manual attached to the apparatus. In this device, while applying a constant load from the top of the measurement sample with the piston, the measurement sample filled in the cylinder is heated and melted, and the molten measurement sample is extruded from the die at the bottom of the cylinder, and the measurement at this time Measure the relationship between the temperature of the sample and the amount of descent of the piston.

In the present invention, the measurement is performed in the range of 50 ° C. to 200 ° C., and the apparent viscosity calculated at 100 ° C. is defined as the viscosity (Pa · s) of the toner at 100 ° C.
The apparent viscosity η (Pa · s) at 100 ° C. is calculated as follows. First, the flow rate Q (cm ³ / s) is calculated from the following equation (3). In the equation, the cross-sectional area of the piston is A (cm ² ), and the time required for the piston to descend between 0.10 mm above and below the position of the piston at 100 ° C. (the interval is 0.20 mm) is Δt (Seconds).
Q = (0.20 × A) / (10 × Δt) (3)
Then, the apparent viscosity η at 100 ° C. is calculated from the following formula (4) using the obtained flow rate Q. In the formula, the piston load is P (Pa), the diameter of the hole of the die is B (mm), and the length of the die is L (mm).
η = (π × B ⁴ × P) / (128000 × L × Q) (4)

As a measurement sample, about 1.0 g of toner is compression-molded at about 10 MPa using a tablet molding compressor (for example, NT-100H, manufactured by NPA System) in an environment of 25 ° C. for about 60 seconds. A cylindrical shape having a diameter of about 8 mm is used. The measurement conditions of CFT-500D are as follows.
Test mode: Temperature rising start temperature: 50 ° C
Achieving temperature: 200 ° C
Measurement interval: 1.0 ° C
Temperature increase rate: 4.0 ° C./min
Piston cross-sectional area: 1.000 cm ²
Test load (piston load): 10.0 kgf (0.9807 MPa)
Preheating time: 300 seconds Die hole diameter: 1.0 mm
Die length: 1.0mm

ここで、「粒子投影面積」とは二値化された粒子像の面積であり、「粒子投影像の周囲長」とは該粒子像のエッジ点を結んで得られる輪郭線の長さと定義する。円形度は粒子の凹凸の度合いを示す指標であり、粒子が完全な球形の場合には１．０００を示し、粒子の表面形状が複雑になる程、円形度は小さな値となる。 <Average toner circularity>
Measurement was performed using a flow type particle image measuring apparatus “FPIA-2100 type” (manufactured by Toa Medical Electronics Co., Ltd.), and the calculation was performed using the following formula.

Here, “particle projection area” is the area of the binarized particle image, and “perimeter of the particle projection image” is defined as the length of the contour line obtained by connecting the edge points of the particle image. . The degree of circularity is an index indicating the degree of unevenness of the particle, and is 1.000 when the particle is a perfect sphere, and the degree of circularity becomes smaller as the surface shape of the particle becomes more complicated.

  As a specific measuring method, first, 10 ml of ion-exchanged water from which impure solids are removed in advance is prepared in a container. After adding a surfactant (alkyl benzene sulfonate) as a dispersant, 0.02 g of a measurement sample is further added and dispersed uniformly. As a means for dispersion, an ultrasonic disperser “Tetora 150 type” (manufactured by Nikka Ki Bios Co., Ltd.) is used, and dispersion treatment is performed for 2 minutes to obtain a dispersion for measurement. In that case, it cools suitably so that the temperature of this dispersion may not be 40 degreeC or more. Further, in order to suppress variation in circularity, the installation environment of the apparatus is controlled to 23 ° C. ± 0.5 ° C. so that the in-machine temperature of the flow type particle image analyzer FPIA-2100 is 26 to 27 ° C. Then, automatic focus adjustment is performed using 2 μm latex particles at regular intervals, preferably every 2 hours.

  To measure the circularity of the toner, the flow type particle image measuring device is used, the concentration of the dispersion is readjusted so that the toner concentration at the time of measurement is 3000 to 10,000 / μl, and 1000 or more toners are measured. To do. After the measurement, using this data, data having an equivalent circle diameter of less than 2 μm is cut to determine the average circularity of the toner.

EXAMPLES Hereinafter, although an Example demonstrates this invention further more concretely, this invention is not limited to a following example. In the examples and comparative examples, the number of parts and% are all based on mass unless otherwise specified.
First, an example of toner production will be described.

<Manufacture of toner particles 1>
-Suspension polymerization method toner 100 parts by mass of styrene monomer, C.I. I. 16.5 parts by mass of Pigment Blue 15: 3 and 2.0 parts by mass of an aluminum compound of 3,5-di-tert-butylsalicylic acid [Bontron E88 (manufactured by Orient Chemical Co., Ltd.)] were prepared. These were introduced into an attritor (manufactured by Mitsui Mining Co., Ltd.) and stirred at 200 rpm at 25 ° C. for 180 minutes using zirconia beads (140 parts by mass) with a radius of 1.25 mm to prepare a master batch dispersion 1. .

On the other hand, after adding 450 parts by mass of 0.1 mol / liter-Na ₃ PO ₄ aqueous solution to 710 parts by mass of ion-exchanged water and heating to 60 ° C., 68 parts by mass of 1.0 mol / liter-CaCl ₂ aqueous solution was gradually added. To obtain an aqueous medium containing a calcium phosphate compound.
Master batch dispersion 1 40 parts by mass Styrene monomer 30 parts by mass n-butyl acrylate monomer 18 parts by mass Low molecular weight polystyrene 20 parts by mass (Mw = 3,000, Mn = 1,050, Tg = 55 ° C)
Hydrocarbon wax 9 parts by mass (Fischer-Tropsch wax, peak temperature of maximum endothermic peak = 78 ° C., Mw = 750)
Polyester resin 5 parts by mass (terephthalic acid: isophthalic acid: propylene oxide modified bisphenol A (2 mol adduct): ethylene oxide modified bisphenol A (2 mol adduct) = 30: 30: 30: 10 polycondensate, acid Value = 11 mg KOH / g, Tg = 74 ° C., Mw = 11,000, Mn = 4,000)
The above material was heated to 65 ° C., and uniformly dissolved and dispersed at 5,000 rpm using a TK homomixer (manufactured by Tokushu Kika Kogyo Co., Ltd.). In this, 7.0 parts by mass of a 70% toluene solution of a polymerization initiator 1,1,3,3-tetramethylbutylperoxy 2-ethylhexanoate was dissolved to prepare a polymerizable monomer composition.

The polymerizable monomer composition is charged into the aqueous medium, and stirred at 10,000 rpm for 10 minutes with a TK homomixer at a temperature of 65 ° C. and in an N ₂ atmosphere to prepare the polymerizable monomer composition. Grained. Thereafter, the temperature was raised to 67 ° C. while stirring with a paddle stirring blade. When the polymerization conversion rate of the polymerizable vinyl monomer reached 90%, a 0.1 mol / liter sodium hydroxide aqueous solution was added. The pH of the aqueous dispersion medium was adjusted to 9. Furthermore, it heated up at 80 degreeC with the temperature increase rate of 40 degreeC / h, and was made to react for 4 hours. After completion of the polymerization reaction, the residual monomer in the toner particles was distilled off under reduced pressure. After cooling the aqueous medium, hydrochloric acid was added to adjust the pH to 1.4, and the mixture was stirred for 6 hours to dissolve the calcium phosphate salt. The toner particles were separated by filtration, washed with water, and then dried at a temperature of 40 ° C. for 48 hours to obtain cyan toner particles (1). Table 1 shows the formulation of the toner particles.

<Manufacture of toner particles 2>
Similar to toner particle 1 except that the addition amount of low molecular weight polystyrene is changed to 10 parts by mass, the addition amount of styrene monomer to 38 parts by mass, and the amount of n-butyl acrylate monomer to 20 parts by mass. Thus, toner particles 2 were obtained. The formulation of toner particles 2 is shown in Table 1.

<Manufacture of toner particles 3>
The addition amount of low molecular weight polystyrene is 40 parts by mass, the addition amount of styrene monomer is 14 parts by mass, the amount of n-butyl acrylate monomer is 13 parts by mass, and the polymerization initiators 1, 1, 3, 3 -Toner particles 3 were obtained in the same manner as toner particles 1 except that the amount of the 70% toluene solution of tetramethylbutylperoxy 2-ethylhexanoate was changed to 7.5 parts by mass. The formulation of toner particles 3 is shown in Table 1.

<Manufacture of toner particles 4>
Without adding low molecular weight polystyrene, the amount of styrene monomer added is 47 parts by mass, the amount of n-butyl acrylate monomer is 23 parts by mass, and the polymerization initiator 1,1,3,3-tetramethylbutyl is added. Toner particles 4 were obtained in the same manner as toner particles 1 except that the amount of a 70% toluene solution of peroxy 2-ethylhexanoate was changed to 5.0 parts by mass. Table 1 shows the formulation of the toner particles 4.

<Manufacture of toner particles 5>
The addition amount of low molecular weight polystyrene is 40 parts by mass, the addition amount of styrene monomer is 14 parts by mass, the amount of n-butyl acrylate monomer is 13 parts by mass, and the polymerization initiators 1, 1, 3, 3 -Toner particles 5 were obtained in the same manner as the toner particles 1 except that the amount of a 70% toluene solution of tetramethylbutylperoxy 2-ethylhexanoate was changed to 8.5 parts by mass. Table 1 shows the formulation of the toner particles 5.

<Manufacture of toner particles 6>
Emulsion polymerization method toner--Preparation of resin particle dispersion 1--
-Styrene 75 parts by mass-n-Butyl acrylate 25 parts by mass-Acrylic acid 3 parts by mass Mixing and dissolving the above, 1.5 parts by mass of a nonionic surfactant (manufactured by Sanyo Chemical Co., Ltd .: Nonipol 400) And an anionic surfactant (Daiichi Kogyo Seiyaku Co., Ltd .: Neogen SC) 2.2 parts by mass was dispersed and emulsified in a solution obtained by dissolving 120 parts by mass of ion-exchanged water. While slowly stirring for 10 minutes, 10 parts by mass of ion-exchanged water in which 1.5 parts by mass of ammonium persulfate was dissolved was added thereto, and after nitrogen substitution, the contents were heated to 70 ° C. with stirring. The emulsion polymerization was continued for 4 hours. Thus, a resin particle dispersion 1 in which resin particles having a number average particle diameter of 0.29 μm were dispersed was prepared.

--Preparation of resin particle dispersion 2--
-Styrene 40 parts by mass-n-butyl acrylate 58 parts by mass-Divinylbenzene 3 parts by mass-Acrylic acid 3 parts by mass The above mixture was mixed and dissolved into a nonionic surfactant (manufactured by Sanyo Kasei Co., Ltd .: Nonipol 400) ) 1.5 parts by mass and 2.2 parts by mass of an anionic surfactant (Daiichi Kogyo Seiyaku Co., Ltd .: Neogen SC) were dispersed and emulsified in a solution of 120 parts by mass of ion-exchanged water. While slowly stirring for 10 minutes, 10 parts by mass of ion-exchanged water having 0.9 parts by mass of ammonium persulfate dissolved therein was added thereto, and after nitrogen substitution, the contents were heated to 70 ° C. with stirring. The emulsion polymerization was continued for 4 hours. Thus, a resin particle dispersion 2 in which resin particles having a number average particle diameter of 0.31 μm were dispersed was prepared.
--Preparation of resin particle dispersion 3--
-80 parts by mass of styrene-20 parts by mass of n-butyl acrylate-0.8 parts by mass of divinylbenzene-3 parts by mass of acrylic acid A mixture of the above and dissolved is a nonionic surfactant (manufactured by Sanyo Chemical Co., Ltd .: Nonipol 400) 1.5 parts by mass and anionic surfactant (Daiichi Kogyo Seiyaku Co., Ltd .: Neogen SC) 2.2 parts by mass were dissolved in 120 parts by mass of ion-exchanged water, dispersed and emulsified. While slowly stirring for 10 minutes, 10 parts by mass of ion-exchanged water in which 1.2 parts by mass of ammonium persulfate was dissolved was added thereto. After nitrogen substitution, the contents were heated to 70 ° C. with stirring. Emulsion polymerization was continued as it was for 4 hours to prepare a resin particle dispersion 3 in which resin particles having an average particle diameter of 0.25 μm were dispersed.

-Preparation of colorant particle dispersion 1-
・ C. I. Pigment Red 122 20 parts by mass / Anionic surfactant 3 parts by mass (Daiichi Kogyo Seiyaku Co., Ltd .: Neogen SC)
-Ion exchange water 78 mass parts The above was mixed and it disperse | distributed using the sand grinder mill. When the particle size distribution in the colorant particle dispersion 1 was measured using a particle size measuring device (LA-700, manufactured by Horiba, Ltd.), the number average particle size of the colorant particles contained was 0.20 μm. Coarse particles exceeding 1 μm were not observed.

--- Preparation of release agent particle dispersion--
・ Release agent Fischer-Tropsch wax (peak temperature of maximum endothermic peak = 70 ° C.)
50 parts by mass / anionic surfactant 7 parts by mass (Daiichi Kogyo Seiyaku Co., Ltd .: Neogen SC)
-Ion-exchanged water 200 parts by mass The above was heated to 95 ° C and dispersed using a homogenizer (manufactured by IKA: Ultra Tarrax T50), and then dispersed with a pressure discharge type homogenizer. A release agent particle dispersion liquid in which a release agent of 50 μm was dispersed was prepared.

--Preparation of charge control agent particle dispersion--
-5 parts by mass of a metal compound of di-alkyl-salicylic acid (charge control agent, Bontron E-84, manufactured by Orient Chemical Industries)
-3 parts by weight of anionic surfactant (Daiichi Kogyo Seiyaku Co., Ltd .: Neogen SC)
-Ion exchange water 78 mass parts The above was mixed and it disperse | distributed using the sand grinder mill. When the particle size distribution in the charge control agent particle dispersion 1 was measured using a particle size measuring device (LA-700, manufactured by Horiba, Ltd.), the average particle size of the charge agent control particles contained was 0.2 μm, Moreover, the coarse particle exceeding 1 micrometer was not observed.

--- Preparation of mixed liquid-
-Resin particle dispersion 1 80 parts by mass-Resin particle dispersion 2 100 parts by mass-Colorant dispersion 1 40 parts by mass-Release agent particle dispersion 70 parts by mass The above is equipped with a stirrer, condenser, and thermometer The 1-liter separable flask was put into a stirred flask and stirred. The mixture was adjusted to pH = 5.2 using 1 mol / liter-potassium hydroxide aqueous solution.

-Aggregated particle formation-
To this mixed solution, 150 parts by mass of an 8% aqueous sodium chloride solution was added dropwise as a flocculant and heated to 55 ° C. with stirring. At this temperature, 3 parts by mass of resin particle dispersion 3 and 10 parts by mass of charge control agent particle dispersion were added. After maintaining at 55 ° C. for 2 hours, observation with an optical microscope confirmed that aggregated particles having a number average particle diameter of about 3.3 μm were formed.

--Fusing process--
Then, after adding 3 mass parts of surfactant made from an anion (Daiichi Kogyo Seiyaku Co., Ltd .: Neogen SC) here, it heated to 95 degreeC, continuing stirring, and hold | maintained for 4.5 hours. And after cooling, the reaction product was filtered, washed sufficiently with ion-exchanged water, and then fluidized-bed dried at 45 ° C. Further, the shape was adjusted by dispersing in a gas phase of 200 to 300 ° C. with a spray dryer, and toner particles 6 were obtained.

<Manufacture of toner particles 7>
・ Suspension granulation toner--Synthesis of toner binder--
In a reaction vessel equipped with a cooling tube, a stirrer and a nitrogen introduction tube, 660 parts by mass of bisphenol A ethylene oxide 2 mol adduct, 100 parts by mass of bisphenol A propylene oxide 2 mol adduct, 290 parts by mass of terephthalic acid and dibutyltin oxide 2 0.5 part by mass was added and reacted at 220 ° C. for 12 hours at normal pressure. Furthermore, after reacting at a reduced pressure of 10 to 15 mmHg for 6.5 hours, the mixture was cooled to 190 ° C., 32 parts by mass of phthalic anhydride was added thereto, and reacted for 2 hours. Subsequently, it cooled to 80 degreeC and reacted with 180 mass parts of isophorone diisocyanate in ethyl acetate for 2 hours, and the isocyanate containing prepolymer (1) was obtained. Next, 267 parts by mass of prepolymer (1) and 14 parts by mass of isophoronediamine were reacted at 50 ° C. for 2 hours to obtain a urea-modified polyester (1) having a weight average molecular weight of 65,000. 624 parts by mass of bisphenol A ethylene oxide 2 mol adduct, 100 parts by mass of bisphenol A propylene oxide 2 mol adduct, 138 parts by mass of terephthalic acid, and 138 parts by mass of isophthalic acid at 230 ° C. under normal pressure for 5 hours. did. Next, the reaction was performed at a reduced pressure of 10 to 15 mmHg for 5.5 hours to obtain an unmodified polyester (a) having a peak molecular weight of 6300. 250 parts by mass of urea-modified polyester (1) and 750 parts by mass of unmodified polyester (a) were dissolved and mixed in 2000 parts by mass of tetrahydrofuran to obtain a tetrahydrofuran solution of toner binder (1).

  In 240 parts by mass of the tetrahydrofuran solution of the toner binder (1), C.I. I. 4 parts by weight of Pigment Blue 15: 3 was added and stirred at 12000 rpm with a TK homomixer at 55 ° C., and uniformly dissolved and dispersed. In a beaker, 706 parts by mass of ion-exchanged water, 294 parts by mass of a 10% hydroxyapatite suspension (Superite 10 manufactured by Nippon Chemical Industry Co., Ltd.) and 0.17 parts by mass of sodium dodecylbenzenesulfonate were added and dissolved uniformly. Next, the temperature was raised to 55 ° C., and the toner material solution was added and stirred for 10 minutes while stirring at 12000 rpm with a TK homomixer. Next, this mixed solution was transferred to a Kolben equipped with a stirrer and a thermometer, heated to 98 ° C. to remove the solvent, filtered, washed, dried, and then classified by air to obtain toner particles 7.

<Manufacture of toner particles 8>
-Dry method (pulverization method) toner-Binder resin 100 parts by mass [styrene-n-butyl acrylate copolymer resin (Mw = 30,000, Tg = 62 ° C.)]
・ C. I. Pigment Blue 15: 3 5 parts by mass. Aluminum compound of 3,5-di-tert-butylsalicylic acid 3 parts by mass [Orient Chemical Industries, Ltd .: Bontron E88]
Ester wax 6.0 parts by mass [behenyl behenate: peak temperature of maximum endothermic peak = 72 ° C., Mw = 700]
The above materials were mixed in advance, melt kneaded with a biaxial extruder, the cooled kneaded product was finely pulverized with a hammer mill, and the obtained finely pulverized product was classified to obtain toner particles 8.

<Production of fatty acid metal salt 1>
A receiving container with a stirrer was prepared, and the stirrer was rotated at 350 rpm. 500 mass parts of 0.5 mass% sodium stearate aqueous solution was thrown into this receiving container, and liquid temperature was adjusted to 85 degreeC. Next, 525 mass parts of 0.2 mass% zinc sulfate aqueous solution was dripped at this receptacle over 15 minutes. After the completion of charging the whole amount, the reaction was terminated by aging for 10 minutes at the temperature during the reaction.
Next, the fatty acid metal salt slurry thus obtained was washed by filtration. The obtained washed fatty acid metal salt cake was roughly crushed and then dried at 105 ° C. using a continuous instantaneous air dryer. Then, after pulverizing with a nano grinding mill [NJ-300] (manufactured by Sanrex) under conditions of an air volume of 6.0 m ³ / min and a processing speed of 80 kg / h, reslurry and fine particles using a wet centrifugal classifier The coarse particles were removed. Then, it dried at 80 degreeC using the continuous instantaneous airflow dryer, and obtained the fatty-acid metal salt fine particle 1. The obtained fatty acid metal salt fine particles 1 had a volume-based median diameter (D50s) of 0.45 μm and a span value B of 0.92. The physical properties of the fatty acid metal salt fine particles 1 are shown in Table 2, and the particle size distribution is shown in FIG.

<Production of fatty acid metal salt 2>
In the production of fatty acid metal salt 1, 0.5% by mass sodium stearate aqueous solution is changed to 0.25% by mass sodium stearate aqueous solution, and 0.2% by mass zinc sulfate aqueous solution is changed to 0.15% by mass zinc sulfate aqueous solution. Except for the above, fatty acid metal salt fine particles 2 were obtained in the same manner. The resulting fatty acid metal salt fine particles 2 had a volume-based median diameter (D50s) of 0.33 μm and a span value B of 0.81. The physical properties of the fatty acid metal salt fine particles 2 are shown in Table 2, and the particle size distribution is shown in FIG.

<Production of fatty acid metal salt 3>
In the production of the fatty acid metal salt fine particles 1, the 0.5 mass% sodium stearate aqueous solution was changed to a 2.0 mass% sodium stearate aqueous solution, and the 0.2 mass% zinc sulfate aqueous solution was changed to a 1.0 mass% calcium chloride aqueous solution. changed. The reaction was terminated by aging for 5 minutes. Other steps were carried out in the same manner as in the production of the fatty acid metal salt 1 to obtain fatty acid metal salt fine particles 3. The resulting fatty acid metal salt fine particles 3 had a volume-based median diameter (D50s) of 0.60 μm and a span value B of 1.51. Table 2 shows the physical properties of the fatty acid metal salt fine particles 3.

<Production of fatty acid metal salt 4>
In the production of fatty acid metal salt 1, 0.5% by mass sodium stearate aqueous solution was added to 0.25% by mass sodium stearate aqueous solution, 0.2% by mass zinc sulfate aqueous solution to 0.15% by mass zinc sulfate aqueous solution, The pulverization condition was changed to an air volume of 10.0 m ³ / min, and the pulverization process was further changed to 3 times. The fatty acid metal salt fine particles 4 thus obtained had a volume-based median diameter (D50s) of 0.18 μm and a span value B of 1.34. Table 2 shows the physical properties of the fatty acid metal salt fine particles 4.

<Production of fatty acid metal salt 5>
In the production of fatty acid metal salt 1, 0.5% by mass sodium stearate aqueous solution was changed to 0.7% by mass sodium stearate aqueous solution, and 0.2% by mass zinc sulfate aqueous solution was changed to 0.3% by mass zinc sulfate aqueous solution. did. The pulverization conditions were an air volume of 4.0 m ³ / min and a processing speed of 50 kg / h. Other steps were carried out in the same manner as in the production of fatty acid metal salt 1 to obtain fatty acid metal salt fine particles 5. The fatty acid metal salt fine particles 5 thus obtained had a volume-based median diameter (D50s) of 0.64 μm and a span value B of 0.98. Table 2 shows the physical properties of the fatty acid metal salt fine particles 5.

<Production of fatty acid metal salt 6>
In the production of fatty acid metal salt 1, 0.5% by mass sodium stearate aqueous solution was changed to 1.0% by mass sodium stearate aqueous solution, and 0.2% by mass zinc sulfate aqueous solution was changed to 0.7% by mass calcium chloride aqueous solution. did. The reaction was terminated by aging for 5 minutes. Further, the pulverization condition was changed to an air volume of 5.0 m ³ / min, and after the pulverization, fine coarse powder was removed with an air classifier to obtain fatty acid metal salt fine particles 6. The fatty acid metal salt fine particles 6 thus obtained had a volume-based median diameter (D50s) of 0.58 μm and a span value B of 1.73. Table 2 shows the physical properties of the fatty acid metal salt fine particles 6.

<Production of fatty acid metal salt 7>
Fatty acid metal salt fine particles 7 were obtained in the same manner as in the production of fatty acid metal salt 1, except that the 0.5 mass% sodium stearate aqueous solution was changed to a 0.5 mass% sodium laurate aqueous solution. The fatty acid metal salt fine particles 7 thus obtained had a volume-based median diameter (D50s) of 0.62 μm and a span value B of 1.05. Table 2 shows the physical properties of the fatty acid metal salt fine particles 7.

<Production of fatty acid metal salt 8>
In the production of fatty acid metal salt 1, the 0.2 mass% zinc sulfate aqueous solution was changed to a 0.3 mass% lithium chloride aqueous solution. Otherwise, fatty acid metal salt fine particles 8 were obtained in the same manner. The fatty acid metal salt fine particles 8 thus obtained had a volume-based median diameter (D50s) of 0.33 μm and a span value B of 0.85. Table 2 shows the physical properties of the fatty acid metal salt fine particles 8.

<Production of fatty acid metal salt 9>
In the production of fatty acid metal salt 1, 0.5% by mass sodium stearate aqueous solution was changed to 1.0% by mass sodium stearate aqueous solution, and 0.2% by mass zinc sulfate aqueous solution was changed to 0.4% by mass zinc sulfate aqueous solution. did. Further, the reaction was terminated by aging for 15 minutes. Further, the pulverization condition was changed to 4.0 m ³ / min. Other steps were carried out in the same manner as in the production of fatty acid metal salt 1 to obtain fatty acid metal salt fine particles 9. The fatty acid metal salt fine particles 9 thus obtained had a volume-based median diameter (D50s) of 0.72 μm and a span value B of 1.26. Table 2 shows the physical properties of the fatty acid metal salt fine particles 9.

<Production of fatty acid metal salt 10>
In the production of fatty acid metal salt 1, 0.5% by mass sodium stearate aqueous solution was changed to 0.05% by mass sodium stearate, and 0.2% by mass zinc sulfate aqueous solution was changed to 0.02% by mass zinc sulfate aqueous solution. did. Moreover, the grinding | pulverization conditions were changed into 10.0 m < ³ > / min., And the grinding | pulverization process was performed 3 times. Then, the classification process was not performed, but coarse particles were removed by passing through a mesh, to obtain fatty acid metal salt fine particles 10. The fatty acid metal salt fine particles 10 thus obtained had a volume-based median diameter (D50s) of 0.12 μm and a span value B of 1.70. Table 2 shows the physical properties of the fatty acid metal salt fine particles 10.

<Fatty acid metal salt 11>
Commercially available zinc stearate (MZ2 manufactured by NOF Corporation) is used as fatty acid metal salt 11. The median diameter (D50s) on a volume basis was 1.29 μm, and the span value B was 1.61. Table 2 shows the physical properties of the fatty acid metal salt 11. The particle size distribution is shown in FIG.

<Fatty acid metal salt 12>
Commercially available zinc stearate (SZ2000, manufactured by Sakai Chemical Industry Co., Ltd.) is designated as fatty acid metal salt 12. The median diameter (D50s) on a volume basis was 5.30 μm, and the span value B was 1.84. The physical properties of the fatty acid metal salt 12 are shown in Table 2. The particle size distribution is shown in FIG.

<Toner Production Example 1>
To 100 parts by mass of toner particles 1, 0.10 parts by mass of fatty acid metal salt 1 and 1.5 parts by mass of hydrophobic silica fine powder surface-treated with hexamethyldisilazane (number average primary particle size: 10 nm) In addition, mixing is performed for 150 seconds with a Henschel mixer (Mitsui Mining Co., Ltd.) (mixing step 1). Then, it rests for 120 seconds (pause process 1). Further, the mixing process for 150 seconds and the pause process for 120 seconds were alternately repeated (mixing process 2 → pause process 2 → mixing process 3 → pause process 3 → mixing process 4). By repeating the mixing step and the pause step as described above, the maximum temperature reached in the tank was about 34 ° C. The toner thus obtained is referred to as toner (A). Table 3 shows the physical properties of Toner (A) thus obtained.

<Toner Production Example 2>
Toner (B) was obtained in the same manner as in Toner Production Example 1 except that the procedure was changed to end in the mixing step 3. The maximum temperature reached in the tank was about 33 ° C. The physical properties of the obtained toner (B) are shown in 3.

<Toner Production Example 3>
Toner (C) was obtained in the same manner as in Toner Production Example 1, except that the mixing process time was changed to 200 seconds and the resting process time was changed to 180 seconds. The maximum temperature reached in the bath was about 37 ° C. Table 3 shows the physical properties of Toner (C) thus obtained.

<Toner Production Example 4>
In Toner Production Example 1, a toner (D) was obtained in the same manner except that the mixing step time was changed to 200 seconds, the resting step time was changed to 180 seconds, and the mixing step 2 was ended. The maximum temperature reached in the tank was about 35 ° C. Table 3 shows the physical properties of Toner (D) thus obtained.

<Toner Production Example 5>
In Toner Production Example 1, the time of the first, second and third mixing steps is 200 seconds, the time of the fourth mixing step is 300 seconds, and the time of the resting step is 60 seconds. Toner (E) was obtained. The maximum temperature reached in the tank was about 39 ° C. Table 3 shows the physical properties of Toner (E) thus obtained.

<Toner Production Example 6>
In Toner Production Example 1, the fatty acid metal salt 1 is changed to the fatty acid metal salt 2, and the mixing process is performed for 10 minutes so that the mixing process is completed once without the pause process. A toner (F) was obtained. Table 3 shows the physical properties of Toner (F).

<Toner Production Example 7>
In Toner Production Example 1, the fatty acid metal salt 1 is changed to the fatty acid metal salt 3, and the mixing process is changed to be finished once in a mixing process time of 4 minutes without a pause process. A toner (G) was obtained. Table 3 shows the physical properties of Toner (G).

<Toner Production Example 8>
A toner (H) was obtained in the same manner as in Toner Production Example 1 except that the fatty acid metal salt 1 was changed to the fatty acid metal salt 4. Table 3 shows the physical properties of Toner (H) thus obtained.

<Toner Production Example 9>
Table 3 shows the physical properties of Toner (I) obtained in the same manner as in Toner Production Example 1, except that the fatty acid metal salt 1 is changed to the fatty acid metal salt 5.

<Toner Production Example 10>
Toner (J) was obtained in the same manner as in Toner Production Example 1 except that the number of added parts of fatty acid metal salt 1 was changed from 0.10 parts by mass to 0.05 parts by mass. Table 3 shows the physical properties of Toner (J) thus obtained.

<Toner Production Example 11>
Toner (K) was obtained in the same manner as in Toner Production Example 1, except that the number of added fatty acid metal salt 1 was changed from 0.10 parts by mass to 0.30 parts by mass. Table 3 shows the physical properties of Toner (K) thus obtained.

<Toner Production Example 12>
In Toner Production Example 1, the number of added parts of fatty acid metal salt 1 was changed from 0.10 parts by mass to 0.02 parts by mass, the mixing process time was changed to 200 seconds, and the pause process time was changed to 180 seconds. A toner (L) was obtained in the same manner except that the process was changed to end in Step 2. Table 3 shows the physical properties of Toner (L) thus obtained.

<Toner Production Example 13>
Toner (M) was obtained in the same manner as in Toner Production Example 1 except that the number of added parts of fatty acid metal salt 1 was changed from 0.10 parts by mass to 0.55 parts by mass. Table 3 shows the physical properties of Toner (M).

<Toner Production Example 14>
A toner (N) was obtained in the same manner as in Toner Production Example 1 except that the fatty acid metal salt 1 was changed to the fatty acid metal salt 6. Table 3 shows the physical properties of Toner (N) thus obtained.

<Toner Production Example 15>
A toner (O) was obtained in the same manner as in Toner Production Example 1 except that the fatty acid metal salt 1 was changed to the fatty acid metal salt 7. Table 3 shows the physical properties of Toner (O) obtained.

<Toner Production Example 16>
A toner (P) was obtained in the same manner as in Toner Production Example 1 except that the fatty acid metal salt 1 was changed to the fatty acid metal salt 8. Table 3 shows the physical properties of Toner (P) thus obtained.

<Toner Production Example 17>
Toner (Q) was obtained in the same manner as in Toner Production Example 1 except that toner particles 1 were changed to toner particles 2 and the number of added fatty acid metal salts 1 was changed to 0.2 parts by mass. Table 3 shows the physical properties of Toner (Q) thus obtained.

<Toner Production Example 18>
Toner (R) was obtained in the same manner as in Toner Production Example 1 except that toner particle 1 was changed to toner particle 3. Table 3 shows the physical properties of Toner (R) thus obtained.

<Toner Production Example 19>
Toner (S) was obtained in the same manner as in Toner Production Example 1 except that toner particles 1 were changed to toner particles 4. Table 3 shows the physical properties of Toner (S) thus obtained.

<Toner Production Example 20>
Toner (T) was obtained in the same manner as in Toner Production Example 1 except that toner particles 1 were changed to toner particles 5. Table 3 shows the physical properties of Toner (T) thus obtained.

<Toner Production Example 21>
Toner (U) was obtained in the same manner as in Toner Production Example 1 except that toner particles 1 were changed to toner particles 6. Table 3 shows the physical properties of Toner (U).

<Toner Production Example 22>
Toner (V) was obtained in the same manner as in Toner Production Example 1 except that toner particles 1 were changed to toner particles 6 and fatty acid metal salt 1 was changed to fatty acid metal salt 3. Table 3 shows the physical properties of Toner (V) thus obtained.

<Toner Production Example 23>
Toner (W) was obtained in the same manner as in Toner Production Example 1 except that toner particles 1 were changed to toner particles 7. Table 3 shows the physical properties of the toner (W) thus obtained.

<Toner Production Example 24>
Toner (X) was obtained in the same manner as in Toner Production Example 1 except that toner particles 1 were changed to toner particles 8. Table 3 shows the physical properties of Toner (X) thus obtained.

<Toner Production Example 1 for Comparative Example>
A toner (a) was obtained in the same manner as in Toner Production Example 1 except that the fatty acid metal salt 1 was changed to the fatty acid metal salt 9. Table 3 shows the physical properties of Toner (a).

<Toner Production Example 2 for Comparative Example>
A toner (b) was obtained in the same manner as in Toner Production Example 1 except that the fatty acid metal salt 1 was changed to the fatty acid metal salt 10. Table 3 shows the physical properties of the toner (b) obtained.

<Toner Production Example 3 for Comparative Example>
A toner (c) was obtained in the same manner as in Toner Production Example 2 except that the fatty acid metal salt 1 was changed to the fatty acid metal salt 11. Table 3 shows the physical properties of Toner (c).

<Toner Production Example 4 for Comparative Example>
A toner (d) was obtained in the same manner as in Toner Production Example 1 except that the fatty acid metal salt 1 was changed to the fatty acid metal salt 12. Table 3 shows the physical properties of Toner (d).

<Toner Production Example 5 for Comparative Example>
In Toner Production Example 1, toner particle 1 is changed to toner particle 6, fatty acid metal salt 1 is changed to fatty acid metal salt 5, mixing process time is set to 400 seconds, and the mixing process is completed once without a pause process. Changed to be. Otherwise, the toner (e) was obtained in the same manner. The maximum temperature reached in the tank was about 41 ° C. Table 3 shows the physical properties of Toner (e).

<Toner Production Example 6 for Comparative Example>
In Toner Production Example 1, toner particles 1 were changed to toner particles 7 and fatty acid metal salt 1 was changed to fatty acid metal salt 4. Also, the mixing machine is changed from Henschel mixer (Mitsui Mining Co., Ltd.) to Mechanohybrid [MH type] (Mitsui Mining Co., Ltd.), the mixing time is set to 400 seconds, and the mixing process is completed once without any pause process. The toner (f) was obtained. The maximum temperature reached in the tank was about 45 ° C. The mechanohybrid [MH type] is a device having a higher processing ability than the Henschel mixer and capable of strongly adhering the additive to the toner particles. Table 3 shows the physical properties of Toner (f).

<Comparative Toner Production Example 7>
In Toner Production Example 1, the fatty acid metal salt 1 was changed to the fatty acid metal salt 5, and the mixing process time was set to 400 seconds so that the mixing process was completed in one time without a pause process. Other than that, Toner (g) was obtained in the same manner as in Toner Production Example 1. The maximum temperature reached in the tank was about 40 ° C. Table 3 shows the physical properties of Toner (g).

(Image evaluation)
A commercially available color laser printer HP Color LaserJet 4700dn (manufactured by HP) was prepared, the process speed was changed to 200 mm / s, and the image was evaluated by modifying it so that the fixing temperature could be set to an arbitrary temperature. Furthermore, it has been modified to work even when only one color process cartridge is installed.
After removing the toner contained in a commercially available black cartridge and cleaning the inside with air blow, the test toner (300 g) is mounted on the cartridge, and the temperature and humidity are low (15 ° C., 10% RH). Evaluation was performed in both wet environments (40 ° C., 60% RH).

(Low temperature fixability)
After forming an unfixed solid image (toner loading: 0.6 mg / cm ² ) on the transfer material, fixing is performed by changing the fixing temperature (125 to 135 ° C.), and the fixed image is visually observed. The low-temperature fixability was evaluated. The fixing temperature is a value obtained by measuring the surface of the fixing roller using a non-contact thermometer. As the transfer material, XEROX 4024 paper (manufactured by XEROX, 75 g / m ² ) of LETTER size was used.
A: No offset occurs at 125 ° C.
B: Offset occurs at 125 ° C.
C: Offset occurs at 130 ° C.
D: Offset occurs at 135 ° C.

  Next, a printout test for printing an image with a printing rate of 1% as shown in FIG. 7 is performed, and the evaluation before the printout test (initial), at the time of printing out 20,000 sheets, and at the time of printing out 40,000 sheets is performed. went.

[Resolution]
A small-diameter isolated 1-dot image at 600 dpi, which is easily closed by a latent image electric field and difficult to reproduce, was created on a transfer material, and the resolution was evaluated by the reproducibility. LETTER size XEROX 4024 paper (manufactured by XEROX, 75 g / m ² ) was used as the transfer material.
A: Less than 5 defects in 100 isolated dots.
B: There are 5 or more and less than 10 defects in 100 isolated dots.
C: There are 10 or more and less than 20 defects in 100 isolated dots.
D: 20 or more defects in 100 isolated dots.

[Transferability]
The transfer residual toner on the photoconductor after the solid black image was transferred to paper was removed with Mylar tape. The transferability was evaluated by a numerical value obtained by subtracting the Macbeth concentration of the paper with the unused Mylar tape from the Macbeth concentration of the paper with the peeled Mylar tape. LETTER size XEROX 4024 paper (manufactured by XEROX, 75 g / m ² ) was used as the transfer material.
A: Less than 0.05.
B: 0.05 or more and less than 0.10.
C: 0.10 or more and less than 0.20.
D: 0.20 or more.

(Image density stability)
Initially, after the printout test of 20,000 sheets and 40,000 sheets, three solid images (toner loading: 0.6 mg / cm ² ) are continuously printed, and the difference in image density between the first and third sheets It was evaluated by. The image density was measured by using a “Macbeth reflection densitometer RD918” (manufactured by Macbeth Co., Ltd.) to measure a relative density with respect to a printout image of a white background portion having a document density of 0.00. As a transfer material, A4 size CLC paper (manufactured by Canon, 80 g / m ² ) was used.
A: Less than 0.03.
B: 0.03 or more and less than 0.05.
C: 0.05 or more and less than 0.10.
D: 0.10 or more.

[Fog]
The reflectance (%) of the non-image part of the printout image was measured with “REFLECTOMETER MODEL TC-6DS” (manufactured by Tokyo Denshoku Co., Ltd.). The obtained reflectance was evaluated using a numerical value (%) subtracted from the reflectance (%) of unused transfer paper (standard paper) measured in the same manner. The smaller the numerical value, the more image fog is suppressed. As the transfer material, LETTER size XEROX 4024 paper (manufactured by XEROX, 75 g / m ² ) was used.
A: Less than 0.5%.
B: 0.5% or more and less than 1.0%.
C: 1.0% or more and less than 3.0%.
D: 3.0% or more.

[Development stripe]
After the initial printout test of 20,000 sheets and 40,000 sheets, a halftone image (toner loading: 0.2 mg / cm ² ) is printed out on transfer paper (75 g / m ² , A4 size paper) The number of development streaks was evaluated.
A: Not generated.
B: 1 or more and 3 or less.
C: 4 or more and 6 or less.
D: Streaks with 7 or more places or width of 0.5 mm or more occur.

[Gross evaluation]
The gloss of a solid image (toner loading: 0.6 mg / cm ² ) fixed at a fixing temperature of 170 ° C. was measured using PG-3D (manufactured by Nippon Denshoku Industries Co., Ltd.).
A: The gloss is 30 or more and less than 40.
B: Gross 20 or more and less than 30
C: Gross 15 or more and less than 20.
D: Less than 15 gloss.

[Filming]
The filming evaluation on the toner carrier was performed by printing out a halftone image after printing 20,000 sheets and 40,000 sheets at the initial stage, and between the portion which was the image portion and the non-image portion in the image output test. Then, it was visually evaluated whether or not uneven density occurred. Thereafter, the toner on the surface of the toner carrier was blown off with air, and the surface of the toner carrier was observed.
A: Density unevenness does not occur on the image, and the surface of the toner carrier is good.
B: There is no occurrence of shading unevenness on the image, but some filming is confirmed on the surface of the toner carrier.
C: Mild shading unevenness occurs on the image.
D: Significant shading unevenness occurs on the image.

<Examples 1-24, Comparative Examples 1-7>
The above evaluation was performed using toners A to X in Examples 1 to 24 and toners a to g in Comparative Examples 1 to 7. The evaluation results are shown in Tables 4 and 5.

DESCRIPTION OF SYMBOLS 10 Latent image carrier 11 Charging roller 14 Toner carrier 15 Toner supply member 16 Control blade 17 Toner 23 Toner container 25 Stirrer

Claims (15)

In a toner having a toner particle containing at least a binder resin and a colorant and a fatty acid metal salt,
The fatty acid metal salt is composed of particles having a median diameter (D50s) on a volume basis of 0.15 μm or more and 0.65 μm or less,
The toner is characterized in that the fatty acid metal salt liberation rate is 1.0% or more and 25.0% or less.   The toner according to claim 1, wherein the toner particles contain a wax component. The toner has a number average particle diameter (D1) of 3.0 μm or more and 8.0 μm or less,
In the micro-compression test for the toner, the maximum displacement rate of the particles when a load of 9.8 × 10 ⁻⁴ N is applied to one particle of the toner at a load speed of 9.8 × 10 ⁻⁵ N / sec is R ₁₀₀ , When the displacement rate of the particles at a load of 2.0 × 10 ⁻⁴ N is R ₂₀ ,
0.20 ≦ R ₁₀₀ ≦ 0.90
0.010 ≦ R ₂₀ ≦ 0.080
The toner according to claim 1, wherein the toner is a toner. In the micro compression test for the toner,
0.40 ≦ R ₁₀₀ ≦ 0.80
0.020 ≦ R ₂₀ ≦ 0.060
The toner according to claim 3, wherein:   5. The toner according to claim 1, wherein the toner has a viscosity at 100 ° C. of 8000 Pa · s or more and 65000 Pa · s or less.   The toner according to claim 1, wherein the fatty acid metal salt is fatty acid zinc or fatty acid calcium.   The toner according to claim 1, wherein the fatty acid metal salt is a metal salt of a fatty acid having 12 to 22 carbon atoms.   The toner according to claim 7, wherein the fatty acid metal salt is a stearic acid metal salt.   The toner according to claim 1, wherein the fatty acid metal salt has a free fatty acid content of 0.20 mass% or less.   10. The toner according to claim 1, wherein the content of the fatty acid metal salt is 0.02 parts by mass or more and 0.50 parts by mass or less with respect to 100 parts by mass of the toner particles.   11. The toner according to claim 1, wherein a median diameter (D50s) of the fatty acid metal salt on a volume basis is 0.30 μm or more and 0.60 μm or less.   The toner according to claim 1, wherein a liberation rate of the fatty acid metal salt is 2.0% or more and 20.0% or less.   13. The toner according to claim 1, wherein the toner has an average circularity of 0.940 or more and 0.990 or less as measured by a flow type particle image analyzer.   The toner according to claim 1, wherein the toner particles are produced in an aqueous medium.   The toner according to claim 14, wherein the toner particles are produced by a suspension polymerization method.

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