JP2007531747A - 褥瘡の処置 - Google Patents
褥瘡の処置 Download PDFInfo
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- JP2007531747A JP2007531747A JP2007506456A JP2007506456A JP2007531747A JP 2007531747 A JP2007531747 A JP 2007531747A JP 2007506456 A JP2007506456 A JP 2007506456A JP 2007506456 A JP2007506456 A JP 2007506456A JP 2007531747 A JP2007531747 A JP 2007531747A
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- botulinum toxin
- pressure
- botulinum
- toxin
- patient
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Abstract
Description
最適な医療処置でも、褥瘡患者は、褥瘡の外科的創面切除、尿もしくは便の流路の変更、屈曲拘縮の緩和、創縫合、または切断を要しうる。
クロストリジウム属には127を越える種があり、形態学および機能に従って分類されている。嫌気性グラム陽性細菌であるボツリヌス菌(Clostridium botulinum)は、ボツリヌス中毒と呼ばれる神経麻痺性障害をヒトおよび動物において引き起こす強力なポリペプチド神経毒であるボツリヌス毒素を産生する。ボツリヌス菌の胞子は土壌中に見出され、滅菌と密閉が不適切な零細缶詰工場の食品容器内で増殖する可能性があり、これが多くのボツリヌス中毒症例の原因である。ボツリヌス中毒の影響は、通例、ボツリヌス菌の培養物または胞子で汚染された食品を飲食した18〜36時間後に現れる。ボツリヌス毒素は、消化管内を弱毒化されないで通過することができるようであり、そしてコリン作動性運動ニューロンに高い親和性を示す。ボツリヌス毒素中毒の症状は、歩行困難、嚥下困難および会話困難から、呼吸筋の麻痺および死にまで進行し得る。
(1)頸部ジストニーを処置するための筋肉内注射(多数の筋肉)あたり約75単位〜125単位のBOTOX(登録商標);
(2)眉間のしわを処置するための筋肉内注射あたり約5単位〜10単位のBOTOX(登録商標)(5単位が鼻根筋に筋肉内注射され、10単位がそれぞれの皺眉筋に筋肉内注射される);
(3)恥骨直腸筋の括約筋内注射による便秘を処置するための約30単位〜80単位のBOTOX(登録商標);
(4)上瞼の外側瞼板前部眼輪筋および下瞼の外側瞼板前部眼輪筋に注射することによって眼瞼痙攣を処置するために筋肉あたり約1単位〜5単位の筋肉内注射されるBOTOX(登録商標);
(6)卒中後の上肢痙性を処置するために、下記のように5つの異なる上肢屈筋にBOTOX(登録商標)が筋肉内注射される:
(a)深指屈筋:7.5U〜30U
(b)浅指屈筋:7.5U〜30U
(c)尺側手根屈筋:10U〜40U
(d)橈側手根屈筋:15U〜60U
(e)上腕二頭筋:50U〜200U。5つの示された筋肉のそれぞれには同じ処置時に注射されるので、患者には、それぞれの処置毎に筋肉内注射によって90U〜360Uの上肢屈筋BOTOX(登録商標)が投与される。
(7)偏頭痛を治療するために、25UのBOTOX(登録商標)を頭蓋周囲に注射する(眉間、前頭および側頭筋に対称的に注射する):該注射は、偏頭痛頻度、最大重症度、付随嘔吐および急性薬剤使用の減少(25U注射後の3ヶ月間にわたる)によって評価した場合に、ビヒクルと比較して、偏頭痛の予防療法として有意な利益を与える。
複数の神経調節物質が同一ニューロンから放出されうることを示唆する証拠があるが、典型的には、単一タイプの小分子の神経伝達物質のみが、哺乳動物の神経系において各タイプのニューロンによって放出される。神経伝達物質アセチルコリンが脳の多くの領域においてニューロンによって分泌されているが、具体的には運動皮質の大錐体細胞によって、基底核におけるいくつかの異なるニューロンによって、骨格筋を神経支配する運動ニューロンによって、自律神経系(交感神経系および副交感神経系の両方)の節前ニューロンによって、筋紡錘線維のbag 1線維によって、副交感神経系の節後ニューロンによって、そして交感神経系の一部の節後ニューロンによって分泌されている。本質的には、汗腺、立毛筋および少数の血管に至る節後交感神経線維のみがコリン作動性であり、交感神経系の節後ニューロンの大部分は神経伝達物質のノルエピネフリンを分泌する。ほとんどの場合、アセチルコリンは興奮作用を有する。しかし、アセチルコリンは、迷走神経による心拍の抑制のように、抑制作用を一部の末梢副交感神経終末において有することが知られている。
「約」とは、「およそ」または「ほぼ」を意味し、本明細書に記載する数値または範囲については、記載した数値または範囲の±10%を意味する。
「処置する」とは、褥瘡の少なくとも1つの症状を一時的または永続的に軽減(または解消)することを意味する。
以下の非制限的実施例は、本発明の範囲に包含される処置方法の好ましい具体例を当業者に示すものであって、本発明の範囲を限定するものではない。以下の実施例では、例えば局所適用(クリームまたは経皮パッチ)、皮下注射による投与、または徐放性植込剤の植込による投与など、クロストリジウム神経毒のさまざまな非全身的投与様式を実行することができる。
体重42kgの52歳の女性が、外陰癌と診断される。それ以外は、患者の健康状態は良好で、活動的である。患者は1日20本の喫煙をする。患者は、全身および硬膜外麻酔の組み合わせ下に、根治的外陰切除術および両側鼠径リンパ節切除術を受ける。硬膜外麻酔のために、0.25%ブピバカイン20mlを患者に投与する。褥瘡を予防する目的で、手術台をシリコンゼリーパッドで覆う。手術には約3時間を要する。最初の90分間は患者を仰臥させ、その後、砕石位とする。手術前の患者の血圧は120/70mmHgである。手術中、患者の収縮期血圧は85〜90mmHgの間で変動し、全身状態は安定している。術後鎮痛のために、plain 0.15%ブピバカインを患者に連続的に硬膜外注入する。手術中、患者を無痛で快適に保つ。術後、患者の収縮期血圧は75〜85mmHgの間で変動しうる。患者は、術後初日は脚を動かすことができないが、2日目には動かすことができる。3日目に硬膜外麻酔が切れ、患者は起きて歩行しうる。4日目、患者は踵に水疱および小さい変色部分があるのに気付く。その後3日間で、水疱は潰瘍に進行した。5週間後の外来受診時に、患者の踵は悪化していて、両踵に重篤な圧迫壊死が見られた。そのような褥瘡は通例、治癒するまでに8〜9箇月要しうる。患者の各踵の5箇所にA型ボツリヌス毒素40単位を注射する(片足の1注射部位当たり8単位)(1回の治療当たり、全部で80単位のボツリヌス毒素を投与)。1〜7日以内に、患者は踵の潰瘍部の炎症および痛みの両方の軽減を報告する。10週間後に治療を繰り返す。4箇月以内に褥瘡が完治する。
糖尿病の72歳の男性が、脳梗塞で四肢麻痺となった後、4箇所(仙骨、両左転子、および両踵の部分)にステージIII褥瘡を発症する。患者は、高血糖(400mg/dL)と、創傷感染による高熱との治療のために入院する。仙骨および転子部の潰瘍中の黒い壊死組織を部分的に切除し、ポビドン−ヨードに浸漬したガーゼを創に当てる。この創傷治療を3箇月間続けたが、褥瘡の解消はなかった。患者の糖尿病の状態と非外科的状態とから、患者の褥瘡にはA型ボツリヌス毒素治療が推奨される。約1単位/cm2で皮内投与することによって、全部で200単位を投与する:仙骨部の4箇所に全部で50単位(1箇所当たり12.5単位)、転子部の2箇所に全部で50単位(1箇所当たり25単位)、および各踵の2箇所に全部で50単位(踵の1注射箇所当たり25単位)。
87歳女性が脳梗塞で入院中にステージII仙骨部褥瘡潰瘍を発症する。卒中の結果、患者の下肢は痙攣しており、それが脚を拘縮させ、両踵に圧迫を生じていた。更なる潰瘍の発症を防ぐため、患者の痙攣を400単位のA型ボツリヌス毒素で処置する。各脚に200単位ずつ、各脚で4箇所に分けて筋肉内投与する。更に、ステージII潰瘍部分にも、50単位のA型ボツリヌス毒素を皮下注射する(各踵で2箇所に分けて注射)。4週間後、患者の痙攣は明らかに軽減され、潰瘍は両方とも明らかに軽減され、患者は痛みのないことを報告する。6週間後、患者の痙攣はなお軽減され、明らかな褥瘡の徴候は見られない。
43歳の女性が、10階建てのビルから転落して入院する。入院から2箇月経過後、患者は激しい痛みおよび圧痛を仙骨部に覚え始める。リハビリテーション開始の際に、患者を診察し、ステージIIIマットレス上敷をあてがう。それ以前には、救急治療開始時以来、患者は伏臥していた。ステージIV褥瘡への進行を防止するために、患者にボツリヌス毒素治療を開始することが推奨される。創傷清拭の後、バシトラシン軟膏から成る賦形剤中に混合した100単位のA型ボツリヌス毒素を、1単位/ml軟膏の濃度で、1単位/cm2の用量で局所適用する。4週間後、褥瘡の大きさが明らかに小さくなり、痛みおよび不快感がなくなる。6週間後、患者はベッド上で不快感なく動くことができる。
膀胱外反の52歳男性患者に対する最初の膀胱閉鎖術が成功し、充分な膀胱容積を生じて患者が最終的に自制することができるように処置を施す。術後処置の成功のためには確実な骨盤固定が必須であるため、患者に骨盤および脚固定装置を装着させる。すなわち、患者を外的固定装置で不動化し、骨切りを伴って改良Buck牽引を6〜8週間行う。褥瘡の発症を予防するために、40単位のA型ボツリヌス毒素を患者の臀部の5箇所に(1箇所につき8単位)、40単位のA型ボツリヌス毒素を患者の踵の5箇所に(1箇所につき8単位)注射する(1回の処置につき全部で80単位のボツリヌス毒素)。この注射部位は、褥瘡の発症が予想される部位として選択する。患者の臀部または踵に、炎症、痛みまたは褥瘡のいずれも発症しない。
1.褥瘡の症状を劇的に減少または軽減させることができる。
2.褥瘡の症状を、1回の神経毒注射で少なくとも約2週間〜約6ヶ月間にわたって、また徐放性神経毒植込剤を使用すれば約1年〜約5年間にわたって、減少または軽減させることができる。
3.注射されたクロストリジウム神経毒または植込まれたクロストリジウム神経毒は、筋肉内(または皮内もしくは皮下)注射または植込部位から拡散するまたは輸送される傾向をほとんどまたは全く示さない。
4.クロストリジウム神経毒の筋肉内(または皮内もしくは皮下)注射または植込みからは、望ましくない副作用はほとんどまたは全く起こらない。
5.本発明の方法は、患者の可動性の向上、より積極的な態度、および生活の質の改善という望ましい副作用をもたらしうる。
したがって、本願請求項の精神および範囲は、上述した好ましい実施形態の説明に制限されるべきでない。
Claims (13)
- 患者の褥瘡または褥瘡近傍にボツリヌス毒素を投与し、それによって褥瘡を処置するステップを含んで成る、褥瘡の処置方法。
- ボツリヌス毒素を、A、B、C、D、E、FおよびG型ボツリヌス毒素から成る群から選択する請求項1に記載の方法。
- ボツリヌス毒素がA型ボツリヌス毒素である請求項1に記載の方法。
- ボツリヌス毒素を約1〜3000単位の量で投与する請求項1に記載の方法。
- ボツリヌス毒素を局所投与または皮下投与により投与する請求項1に記載の方法。
- 患者の褥瘡または褥瘡近傍にボツリヌス毒素を処置有効量で局所投与し、それによって褥瘡の治癒を促進することにより褥瘡を処置するステップを含んで成る、褥瘡の処置方法。
- 患者の圧迫部または圧迫部近傍にボツリヌス毒素を投与し、それによって褥瘡の発症を予防するステップを含んで成る、褥瘡発症の予防方法。
- ボツリヌス毒素を、A、B、C1、D、E、FおよびG型ボツリヌス毒素から成る群から選択する請求項7に記載の方法。
- ボツリヌス毒素がA型ボツリヌス毒素である請求項7に記載の方法。
- ボツリヌス毒素を約5〜25000単位の量で投与する請求項7に記載の方法。
- ボツリヌス毒素を局所投与または皮下投与により投与する請求項1に記載の方法。
- 患者の圧迫部または圧迫部近傍にボツリヌス毒素を処置有効量で局所投与し、それによって褥瘡の発症を予防するステップを含んで成る、褥瘡発症の予防方法。
- 褥瘡にA型ボツリヌス毒素を有効量で投与し、それによって褥瘡を処置するステップを含んで成る、褥瘡の処置方法。
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CSNC200900818020; 医学のあゆみ Vol.203 No.9, 2002, pp.669-75 * |
CSNC200900870020; 医学のあゆみ Vol.207, 2003, pp.943-4 * |
CSNC200900988022; 医学大辞典 , 2003, pp.1195-6, 株式会社医学書院 * |
JPN5007005275; WIENER KLINISCHE WOCHENSCHRIFT Vol.113 (Suppl.4), 2001, pp.25-9 * |
JPN6012044566; 医学のあゆみ Vol.203 No.9, 2002, pp.669-75 * |
JPN6012044568; 医学大辞典 , 2003, pp.1195-6, 株式会社医学書院 * |
JPN6012044569; 医学のあゆみ Vol.207, 2003, pp.943-4 * |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
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DE602005010676D1 (de) | 2008-12-11 |
JP5674164B2 (ja) | 2015-02-25 |
US8865177B2 (en) | 2014-10-21 |
EP1729796B1 (en) | 2008-10-29 |
JP2013075902A (ja) | 2013-04-25 |
CA2561588C (en) | 2012-08-28 |
DK1729796T3 (da) | 2009-01-19 |
BRPI0509478A (pt) | 2007-09-11 |
ATE412424T1 (de) | 2008-11-15 |
WO2005097178A1 (en) | 2005-10-20 |
US20050220821A1 (en) | 2005-10-06 |
CA2561588A1 (en) | 2005-10-20 |
AU2005231360B2 (en) | 2009-10-29 |
AU2005231360A1 (en) | 2005-10-20 |
US20080050404A1 (en) | 2008-02-28 |
EP1729796A1 (en) | 2006-12-13 |
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