JP2007098441A - Welded structure excellent in brittle crack propagation resistance - Google Patents
Welded structure excellent in brittle crack propagation resistance Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
Description
本発明は、溶接構造体の突合せ溶接継手に万一脆性き裂が発生しても、溶接構造体が破断に至る前に伝播き裂を停止させるための、耐脆性き裂伝播性に優れた溶接構造体に関する。
具体的には、例えば大型コンテナ船、バルクキャリアーなどの船舶用溶接構造体に関するものであり、また、海洋構造物、低温貯蔵タンク、ラインパイプおよび土木・建築構造物等における溶接構造体に関する。
In the present invention, even if a brittle crack occurs in the butt weld joint of the welded structure, it has excellent brittle crack propagation resistance for stopping the propagated crack before the welded structure breaks. The present invention relates to a welded structure.
Specifically, for example, it relates to a welded structure for ships such as large container ships and bulk carriers, and also relates to a welded structure for offshore structures, low-temperature storage tanks, line pipes, civil engineering / building structures, and the like.
溶接構造体であるコンテナ船は、積載能力や荷役効率の向上のため、仕切り壁を無くして上部開口部を大きくとった構造となっており、特に船殻外板および内板の強度を確保する必要がある。
近年、コンテナ船は大型化し、6000TEU以上の大型コンテナ船が製造されるようになってきて、船殻外板の鋼板は厚肉化、高強度化し、板厚70mm以上で降伏強度390N/mm2級以上の鋼板が用いられるようになってきている。なお、TEU(Twenty feet Equivalent Unit)は、長さ20フィートのコンテナに換算した個数を表し、コンテナ船の積載能力の指標を示している。
The container ship, which is a welded structure, has a structure with a large upper opening without a partition wall in order to improve loading capacity and cargo handling efficiency, especially to ensure the strength of the hull shell plate and inner plate. There is a need.
In recent years, container ships have become larger, and large container ships with a capacity of 6000 TEU or more have been manufactured. The steel plates of the hull shells have become thicker and stronger, and the yield strength is 390 N / mm 2 with a thickness of 70 mm or more. More than grade steel plates are being used. Note that TEU (Twenty feet Equivalent Unit) represents the number converted into a 20-foot container and represents an index of the loading capacity of the container ship.
船殻外板および内板となる鋼板は大入熱溶接(例えばエレクトロガスアーク溶接)により溶接されているが、大入熱溶接を適用すると溶接熱影響部(以下、HAZともいう。)の靭性値が低下し、またHAZの幅も増大するため、溶接継手の脆性破壊に対する抵抗値が低下する傾向にある。このため、溶接継手における脆性き裂の発生を防止し、かつ脆性き裂の伝播停止(アレスト)を達成するために、耐脆性破壊特性に優れたTMCP鋼板(TMCPとはThermo Mechanical Control Process(熱加工制御)の略。制御圧延と制御冷却を組み合わせた厚板製造プロセスにより、低い炭素当量で高い強度を得ることができる。)が開発されている(例えば、特許文献1参照。)。 The hull shell and inner steel plates are welded by high heat input welding (for example, electrogas arc welding), but when high heat input welding is applied, the toughness value of the weld heat affected zone (hereinafter also referred to as HAZ). Decreases and the width of the HAZ increases, the resistance value against brittle fracture of the welded joint tends to decrease. Therefore, in order to prevent the occurrence of brittle cracks in welded joints and achieve brittle crack propagation arrest (arrest), TMCP steel plates with excellent brittle fracture resistance (TMCP is a Thermo Mechanical Control Process (thermal An abbreviation of “processing control.” A high strength can be obtained with a low carbon equivalent by a thick plate manufacturing process combining controlled rolling and controlled cooling (see, for example, Patent Document 1).
これまで、6000TEU以下のコンテナ船では、板厚50mm程度のTMCP鋼板等が使用されており、万一、溶接継手で脆性き裂が発生しても、溶接残留応力により脆性き裂が溶接部から母材側に逸れていくので、母材のアレスト性能を確保しさえすれば、脆性き裂を母材で停止できると考えられてきた。
しかしながら、6000TEUを超える大型コンテナ船では、板厚が70mmを超え、かつ設計応力が高い高張力鋼の厚鋼板が使用されるようになってきている。このような厚鋼板では、HAZの破壊靭性の程度によっては、脆性き裂が母材に逸れることなく、HAZに沿って伝播する可能性がある。
Until now, container ships of 6000 TEU or less have used TMCP steel plates with a thickness of about 50 mm. Even if a brittle crack occurs in a welded joint, the brittle crack is caused by the welding residual stress from the welded part. It has been thought that brittle cracks can be stopped at the base metal as long as the arresting performance of the base metal is ensured, because it deviates to the base metal side.
However, in large container ships exceeding 6000 TEU, high-tensile steel thick steel plates having a plate thickness exceeding 70 mm and high design stress are being used. In such a thick steel plate, depending on the degree of HAZ fracture toughness, a brittle crack may propagate along the HAZ without escaping to the base material.
突合せ溶接継手のHAZに沿って伝播する脆性き裂をアレストさせる方法として、図1に示すように、突合せ溶接継手2と交差するように補強板(骨材)3を隅肉溶接で取り付け、脆性き裂を骨材に逸らせる(脆性き裂が伝播する方向を図1中に矢印で示す。)ことでアレストさせる方法が従来から知られている。しかし、本発明者らによる鋼板の脆性破壊に係る試験によれば、鋼板1の板厚が厚くなると、骨材が取り付けられていても、骨材とは無関係に、脆性き裂がHAZあるいは溶接金属部に沿って伝播してしまうことがあった。
また、突合せ溶接継手の一部に補修溶接を施し、HAZに沿って伝播してくる脆性き裂を母材側に逸らせることでアレストさせる方法も開発されている(例えば、特許文献2参照。)。この方法は、母材の破壊靭性に優れる場合は有効だが、母材の破壊靭性が不十分な場合は逸れた母材中の脆性き裂が長く伝播し、構造物としての機能を失う可能性がある。
In addition, a method has been developed in which repair welding is performed on a part of the butt weld joint, and the brittle crack propagating along the HAZ is displaced to the base metal side to arrest (see, for example, Patent Document 2). ). This method is effective when the base metal is excellent in fracture toughness, but if the base metal has insufficient fracture toughness, a brittle crack in the deviated base material may propagate long and lose its function as a structure. There is.
そこで、本発明は、70mm以上の板厚の鋼板であっても、万一、溶接継手に脆性き裂が発生した場合に、溶接部にて脆性き裂の伝播を防止して溶接構造体の破断を防止できる溶接構造体を提供することを課題とする。 Therefore, the present invention prevents the propagation of a brittle crack in the welded part and prevents the welded structure from being propagated in the event that a brittle crack occurs in a welded joint even if the steel plate has a thickness of 70 mm or more. It is an object to provide a welded structure that can prevent breakage.
本発明者らは、溶接構造体の溶接部について、特定のアレスター材を溶接することによって、溶接継手の脆性き裂伝播を防止して大規模破壊を未然に防止することができることを見出し本発明を完成したものであり、その要旨とするところは、特許請求の範囲に記載した通りの下記内容である。
(1)突合せ溶接継手に発生する脆性き裂の伝播を停止させたい領域に、1枚のまたは複数枚積層された板状アレスター材が突合せ溶接線と交差するように貫通して溶接された構造体であって、前記アレスター材として、表面および/または裏面の板厚比2%以上の厚みの表層域に、集合組織コロニーの平均短軸径が5μm以下であり、かつランダム試料に対する圧延面に平行な集合組織の{100}面X線回折強度比が1.5以上である集合組織を有する鋼板が、少なくとも1枚以上配設されていることを特徴とする、耐脆性き裂伝播性に優れた溶接構造体。
The present inventors have found that by welding a specific arrester material at a welded portion of a welded structure, it is possible to prevent brittle crack propagation in a welded joint and prevent large-scale fracture in advance. The gist of the present invention is as follows, as described in the claims.
(1) A structure in which one or a plurality of laminated plate arrester materials are penetrated and welded so as to intersect the butt weld line in an area where the propagation of a brittle crack generated in the butt weld joint is to be stopped A surface layer region having a thickness ratio of 2% or more on the front surface and / or the back surface, and an average minor axis diameter of the textured colony of 5 μm or less, and a rolling surface for a random sample. The steel sheet having a texture whose parallel texture has a {100} plane X-ray diffraction intensity ratio of 1.5 or more is provided with at least one sheet having a brittle crack propagation property. Excellent welded structure.
本発明によれば、70mm以上の板厚の鋼板であっても、万一、溶接継手に脆性き裂が発生した場合に、溶接部にて脆性き裂の伝播を防止して溶接構造体の破断を防止できる溶接構造体を提供することができ、産業上有用な著しい効果を奏する。 According to the present invention, even in the case of a steel plate having a thickness of 70 mm or more, in the event that a brittle crack occurs in a welded joint, the propagation of the brittle crack is prevented at the welded portion, and It is possible to provide a welded structure that can prevent breakage, and there are significant industrially useful effects.
本発明を実施するための最良の形態の例を図2〜図5を用いて詳細に説明する。図2と図4は従来の溶接構造体を示す図で、図3と図5は脆性き裂伝播を停止するための溶接構造体を示す図である。各図において、8はアレスター材、3は補強材(船舶における骨材)、5は水平部材(船舶におけるデッキプレート)、6は垂直部材(船舶における船殻内板)、7は船舶における船殻外板を示す。
<第1の実施形態>
An example of the best mode for carrying out the present invention will be described in detail with reference to FIGS. 2 and 4 are views showing a conventional welded structure, and FIGS. 3 and 5 are views showing a welded structure for stopping brittle crack propagation. In each figure, 8 is the arrester material, 3 is the reinforcing material (aggregate in the ship), 5 is the horizontal member (the deck plate in the ship), 6 is the vertical member (the hull inner plate in the ship), and 7 is the hull in the ship. The outer plate is shown.
<First Embodiment>
本発明の第1の実施形態は、図3と図5に示すように、アレスター材8を溶接してアレスター溶接継手Bを作製することで、垂直部材6と水平部材5の間で脆性き裂伝播を停止させる溶接構造体であって、前記アレスター材として、表面および/または裏面の板厚比2%以上の厚みの表層域にわたり、集合組織コロニーの平均短軸径が5μm以下であり、かつランダム試料に対する圧延面に平行な集合組織の{100}面X線回折強度比が1.5以上である集合組織を有する鋼板を少なくとも1枚以上用いることを特徴とする。
垂直部材6の突合せ溶接継手A(以下、単に継手Aという。)を伝播してくる脆性き裂を停止させるために、1枚のまたは複数枚積層された板状アレスター材8を突合せ溶接線と交差するように貫通して溶接する。アレスター材8の溶接は、耐脆性き裂伝播を防止し、さらにアレスター溶接部からの疲労き裂や新たな脆性き裂発生の起点とならないようにするため、溶接金属で完全に充填する。
なお、アレスター材8の溶接方法および溶接材料は特に指定しないが、溶接継手自体の破壊靭性を高めるために、例えば、溶接方法は被覆アーク溶接(SMAW)や炭酸ガスアーク溶接(CO2溶接)、溶接材料はワイヤの成分を高Niとするのが好ましい。
In the first embodiment of the present invention, as shown in FIGS. 3 and 5, a brittle crack is formed between the
In order to stop a brittle crack propagating through the butt weld joint A (hereinafter simply referred to as a joint A) of the
In addition, although the welding method and welding material of the
集合組織の発達した鋼板は、破壊条件下で板厚方向の割れ(セパレーション)を生じやすいために、き裂先端や切欠き底の応力集中度の低下が期待でき、鋼板の脆性破壊の防止に対して有利である。このセパレーションは、{100}面と{111}面の集合組織が発達している組織において応力が付与されると、発生歪が結晶方位によって異なるため、{100}集合組織と{111}集合組織の界面で歪の不整合が生じ、この不整合歪部が割れの起点となるため生じることが知られている。しかし、一般構造用鋼板の脆性き裂伝播においては、セパレーションがほとんど観察されない。セパレーションを生じてき裂先端近傍の応力状態を緩和させるためには、テンパーカラー法などにより現出させた組織において同様の色調で構成される同一結晶方位を有する集合組織コロニーの平均短軸径が5μm以下であり、かつランダム試料に対する圧延面に平行な集合組織の{100}面X線回折強度比が1.5以上は必要である。一方、集合組織コロニーの平均短軸径が5μmを超え、もしくは、{100}面X線回折強度比が1.5未満の場合には、垂直部材6の継手Aを伝播してきた脆性き裂がそのまま継手Aを伝播し、溶接構造体は破断してしまう。
そして、鋼板の表面および/または裏面の板厚比2%以上の厚みの表層域にわたって上記細粒集合組織を設けることにより、脆性き裂伝播抵抗が著しく向上する。一方、この表層域の厚さが板厚比2%未満の場合には、垂直部材6の継手Aを伝播してきた脆性き裂がそのまま継手Aを伝播し、溶接構造体は破断してしまう。
A steel sheet with a developed texture is prone to cracking in the thickness direction under fracture conditions. Therefore, it can be expected that the stress concentration at the crack tip and notch bottom will decrease, preventing brittle fracture of the steel sheet. This is advantageous. In this separation, when stress is applied in a structure in which the texture of {100} plane and {111} plane is developed, the generated strain varies depending on the crystal orientation. Therefore, the {100} texture and the {111} texture It is known that strain mismatch occurs at the interface, and this mismatch strain portion becomes the starting point of cracking. However, almost no separation is observed in the brittle crack propagation of the general structural steel plate. In order to relieve the stress state in the vicinity of the crack tip that causes separation, the average minor axis diameter of the textured colony having the same crystal orientation with the same color tone in the structure revealed by the temper color method or the like is 5 μm. It is necessary that the {100} plane X-ray diffraction intensity ratio of the texture parallel to the rolling surface of the random sample is 1.5 or more. On the other hand, when the average minor axis diameter of the textured colony exceeds 5 μm or the {100} plane X-ray diffraction intensity ratio is less than 1.5, a brittle crack that has propagated through the joint A of the
The brittle crack propagation resistance is remarkably improved by providing the fine grain texture over the surface layer region having a thickness ratio of 2% or more on the front surface and / or back surface of the steel plate. On the other hand, when the thickness of the surface layer region is less than 2%, the brittle crack that has propagated through the joint A of the
表面および/または裏面の板厚比2%以上の厚みの表層域にわたり5μm以下の平均短軸径を有し、かつ圧延面に平行な集合組織のランダム試料に対する{100}面X線回折強度比が1.5以上を満足するアレスター材はアレスト性能に極めて優れ、当該アレスター材を用いた溶接構造体は脆性き裂伝播が停止し易いので、当該アレスター材の寸法は特に指定しない。また、当該アレスター材の素材鋼板の製法は特に指定しないが、例えば、特開平06−88161号公報に記載されている発明方法が該当する。
<第2の実施形態>
{100} plane X-ray diffraction intensity ratio for a random sample having an average minor axis diameter of 5 μm or less over a surface layer region having a thickness ratio of 2% or more on the front surface and / or back surface, and parallel to the rolling surface The arrester material satisfying 1.5 or more is extremely excellent in arrest performance, and the welded structure using the arrester material is liable to stop brittle crack propagation, so the dimensions of the arrester material are not particularly specified. Moreover, although the manufacturing method of the raw material steel plate of the said arrester material is not specified in particular, the invention method described in Unexamined-Japanese-Patent No. 06-88161 corresponds, for example.
<Second Embodiment>
本発明の第2の実施形態は、図6に示すように、第1の実施形態と同様にアレスター材を挿入し溶接することで突合せ溶接継手に発生した脆性き裂の伝播を停止させる溶接構造体であるが、アレスター材が合計2枚以上積層されており、そのうち少なくとも1枚は、表面および/または裏面の板厚比2%以上の厚みの表層域にわたり、集合組織コロニーの平均短軸径が5μm以下であり、かつランダム試料に対する圧延面に平行な集合組織の{100}面X線回折強度比が1.5以上である集合組織を有する鋼板であることを特徴とする。
積層させるアレスター材の少なくとも1枚を集合組織の特徴が規定される上記アレスター材とすればよいだけで、他のアレスター材は一般構造用鋼板でよく、その寸法やアレスト性能は特に指定しない。もちろん、全く同じアレスター材の素材鋼板を2枚以上重ねて使用することで、1枚のアレスター材から成る溶接構造体よりも脆性き裂伝播停止性能に優れる場合があり、アレスター材の素材鋼板は2枚以上積層させて使用してもよい。
As shown in FIG. 6, the second embodiment of the present invention is a welding structure that stops the propagation of brittle cracks generated in the butt weld joint by inserting and welding the arrester material as in the first embodiment. The body is laminated with a total of two or more arrester materials, and at least one of them covers the surface layer area having a thickness ratio of 2% or more on the front surface and / or back surface, and the average minor axis diameter of the textured colony Is a steel sheet having a texture in which the {100} plane X-ray diffraction intensity ratio of the texture parallel to the rolling surface of the random sample is 1.5 μm or less.
It is only necessary to use at least one of the arrester materials to be laminated as the above-described arrester material in which the characteristics of the texture are defined. The other arrester materials may be general structural steel plates, and the dimensions and arrest performance are not particularly specified. Of course, by using two or more layers of the same arrester material steel plate, there is a case where the brittle crack propagation stopping performance is better than a welded structure made of one arrester material. Two or more sheets may be laminated and used.
図5、6における垂直部材6の突合せ溶接継手Aから成る溶接構造体を製作した。垂直部材6の母材は板厚70〜80mmの日本海事協会(NK)規格船体用圧延鋼材KA32、KA36、KA40を用いて、突合せ溶接方法は、CO2溶接、簡易エレクトロガスアーク溶接(SEGARC)、揺動式エレクトロガスアーク溶接(VEGA)、揺動式2電極エレクトロガスアーク溶接(VEGA−II)を採用した。その後、一部の溶接構造体では垂直部材6にアレスター材8を溶接した。さらに、継手Aを冷却の後、継手Aの溶接線と垂直方向に引張応力を付与することで継手Aに脆性き裂を伝播させ、溶接構造体の耐脆性き裂伝播性を評価した。
一方で、アレスター材の素材鋼板の表層のみ、あるいは表裏層における集合組織の状態を調査した。集合組織コロニーの平均短軸径はテンパーカラー法により現出させた組織の光学顕微鏡写真から測定した。集合組織のランダム試料に対する{100}面のX線回折強度比は、表層もしくは表裏層から圧延面に平行に採取した試料を用いて、X線正極点図法および逆極点図法により求めた。
A welded structure comprising the butt weld joint A of the
On the other hand, the state of the texture of only the surface layer of the material steel plate of the arrester material or the front and back layers was investigated. The average minor axis diameter of the textured colony was measured from an optical micrograph of the tissue revealed by the temper color method. The X-ray diffraction intensity ratio of the {100} plane with respect to the random sample of the texture was determined by the X-ray positive pole projection method and the reverse pole figure projection method using a sample taken from the front or back layer in parallel to the rolling surface.
本発明の実施例より、アレスター材の集合組織の特徴と耐脆性き裂伝播性の関係を評価した結果を表1に示す。表1のNo.1〜No.12は本発明例であって、いずれの実施例でも耐脆性き裂伝播性が良好であり、垂直部材6の継手Aを伝播してきた脆性き裂がアレスター材8に突入した後、アレスター内で停止し、溶接構造体は完全には破断しなかった。一方、表1のNo.13〜No.18は比較例であり、No.13〜No.14ではアレスター材8の表層あるいは表裏層において、平均短軸径5μm以下、圧延面に平行な集合組織のランダム試料に対する{100}面X線回折強度比が1.5以上を満足する領域の厚さ比率が2%未満だったため、垂直部材6の継手Aを伝播してきた脆性き裂がそのまま継手Aを伝播し、溶接構造体は破断した。No.15〜16ではアレスター材8の表層あるいは表裏層における平均短軸径が5μmより大きかったため、No.17〜18はアレスター材8の表層あるいは表裏層における圧延面に平行な集合組織のランダム試料に対する{100}面X線回折強度比が1.5未満だったため、やはり、垂直部材6の継手Aを伝播してきた脆性き裂がそのまま継手Aを伝播し、溶接構造体は破断した。
本発明の実施例より、アレスター材の積層条件が耐脆性き裂伝播性に及ぼす影響を評価した結果を表2に示す。表2のNo.19〜No.24は本発明例であって、いずれの実施例でも耐脆性き裂伝播性が良好であった。一方、表2のNo.25〜No.26は比較例であり、いずれもアレスター材8の材質が一般構造用鋼のみだったため、脆性き裂がそのまま継手Aを貫通伝播し、溶接構造体は破断した。
1 鋼板
2 突合せ溶接継手部
3 補強材(船舶における骨材)
4 隅肉溶接部
5 水平部材(船舶におけるデッキプレート)
6 垂直部材(船舶における船殻内板)
7 船舶における船殻外板
8 アレスター材
DESCRIPTION OF SYMBOLS 1
4 Fillet welds 5 Horizontal members (deck plates in ships)
6 Vertical member (board of ship hull in ship)
7
Claims (1)
It is a structure in which one or more laminated plate arrester materials are penetrated and welded so as to intersect the butt weld line in an area where it is desired to stop the propagation of a brittle crack generated in the butt weld joint. In the surface layer region having a thickness ratio of 2% or more on the front surface and / or back surface, the aggregated colony has an average minor axis diameter of 5 μm or less and is parallel to the rolling surface of a random sample. Welding with excellent brittle crack propagation characteristics characterized in that at least one steel plate having a texture with a {100} plane X-ray diffraction intensity ratio of 1.5 or more is disposed. Structure.
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JP2010105042A (en) * | 2008-10-02 | 2010-05-13 | Kobe Steel Ltd | Quality management method of brittle crack propagation stopping capability of t-shaped full penetration weld structure |
WO2010082676A1 (en) | 2009-01-14 | 2010-07-22 | 新日本製鐵株式会社 | Welding structure with excellent resistance to brittle crack propagation |
WO2010082675A1 (en) | 2009-01-14 | 2010-07-22 | 新日本製鐵株式会社 | Weld dtructure having brittle fracture arresting characterstics |
JP2010279963A (en) * | 2009-06-03 | 2010-12-16 | Kobe Steel Ltd | Quality management method of brittle crack propagation arresting capability of t-shaped full penetration weld structure |
CN102712063A (en) * | 2010-07-14 | 2012-10-03 | 新日本制铁株式会社 | Weld structure having resistance to brittle crack propagation |
KR101382670B1 (en) | 2012-08-29 | 2014-04-07 | 주식회사 포스코 | Weld structure |
JP2018030143A (en) * | 2016-08-23 | 2018-03-01 | 国立大学法人大阪大学 | Welding method, manufacturing method of weld joint, and weld joint |
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JP2004232052A (en) * | 2003-01-31 | 2004-08-19 | Nippon Steel Corp | Welded structure superior in brittle fracture resistance |
JP2005111501A (en) * | 2003-10-06 | 2005-04-28 | Nippon Steel Corp | Welded structure excellent in brittle fracture propagation resistance |
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JP2002020835A (en) * | 2000-05-02 | 2002-01-23 | Nippon Steel Corp | Steel excellent in brittle crack propagation stopping characteristics and rupture characteristics in sheet thickness and its production method |
JP2004232052A (en) * | 2003-01-31 | 2004-08-19 | Nippon Steel Corp | Welded structure superior in brittle fracture resistance |
JP2005111501A (en) * | 2003-10-06 | 2005-04-28 | Nippon Steel Corp | Welded structure excellent in brittle fracture propagation resistance |
Cited By (8)
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JP2010105042A (en) * | 2008-10-02 | 2010-05-13 | Kobe Steel Ltd | Quality management method of brittle crack propagation stopping capability of t-shaped full penetration weld structure |
WO2010082676A1 (en) | 2009-01-14 | 2010-07-22 | 新日本製鐵株式会社 | Welding structure with excellent resistance to brittle crack propagation |
WO2010082675A1 (en) | 2009-01-14 | 2010-07-22 | 新日本製鐵株式会社 | Weld dtructure having brittle fracture arresting characterstics |
KR101163350B1 (en) | 2009-01-14 | 2012-07-05 | 신닛뽄세이테쯔 카부시키카이샤 | Weld structure having brittle fracture arresting characterstics |
JP2010279963A (en) * | 2009-06-03 | 2010-12-16 | Kobe Steel Ltd | Quality management method of brittle crack propagation arresting capability of t-shaped full penetration weld structure |
CN102712063A (en) * | 2010-07-14 | 2012-10-03 | 新日本制铁株式会社 | Weld structure having resistance to brittle crack propagation |
KR101382670B1 (en) | 2012-08-29 | 2014-04-07 | 주식회사 포스코 | Weld structure |
JP2018030143A (en) * | 2016-08-23 | 2018-03-01 | 国立大学法人大阪大学 | Welding method, manufacturing method of weld joint, and weld joint |
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