JP2006527632A - Filtration mask with elastic sealing surface on exhalation valve - Google Patents

Abstract

A filtration mask 10 having a mask body and a novel exhalation valve 14. The mask body is adapted to cover at least the nose and mouth of the human and is configured to define an internal gas space when the mask is worn. The exhalation valve 14 allows fluid communication between the internal gas space and the external gas space. The exhalation valve 14 has a valve seat 20 and a flap 22. The valve seat 20 comprises an elastic sealing surface 24 and an orifice 30 through which exhaled air can pass to flow out of the internal gas space. The flap 22 can move away from the sealing surface 24 in response to exhaling so that the flap 22 contacts the resilient sealing surface 24 when the valve is in the closed position, and exhalation passes through the orifice 30 The flap 22 is attached to the valve seat 20 so that it can finally flow into the external gas space. Filtration masks that use an exhalation valve with a resilient sealing surface can open the valve at a much lower pressure, thus improving wearer comfort.

Description

  The present invention relates to a filtration mask that uses a novel expiratory fluid valve to purge expiratory air from within the mask. The valve has an elastic material in its valve seat so that the valve flap can make good contact with the sealing surface when the valve is in the closed position. The valve is particularly suitable for use in a filtration mask because it can seal well when closed and can also contribute to expelling exhaled air quickly from inside the mask while exhaling. is there.

  Persons working in a contaminated environment usually wear a filtration mask to protect themselves from inhalation of airborne contaminants. Filtration masks typically have a fiber filter or adsorbent filter that can remove particulate and / or gaseous contaminants from the air. When wearing a mask in a contaminated environment, the wearer is generally relieved because he recognizes that his health is protected, but at the same time, the warm and moisturizing that accumulates around the face I feel uncomfortable. The greater the face discomfort, the greater the likelihood that the wearer will temporarily remove the mask from the face in order to reduce the discomfort. To reduce this occurrence, filtration mask manufacturers often attach an exhalation valve to the mask body so that warm and moist exhalation can be quickly purged from within the mask. Quickly removing exhalation makes the inside of the mask cooler, which makes the mask more comfortable to wear and mask wearers face the mask to eliminate the hot and damp environment that accumulates around the nose and mouth Since the possibility of removing from the machine becomes low, the safety of the worker is improved.

  For many years, commercially available breathing masks have employed “button” exhalation valves to purge exhalation from within the mask. Button-type valves have employed thin circular flexible flaps as dynamic mechanical elements that allow exhalation to escape from within the mask. The flap is attached to the center of the valve seat through the core column. Examples of button-type valves are shown in, for example, Patent Document 1, Patent Document 2, Patent Document 3, and Patent Document 4. When a person exhales, the surrounding portion of the flap is lifted from the sealing surface of the valve seat, allowing air to escape from inside the mask.

  While button-type valves have made progress in attempts to improve wearer comfort, researchers have made further improvements, an example of which is given in US Pat. Has been. The valve described in this patent uses a parabolic valve seat and an elongated flexible flap. Similar to the button-type valve, the Braun valve also has a flap that is mounted centrally, and the edge of the flap can be lifted from the sealing surface during exhalation, allowing the exhalation to escape from within the mask. it can.

  After the development of Braun, further improvements have been made to the exhalation valve technology by Japantich et al. The Japantich et al. Valve uses a single flexible flap that is eccentrically mounted like a cantilever to minimize the expiratory pressure required to open the valve. When the valve opening pressure is minimized, the force required to actuate the valve is reduced, meaning that less effort is required to expel exhaled air from inside the mask during breathing. Other valves introduced after the Japantich et al. Valve also use cantilevered flexible flaps that are mounted off-center—see US Pat. A valve having this type of configuration may be referred to as a “flapper” or “cantilever” exhalation valve.

  In yet another development, the expiratory valve has a first and second parallel layers, at least one of which has a flexible flap that is more rigid or less elastic than the other layer. -See Patent Document 11 (assigned to Martin et al.). In a preferred embodiment of this exhalation valve, a flexible flap, which is a lower elastic modulus, softer, more flexible (less rigid) layer, is in contact with the sealing surface of the valve seat It is arranged in the part. Using a more flexible layer at this position of the flap provides a better seal between the flexible flap and the sealing surface in the neutral state, i.e. when the wearer is not inhaling or exhaling can do. Also, the use of multi-layer flaps may allow the use of thinner, more dynamic flexible flaps, allowing the valve to be opened more easily with lower ventilation resistance and lowering the pressure inside the mask. You can escape warm and moist exhalation. Thus, the wearer can purge more exhalation from the internal gas space more quickly without spending too much force, which may improve the comfort of the mask wearer.

In known valve products, similar to the aforementioned exhalation valve, the valve seat is consistently described as having a relatively rigid sealing surface material in construction. For example, Patent Document 5 (given to Braun) and Patent Document 7 (given to Japuntich et al.) Describe that the entire valve seat is made from injection molded plastic. Commercial products such as the Ventex ™ valve sold by Moldex-Metric Inc. have also used rigid plastic to form the entire valve seat. Although the known exhalation valve products have succeeded in improving the wearer's comfort by promoting exhalation more easily out of the mask interior, all known exhalation valve products are elastically sealed to the valve seat The use of an elastic sealing surface without the use of a surface can provide advantages such as improving valve performance and thus wearer comfort, as described below.
U.S. Pat. No. 2,072,516 US Pat. No. 2,230,770 US Pat. No. 2,895,472 US Pat. No. 4,630,604 U.S. Pat. No. 4,934,362 US Pat. No. 5,325,892 US Pat. No. 5,509,436 US Pat. No. 5,687,767 US Pat. No. 6,047,698 US Reissue Patent No. RE37,974E Specification US patent application Ser. No. 09 / 989,965

  Briefly summarized, the present invention includes: a) a mask body adapted to cover at least the nose and mouth of a human and configured to define an internal gas space when worn; and b) secured to the mask body. And an exhalation valve that enables fluid communication between the internal gas space and the external gas space. The exhalation valve comprises (i) a valve seat comprising an elastic sealing surface and an orifice through which exhalation can pass to exit the internal gas space; and (ii) an elastic sealing surface when the valve is in the closed position; A flap that is attached to the valve seat so that it can contact and leave the sealing surface in response to exhalation, allowing exhalation to pass through the orifice and finally into the external gas space Are provided.

  The present invention also provides a novel unidirectional fluid valve comprising a flap and a valve seat. The flap can move from the closed position to the open position in direct response to the force from the fluid and can return from the open position to the closed position when the force is weakened. The valve seat in which the flap is located has (i) an orifice through which fluid passes when the valve is in the open position, and (ii) an elastic sealing surface that the flap contacts when the valve is in the closed position.

  The filtration mask of the present invention differs from known breathing masks by providing the exhalation valve with an elastic sealing surface that contacts the valve flap when the wearer is not inhaling or exhaling. The use of an elastic sealing surface for the valve seat of the exhalation valve allows a harder but thinner flap to be employed for the valve. Using such a flap, the valve can be opened with much less force or pressure. Because the force required to open the valve is generated by the wearer's breathing, the wearer does not need to breathe too hard to operate the valve. Therefore, when the mask is worn, the force required to operate the valve is small. As a result, the use of an elastic sealing surface can be beneficial to the filtration mask wearer in that the mask can be made more comfortable, especially when the mask is worn for extended periods of time. Improved comfort reduces the likelihood that the wearer will remove the mask from the face in a contaminated environment. Therefore, the filtration mask of the present invention may improve the safety of the wearer.

Glossary Terms used in the description of the present invention have the following meanings.
“Clean air” means a volume of air or oxygen that has been filtered to remove contaminants or otherwise made safe to breathe.
"Closed position" means the position where the flexible flap is in essentially complete contact with the sealing surface.
“Contaminant” means particles and / or other substances that are not considered to be particles but can float in the air (eg, organic vapors, etc.).
“Exhaled air” is the air that the wearer of the filtration mask exhales.
“Exhaled air flow” means the air flow through the orifice of the exhalation valve during exhalation.
“Exhalation valve” means a valve that opens to allow fluid to flow out of the internal gas space of the filtration mask.
“External gas space” means the ambient atmospheric space through which the exhaled air flows after passing through the exhalation valve.
“Filtration mask” means a respiratory protection device (including half-face masks and full-face masks and hoods) that covers at least the nose and mouth of the wearer and can supply the wearer with clean air.
“Flap” means a dynamic element that changes position in response to the force of a moving fluid (such as air) in an expiratory airflow.
“Flexible flap” means a sheet-like article that can bend or deflect in response to a force applied from a moving fluid, the moving fluid being an expiratory flow in the case of an exhalation valve, In the case of a valve, it is an intake air flow.
“Intake filtration element” means a fluid permeable structure through which air can pass before being inhaled by a filter mask wearer to remove contaminants and / or particles from the air.
“Intake flow” means the flow of air or oxygen that passes through the orifice of an intake valve while inhaling.
“Intake valve” means a valve that opens to allow fluid to flow into the internal gas space of the filtration mask.
“Internal gas space” means the space between the mask body and the human face.
A “mask body” is a structure that can fit over at least the nose and mouth of a human and helps define an internal gas space that is separated from the external gas space.
“Particle” means any liquid and / or solid substance (eg, pathogen, bacteria, virus, mucus, saliva, blood, etc.) that can be suspended in the air.
“Elastic” means that it responds to forces from the flap, can recover even when deformed, and has a hardness of less than about 0.02 gigapascal (GPa).
“Sealing surface” means the surface that contacts the flap when the valve is in the closed position.
“Rigid or rigid” means the ability of the flap to support itself horizontally as a cantilever and resist deflection when subjected to gravity. Stiffer flaps do not flex more easily in response to gravity and other forces than less rigid flaps.
A “unidirectional fluid valve” means a valve designed to allow fluid to pass in one direction but not in the other direction.

  In the practice of the present invention, a novel filtration mask is provided that improves the comfort of the wearer and concomitantly increases the likelihood that the user will wear the mask continuously in a contaminated environment. The present invention may thus improve worker safety and provide long-term health benefits to workers wearing respiratory protection devices and the like.

  FIG. 1 illustrates an example of a filtration mask 10 that may be used with the present invention. The filtration mask 10 is a half mask having a cup-shaped mask body 12 to which an exhalation valve 14 is attached (because it covers the nose and mouth but does not cover the eyes). The exhalation valve can be ultrasonically welded, glued, glued (see US Pat. No. 6,125,849 (given to William et al.)) Or mechanically clamped (US Patent Application 2001 / 0029952A1). Can be fixed to the mask body using various techniques. The exhalation valve 14 opens in response to a pressure increase inside the mask 10 that occurs when the wearer exhales. The exhalation valve 14 preferably remains closed between breaths and while inhaling. The exhalation-valve 14 has a valve seat 20, and a flap 22 is fixed to the valve seat 20 with a stationary portion 25. The flap 22 may be a flexible flap having a free portion 26 that lifts from the valve seat 20 during exhalation. When the free portion 26 is not in contact with the valve seat 20, exhaled air can flow from the internal gas space to the external gas space. Exhaled air may flow directly into the external gas space or, for example, whether the mask also comprises an impactor element (see US Pat. No. 6,460,539 B1, as given to Japuntich et al.) Or, with a filtered exhalation valve (see US patent application 2003 / 0005934A1 and US patent application 2002 / 0023651A1 (given to Japuntich et al.)) You may take it.

  The mask body 12 is adapted to fit over the human nose and mouth in a spaced relationship with the wearer's face so as to create an internal gas space or void between the wearer's face and the inner surface of the mask body. It is configured. A nose clip 16 comprising a flexible band of metal, such as aluminum, that is flexible and not elastic, is placed on the mask body 12 to hold the mask in the desired relationship that fits over the wearer's nose where the nose contacts the cheek. The nose clip 16 can be shaped to do so. An example of a suitable nose clip is shown in U.S. Pat. No. 5,558,089 and U.S. Design Patent No. 412,573 (given to Castiglione). The described mask body 12 is fluid permeable and typically does not need to pass through the mask body itself and allows exhalation valve 14 to pass out of the internal gas space through valve 14. Is provided on the mask main body 12 at an opening (not shown). The preferred position of the opening on the mask body 12 is just in front of the wearer's mouth when the mask is worn. Placing the opening, and thus the exhalation valve 14, in this position allows the valve to open more easily in response to expiratory force or momentum. In the mask body 12 of the type shown in FIG. 1, essentially all exposed surfaces of the mask body 12 are fluid permeable to inhalation. In order to hold the mask snugly on the wearer's face, the mask body may be attached to a strap 15, knot, or any other attached to the mask body to support the mask against the wearer's face. It can have a harness such as suitable means. Examples of mask harnesses that may be used in connection with the present invention are described in US Pat. Nos. 6,457,473 B1, 6,062,221 and 5,394,568. (Granted to Bostrom et al.), US Pat. No. 6,332,465B1 (Granted to Xue et al.), US Pat. Nos. 6,119,692 and 5,464,010. (Assigned to Byram), as well as US Pat. Nos. 6,095,143 and 5,819,731 (assigned to Dyrud et al.). .

  The mask body 12 can have a curved hemispherical shape as shown in FIG. 1 (also see US Pat. No. 4,807,619 (given to Dyrud et al.)). Alternatively, other shapes may be taken as required. For example, the mask body may be a cup-shaped mask having a configuration similar to the mask disclosed in US Pat. No. 4,827,924 (given to Japuntich et al.). The mask can also have a tri-fold shape that folds flat when not in use but can be opened into a cup shape when worn—US Pat. Nos. 6,484,722 B2 and 6 , 123,077 (assigned to Brostock et al.), And US Design Patent No. 431,647 (assigned to Henderson et al.), And US Design Patent No. 424,688. (Granted to Bryant et al.). In addition, the mask of the present invention is a flat half-fold mask disclosed in U.S. Design Patent No. 448,472S and U.S. Design Patent No. 443,927S (provided in Chen). May take many shapes. The mask body can also be fluid impermeable, such as US Pat. No. 6,277,178B1 (provided by Holmquist-Brown et al.), Or US Pat. No. 5,062. 421 (assigned to Burns and Reischel), a filter cartridge can also be attached to the mask body. Furthermore, the mask body can also be configured to inhale positive pressure air for use, in contrast to the negative pressure mask described above. Examples of positive pressure masks are described in US Pat. Nos. 6,186,140B1 (provided to Hoague), 5,924,420 (given to Grannis et al.), And No. 4,790,306 (provided by Braun et al.). These masks may be connected to a respirator body with an electric fan that is worn around the user's waist-for example, U.S. Pat. No. 464,725 (granted to Petherbridge et al.). reference. Also, the mask body of the filtration mask can provide clean air to the wearer as disclosed, for example, in US Pat. Nos. 5,035,239 and 4,971,052. It can also be connected to a self-contained breathing apparatus. The mask body covers not only the wearer's nose and mouth (referred to as “half mask”) but also the eyes (referred to as “full mask”), and in addition to the wearer's respiratory system, the wearer May also be made to protect the eyesight—see, for example, US Pat. No. 5,924,420 (provided by Reischel et al.).

  The mask body may be spaced from the wearer's face, or may be coplanar with or close to the wearer's face. In either case, the mask defines an internal gas space into which exhaled air flows before flowing out of the mask through the exhalation valve. The mask body can also have a thermochromic seal to indicate suitability around it so that the wearer can easily verify that it is properly fitted—US Pat. No. 5,617,849. See specification (granted to Springett et al.).

  FIG. 2 shows that the mask body 12 may comprise multiple layers, such as an inner shaping layer 17 and an outer filtration layer 18. The shaping layer 17 provides structure to the mask body 12 and provides support to the filtration layer 18. The shaping layer 17 may be located on the inside and / or outside (or both sides) of the filtration layer 18, for example, manufactured from a nonwoven web of heat-fusible fibers and formed into a cup-shaped shape. Yes-see US Pat. No. 4,807,619 (assigned to Dyrud et al.) And US Pat. No. 4,536,440 (assigned to Berg). Also, the shaping layer 17 can be an open layer of flexible plastic, such as a porous layer or a shaping layer disclosed in US Pat. No. 4,850,347 (provided in Skov). It can also be produced from a work "fish net" type network. The shaped layer can be shaped according to known procedures such as those described in the Skov patent or US Pat. No. 5,307,796 (provided to Kronzer et al.). The shaping layer 17 is designed primarily for the purpose of providing structure to the mask and providing support to the filtration layer, but the shaping layer 17 is a filter, typically larger particles. It may serve as a filter that captures. Layers 17 and 18 together function as an intake filter element.

  The filtration layer is optionally corrugated, as described in US Pat. Nos. 5,804,295 and 5,763,078 (provided to Braun). Can do. Also, the mask body 12 can protect the filter layer 18 from abrasion forces and can retain fibers that may unravel from the filter layer 18 and / or the shaping layer 17, and / or An outer cover web (not shown) may be provided. Also, the cover web may have filtration capability, but typically is not as good as the filtration layer 18 and / or may serve to make the mask more comfortable to wear. The cover web may be made from nonwoven fiber materials such as spunbond fibers containing, for example, polyolefins and polyesters—for example, as given in US Pat. No. 6,041,782 (Angejivand et al. ), 4,807,619 (assigned to Dyrud et al.) And 4,536,440 (assigned to Berg).

  As the wearer inhales, air is drawn through the mask body and airborne particles are trapped in the interstices between the fibers, particularly between the fibers in the filter layer 18. In the embodiment shown in FIG. 2, the filter layer 18 is integral with the mask body 12—that is, the filter layer 18 forms part of the mask body and is later attached to the mask body, like a filter cartridge. It is not an item (or removed from the mask body).

  Filter material common to negative pressure half mask respirators, such as the mask 10 shown in FIG. 1, often contains an entangled web of charged microfibers, particularly meltblown microfiber (BMF). Ultrafine fibers typically have an average effective fiber diameter of about 20 micrometers (μm) or less, but are generally from about 1 to about 15 μm in diameter, and more typically from about 3 to about 10 μm. is there. The effective fiber diameter is Davis, C.I. N. "Separation of airborne dust and particles" (The British Society of Mechanical Engineers, London, Bulletin 1B, 1952) May be calculated as described in. BMF Web is described in Wente, Van A, “Ultrafine Thermoplastic Fiber” Industrial Technology Chemistry, Vol. 48, p. 1342 et seq. (1956) (Wente, Van A., Superfine Thermal Fibers in Industrial Engineering, 48). pages 1342 et seq. (1956)), or Wente, Van A, Boone, C.I. D. , And Fullherty, E .; L. Naval Research Institute Report No. 4364 entitled “Manufacture of Superfine Organic Fibers by Wente, Van A., Boyne, CD, and Fluharty, E.L.” Report No. 4364 of the Naval Research Laboratories (issued May 25, 1954). Meltblown fiber webs can be prepared uniformly and are made of the webs described in US Pat. Nos. 6,492,286 B1 and 6,139,308 (given to Berrigan et al.). As such, a plurality of layers may be included. When the fibers in the web are randomly entangled, the BMF web can have sufficient integrity to be handled as a mat. For example, US Pat. Nos. 6,454,986B1 and 6,406,657B1 (given to Eitzman et al.), US Pat. No. 6,375,886 B1, US Pat. 119,691, and 5,496,507 (given to Angadjivand et al.), US Pat. No. 4,215,682 (given to Kubik et al.), And The technique described in US Pat. No. 4,592,815 (provided in Nakao) can be used to impart charge to the fibrous web.

  Examples of fiber materials that may be used as a filter in the mask body are U.S. Pat. No. 5,706,804 (given to Baumann et al.) And U.S. Pat. No. 4,419,993 (Peter). Granted to Peterson), US Reissue Patent No. Re28,102 (assigned to Mayhew), US Pat. Nos. 5,472,481 and 5,411,576. (Given to Jones et al.), As well as US Pat. No. 5,908,598 (given to Rouseseau et al.). The fibers may contain polymers such as polypropylene and / or poly-4-methyl-1-pentene (US Pat. No. 4,874,399 (given to Jones et al.)) And US Pat. No. 6,057,256 (provided to Dyrud et al.) And may also contain fluorine atoms and / or other additives to improve filtration performance (US Pat. No. 6,432). , 175B1, 6,409,806B1, 6,398,847B1, 6,397,458B1 (given to Jones et al.), And U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,025,052 and 5,099,026 (given to Crater et al.), Also improve performance Because may have a low concentration of extractable hydrocarbons (see U.S. Pat. No. 6,213,122 Pat (Rousseau (Rousseau) et al grant)). Also, fibrous webs are described in US Pat. No. 4,874,399 (assigned to Reed et al.) And US Pat. Nos. 6,238,466 and 6,068,799 ( Both may be manufactured to improve oil mist resistance, as described in Rousseau et al.).

  FIG. 3 shows that when the flexible flap 22 is closed, the flexible flap 22 stops on the sealing surface 24 and is secured to the valve seat 20 at its stationary portion 25. The flap 22 has a free end 26 that lifts from the resilient sealing surface 24 when sufficient pressure is reached in the internal gas space during exhalation. The flexible flap 22 is supported like a cantilever on the valve seat 20 by a flap holding surface 27, and the flap holding surface 27 is arranged so as to be offset from the orifice 30. The sealing surface 24 can be shaped so that the longitudinal dimension is generally curved when viewed from the side of the cross-section, so that the flap is in the neutral state, i.e. when the wearer is not inhaling or exhaling. It may not be aligned with respect to the flap holding surface 27 but may be positioned relatively so that it can be biased or pressed toward the sealing surface. As shown, the elastic sealing surface 24 may be positioned at the extreme of the sealing ridge 29. The flaps are laterally curved as described in US Pat. No. 5,687,767 (given to Bowers et al.), Reissued as US Reissue Pat. No. RE37,974E. (Or may have).

  When the wearer of the filtration mask 10 exhales, the exhalation normally passes through both the mask body and the exhalation valve 14. For comfort, it is best to maximize the percentage that expiratory gas passes quickly through the expiratory valve 14 rather than the filter media and / or shaping layer and covering layer of the mask body. As exhalation lifts the flexible flap 24 from the sealing surface 24, exhalation is expelled from the internal gas space through the orifice 30 of the valve 14. The peripheral or peripheral edge of the flap 22 that is associated with the fixed or stationary portion 25 remains essentially stationary during exhalation, while the remaining peripheral free end of the flexible flap 22 is Lifts from the valve seat 20 while exhaling.

  The flexible flap 22 may be fixed at a stationary portion 25 to a flap retaining surface 27 of the valve seat 20 and may have a pin 32 that serves to attach and position the flap 22 to the valve seat 20. The flexible flap 22 can be secured to the surface 27 using ultrasonic welding, gluing, mechanical clamping, and the like. The valve seat 20 may also have a flange 33 that extends laterally from the valve seat 20 at the base of the valve seat 20 to provide a surface that allows the exhalation valve 14 to be more appropriately secured to the mask body 12.

  FIG. 3 shows the flexible flap 22 in the closed position, resting on the sealing surface 24, and in the open position, lifted away from the surface 24 as represented by the dotted line 22a. Indicates. The fluid passes through the valve 14 in the direction generally indicated by the arrow 34. When using the valve 14 in a filtration mask to purge exhaled air from within the mask, the fluid flow 34 represents the exhaled air flow. When the valve 14 is used as an intake valve, the flow 34 represents the intake flow. The fluid passing through the orifice 30 exerts a force on the flexible flap 22 (or transfers the momentum of the fluid to the flexible flap 22), lifting the free portion 26 of the flap 22 off the sealing surface 24 and the valve 14 Is released. When the valve 14 is used as an exhalation valve, the valve is preferably positioned so that the free portion 26 of the flexible flap 22 is below the stationary portion 25 when the mask 10 is positioned upright as shown in FIG. It is arranged on the mask 10 in such a direction as to be positioned. As a result, exhalation can be diverted downward to prevent moisture from condensing on the wearer's eyewear.

  FIG. 4 shows the valve seat 20 as seen from the front with no flaps attached. The valve orifice 30 may have a cross member 35 radially disposed inward from the sealing surface 24 and stabilizing the sealing surface 24 and ultimately the valve 14. Further, the cross member 35 can prevent the flexible flap 22 (FIG. 3) from being reversed and entering the orifice 30 while inhaling. Moisture accumulated on the cross member 35 may hinder the opening of the flap 22. Accordingly, the surface of the cross member 35 facing the flap is preferably slightly recessed below the sealing surface 24 so as not to hinder valve opening when viewed from the side, but is flush with the sealing surface. May be on top.

  The sealing surface 24 circumscribes or surrounds the orifice 30 and prevents contaminants from passing through the orifice when the valve is closed. The sealing surface 24 and the valve orifice 30 can take essentially any shape when viewed from the front. For example, the sealing surface 24 and the orifice 30 may be square, rectangular, circular, elliptical, etc. The shape of the sealing surface 24 need not match the shape of the orifice 30, and vice versa. For example, the orifice 30 may be circular and the sealing surface 24 may be rectangular. However, the sealing surface 24 and the orifice 30 preferably have a circular cross section when viewed in the direction of fluid flow. The sealing surface used with the valve in the filtration mask of the present invention has elastic properties, i.e., the sealing surface recovers even when deformed during use and has a hardness of less than about 0.02 GPa. Preferably, the sealing surface used in connection with the present invention has a hardness of less than about 0.015 GPa, more preferably a hardness of less than about 0.013 GPa, and even more preferably a hardness of about It is less than 0.01 GPa. A more preferable sealing surface may have a hardness of 0.006 to 0.001 GPa. The hardness can be further less than 0.001 GPa, provided that the surface recovers even when deformed. The hardness may be determined based on a nanoindentation technique described later. The resilient sealing surface may be secured to the valve seat using any technique suitable for securing the resilient sealing surface to the valve seat, such as bonding, bonding, welding, frictional engagement, and the like. Alternatively, the entire valve seat can be formed as an “integral” elastic part, that is, the entire valve seat may be formed as a single unit rather than two separate parts that are later joined together. The sealing surface may be in the form of a coating, a film, a ring (such as an O-ring), or a foam (such as a porous closed cell foam).

  However, most of the valve seat 20 is typically manufactured from a relatively lightweight plastic that is molded into a single, integral object using, for example, an injection molding process, etc., with an elastic sealing surface on it. Be joined. The sealing surface 24 in contact with the flexible flap 22 is preferably formed to be substantially uniformly smooth to ensure a good seal. The sealing surface 24 may be on top of the sealing ridge 29 or may be planarly aligned with the valve seat itself. The contact area of the sealing surface 24 preferably has a sufficiently large width to form a seal with the flexible flap 22, but due to the adhesive force produced by condensed moisture or drained saliva, the flexible flap It is not so wide that 22 becomes extremely difficult to open. The contact area of the sealing surface with which the flap contacts is preferably curved concavely so as to facilitate the flap contacting the sealing surface all around the sealing surface. Valve 14 and its seat 20 without an elastic sealing surface are more fully described in US Pat. Nos. 5,509,436 and 5,325,892 (given to Japuntich et al.). Are listed.

FIG. 5 shows another embodiment of the exhalation valve 14 ′. Unlike the embodiment shown in FIG. 3, the exhalation valve has a planar sealing surface 24 ′ that is aligned with the flap retaining surface 27 ′ when viewed from the side. Thus, the flap shown in FIG. 5 is not pressed against or pressed against the sealing surface 24 ′ by any mechanical force or internal stress on the flexible flap 22. The flap 22 is "neutral", i.e. when there is no fluid passing through the valve and the flap is not subjected to any other external forces other than gravity, it is not preloaded or biased towards the sealing surface 24 '. Therefore, the flap 22 can be opened more easily while exhaling. When using an elastic sealing surface according to the present invention, the flap may not be biased or pushed into contact with the sealing surface 24 ', but such a configuration is desired. There is also. As such, the present invention may use flexible flaps that are stiffer than known commercial product flaps. The flap may be stiff enough that it will not droop away from the sealing surface 24 'in an unbiased state when gravity is inherently applied to the flap, and the valve may be sealed by the flap. It is arranged in such a direction as to be arranged below the stop surface. Thus, the exhalation valve 14 'shown in FIG. 5 biases the flap toward the sealing surface in any orientation (eg, when the wearer bends his head down toward the floor). The flap 22 can be formed in good contact with the sealing surface without (or substantially biased). Thus, the rigid flap provides hermetic contact with the sealing surface 24 'with little or no prestress or biasing force toward the valve seat sealing surface, regardless of the orientation of the valve. You can While the valve is closed in the neutral state, the flap opens more easily during exhalation if the flap does not apply a certain amount of stress or force to ensure that the flap is pressed against the sealing surface. This can reduce the force required to actuate the valve during breathing. The flaps of the present invention have a stiffness of at least 5.9 × 10 ⁻¹¹ Newton square meters (N · m ² ), more preferably at least 8.6 × when measured according to the stiffness determination outlined below. It may be 10 ⁻¹¹ N · m ² , even more preferably at least 1.1 × 10 ⁻¹⁰ N · m ² . At the upper end, the stiffness is typically less than 9 × 10 ⁻⁵ N · m ² , more typically less than 3.4 × 10 ⁻⁵ N · m ² , and even more typically 3.2 ×. It is less than 10 ⁻⁷ N · m ² .

  FIG. 6 shows a valve lid 40 that may be suitable for use in connection with the exhalation valve shown in the other figures. The valve lid 40 defines an internal chamber in which the flexible flap can be moved from a closed position to an open position. The valve lid 40 can protect the flexible flap from damage and can help direct exhalation downward from the wearer's glasses. As shown, the valve lid 40 may have a plurality of openings 42 to allow exhalation to escape from the internal chamber defined by the valve lid. Air exiting the internal chamber through the opening 42 flows into the external gas space and preferably descends away from the wearer's eyewear. The valve lid can be secured to the valve seat using a variety of techniques including friction, clamping, gluing, gluing, welding, and the like.

  Although the present invention has been described with reference to a flapper or cantilevered exhalation valve, the present invention is intended for use with other types of valves such as the button-type valves described above in the background art. Are equally suitable. Furthermore, the present invention is equally suitable for use with an intake valve. Like the exhalation valve, the inhalation valve is a unidirectional fluid valve that provides fluid transfer between the outer gas space and the inner gas space. However, unlike the exhalation valve, the inhalation valve can allow air to flow into the mask body. Therefore, during intake, the intake valve can move air from the external gas space to the internal gas space.

  Intake valves are typically used with a filtration mask to which a filter cartridge is attached. The valve may be secured to either the filter cartridge or the mask body. In either case, the inspiratory valve is preferably placed in the inspiratory flow and the air is filtered downstream or otherwise respirable. Thus, inspiratory valves, unlike expiratory valves, are primarily used to prevent expiratory air from passing through the filter media. Examples of commercially available masks with inspiratory valves include the 5000 ™ and 6000 ™ series respiratory protection sold by the company 3M. Examples of filtration masks using intake valves are described in US Pat. No. 5,062,421 (given to Burns and Reischel), US Pat. No. 6,216,693 (Ricoh ( Rekow et al.), And U.S. Pat. No. 5,924,420 (granted to Reischel et al.) (Also U.S. Pat. No. 6,158,429, ibid.). (See also 6,055,983 and 5,579,761). The intake valve can take the form of a button-type valve, for example, or it can be a flapper-type valve, such as the valve shown in FIGS. Because the valve shown in these figures is used as an inspiratory valve, the valve is mask body so that the flexible flap 22 is lifted from the sealing surface 24 or 24 'during inspiration rather than during exhalation. Attached to the opposite. Inhalation by the wearer creates the negative pressure required to pull the flap away from the valve seat and into the open position inside the respiratory protective device. When the wearer exhales, the pressure inside the respirator increases and the flap can return toward the sealed position. Inhalation valves are useful when it is desirable to prevent exhalation from flowing back through the filter and prevent both breathing again and moisture being introduced into the filter from the wearer's breath . Therefore, the flap 22 is pressed against the sealing surfaces 24 and 24 ′ while exhaling instead of inhaling. The intake valve of the present invention can also improve wearer comfort by reducing the force required to operate the intake valve while breathing. The exhalation valve and the inhalation valve can be used in cooperation. Respirator masks that have a fluid-impermeable facepiece to which a filter cartridge is attached often use both of them on the same mask.

  The valve of the present invention can achieve extremely low ventilation resistance. The ventilation resistance may be determined based on a ventilation resistance test described later. The ventilation resistance of the valve at a flow rate of 85 liters per minute (L / min) can be less than about 60 Pascals (Pa), less than 30 Pa, and even less than 10 Pa. At a flow rate of 10 L / min, the unidirectional fluid valve of the present invention can have a ventilation resistance of less than 25 Pa, preferably less than 20 Pa, more preferably less than 10 Pa. Using the valve according to the invention, a ventilation resistance of about 0-60 Pa can be achieved at a flow rate of 10 L / min to 85 L / min. In a preferred embodiment, the ventilation resistance can be less than 30 Pa at a flow rate of 10 L / min to 85 L / min. When a flat valve seat as shown in FIG. 5 is employed, the ventilation resistance can be less than 1 Pa at a flow rate of 85 L / min.

  The valve of the present invention may provide good performance with respect to leakage, valve opening ventilation resistance, and valve ventilation resistance at various flow rates. These parameters may be measured using a leak rate test and a ventilation resistance test described below.

Leakage is a parameter that measures the ability of a valve to remain closed in a neutral state. The leak test is described in detail below, but generally measures the amount of air that can pass through the valve when the air pressure difference is 1 inch (249 Pa) of water column. The amount of leakage is in the range of 0 to 30 cubic centimeters per minute (cm ³ / min) at a pressure of 249 Pa, and the lower the value, the better the sealing. Using the filtration mask of the present invention, a leak rate of 10 cm ³ / min or less can be achieved. Preferably, a leakage rate of less than 8 cm ³ / min, more preferably less than 6 cm ³ / min can also be achieved. An exhalation valve formed in accordance with the present invention may exhibit a leak rate in the range of about 3-6 cm < ³ > / min.

  The valve opening ventilation resistance is a measure of the resistance of the flap to first lifting from the sealing surface of the valve. This parameter may be determined as described below in the ventilation resistance test. Typically, the valve opening ventilation resistance at 10 L / min is less than 25 Pa, preferably less than 20 Pa, and more preferably less than 10 Pa when the valve is tested according to the ventilation resistance test described below. Typically, the valve opening ventilation resistance is about 6-18 Pa at 10 L / min when the valve is tested according to the ventilation resistance test described below.

The valve of the present invention, operation efficiency may be very good, the valve efficiency of about 25 milliwatts, gram cubic centimeters per minute (mW · g · cm ³ / min) or less, preferably about 7 mW · g · ^cm 3 / Min or less, more preferably about 1 mW · g · cm ³ / min. The valve efficiency may be determined based on a test with the same name described below.

Test apparatus, test method, and flow rate fixture (Example)
The ventilation resistance test of the valve was performed using a flow rate fixing tool. The flow fixture provides air to the valve at a specific flow rate with an aluminum mounting plate and a fixed air plenum. During the test, the mounting plate receives the valve seat and holds it firmly. The aluminum mounting plate has a slight depression in the top surface that receives the base of the valve. In the center of the recess is an opening of 28 millimeters (mm) × 34 mm through which air can flow to the valve. A foam with an adhesive surface may be attached to the shelf in the recess to provide a hermetic seal between the valve and the plate. Use two clamps to capture the left and right edges of the valve seat and secure it to the aluminum mounting plate. Air is provided to the mounting plate through a hemispherical plenum. The mounting plate is secured to the plenum at the top or apex of the hemisphere so as to simulate the cavity shape and volume of the respiratory mask. The hemispherical plenum has a depth of about 30 mm and a base diameter of 80 mm. The air from the supply line is attached to the base of the plenum and is adjusted to provide the desired flow rate to the valve through a flow fixture. With the generated air flow, the air pressure in the plenum is measured to determine the ventilation resistance of the test valve.

Ventilation resistance test Measure the ventilation resistance of the test valve using the flow rate fixing tool as described above. The ventilation resistance of the valve was measured at a flow rate of 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70 and 85 liters per minute (L / min). To test the valve, the test sample was attached to the flow fixture with the valve seat positioned horizontally at the base of the flow fixture and the valve opening facing up. Care was taken to ensure that there was no air bypass between the fixture and the valve body while installing the valve. In order to calibrate the pressure gauge for a constant flow, the flap is first removed from the valve body to produce the desired airflow. The pressure gauge is then set to zero and the system is calibrated. After this calibration step, the flap is repositioned on the valve body, air is sent to the valve inlet at a specific flow rate, and the inlet pressure is recorded. By measuring the pressure at the point where the flap just opens and the minimum flow rate is detected, the valve opening vent resistance (just before the point at which the flap opens at zero flow rate) is determined. Ventilation resistance is the difference between the inlet pressure to the valve and the ambient air.

Leak Rate Test The leak rate test for the exhalation valve is generally as described in US Federal Regulations 42 CFR § 82.204. This leak rate test is suitable for valves with a flexible flap attached to the valve seat. When performing a leak test, the valve seat is sealed between the opening of the air chamber with two doorways. The two air chambers are shaped so that pressurized air introduced into the lower chamber flows up through the valve and into the upper chamber. The lower air chamber is equipped so that the internal pressure can be monitored during the test. To determine the air flow through the chamber, an air flow meter is attached to the upper chamber outlet port. During the test, the valve is sealed between the two chambers and placed horizontally with the flap facing the lower chamber. The lower chamber is pressurized via an air line, resulting in a differential pressure of 249 Pa (25 mm water column, ie 1 inch water column) between the two chambers. This differential pressure is maintained throughout the test procedure. The amount of air outflow from the upper chamber is recorded as the leak amount of the test valve. Leakage is reported as the flow rate (cubic centimeter per minute) obtained when a 249 Pa air pressure differential is applied to the valve.

Valve operation capacity Flow rate (horizontal axis, L / min) and ventilation resistance (vertical axis) against a certain valve port area (area of the channel that sends air directly to the valve flap (8.55 cm ^{2 in the} embodiment)) , Pa) by integrating the curve representing the flow rate range of 10-85 L / min, the “operability” of the valve at a constant flow rate can be determined for a range of flow rates. The integral of the curve (represented as the area under the curve in the graph) determines the force required to operate the valve at a range of flow rates. The value of the integrated curve is defined as integral valve actuation capability (IVAP) (in milliwatts (mW)).

Valve Efficiency Using the results of the ventilation resistance test and leak rate test, and the mass of the flap, the valve efficiency parameter of the valve may be calculated. Valve efficiency is determined from (1) integral valve differential capability (mW), (2) leakage (recorded in cm ³ / min), and (3) flap weight (grams). The valve efficiency is calculated as follows.

VE is expressed in units of milliwatt · gram · cubic centimeter per minute or mW · g · cm ³ / min. The lower the valve efficiency value, the better the valve performance. The valve of the present invention may achieve a VE value of about 1-20 mW · g · cm ³ / min, more preferably less than about 10 mW · g · cm ³ / min.

Hardness measurement Nanoindentation technology was adopted to determine the hardness of the material used for the valve seat. Nanoindentation technology has enabled testing of raw material samples used in valve seat applications or valve seats that are incorporated as part of a valve assembly. This test is available from MTS Systems, Nano Instruments Innovation Center (37839, Oak Ridge, TN, Larson Drive 1001) (available from MTS Systems Corp., Nano Instruments Innovation Center 1001 Larson Drive, Oak Ridge 39, TN3). It was carried out using a possible microindentation device, MTS Nano XP Micromechanical Tester. Using this device, the penetration depth of a Berkovich pyramid diamond indenter with a half cone tip angle of 65 ° was measured up to maximum load as a function of applied force. The nominal load rate was 10 nanometers per second (nm / second), the surface approach sensitivity was 40%, and the spatial drift setting was set to a maximum of 0.8 nm / second. With the exception of the fused silica calibration standard, constant strain rate experiments were used to a depth of 5,000 nm for all tests, and for the fused silica calibration standard a constant strain rate was used up to a final load of 100,000 micronewtons. . Target values for strain rate, harmonic displacement, and Poisson's ratio were 0.05 sec ⁻¹ , 45 Hertz, and 0.4, respectively. The test sample was secured to a holder and the target surface to be tested was placed looking down from top to bottom through the instrument video screen. To ensure that the test site represents the desired sample material, i.e., there are no voids, inclusions or debris, the test site was selected locally at a video magnification of 100 times the test equipment. In the test procedure, the test is performed once with the fused silica standard as “evidence” for each experimental run. The alignment of the microscope optical axis and the indenter axis is confirmed and calibrated before testing in the iterative process. In the iterative process, a test indentation is performed on the fused silica standard, and the error is corrected in the test equipment software. The test system was operated in continuous stiffness measurement (CSM) mode. The hardness reported in megapascals (MPa) is defined as the critical contact stress at which plastic flow of the sample begins and is expressed as:

式中、

Determination of stiffness A simple model flap was used to determine stiffness, which is a measure of the flap's resistance to bending. The flap model was based on a geometric form and shape similar to the commercially used flap. A rectangular shape with a uniform material thickness was chosen for the geometric shape of the model flap. The critical dimensions of the modeled flap were 2.29 cm wide and 35.56 μm thick. For candidate materials that use model flap geometry, the stiffness can be determined as follows.

Where

The moment of inertia of the model flap is 8.6 × 10 ⁻¹⁷ m ⁴ . For a flap material such as that used in Example 1, the stiffness is calculated to be 3.2 × 10 ⁻⁷ N · m ² .

Example 1
The valve was constructed by fitting an elastic O-ring into a valve body machined from steel. The O-ring was made of a nitrile rubber material with a hardness of 1.76 megapascals (MPa) as determined by nanoindentation hardness measurement. The O-ring had a circular cross section with a diameter of 1.59 mm and an inner diameter of 20.46 mm. The O-ring was positioned using a metal alignment ring integral with the steel valve body and concentric with the valve orifice. The inner diameter of the valve opening was 19.32 mm. When assembled, this opening defined the flow area of the valve. During the test, an O-ring was attached to the valve body as shown in FIG. 5 so that no gas leakage was observed on the outer periphery. A PET (polyethylene terephthalate) valve flap consisting of a rectangular part (having a semicircular end with a diameter of 23.82 mm) with an elastic modulus of 3782 MPa and having a level equivalent to the top surface of the O-ring It was fixed to the valve body so as to extend. The PET flap had a thickness of 0.0356 mm, a hardness of 300 MPa, and a rigidity of 3.2 × 10 ⁻⁷ N · m ² . The flap was arranged in such a direction that the flap can be operated in a cantilever manner when opened and closed, and was fixed along one end so that the distance from the fixing point to the edge of the O-ring was 2.52 mm. The unfixed outer edge of the flap was aligned with the outer edge of the O-ring. To evaluate the flow performance of the valve, the assembly was attached to the aforementioned flow fixture and various airflows were passed through the valve. Leakage, differential capability, and valve efficiency were determined and the results are shown in Table 1 and FIG.

Example 2
The valve was manufactured by applying a thin coating of elastic material to the rigid valve body seat of a commercial valve assembly. Valve bodies used from commercially available valves are generally described in US Pat. Nos. 5,325,892 and 5,509,436 (given to Japuntich et al.) (St. Paul, Minn.) (3M Company, St. Paul, MN), a commercially available mask, a valve component employed in Model 8511. The hardness of the obtained valve body was 52 MPa. The valve seat of the present invention was made by coating the elastomer in the seat region of the valve body using the obtained valve body. The elastomer was applied to the valve body using a dissolved elastomer solution. The solution was SBS rubber, Finaprene 502 (Total Finna, Plano, TX) 80 g, pigment, SL14644236 (Clariant, Minneapolis, MN). ) 1.6 g, surfactant, Atmer 1759 (Unichema North America, Chicago, Illinois), prepared by blending with 1.6 g, toluene 248 g, and acetone 8 g. The material was charged into a mixing vessel and blended in a closed vessel for 3-4 hours at room temperature.After blending, the mixture was left for 12 hours.The solid content of the finished blend was 2 The valve seat was made by coating the valve body with the blended mixture, by immersing the valve body in the mixture for 1-2 seconds, and then removing the valve body from the mixture. The wetted valve body was then dried in an air circulating oven for 20 minutes at 82 ° C. Elastomer application in this manner resulted in an elastomer valve seat having a thickness of about 231 microns and a hardness of 7 MPa. Table 1 shows the hardness of the valve seat thus prepared.

Comparative Example 1
A commercially available mask valve assembly was evaluated using flow fixtures to determine leakage, valve differential capability, and valve efficiency, and the results are presented in Table 1 and FIG. The hardness of the valve seat surface was also determined and reported in Table 1. The shape of the valve is generally described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,325,892 and 5,509,436 (given to Japantich et al.), 3M (St. Paul, MN). ) (3M Company, St. Paul, MN) used in the valve body employed in the model 8511 mask available. The valve body was provided with a 3.3 square centimeter (cm ² ) circular orifice in the valve seat. The obtained valve was fixed to a flap holding surface of about 4 millimeters (mm) in length and assembled with a flap that crossed about 25 mm across the valve seat. The curved sealing ridge was about 0.51 mm wide. The flexible flap maintained a relationship adjacent to the sealing ridge in the neutral state regardless of the valve orientation. No valve lid was attached to the valve seat.

  From the results in Table 1, it can be seen that the valve of the present invention can demonstrate low leakage and improved differential capability and valve efficiency. The results also demonstrate that the valve seat of the present invention having the desired elastic surface can be produced by treating a conventional valve seat with a suitable elastic material.

  Various changes and modifications may be made to the present invention without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention. Accordingly, it is to be understood that the invention is not limited to that described above, but is limited by the limitations set forth in the following claims and any equivalents thereof. It should also be understood that the present invention can be suitably implemented without the elements not specifically disclosed herein.

1 is a front view of a filtration mask 10 that may be used in connection with the present invention. It is a fragmentary sectional view of the mask main body 12 of FIG. FIG. 3 is a cross-sectional view of the exhalation valve 14 taken along line 3-3 of FIG. FIG. 3 is a front view of a valve seat 20 that may be used with the present invention. FIG. 6 is a side view of an alternative embodiment of an exhalation valve 14 'that may be used in a filtration mask according to the present invention. FIG. 3 is a perspective view of a valve lid 40 that may be used to protect an exhalation valve. FIG. 4 is a graph plotting the ventilation resistance versus flow rate of a valve using an elastic sealing surface according to the present invention and a valve using a conventional sealing surface of a known commercially available valve.

Claims (43)

a) a mask body that fits over at least the nose and mouth of a human and is configured to define an internal gas space when worn; and
b) an exhalation valve fixed to the mask body and enabling fluid communication between the internal gas space and the external gas space,
(I) a valve seat comprising an elastic sealing surface and an orifice through which exhaled air can pass to flow out of the internal gas space; and
(Ii) in contact with the resilient sealing surface when the valve is in the closed position and can leave the sealing surface in response to exhalation, and exhalation passes through the orifice and eventually A flap attached to the valve seat so that it can flow into the external gas space,
An exhalation valve,
A filtration mask comprising:   The filtration mask according to claim 1, wherein the elastic sealing surface has a hardness of less than 0.015 GPa.   The filtration mask according to claim 1, wherein the elastic sealing surface has a hardness of less than 0.013 GPa.   The filtration mask according to claim 1, wherein the hardness of the elastic sealing surface is less than 0.01 GPa.   The filtration mask according to claim 1, wherein the elastic sealing surface has a hardness of 0.006 to 0.001 GPa.   The filtration mask according to claim 1, wherein the elastic sealing surface is fixed to the valve seat by adhesion, bonding, welding, frictional engagement, or a combination thereof.   The filtration mask according to claim 1, wherein the elastic sealing surface is disposed integrally with the valve seat.   The filtration mask according to claim 1, wherein a majority of the valve seat is manufactured from a relatively lightweight plastic molded into a single piece and having an elastic sealing surface bonded to the single molded object.   The filtration mask of claim 1, wherein the elastic sealing surface is at the top of the sealing ridge of the valve seat.   The filtration mask according to claim 1, wherein the sealing surface has a contact area curved in a concave shape, and the flap is in contact with the sealing surface in the contact area.   The filtration mask of claim 1, wherein the exhalation valve has a planar sealing surface that is aligned with a flap retaining surface when viewed from the side.   The filtration mask of claim 1, wherein the flap is a flexible flap.   The filtration mask according to claim 12, wherein the flexible flap is not pressed toward the sealing surface by a mechanical force or internal stress applied to the flexible flap.   The filtration mask of claim 12, wherein the flap is not biased or pushed into contact with the sealing surface in a neutral state.   The flexible flap does not droop significantly away from the sealing surface in an unbiased state when gravity is applied to the flap in essence, and the valve does not move away from the sealing surface. The filtration mask according to claim 12, which is arranged in an orientation such that it is arranged below.   13. The flap according to claim 12, wherein the flap contacts the sealing surface in any neutral position without the flap being biased toward the sealing surface in a neutral state. Filtration mask.   The flexible flap is in airtight contact with the sealing surface without any prestress or biasing force applied to the sealing surface, regardless of the orientation of the valve. Item 13. The filtration mask according to Item 12. The filtration mask of claim 1, wherein the flap has a stiffness of at least 5.9 × 10 ⁻¹¹ N / m ² . The filtration mask of claim 1, wherein the flap has a stiffness of at least 8.6 × 10 ⁻¹¹ N / m ² . The filtration mask of claim 1, wherein the flap has a stiffness of at least 1.1 × 10 ⁻¹⁰ N / m ² . The filtration mask according to claim 18, wherein the rigidity is less than 9.5 × 10 ⁻⁵ N / m ² . The filtration mask according to claim 18, wherein the flap has a rigidity of less than 3.4 × 10 ⁻⁵ N / m ² . The filtration mask of claim 18, wherein the flap has a stiffness of less than 3.2 × 10 ⁻⁷ N / m ² .   The filtration mask according to claim 1, wherein the exhalation valve is a flapper-type exhalation valve.   The filtration mask according to claim 1, wherein the exhalation valve is a button-type exhalation valve.   The filtration mask of claim 1, wherein the exhalation valve exhibits a ventilation resistance of less than 60 Pa at a flow rate of 85 L / min.   The filtration mask of claim 1, wherein the exhalation valve exhibits a ventilation resistance of less than 30 Pa at a flow rate of 85 L / min.   The filtration mask of claim 1, wherein the exhalation valve exhibits a ventilation resistance of less than 10 Pa at a flow rate of 85 L / min.   The filtration mask of claim 1, wherein the exhalation valve exhibits a ventilation resistance of less than 25 Pa at a flow rate of 10 L / min.   The filtration mask of claim 1, wherein the exhalation valve exhibits a ventilation resistance of less than 20 Pa at a flow rate of 10 L / min.   The filtration mask of claim 1, wherein the exhalation valve exhibits a ventilation resistance of less than 10 Pa at a flow rate of 10 L / min.   The filtration mask according to claim 1, wherein the exhalation valve exhibits a ventilation resistance of less than 30 Pa at a flow rate of 10 L / min to 85 L / min. The filtration mask of claim 1, wherein the exhalation valve exhibits a leak rate of less than 10 cm ³ / min. The filtration mask of claim 1, wherein the exhalation valve exhibits a leak rate of less than 8 cm ³ / min. The filtration mask of claim 1, wherein the exhalation valve exhibits a leak rate of less than 6 cm ³ / min.   The filtration mask of claim 1, wherein the exhalation valve exhibits a valve opening ventilation resistance of less than 25 Pa at 10 L / min.   The filtration mask of claim 1, wherein the exhalation valve exhibits a valve opening ventilation resistance of less than 20 Pa at 10 L / min.   The filtration mask of claim 1, wherein the exhalation valve exhibits a valve opening ventilation resistance of less than 10 Pa at 10 L / min.   37. The filtration mask of claim 36, wherein the exhalation valve exhibits a ventilation resistance of about 6-18 Pa at 10 L / min. The filtration mask of claim 1, wherein the valve efficiency is about 25 mW · g · cm ³ / min or less. The filtration mask of claim 1, wherein the valve efficiency is about 7 mW · g · cm ³ / min or less. The filtration mask of claim 1, wherein the valve efficiency is about 1 mW · g · cm ³ / min or less. a) a mask body that fits over at least the nose and mouth of a human and is configured to define an internal gas space when worn; and
b) an intake valve that enables fluid communication between the external gas space and the internal gas space,
(I) a valve seat comprising an elastic sealing surface and an orifice through which inhaled air can pass; and
(Ii) in contact with the elastic sealing surface when the valve is in the closed position, and can be separated from the elastic sealing surface in response to inhaling, and inhaled air passes through the orifice And a flap attached to the valve seat so that it can flow into the internal gas space,
An intake valve,
A filtration mask comprising:

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