JP2006521416A - Functional fluid having low Brookfield viscosity using base oil, base oil, and lubricating oil composition with high viscosity index, and method for producing and using the same - Google Patents

Abstract

The present invention relates to base stocks and base oils that exhibit an unexpected combination of high viscosity index (greater than 130) and a ratio of measured high shear / low temperature viscosity to theoretical high shear / low temperature viscosity at -30 ° C. Regarding the method. In particular, the present invention relates to low viscosity base stocks and base oils used in functional fluids. More particularly, the present invention relates to automatic transmission fluids that exhibit surprising low temperature Brookfield viscosity and methods for making the same.

Description

  The present invention relates to base stocks and base oils that exhibit an unexpected combination of a high viscosity index (above 130) and a ratio of measured high shear / low temperature viscosity to theoretical high shear / low temperature viscosity at -30 ° C. It relates to a manufacturing method. In particular, the present invention relates to low viscosity base stocks and base oils used in functional fluids. More particularly, the present invention relates to automatic transmission fluids that exhibit surprising low temperature Brookfield (BF) viscosities and methods for making same.

  API 1509 Addendum E is manufactured by a single manufacturer with the same specifications (regardless of the source of the raw material and the manufacturer's location) and is identified by a unique recipe, product identification number, or both Base oil (as opposed to base oil and lubricating oil composition) is defined as the hydrocarbon stream. Base stocks can be manufactured using a wide variety of manufacturing methods including, but not limited to, distillation, solvent refining, hydrotreating, oligomerization, esterification, and rerefining. The rerefined substrate shall be substantially free of materials introduced through manufacturing, contamination, or prior use. Base oil slate is a product line of base oils that have different viscosities but are classified into the same base oils and made by the same manufacturer. A base oil is a base oil or a blend of base oils used in a formulated lubricating oil composition. The lubricating oil composition may be a base oil or base oil that may be used alone or mixed with other base oils, oils, or functional additives.

  Functional fluids include a wide range of lubricants used in automotive and industrial hydraulic systems, automatic transmissions, power steering systems, shock absorber fluids, and the like. These fluids must have carefully controlled viscosity characteristics because they provide power transmission and control in the mechanical system. In addition, these fluids may be formulated to provide multi-grade performance to operate reliably throughout the year in a changing climate.

  Automatic transmission fluid (ATF) is one of the most common functional fluids and is an integral part of all automatic transmissions. Automatic transmissions are used in about 80% to 90% of all vehicles in North America and Japan, and their use has become very common in other parts of the world. It is the most complex and costly subassembly contained in a vehicle, and its main OEM has stringent specifications that regulate every aspect of the components that are put into production, including functional fluids.

  ATF must have adequate viscosity characteristics at ambient start-up temperatures, which can be as low as -40 ° C, while maintaining sufficient viscosity at higher operating temperatures of 100 ° C and higher. ATF must also be oxidatively stable. This is because it is expected to be exposed to high temperatures and in some cases still used up to 100,000 miles. Furthermore, friction characteristics are important in order to smoothly control shifting by the clutch plate.

  ATF additive formulation science has made great strides to meet these viscosity and oxidation resistance requirements using solvent extracted mineral oils commonly referred to as Group I base stocks. However, over the past few years, hydrocracking base stocks, commonly referred to as Group II or Group III base stocks, have become more widely used as the performance requirements imposed on automatic transmission fluids have increased. I came. These base stocks provide improved low temperature performance and longer oxidation resistance life.

  Previous OEM ATF requirements were usually met using only Group I base stocks or Group I base stocks mixed with small amounts of Group II or Group III base stocks. More recently, however, major automobile manufacturers have increased the demands placed on ATF again by moving to smaller and higher power density designs that increase the need for improved viscosity properties. These new requirements have forced the industry to formulate ATF, which is mostly dominated by expensive Group III base stocks.

The tests used in describing the lubricating oil composition of the present invention are as follows.
(A) CCS viscosity measured by cold cranking simulator test (ASTM D5293),
(B) Viscosity index (VI) measured by ASTM D2270,
(C) Theoretical viscosity calculated by the Walter-MacCowl equation (ASTM D341 Addendum 1),
(D) kinematic viscosity as measured by ASTM D445,
(E) pour point as measured by ASTM D5950;
(F) Scanning Brookfield viscosity as measured by ASTM D5133,
(G) Brookfield viscosity as measured by ASTM D2983.

We note that ASTM D341's Walter-MacCoul equation calculates theoretical kinematic viscosity, while CCS reports absolute viscosity. In order to calculate the ratio used herein, we converted the Walter-MacCoul viscosity according to equation (I).
(I) Theoretical viscosity @T ₁ (° C.) = Walther-MacColl calculated kinematic viscosity @T ₁ (° C.) × Density @T ₁ (° C.)
[Where T ₁ is the desired temperature]
The density of −35 ° C. is estimated from the density of 20 ° C. using a well-known formula. For example, see (Non-Patent Document 1).

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  The present invention relates to base stocks and base oils that achieve improved viscosity performance at low temperatures (below about −25 ° C.). The present invention also includes a base oil derived from a waxy hydrocarbon feedstock of either a natural source, mineral source, or synthetic source (eg, a Fischer-Tropsch type manufacturing method), and a new industry Brookfield It relates to a formulated functional fluid that can be used to formulate ATF that meets viscosity limits while still allowing significant quantities of Group II base stocks to be utilized. The present invention also relates to such base oils, base stocks, and formulated functional fluids, as well as manufacturing methods or methods for manufacturing ATF.

More particularly, the present invention provides:
(A) a viscosity index (VI) of 130 or greater;
(B) a pour point of −10 ° C. or lower;
(C) Ratio of measured low temperature viscosity to theoretical low temperature viscosity equal to or less than 1.2 at temperatures below -30 ° C. (where the measured viscosity is the cold crank simulator viscosity and the theoretical viscosity is -Calculated at the same temperature using the McCoul equation.
Functional fluids incorporating base stocks having simultaneously a surprising and unexpected combination of the following characteristics:

  As used herein, the base stocks and base oils of the present invention will have a measured low temperature viscosity versus a theoretical low temperature viscosity of from about 0.8 to about 1.2 at temperatures below -30 ° C. Here, the measured viscosity is a cold crank simulator viscosity, and the theoretical viscosity is calculated at the same temperature using the Walter-MacCoul equation.

  The base oil composition of the present invention comprises not only the individual base oils as produced, but also two or more base oils and / or the resulting mixture or blend meets the base oil requirements of the present invention and / or Also included are mixtures or blends of base oils. The base oil compositions of the present invention encompass a range of useful viscosities, wherein the base oil kinematic viscosity at 100 ° C. is about 1.5 cSt to 8.5 cSt, preferably about 2 cSt to 6 cSt, more preferably about 3 cSt to 5 cSt. It is. The base oils of the present invention encompass a range of useful pour points, which are from about -9 ° C to above -30 ° C, preferably from about -12 ° C to above -30 ° C, more preferably about -15 ° C. ~ Over -30 ° C. In some cases, the pour point can range from −18 ° C. to −30 ° C., and can also range from −20 ° C. to −30 ° C.

The functional fluid of the present invention includes
(A) less than 5 wt% of the feedstock is 650F (343 ℃) ^- it is converted to the product, as VI increases to produce a hydrotreated feedstock is an increase of less than 4 from VI feedstocks Hydrotreating a feedstock having a wax content of at least about 50% by weight based on the feedstock with a hydrotreating catalyst under effective hydrotreating conditions;
(B) stripping or distilling the hydrotreated feedstock to separate the gaseous product from the liquid product;
(C) Under effective catalytic hydrodewaxing conditions, ZSM-22, ZSM-23, ZSM-35, ZSM-48, ZSM-57, Ferrierite, ECR-42, ITQ-13, MCM-68, MCM Hydrodewaxing the liquid product with a dewaxing catalyst that is at least one of -71, zeolite beta, fluorinated alumina, silica-alumina, or fluorinated silica alumina, wherein The dewaxing catalyst comprises at least one Group 9 or Group 10 noble metal;
(D) optionally hydrotreating the product obtained from step (c) under hydrorefining conditions with a M41S family mesoporous hydrotreating catalyst;
Incorporates a base oil or base oil that can be produced by

In addition, the base oil and base oil incorporated in the functional fluid of the present invention have the following characteristics:
(A) a saturate content of at least 90% by weight;
(B) a sulfur content of 0.03% by weight or less;
Can be included.

Other embodiments of the invention include:
(A) a kinematic viscosity of about 1.5 to about 8.5 mm ² / sec at 100 ° C .;
(B) a viscosity index of about 110 to 160;
(C) a pour point of less than about −9 ° C .;
(D) a saturate content of about 92-100%,
A functional fluid comprising at least one base stock having

  The performance additives used in the present invention may be, for example, individual additives as components, one or more individual additives or combinations of components as additive systems, one or more as additive concentrates or packages. And a combination of one or more suitable diluent oils. Additive concentrates include ingredient concentrates as well as additive packages. In many cases, when making or formulating lubricating oil compositions or functional fluids, viscosity modifiers or viscosity index improvers do not depend on the use of ingredients, concentrates, or other performance additives in the form of packages. It can be used individually as a component or concentrate.

  Surprisingly, a low measured viscosity to theoretical viscosity ratio that identifies one unexpected performance advantage of the base stock and base oil incorporated into the present invention is less than -35 ° C, such as up to -40 ° C, or It can also be expected to be observed even at lower temperatures. Thus, at these low temperatures, the actual viscosities of the base stocks and base oils of the present invention are expected to approach the desired ideal theoretical viscosity, while the comparative base stocks and base oils are Expected to deviate significantly (i.e., higher measured viscosity to theoretical viscosity ratio).

  The base oils and base oils of the present invention incorporated into the present invention can have a viscosity index of 130 or higher, preferably 135 or higher, and in some cases 140 or higher. The desired pour point of the base oils and base oils of the present invention is about −9 ° C. or lower, preferably −12 ° C. or lower, and in some cases more preferably −15 ° C. or lower. In some cases, the pour point may be -18 ° C or lower, more preferably -20 ° C or lower. For the base stocks and base oils of the present invention, the desired measured to theoretical ratio of low temperature cold cranking simulator (CCS) viscosity is about 1.2 or less, preferably about 1.16 or less, more preferably about 1.12. Is equal to In the low temperature viscosity profiles of the base stocks and base oils of the present invention, the desired base stocks and base oils of the present invention are less than 5500 cP, preferably less than 5200 cP, in some cases more preferably 5000 cP at -35 ° C. Having a CCS viscosity of less than

  Thanks to the highly advantageous low temperature (−30 ° C. or lower) properties of these base stocks and base oils, the performance of the finished functional fluid is determined by the sum of the base stocks and base oils contained in such compositions. Beneficially improved at concentrations of 20% by weight and higher. Preferably, these base oils and base oils are combined with other individual base oils and base oils into the functional fluid of the present invention to provide significant low temperature performance in the finished lubricating oil composition or functional fluid. Get the above advantages. More preferably, these base oils and base oils can be used in a total amount of 20% by weight or more of the base oils and base oils contained in the compounded functional fluid without impairing the action of the element of the present invention. is there. In a specific case, the base oil is most preferably 40% by weight or more of the total amount of the base oil and the base oil in the finished lubricating oil composition or the functional fluid, and further the total of the base oil and the base oil is 60%. It can be used at a weight percentage or more.

  The inventors have obtained the unexpected finding that the base oils and base oils described herein can be used in functional fluids to produce ATF that exceeds the new OEM Brookfield viscosity limit for ATF. It was.

  The present invention relates to a functional fluid and method for optimizing the low temperature Brookfield viscosity of an automatic transmission fluid. More particularly, the base oil incorporated into the functional fluid of the present invention has an unexpectedly high viscosity index (greater than 130) and a ratio of measured high shear / low temperature viscosity to theoretical high shear / low temperature viscosity at -30 ° C. or lower. And can be advantageously used to formulate low viscosity finished functional fluids, especially automatic transmission fluids (ATF).

  Automatic transmission fluid (ATF) is one of the most common functional fluids and is an integral part of all automatic transmissions. Automatic transmissions are used in about 80% to 90% of all vehicles in North America and Japan, and their use has become very common in other parts of the world. It is the most complex and costly subassembly contained in a vehicle, and its main OEM has stringent specifications that regulate every aspect of the components that are put into production, including functional fluids.

  The automatic transmission includes a torque converter or clutch assembly, a planetary gear, an output drive, and a hydraulic system. The ATF acts as a working fluid for transmitting power from the engine via a torque converter or clutch assembly and for initiating complex control to engage the gears to provide the proper vehicle speed.

  ATF must have adequate viscosity characteristics at ambient start-up temperatures, which can be as low as -40 ° C, while maintaining sufficient viscosity at higher operating temperatures of 100 ° C and higher. ATF must also be oxidatively stable. This is because it is expected to be exposed to high temperatures and in some cases still used up to 100,000 miles. Furthermore, friction characteristics are important in order to smoothly control shifting by the clutch plate.

  ATF additive formulation science has made great strides to meet these viscosity and oxidation resistance requirements using solvent extracted mineral oils commonly referred to as Group I base stocks. However, over the past few years, as the performance requirements imposed on automatic transmission fluids have increased, manufacturers have come to consider hydrocracking bases commonly referred to as Group II or Group III base stocks to meet more stringent requirements. It has become dependent on oil.

  Recently, major automobile manufacturers have increased the performance specifications required for ATF again as they have moved to smaller and higher power density designs that have increased the need for improved viscosity properties. (See Table 1) In particular, lower viscosities are required at lower operating temperatures to ensure proper hydraulic operation of the components.

  Previous OEM ATF requirements were usually met using only Group I base stocks or Group I base stocks blended with Group II or Group III base stocks. These new stringent performance requirements can only be met by formulating ATF from much more expensive Group III and Group IV base stocks.

  The high viscosity index base oil incorporated in the functional fluid of the present invention has excellent low-temperature performance as compared with other high viscosity index base oils. Performance differences are most important in the temperature range below −30 ° C. where conventional high viscosity index base stocks deviate significantly from theoretical viscosity. Specifically, the measured low temperature CCS viscosity of a comparative conventional high viscosity index base oil is the viscosity value predicted for the expected theoretical viscosity of the same base oil at low temperature (Walther-MacCoul equation) ) Tend to shift toward higher viscosity values (FIG. 1).

  The base oils and base oils of the present invention incorporated into the functional fluids of the present invention are surprisingly those of the base oils and base oils described according to the Walter-MacColl formula (ASTM D341 supplement). More ideal and highly desirable performance predicted by theoretical viscosity behavior. Furthermore, the base stocks and base oils of the present invention have been found to be surprisingly different from available commercial Group III base oils with respect to the ratio of measured low temperature viscosity to theoretical low temperature viscosity. Here, the actual viscosity is measured as a cold cranking simulator (CCS) viscosity at a temperature of −30 ° C. or lower, and the theoretical viscosity is a Walter-MacCoul equation (Walter-MacCoull) equation at the same temperature as the measured CCS viscosity ( Derived from ASTM D341, Addendum). CCS viscosity is measured under high shear conditions, while Brookfield viscosity is measured under low shear conditions.

  The base oil and base oil incorporated in the functional fluid of the present invention have a measured viscosity to theoretical viscosity ratio of 1.2 or less, preferably 1.16 or less, and in many cases, more preferably 1.12 or less. Has unique and highly desirable properties. Base oils and base oils having a measured viscosity to theoretical viscosity ratio of less than about 1.2 and a ratio close to 1.0 are highly desirable. This is because a lower ratio suggests significant advantages in low temperature performance and operability. However, currently available Group III base stocks and base oils have a characteristic measured viscosity to theoretical viscosity ratio of 1.2 or higher, suggesting poorer base oil low temperature viscosity and operability. Is done. In some cases it is preferred to have a measured viscosity to theoretical viscosity ratio of about 0.8 to about 1.2.

In one embodiment of the present invention, the functional fluid of the present invention includes
(A) a viscosity index (VI) of 130 or greater;
(B) a pour point of −10 ° C. or lower;
(C) Ratio of measured low temperature viscosity to theoretical low temperature viscosity equal to or less than 1.2 at temperatures below -30 ° C. (where the measured viscosity is the cold crank simulator viscosity and the theoretical viscosity is -Calculated at the same temperature using the McCoul equation.
Incorporates a base stock that simultaneously has a surprising and unexpected combination of properties.

In addition, the base oil and base oil incorporated in the functional fluid of the present invention also have the following characteristics:
(A) a saturate content of at least 90% by weight;
(B) a sulfur content of 0.03% by weight or less;
Can be included.

  Products incorporating the base stocks or base oils of the present invention have distinct advantages over other similar products made from conventional Group II and Group III base stocks. One embodiment of the present invention is a blended functional fluid comprising a base oil and base oil of the present invention in combination with one or more additional co-base oils and base oils. Another embodiment of the present invention is a blended functional fluid comprising a base stock and base oil of the present invention in combination with one or more performance additives. The present invention is surprisingly advantageous in applications where low temperature properties are important to the performance of the finished functional fluid. More particularly, it has been found that functional fluids of the present invention incorporating these base stocks or base oils produce ATFs that exhibit unexpectedly excellent Brookfield viscosity performance results.

Other embodiments of the invention include:
(I) about 1.5 to about 8.5 mm ² / sec at 100 ° C., preferably about 2.0 to about 6.0 mm ² / sec at 100 ° C., more preferably about 3.0 to about 5 at 100 ° C. A kinematic viscosity of 0.0 mm ² / sec, a viscosity index of about 110 to about 160, preferably about 120 to about 150, more preferably about 130 to about 150, and about −9 ° C. or less, preferably about −12 ° C. or less. At least one base oil having a pour point of more preferably about −15 ° C. or less and a saturate content of about 92 to about 100% by weight, more preferably about 96 to about 100% by weight;
(Ii) optionally, a kinematic viscosity of about 1.5 to about 8.5 mm ² / sec at 100 ° C., a viscosity index of about 90 or more, a pour point of about −15 ° C. or less, and about 92 to about 100 mass. From about 0 volume% to about 80 volume%, preferably from about 0 volume% to about 50 volume% hydrocracked, including one or more hydrocracked base stocks having a saturate content of A Group II or Group III base stock mixture,
Wherein the base stock (i) of the present invention is present in an amount of from about 20% to about 100%, preferably from about 40% to about 100% by volume of the base oil blend;
The hydrocracked base stock (ii) is present in an amount from about 0% to about 80%, preferably from about 0% to about 60% by volume of the base oil blend;
The base oil mixture has a base oil blend kinematic viscosity of about 3 to about 6.5 mm ² / sec at 100 ° C., preferably about 3.5 mm ² / sec to about 5.5 mm ² / sec at 100 ° C. A mixture having a viscosity index of about 100 to about 150, preferably about 120 to about 150, and a pour point of about -12 ° C or lower, preferably about -15 ° C or lower;
(Iii) optionally at least one performance additive;
A functional fluid containing
A kinematic viscosity of about 4.5 to about 9.5 mm ² / sec at 100 ° C., preferably about 5.5 to about 8.5 mm ² / sec at 100 ° C., a viscosity index of about 150 to about 230, and about − A pour point of 42 ° C. or less and a Brookfield viscosity of about 20,000 cP or less at −40 ° C., preferably about 15,000 cP or less at −40 ° C., more preferably about 10,000 cP or less at −40 ° C. It is a functional fluid.

[Production method]
Functional fluids derived by incorporating base stocks and base oils produced by this manufacturing method not only show a unique combination of physical properties, but are also distinguished and differentiated from available commercial products. Shows unique composition characteristics. Thus, functional fluids incorporating the base stocks and base oils of the present invention derived from the manufacturing methods described herein are unique chemicals that uniquely define the base stocks and base oils of the present invention. It is expected to have compositional, molecular and structural characteristics.

  The base oil and base oil incorporated into the functional fluid of the present invention are produced according to a production method including converting a waxy feedstock to produce a lubricating oil having a high viscosity index, and having a high yield. Manufactured at a rate. It is thus possible to obtain base stocks and base oils having a VI of at least 130, preferably at least 135, more preferably at least 140 and having excellent low temperature properties. These base stocks can be prepared in high yields while having excellent properties such as high VI and low pour point.

  The waxy feedstock used in these production methods can be derived from natural or mineral sources or synthetic sources. The raw material subjected to this production method may have a waxy paraffin content of at least 50% by weight, preferably at least 70% by weight, more preferably at least 80% by weight. Preferred synthetic waxy feedstocks generally have a waxy paraffin weight content of at least 90% by weight, often at least 95% by weight, and in some cases at least 97% by weight. Further, the waxy feedstock used in these production methods to produce the base stock and base oil of the present invention is one or more individual natural, mineral, or synthetic waxy feedstocks, or Any mixture thereof may be included.

  Furthermore, the raw material provided for these production methods may be derived from a conventional mineral oil or may be derived from a synthetic production method. For example, derived from synthetic manufacturing methods include GTL (gas-to-liquid) or FT (Fischer-Tropsch) carbonization manufactured by manufacturing methods such as the Fischer-Tropsch process or the Kolbel-Englehardt process. Hydrogen may be mentioned. Many of the preferred feedstocks are characterized as having predominantly saturated (paraffinic) compositions.

  More specifically, the feedstock used in the production process of the present invention has a boiling point in the lubricating oil range, typically as measured by ASTM D86 or ASTM 2887, typically 10% above 650F (343 ° C). It is a wax-containing raw material with a starting point and is derived from a mineral source or a synthetic source. The wax content of the feedstock is at least about 50% by weight, based on the feedstock, and may have up to 100% by weight wax. The wax content of the raw material can be determined by nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (ASTM D5292), by correlation ndM method (ASTM D3238), or by solvent method (ASTM D3235). Waxy raw materials can be derived from several sources, such as natural or mineral sources or synthetic sources. In particular, as the waxy raw material, for example, oil derived from a solvent refining process such as raffinate, partial solvent dewaxed oil, history oil, distillate oil, vacuum gas oil, coker gas oil, slack wax, foots oil, etc. And Fischer-Tropsch wax. Preferred raw materials are slack wax and Fischer-Tropsch wax. Slack waxes are typically derived from hydrocarbon feedstocks by solvent dewaxing or propane dewaxing. Slack waxes contain some residual oil and are typically deoiled. Foots oil is derived from deoiled slack wax. In the Fischer-Tropsch synthesis process, Fischer-Tropsch wax is prepared. Examples of suitable waxy feedstocks include Paraflint 80 (hydrogenated Fischer-Tropsch wax) and Shell MDS waxy raffinate (hydrogenated and partially isomerized middle distillate synthetic waxy raffinate). However, it is not limited to these.

  The feedstock may have a high content of nitrogen and sulfur pollutants. Raw materials containing up to 0.2% by weight of nitrogen and up to 3.0% by weight of sulfur, based on the raw material, can be treated with the production method of the present invention. Raw materials having a high wax content typically have a high viscosity index of up to 200 or more. Sulfur and nitrogen content can be measured by standard ASTM methods D5453 and D4629, respectively.

  For raw materials derived from solvent extraction, the high boiling petroleum fraction obtained from atmospheric distillation is sent to a vacuum distillation unit, and the distillation fraction obtained from this unit is solvent extracted. The residue obtained from the vacuum distillation can be retraced. The solvent extraction process selectively dissolves aromatic components in the extract phase, while leaving more paraffinic components in the raffinate phase. Naphthenes are distributed between the extract phase and the raffinate phase. Typical solvents that are subjected to solvent extraction include phenol, furfural, and N-methylpyrrolidone. By controlling the solvent to oil ratio, the extraction temperature, and the manner in which the extracted distillate is contacted with the solvent, the degree of separation between the extract phase and the raffinate phase can be controlled.

[Hydrogenation]
In hydroprocessing, the catalyst is effective for hydroprocessing such as catalysts containing Group 6 metals (based on the IUPAC periodic table system having Groups 1-18), Groups 8-10 metals, and mixtures thereof. Catalyst. Preferred metals include nickel, tungsten, molybdenum, cobalt, and mixtures thereof. These metals or mixtures of metals typically exist as oxides or sulfides supported on a refractory metal oxide support. A mixture of metals may also be present as a bulk metal catalyst, in which case the amount of metal is 30% by weight or more based on the catalyst. Suitable metal oxide supports include oxides such as silica, alumina, silica-alumina, or titania, preferably alumina. A preferred alumina is a porous alumina such as gamma alumina or beta alumina. The amount of metal, either alone or in a mixture, ranges from about 0.5 to 35% by weight based on the catalyst. In the case of a preferred mixture of a Group 9-10 metal and a Group 6 metal, the Group 9-10 metal is present in an amount of 0.5-5% by weight, based on the catalyst, Present in an amount of 5-30% by weight. The amount of metal can be measured by atomic absorption spectrometry, inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry, or other methods defined by ASTM for individual metals.

  The acidity of the metal oxide support can be controlled by adding accelerators and / or dopants or by controlling the properties of the metal oxide support, for example, controlling the amount of silica incorporated into the silica-alumina support. Can be controlled. Examples of promoters and / or dopants include halogens, particularly fluorine, phosphorus, boron, yttria, rare earth oxides, and magnesia. Accelerators such as halogens generally increase the acidity of metal oxide supports, whereas weakly basic dopants such as yttria or magnesia tend to decrease the acidity of such supports. .

The hydrotreating conditions are 150-400 ° C., preferably 200-350 ° C., 1480-20786 kPa (200-3000 psig), preferably 2859-13891 kPa (400-2000 psig) hydrogen partial pressure, 0.1-10 liquid hourly space velocity (LHSV), preferably a space velocity of 0.1～5LHSV, and ^{89~1780m 3 / m 3 (500~10000scf /} B), preferably comprises a hydrogen to feed ratio of 178~890m ³ / ^{m 3} .

  Hydroprocessing reduces the amount of nitrogen-containing and sulfur-containing contaminants to a level that does not unacceptably affect the dewaxing catalyst in subsequent dewaxing steps. There may also be polynuclear aromatic species that pass through the mild hydroprocessing step of the present invention. These contaminants, if present, will be removed in a subsequent hydrorefining step.

  During hydroprocessing, less than 5%, preferably less than 3%, more preferably less than 2% by weight of the feedstock is converted to 650 ° F. (343 ° C.)-Product, increasing the VI of the feedstock. To a hydrotreated feedstock that is an increase of less than 4, preferably less than 3, more preferably less than 2. Due to the high wax content of the raw material of the present invention, the increase in VI during the hydrotreatment process is minimized.

  The hydrotreated feedstock may be sent directly to the dewaxing process or preferably stripped to remove gaseous contaminants such as hydrogen sulfide and ammonia prior to dewaxing. . Stripping can be done by conventional means such as a flash drum or a fractionator.

[Dewaxing catalyst]
The dewaxing catalyst may be crystalline or amorphous. The crystalline material is a molecular sieve containing at least one 10 or 12 ring channel and may be based on aluminosilicate (zeolite) or silicoaluminophosphate (SAPO). The zeolite used for oxygenate treatment may contain at least one 10 or 12 channel. Examples of such zeolites include ZSM-22, ZSM-23, ZSM-35, ZSM-48, ZSM-57, ferrierite, ITQ-13, MCM-68, and MCM-71. An example of an aluminophosphate containing at least one 10-ring channel is ECR-42. Examples of molecular sieves containing 12-ring channels include zeolite beta and MCM-68. The molecular sieve is described in (Patent Documents 1 to 7). MCM-68 is described in (Patent Document 8). MCM-71 and ITQ-13 are described in (Patent Document 9) and (Patent Document 10). ECR-42 is disclosed in (Patent Document 11). Preferred catalysts include ZSM-48, ZSM-22, and ZSM-23. Particularly preferred is ZSM-48. The molecular sieve is preferably in the hydrogen form. The reduction can be performed in situ during the dewaxing process or can be performed ex situ in another vessel.

  Amorphous dewaxing catalysts include alumina, fluorinated alumina, silica-alumina, fluorinated silica-alumina, and silica-alumina doped with a Group 3 metal. Such catalysts are described in, for example, (Patent Document 12) and (Patent Document 13).

  The dewaxing catalyst is bifunctional. That is, a metal hydrogenation component that is at least one Group 6 metal, at least one Group 8-10 metal, or a mixture thereof is filled. Preferred metals are Group 9-10 metals. Particularly preferred are Group 9-10 noble metals such as Pt, Pd, or mixtures thereof (based on the IUPAC periodic table system having Groups 1-18). These metals are filled in a proportion of 0.1 to 30% by weight, based on the catalyst. The catalyst preparation method and the metal filling method are described in, for example, (Patent Document 14), and examples thereof include an ion exchange method and an impregnation method using a decomposable metal salt. The metal dispersion method and catalyst particle size control are described in (Patent Document 2). A catalyst having a small particle size and a well dispersed metal is preferred.

  Molecular sieves are typically combined with a binder material that can withstand high temperatures that may be utilized under dewaxing conditions to form a finished dewaxing catalyst or contain no binder (self-bonded) . The binder material is typically an inorganic oxide, for example, silica, alumina, silica-alumina, two combinations of silica and other metal oxides (titania, magnesia, tria, zirconia, etc.) and their oxidation 3 types of combinations (silica-alumina-tria, silica-alumina-magnesia, etc.). The amount of molecular sieve in the finished dewaxing catalyst is 10-100, preferably 35-100% by weight, based on the catalyst. Such a catalyst is formed by a method such as spray drying or extrusion. The dewaxing catalyst can be used in a sulfurized or non-sulfurized form, and is preferably in a sulfurized form.

Effective dewaxing conditions include a temperature of 250-400 ° C., preferably 275-350 ° C., a pressure of 79-1-20786 kPa (100-3000 psig), preferably a pressure of 1480-17339 kPa (200-2500 psig), 0.1-10 hr ⁻¹ , preferably a liquid hourly space velocity of 0.1～5Hr ^-1, and ^{45~1780m 3 / m 3 (250~10000scf /} B), hydrogen preferably ^{89~890m 3 / m 3 (500~5000scf /} B) Includes processing gas rate.

[Hydro-refining]
At least a portion of the product obtained from the dewaxing is sent directly to the hydrorefining process without separation. In order to adjust the product quality to the desired specifications, it is preferred to hydrotreat the product obtained from the dewaxing. Hydrorefining is a form of mild hydroprocessing aimed at saturating lube oil range olefins and residual aromatics, if any, and removing residual heteroatoms and colorants, if any. Post-dewaxing hydrorefining is usually carried out continuously following the dewaxing step. Generally, hydrorefining will be performed at a temperature of about 150 ° C to 350 ° C, preferably 180 ° C to 250 ° C. The total pressure is typically 2859-20786 kPa (about 400-3000 psig). Liquid hourly space velocity is typically 0.1~5LHSV ^{(hr -1),} preferably 0.5～3Hr ^-1, hydrogen treat gas rates, 44.5~1780m ³ / ^{m 3} (250 -10,000 scf / B).

  The hydrorefining catalyst is a catalyst containing a Group 6 metal (based on the IUPAC periodic table system having Groups 1-18), a Group 8-10 metal, and mixtures thereof. Preferred metals include at least one noble metal having a strong hydrogenating function, in particular platinum, palladium, and mixtures thereof. A mixture of metals may also be present as a bulk metal catalyst, in which case the amount of metal is 30% by weight or more based on the catalyst. Suitable metal oxide supports include low acid oxides such as silica, alumina, silica-alumina, or titania, preferably alumina. A preferred hydrorefining catalyst for the saturation of aromatic compounds will comprise at least one metal having a relatively strong hydrogenation function supported on a porous support. Typical support materials include amorphous or crystalline oxide materials such as alumina, silica, and silica-alumina. The metal content of the catalyst is often about 20% by weight with respect to the non-noble metal. The noble metal is usually present in an amount up to about 1% by weight.

  The hydrorefining catalyst is preferably a mesoporous material belonging to the M41S class or M41S group catalyst. The M41S group catalyst is a mesoporous material having a high silica content, and its preparation is further described in (Non-Patent Document 2). Examples included MCM-41, MCM-48, and MCM-50. Mesoporous means a catalyst having a pore size of 15-100 mm. A preferred member of this class is MCM-41, the preparation of which is described in US Pat. MCM-41 is an inorganic porous non-lamellar phase having hexagonal structured uniform size pores. The physical structure of MCM-41 is a structure like a bundle of straws, and the opening of the straw (cell diameter of the pores) is in the range of 15 to 100 angstroms. MCM-48 has cubic symmetry and is described, for example, in US Pat. MCM-41 with pore openings of various sizes in the mesoporous range can be made. The mesoporous material may retain a metal hydrogenation component that is at least one of a Group 8, Group 9, or Group 10 metal. Preferred are noble metals, especially Group 10 noble metals, most preferred are Pt, Pd, or mixtures thereof.

Generally, hydrorefining will be performed at a temperature of about 150 ° C to 350 ° C, preferably 180 ° C to 250 ° C. The total pressure is typically 2859-20786 kPa (about 400-3000 psig). Liquid hourly space velocity is typically 0.1~5LHSV ^{(hr -1),} preferably 0.5～3Hr ^-1, hydrogen treat gas rates, 44.5~1780m ³ / ^{m 3} (250 -10,000 scf / B).

In one embodiment, the present invention provides:
(1) Less than 5% by weight of the feedstock is converted to 650 ° F. (343 ° C.)-Product to produce a hydrotreated feedstock where the VI increase is less than 4 from the VI of the feedstock And hydrotreating a feedstock having a wax content of at least about 60% by weight based on the feedstock with a hydrotreating catalyst under effective hydrotreating conditions;
(2) stripping the hydrotreated feedstock to separate the gaseous product from the liquid product;
(3) Under effective catalytic hydrodewaxing conditions, ZSM-48, ZSM-57, ZSM-23, ZSM-22, ZSM-35, Ferrierite, ECR-42, ITQ-13, MCM-71, MCM Hydrodewaxing the liquid product with a dewaxing catalyst that is at least one of -68, zeolite beta, fluorinated alumina, silica-alumina, or fluorinated silica alumina, wherein The dewaxing catalyst comprises at least one Group 9 or Group 10 noble metal;
Relates to a functional fluid comprising at least one base stock having a VI of at least 130 produced by a production process comprising:

Other embodiments of the invention include:
(1) Less than 5% by weight of the feedstock is converted to 650 ° F. (343 ° C.) ^- Product to produce a hydrotreated feedstock where the increase in VI is less than 4 from the feedstock VI Hydrotreating a lubricating feedstock having a wax content of at least about 50% by weight based on the feedstock with a hydrotreating catalyst under effective hydrotreating conditions;
(2) stripping the hydrotreated feedstock to separate the gaseous product from the liquid product;
(3) Under effective catalytic hydrodewaxing conditions, ZSM-22, ZSM-23, ZSM-35, Ferrierite, ZSM-48, ZSM-57, ECR-42, ITQ-13, MCM-68, MCM Hydrodewaxing the liquid product with a dewaxing catalyst that is at least one of -71, zeolite beta, fluorinated alumina, silica-alumina, or fluorinated silica-alumina, wherein The dewaxing catalyst comprises at least one Group 9 or Group 10 noble metal;
(4) hydrotreating the product obtained from step (3) under hydrorefining conditions with a M41S group mesoporous hydrotreating catalyst;
Relates to a functional fluid comprising at least one base stock having a VI of at least 130 produced by a production process comprising:

Other embodiments of the invention include:
(1) less than 5 wt% of the feedstock is 650 ° F (343 ℃) ^- are converted to the product, VI increases to generate a hydrotreated feedstock with increased less than 4 from VI feedstocks A hydrotreating catalyst with a lubricating oil feedstock having a wax content of at least about 60% by weight, based on the feedstock, under effective hydrotreating conditions, to produce a hydrotreated feedstock. Hydrotreating, and
(2) stripping the hydrotreated feedstock to separate the gaseous product from the liquid product;
(3) hydrodewaxing the liquid product with a dewaxing catalyst that is ZSM-48 under effective catalytic hydrodewaxing conditions, wherein the dewaxing catalyst comprises at least one dewaxing catalyst. Containing a Group 9 or Group 10 noble metal of
(A) optionally hydrotreating the product obtained from step (3) with MCM-41 under hydrorefining conditions;
Relates to a functional fluid comprising at least one base stock having a VI of at least 130 produced by a production process comprising:
Additional details regarding the manufacturing method embodying the present invention can be found in co-pending application (US Pat. No. 6,057,036), which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety.

[Base oil and base oil]
A wide range of base stocks and base oils are known in the art. Base oils and base oils that can be used together with the unique base oils and base oils described herein as co-base oils or co-base oils for incorporation into the functional fluids of the present invention are natural oils, Mineral and synthetic oils. These lubricating base oils and base oils can be used individually or in any combination of mixtures in the present invention. Natural, mineral and synthetic oils (or mixtures thereof) can be used unrefined, refined or re-refined (the latter oils are also known as reclaimed or reprocessed oils) ing). Unrefined oils are oils obtained directly from natural, mineral or synthetic sources and are used without further purification. These include shale oil obtained directly from the dry distillation operation, petroleum oil obtained directly from primary distillation, and ester oil obtained directly from the esterification process. Refined oils are similar to those discussed in connection with unrefined oils, except that refined oils are subjected to one or more refining steps that improve at least one lubricating oil property. One skilled in the art is familiar with many purification processes. Examples of these processes include solvent extraction, distillation, secondary distillation, acid extraction, base extraction, filtration, percolation, dewaxing, hydroisomerization, hydrocracking, hydrorefining, and the like. Rerefined oil is obtained by a process similar to that of refined oil, except that the oil already used is used.

  Groups I, II, III, IV, and V were developed and defined by the American Petroleum Institute (API Publication 1509; www.API.org) to develop guidelines for lubricating base stocks and base oils. This is a broad category of base oils made. Group I base stocks generally have a viscosity index of about 80-120 and contain greater than about 0.03% by weight sulfur and / or less than about 90% saturates. Group II base stocks generally have a viscosity index of about 80-120 and contain no more than about 0.03% by weight sulfur and no less than about 90% saturates. Group III base stocks generally have a viscosity index greater than about 120 and contain no more than about 0.03% by weight sulfur and more than about 90% saturates. Group IV includes polyalphaolefins (PAO). Group V base stocks include base stocks not included in Groups I-IV. The properties of each of these five groups are summarized in Table 2 below.

  Base stocks and base oils can be derived from a number of sources. Natural oils include animal oils, vegetable oils (eg, castor oil and lard oil), and mineral oils. With respect to animal oils and vegetable oils, those having advantageous thermal oxidation stability can be used. Of the natural oils, mineral oil is preferred. Mineral oil varies greatly depending on its crude oil production area. For example, it may be paraffinic, naphthenic, or mixed paraffin-naphthenic. Oils derived from coal or shale are also useful in the present invention. Natural oils also vary depending on the method used for oil extraction and refining. For example, it varies depending on the distillation range, and whether it is straight-run, or decomposed, hydrorefined, or solvent extracted.

  Synthetic oils include hydrocarbon oils. Hydrocarbon oils include polymerized olefins and interpolymerized olefins [eg, polybutylene, polypropylene, propylene isobutylene copolymers, ethylene-olefin copolymers, and ethylene-alpha olefin copolymers, hydrocarbyl-substituted olefins (where hydrocarbyl is optionally O, N or S (which may contain N or S) polymers or copolymers]. Polyalphaolefin (PAO) oil base stocks are commonly used synthetic hydrocarbon oils. For example, PAOs derived from C8, C10, C12, C14 olefins, or mixtures thereof are available. (Patent Documents 18-20), which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety).

  Group III and PAO base stocks and base oils are typically available in several viscosity grades. For example, those having a kinematic viscosity at 100 ° C. of 4 cSt, 5 cSt, 6 cSt, 8 cSt, 10 cSt, 12 cSt, 40 cSt, 100 cSt, and those having any number of intermediate viscosity grades are available. In addition, PAO base stocks and base oils with high viscosity index properties are typically available of higher viscosity grades, such as those having a kinematic viscosity of 100 cSt to 3000 cSt or higher at 100 ° C. is there. PAOs that are known substances and are generally available on a large commercial scale from suppliers such as ExxonMobil Chemical Company, Chevron-Phillips, BP-Amoco, etc. The number average molecular weight of is typically in the range of about 250 to about 3000. PAOs are typically relatively low molecular weight hydrogenated polymers or oligomers of alpha olefins. Alpha olefins include, but are not limited to, C2 to about C32 alpha olefins, with C8 to about C16 alpha olefins such as 1-octene, 1-decene, 1-dodecene and the like being preferred. Preferred polyalphaolefins are poly-1-octene, poly-1-decene, and poly-1-dodecene, and mixtures thereof, as well as polyolefins derived from mixed olefins. However, it is also possible to use higher olefin dimers in the C14 to C18 range to provide an acceptable low volatility low viscosity base oil. Depending on viscosity grade and starting oligomers, PAO is primarily trimer and tetramer of starting olefins, including minor amounts of higher order oligomers, with a viscosity range of about 1.5-12 cSt. Would have. PAO base stocks and base oils can be used in formulated lubricating oil compositions or functional fluids individually or in any combination of two or more.

  PAO fluids include, for example, aluminum trichloride, boron trifluoride, boron trifluoride and water, alcohols (eg, ethanol, propanol, or butanol), carboxylic acids, or esters (eg, ethyl acetate or ethyl propionate) ), And in the presence of a polymerization catalyst such as a Friedel-Crafts catalyst. For example, the method disclosed in (Patent Document 21) or (Patent Document 22) can be conveniently used in the present invention. Other explanations regarding PAO synthesis are found in the following (Patent Documents 23 to 32). The dimer of C14 to C18 olefin is described in (Patent Document 33). All of the aforementioned patents are hereby incorporated by reference in their entirety.

  Other types of synthetic PAO base stocks and base oils include high viscosity index lubricating oil fluids as described in (Patent Document 19) and (Patent Document 20). They can be used very advantageously in combination with the base stocks and base oils of the present invention, and further in the formulated lubricating oil compositions or functional fluids of the present invention. For example, other useful synthetic lubricating oils as described in a paper (non-patent document 3) (which is incorporated in its entirety) can also be used.

  Other synthetic base stocks and base oils include hydrocarbon oils derived by oligomerizing or polymerizing low molecular weight compounds whose reactive groups are not olefinic and converting them to higher molecular weight compounds. In this case, the base oil having a lubricating viscosity may be further reacted or chemically modified in an additional process (for example, isomerization dewaxing, alkylation, esterification, hydroisomerization, dewaxing, etc.). It is also possible to obtain

  Hydrocarbyl aromatic base stocks and base oils are also widely used in lubricating oils and functional fluids. In alkylated aromatic stocks (eg, hydrocarbyl aromatic compounds), the alkyl substituent is typically an alkyl group of about 8-25 carbon atoms, usually about 10-18 carbon atoms, and There can be up to three such substituents. These alkylbenzenes are as described in (Non-Patent Document 4). Trialkylbenzenes can be produced by cyclodimerization of 1-alkynes of 8 to 12 carbon atoms as described in (Patent Document 34). Other alkylbenzenes are described in (Patent Document 35) and (Patent Document 36). Alkylbenzenes are used as lubricating base oils, especially for low temperature applications (Arctic vehicle oil and refrigeration oil) and in papermaking oils. They are linear such as Vista Chemical Company, Huntsman Chemical Co., Chevron Chemical Co., and Nippon Oil Co., Ltd. It is commercially available from the manufacturer of alkylbenzene (LAB). Linear alkylbenzenes typically have good low pour points and low temperature viscosities and VI values greater than 100, and also have good solvency for additives. Other alkylated aromatic compounds that can be used as desired are described in, for example, (Non-Patent Document 5). Aromatic base stocks and base oils include, for example, benzene, naphthalene, biphenyl, di-aryl ether, di-aryl sulfide, di-aryl sulfone, di-aryl sulfoxide, di-aryl methane or ethane or propane, or higher homologs And hydrocarbyl alkylated derivatives of mono- or di- or tri-aryl heterocyclic compounds containing one or more O, N, S, or P.

  The hydrocarbyl aromatic compound that can be used can be any hydrocarbyl molecule that is derived from an aromatic moiety such as at least about 5% by weight of a benzenoid or naphthenoid moiety or derivatives thereof. These hydrocarbyl aromatic compounds include alkylbenzene, alkylnaphthalene, alkyldiphenyl oxide, alkylnaphthol, alkyldiphenyl sulfide, alkylated bis-phenol A, alkylated thiodiphenol, and the like. Aromatic compounds can be monoalkyl, dialkyl, polyalkyl, and the like. The aromatic compound can be monofunctional or polyfunctional. The hydrocarbyl group can also be composed of a mixture of alkyl groups, alkenyl groups, alkynyl groups, cycloalkyl groups, cycloalkenyl groups, and other related hydrocarbyl groups. Hydrocarbyl groups can range from about C6 to about C60, but in many cases the range of about C8 to about C40 is preferred. In many cases, a mixture of hydrocarbyl groups is preferred. The hydrocarbyl group can optionally include substituents containing sulfur, oxygen, and / or nitrogen. Aromatic groups can also be derived from natural (petroleum) sources, provided that at least about 5% of the molecule is composed of aromatic moieties of the type described above. While it is desirable for the viscosity at 100 ° C. to be from about 3 cSt to about 50 cSt, for hydrocarbyl aromatic components, a viscosity of about 3.4 cSt to about 20 cSt is often more preferred. In one embodiment, alkylnaphthalenes are used in which the alkyl group is primarily composed of 1-hexadecene. Other alkylates of aromatic compounds can be used advantageously. For example, naphthalene can be alkylated with olefins such as octene, decene, dodecene, tetradecene, or higher olefins, mixtures of similar olefins, and the like. Useful concentrations of hydrocarbyl aromatics in the lubricating oil composition may vary from about 2% to about 25%, preferably from about 4% to about 20%, more preferably from about 4% to about 15%, depending on the application. It can be.

  Other useful base stocks include hydroisomerized waxy base stocks (eg, wax base stocks such as gas oils, slack waxes, fuel hydrocracker bottoms, etc.), hydroisomerized Fischer-Tropsch waxes. Including wax isomerate base stocks and base oils, gas-to-liquid (GTL) base stocks and base oils, and other wax isomerate hydroisomerization base stocks and base oils, or mixtures thereof. Fischer-Tropsch wax, a high-boiling residue of the Fischer-Tropsch synthesis, is a highly paraffinic hydrocarbon with a very low sulfur content. In the hydroprocessing used to produce such base stocks, an amorphous hydrocracking / hydroisomerization catalyst, such as one of the dedicated lube hydrocracking (LHDC) catalysts, or crystalline It is possible to use a hydrocracking / hydroisomerization catalyst, preferably a zeolitic catalyst. For example, one useful catalyst is ZSM-48 as described in US Pat. The production processes of hydrocracking / hydroisomerization distillate and hydrocracking / hydroisomerization wax are described in, for example, (Patent Document 37), (Patent Document 3), and (Patent Documents 38 to 43). Yes. Particularly advantageous production methods are described in (Patent Document 44) and (Patent Document 45). Production methods using Fischer-Tropsch wax raw materials are described in (Patent Document 46) and (Patent Document 47). Gas to liquid (GTL) base stocks and base oils, Fischer-Tropsch wax derived base stocks and base oils, and other wax isomerate hydroisomerization (wax isomerate) base stocks and base oils are included in the present invention. Used advantageously, as illustrated by GTL4 having a kinematic viscosity of about 3.8 cSt and a viscosity index of about 138 at 100 ° C., about 3 cSt to about 50 cSt, preferably about 3 cSt to about 30 cSt, more preferably about 3 It may have a useful kinematic viscosity at 100 ° C. of .5 cSt to about 25 cSt. Gas to liquid (GTL) base stocks and base oils, Fischer-Tropsch wax derived base stocks and base oils, and other wax isomerate hydroisomerization base stocks and base oils are useful at about −20 ° C. or less. It may have a pour point and, under some conditions, may have an advantageous pour point of about −25 ° C. or less, a useful pour point of about −30 ° C. to about −40 ° C. or less. . Useful compositions of gas-to-liquid (GTL) base stocks and base oils, Fischer-Tropsch wax derived base stocks and base oils, and wax isomerate hydroisomerization base stocks and base oils include, for example: 48-50), which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety.

  Gas-to-liquid (GTL) base stocks and base oils, Fischer-Tropsch wax derived base stocks and base oils have beneficial kinematic viscosity advantages over conventional Group II and Group III base stocks and base oils. In the present invention, it can be used as a co-base oil or a co-base oil. Gas-to-liquid (GTL) base stocks and base oils may have significantly higher kinematic viscosities up to about 20-50 cSt at 100 ° C., but in comparison, commercially available Group II base stocks and Base oils can have a kinematic viscosity at 100 ° C. up to about 15 cSt, and commercially available Group III base stocks and base oils can have a kinematic viscosity at 100 ° C. up to about 10 cSt. Compared to the more limited range of kinematic viscosities of Group II and Group III base stocks and base oils, the kinematic viscosities of gas-to-liquid (GTL) base stocks and base oils are higher. Further beneficial advantages can be provided in formulating lubricating oil compositions in combination with the present invention. Also, exceptionally low sulfur content gas-to-liquid (GTL) base stocks and base oils and other wax isomerate hydroisomerization base stocks and base oils may be combined with suitable low olefin oligomers and / or Or in combination with alkyl aromatic base stocks and base oils, and further in combination with the present invention, provides a further advantage in lubricating oil compositions where very low total sulfur content can have a beneficial effect on lubricating performance. be able to.

  Alkylene oxide polymers and interpolymers, and derivatives thereof containing modified terminal hydroxyl groups obtained, for example, by esterification or etherification, are useful synthetic lubricating oils. By way of example, these oils have ethylene oxide or propylene oxide, alkyl and aryl ethers of these polyoxyalkylene polymers (eg, methyl-polyisopropylene glycol ether having an average molecular weight of about 1000, molecular weight of about 500 to 1000 Polyethylene glycol diphenyl ether, and polypropylene glycol diethyl ether having a molecular weight of about 1000-1500, or their mono- and polycarboxylic esters (eg, acidic acid esters, mixed C3-8 fatty acid esters, or tetraethylene glycol C13). It can be obtained by polymerizing an oxo acid diester).

  Esters include useful base stocks. Additive solvency and seal fit characteristics can be ensured using esters such as esters of dibasic acids and monoalkanols and polyol esters of monocarboxylic acids. Examples of the former type of esters include phthalic acid, succinic acid, alkyl succinic acid, alkenyl succinic acid, maleic acid, azelaic acid, suberic acid, sebacic acid, fumaric acid, adipic acid, linoleic acid dimer, and malonic acid. And esters of dicarboxylic acids such as alkyl malonic acid, alkenyl malonic acid and the like with various alcohols such as butyl alcohol, hexyl alcohol, dodecyl alcohol, 2-ethylhexyl alcohol and the like. Specific examples of these types of esters include dibutyl adipate, di (2-ethylhexyl) sebacate, di-n-hexyl fumarate, dioctyl sebacate, diisooctyl azelate, diisodecyl azelate, dioctyl phthalate, didecyl phthalate , Jeicosil Sebacate and the like.

  Particularly useful synthetic esters are one or more polyhydric alcohols, preferably hindered polyols (eg neopentyl polyol, specifically neopentyl glycol, trimethylol ethane, 2-methyl-2-propyl-1 , 3-propanediol, trimethylolpropane, pentaerythritol-, and dipentaerythritol) and alkanoic acids containing at least about 4 carbon atoms, such as C5-C30 acids (e.g., saturated linear fatty acids, such as In particular, caprylic acid, capric acid, lauric acid, myristic acid, palmitic acid, stearic acid, arachidic acid, and behenic acid, or the corresponding branched or unsaturated fatty acids, specifically oleic acid, Or a mixture thereof) It is an ether.

  Suitable synthetic ester components include trimethylolpropane, trimethylolbutane, trimethylolethane, pentaerythritol, and / or dipentaerythritol and one or more monocarboxylic acids containing from about 5 to about 10 carbon atoms. And esters thereof. Such esters are widely available commercially, and include, for example, Mobil P-41 and P-51 esters [ExxonMobil Chemical Company].

  Other esters may include natural esters and derivatives thereof, fully or partially ester type, optionally containing free hydroxyl or carboxyl groups. Such esters may include glycerides, natural and / or modified vegetable oils, fatty acid or fatty alcohol derivatives.

  Silicone-based oils are another class of useful synthetic lubricants. These oils include polyalkyl-, polyaryl-, polyalkoxy-, and polyaryloxy-siloxane oils and silicate oils. Examples of suitable silicone oils include tetraethyl silicate, tetraisopropyl silicate, tetra- (2-ethylhexyl) silicate, tetra- (4-methylhexyl) silicate, tetra- (p-tert-butylphenyl) silicate, hexyl- (4-Methyl-2-pentoxy) disiloxane, poly (methyl) siloxane, and poly- (methyl-2-methylphenyl) siloxane.

  Another class of synthetic lubricating oils are esters of phosphorus-containing acids. These include, for example, tricresyl phosphate, trioctyl phosphate, diethyl ester of decane phosphonic acid.

  Other types of base stocks and base oils include polymeric tetrahydrofurans and analogs thereof, and reactive side groups or end groups that are partially or fully derivatized or O, N, or S And their derivatives capped with suitable hydrocarbyl groups which may be contained by

  The extremely beneficial viscosity advantages of the base stocks and base oils of the present invention can be realized in combination with one or more performance additives, and with the resulting formulated lubricating oil composition or functional fluid, The desired measured to theoretical viscosity ratio is realized below 25 ° C, preferably below -30 ° C. These lubricating oil compositions or functional fluids also have a unique and extremely high ratio of measured viscosity to theoretical viscosity of 1.2 or less, preferably 1.16 or less, and more preferably 1.12 or less. Has desirable properties. Thus, the measured viscosity versus theoretical viscosity characteristics of the base stocks and base oils of the present invention are retained even in the presence of performance additives, so the base oils and base oils of the present invention and one or more An improved formulated lubricating oil composition or functional fluid is obtained that includes performance additives.

[Performance additive]
The present invention relates to polar and / or nonpolar lubricating base oils and performance additives, such as, but not limited to, metal-containing and ashless antioxidants, metal-containing and ashless dispersants in lubricating oil compositions. , Metal-containing and ashless detergents, corrosion inhibitors and rust inhibitors, metal deactivators, antiwear agents (metal and non-metal types, low ash types, phosphorus-containing and phosphorus-free types, sulfur-containing types and Sulfur-free type), extreme pressure additive (metal type and non-metal type, phosphorus-containing type and phosphorus-free type, sulfur-containing type and sulfur-free type), anti-seizure agent, pour point depressant, wax modifier, viscosity index Can be used in combination with an effective amount of additional lubricating oil components such as improvers, viscosity modifiers, seal modifiers, friction modifiers, lubricants, antifouling agents, color formers, antifoam agents, demulsifiers, etc. Kill. For a review of many commonly used additives, see (Non-Patent Document 6). This reference also gives a good commentary on some of the lubricating oil additives discussed and discussed below. See also (Non-Patent Document 7). In particular, the base oils of the present invention comprise modern additives and / or additive systems and additive packages that impart low sulfur, low phosphorus, and / or low ash properties to formulated lubricating oil compositions or functional fluids. In combination, it can show significant performance advantages.

[Antiwear and extreme pressure agents]
Additional antiwear agents can also be used in the present invention. There are many different types of anti-wear agents, but for decades, the main anti-wear agent for internal combustion engine crankcase oils has been metal alkyl thiophosphates, more specifically metal dialkyls where the main metal component is zinc. Dithiophosphate or zinc dialkyldithiophosphate (ZDDP). ZDDP compounds generally have the formula: Zn [SP (S) (OR ¹ ) (OR ² )] ₂ [wherein R ¹ and R ² are C ₁ -C ₁₈ alkyl groups, preferably C ₂ represented by ~C an ₁₂ alkyl group]. These alkyl groups may be linear or branched. For example, suitable alkyl groups include isopropyl, 4-methyl-2-pentyl, and isooctyl. ZDDP is typically used in an amount of about 0.4% to about 1.4% by weight of the total lubricating oil composition, but often can be advantageously used in higher or lower amounts.

  However, phosphorus derived from these additives has been shown to have a detrimental effect on catalytic converter catalysts and even on automobile oxygen sensors. One way to minimize this effect is to replace part or all of the ZDDP with a phosphorus-free antiwear agent.

Various phosphorus-free additives are also used as antiwear agents. Sulfurized olefins are useful as antiwear and extreme pressure (EP) additives. Sulfur-containing olefins sulfidize various organic materials such as aliphatic, arylaliphatic, or alicyclic olefinic hydrocarbons containing about 3 to 30 carbon atoms, preferably 3 to 20 carbon atoms. Can be prepared. The olefinic compound contains at least one non-aromatic double bond. Such compounds are defined by the formula: R ³ R ⁴ C═CR ⁵ R ⁶ , wherein each of R ^{3 to} R ⁶ is independently hydrogen or a hydrocarbon group. Preferred hydrocarbon groups are alkyl groups or alkenyl groups. Any two members out of R ^{3 to} R ⁶ may be bonded to form a cyclic ring. Additional information regarding sulfurized olefins and their preparation can be found in (US Pat. No. 5,836,075), which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety.

The use of polysulfides of thiophosphorus acid and thiophosphorus acid esters as lubricating oil additives is disclosed in US Pat. Addition of phosphorothionyl disulfide as an antiwear agent, antioxidant, and EP additive is disclosed in (Patent Document 56). Lubricating alkylthiocarbamoyl compounds (eg, bis (dibutyl) thiocarbamoyl compounds) in combination with molybdenum compounds (eg, oxymolybdenum diisopropylphosphorodithioate sulfide) and phosphorous esters (eg, dibutylhydrogen phosphite) The use of oil as an antiwear agent is disclosed in (Patent Document 57). U.S. Patent No. 6,057,037 discloses the use of carbamate additives that provide improved antiwear and extreme pressure properties. The use of thiocarbamate as an antiwear agent is disclosed in (Patent Document 59). Molybdenum - thiocarbamate / molybdenum complexes such as sulfur alkyl dithiocarbamate trimer complex (R = C ₈ ~C ₁₈ alkyl) are also useful anti-wear agents. Each of the patents described above is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.

  It is possible to use esters of glycerol as antiwear agents. For example, mono-, di-, and tri-oleate, mono-palmitate, and mono-myristate can be used.

  ZDDP is used in combination with other compositions that provide abrasion resistance. (Patent Document 60) discloses that wear resistance can be improved by combining a thiodixanthogen compound (for example, octylthioxanthogen) and a metal thiophosphate (for example, ZDDP). (Patent Document 61) shows that wear resistance is improved by using a metal alkoxyalkylxanthate (for example, nickel ethoxyethylxanthate) and a dixanthogen (for example, diethoxyethyldixanthogen) in combination with ZDDP. It is disclosed.

  The antiwear agent can be used in an amount of about 0.01 to 6% by weight, preferably about 0.01 to 4% by weight.

[Viscosity index improver]
Viscosity index improvers (also known as VI improvers, viscosity modifiers, or viscosity improvers) impart high and low temperature operability to the lubricating oil. With these additives, shear stability is obtained at high temperatures and acceptable viscosity is obtained at low temperatures.

  Suitable viscosity index improvers include both low and high molecular weight hydrocarbons, polyesters, and viscosity index improving dispersants that function as both viscosity index improvers and dispersants. The typical molecular weight of these polymers is about 10,000 to 1,000,000, more typically about 20,000 to 500,00, and even more typically about 50,000 to 200,000. is there.

  Examples of suitable viscosity index improvers are methacrylates, butadiene, olefins, or alkylated styrene polymers and copolymers. Polyisobutylene is a commonly used viscosity index improver. Other suitable viscosity index improvers are polymethacrylates (eg, copolymers of alkyl methacrylates of various chain lengths), some of which also serve as pour point depressants. Other suitable viscosity index improvers include copolymers of ethylene and propylene, hydrogenated block copolymers of styrene and isoprene, and polyacrylates (eg, copolymers of acrylates of various chain lengths). Specific examples include styrene-isoprene-based or styrene-butadiene-based polymers having a molecular weight of about 50,000 to 200,000.

  Viscosity index improvers can be used in amounts of about 0.01 to 15% by weight, preferably about 0.01 to 10% by weight, and in some cases more preferably about 0.01 to 5% by weight.

[Antioxidant]
Antioxidants delay the oxidative degradation of the base oil during use. When such decomposition occurs, deposits can form on the metal surface, sludge can occur, or the viscosity of the lubricating oil can increase. Those skilled in the art are familiar with a wide variety of antioxidants useful in lubricating oil compositions. For example, see (Non-Patent Document 6) and (Patent Document 62) and (Patent Document 63) (the disclosures of which are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety). Useful antioxidants include hindered phenols. These phenolic antioxidants can be ashless (metal-free) phenolic compounds or neutral or basic metal salts of certain phenolic compounds. Typical phenolic antioxidant compounds are hindered phenolic compounds that are compounds containing sterically hindered hydroxyl groups, which include derivatives of dihydroxyaryl compounds in which the hydroxyl groups are in the o-position or p-position relative to each other. Is included. Typical phenolic antioxidants include hindered phenols substituted with C ₆ + alkyl groups and alkylene-linked derivatives of these hindered phenols. Examples of this type of phenolic material are 2-t-butyl-4-heptylphenol, 2-t-butyl-4-octylphenol, 2-t-butyl-4-dodecylphenol, 2,6-di-t- Butyl-4-heptylphenol, 2,6-di-tert-butyl-4-dodecylphenol, 2-methyl-6-tert-butyl-4-heptylphenol, and 2-methyl-6-tert-butyl-4- Dodecylphenol. Other useful hindered monophenol-based antioxidants include, for example, hindered 2,6-di-alkyl-phenolpropionic acid ester derivatives. Bis-phenolic antioxidants can also be used advantageously in combination with the present invention. Examples of ortho-linked phenols include 2,2′-bis (6-tert-butyl-4-heptylphenol), 2,2′-bis (6-tert-butyl-4-octylphenol), and 2,2 ′. -Bis (6-tert-butyl-4-dodecylphenol). Examples of the para-linked bisphenol include 4,4′-bis (2,6-di-t-butylphenol) and 4,4′-methylene-bis (2,6-di-t-butylphenol).

Non-phenolic antioxidants that can be used include aromatic amine antioxidants, which can be used alone or in combination with phenolic compounds. Representative examples of non-phenolic antioxidants include alkylated and non-alkylated aromatic amines such as the formula: R ⁸ R ⁹ R ¹⁰ N wherein R ⁸ is an aliphatic group, an aromatic group, or A substituted aromatic group, R ⁹ is an aromatic group or a substituted aromatic group, and R ¹⁰ is H, alkyl, aryl, or R ¹¹ S (O) _x R ¹² {where R ¹¹ is , An alkylene group, an alkenylene group, or an aralkylene group, R ¹² is a higher alkyl group, or an alkenyl group, an aryl group, or an alkaryl group, and x is 0, 1, or 2} ] The aromatic monoamine shown by these is mentioned. The aliphatic group R ⁸ can contain 1 to about 20 carbon atoms, and preferably contains 6 to 12 carbon atoms. An aliphatic group is a saturated aliphatic group. Preferably, R ⁸ and R ⁹ are both aromatic groups or substituted aromatic groups, and the aromatic group may be a condensed ring aromatic group such as naphthyl. Aromatic groups R ⁸ and R ⁹ can be joined together with other groups such as S.

  Typical aromatic amine antioxidants have an alkyl substituent of at least about 6 carbon atoms. Examples of aliphatic groups include hexyl, heptyl, octyl, nonyl, and decyl. Generally, an aliphatic group will not contain more than about 14 carbon atoms. Common types of amine antioxidants that are useful in the compositions of the present invention include diphenylamine, phenylnaphthylamine, phenothiazine, imidodibenzyl, and diphenylphenylenediamine. Mixtures of two or more aromatic amines are also useful. Polymeric amine antioxidants can also be used. Specific examples of aromatic amine antioxidants useful in the present invention include p, p′-dioctyldiphenylamine, t-octylphenyl-alpha-naphthylamine, phenyl-alphanaphthylamine, and p-octylphenyl-alpha-naphthylamine. Can be mentioned.

  Sulfurized alkylphenols and their alkali metal or alkaline earth metal salts are also useful antioxidants. Low sulfur peroxide decomposers are useful as antioxidants.

  Another class of antioxidants used in lubricating oil compositions are oil-soluble copper compounds. Any oil-soluble suitable copper compound can be blended into the lubricating oil. Examples of suitable copper antioxidants include copper dihydrocarbylthio or dithio-phosphate, and copper salts of carboxylic acids (natural or synthetic). Other suitable copper salts include copper dithiacarbamate, copper sulfonate, copper phenate, and copper acetylacetonate. Basic, neutral, or acidic copper Cu (I) and / or Cu (II) salts derived from alkenyl succinic acids or anhydrides are known to be particularly useful.

  Preferred antioxidants include hindered phenols, arylamines, low sulfur peroxide decomposers, and other related components. These antioxidants may be used individually for each type or in combination with each other. Such additives can be used in an amount of about 0.01 to 5% by weight, preferably about 0.01 to 2% by weight.

[Cleaning agent]
Detergents are commonly used in lubricating oil compositions. A typical detergent is an anionic material containing a long chain lipophilic portion of the molecule and a smaller anionic or oleophobic portion of the molecule. The anionic portion of the detergent is typically derived from organic acids such as sulfur acids, carboxylic acids, phosphoric acids, phenols, or mixtures thereof. The counter ion is typically an alkaline earth metal or alkali metal.

  A salt containing a substantially stoichiometric amount of metal is described as a neutral salt and has a total base number of 0 to 80 (TBN as measured by ASTM D2896). Many compositions are overbased and contain large amounts of metal base. This is obtained by reacting an excess of a metal compound (eg, a metal hydroxide or oxide) with an acidic gas (eg, carbon dioxide). Useful detergents can be neutral, moderately overbased, or highly overbased.

  At least certain detergents are desirably overbased. Overbased detergents help neutralize acidic impurities produced by the combustion process and keep them trapped in the oil. Typically, the overbased material has a ratio of detergent metal ion to anionic portion of about 1.05: 1 to 50: 1 on an equivalent basis. More preferably, the ratio is from about 4: 1 to about 25: 1. The detergents produced are typically overbased detergents having a TBN of about 150 or more, often about 250-450 or more. Preferably, the overbasing cation is sodium, calcium, or magnesium. Mixtures of different TBN detergents can be used in the present invention. Preferred detergents include sulfate, phenate, carboxylate, phosphate, and alkali metal or alkaline earth metal salts of salicylates.

  Sulfonates can be prepared from sulfonic acids that are typically obtained by sulfonation of alkyl-substituted aromatic hydrocarbons. Examples of hydrocarbons include those obtained by alkylating benzene, toluene, xylene, naphthalene, biphenyl, and their halogenated derivatives (eg, chlorobenzene, chlorotoluene, and chloronaphthalene). The alkylating agent typically has about 3 to 70 carbon atoms. The alkaryl sulfonate typically contains from about 9 to about 80 carbon atoms or more, more typically from about 16 to 60 carbon atoms.

  The above cited (Non-Patent Document 6) discloses several overbased metal salts of various sulfonic acids useful as detergents and dispersants in lubricating oils. Non-Patent Document 8 also discloses some overbased sulfonates that are useful as dispersants / detergents as well.

Alkaline earth phenates are another useful class of detergents. These detergents include alkaline earth metal hydroxides or oxides (eg, CaO, Ca (OH) ₂ , BaO, Ba (OH) ₂ , MgO, Mg (OH) ₂ ) with alkylphenols or sulfurized alkylphenols. It can produce | generate by making it react. Useful alkyl groups include straight-chain or branched _C 1 _{-C 30} alkyl group, preferably included is _C 4 _{-C 20.} Examples of suitable phenolic compounds include isobutylphenol, 2-ethylhexylphenol, nonylphenol, 1-ethyldecylphenol and the like. It should be noted that two or more alkyl substituents, each independently linear or branched, may be included in the starting alkylphenol. When non-sulfurized alkylphenols are used, the sulfurized product can be obtained by methods well known in the art. These methods include heating a mixture of an alkylphenol and a sulfurizing agent (eg, sulfur halides such as elemental sulfur, sulfur dichloride, etc.) and then reacting the sulfurized phenol with an alkaline earth metal base. .

Metal salts of carboxylic acids are also useful as detergents. These carboxylic acid detergents can be prepared by reacting a basic metal compound with at least one carboxylic acid to remove free water from the reaction product. These compounds can be overbased to produce the desired TBN level. The detergent produced from salicylic acid is one preferred class of detergent derived from carboxylic acids. Useful salicylates include long alkyl groups having from 1 to about 30 carbon atoms, 1 to 4 alkyl groups per benzenoid nucleus, and the compound metal comprising an alkaline earth metal. Examples include chain alkyl salicylates. Preferred R groups are alkyl chains of at least about C ₁₁ , preferably C ₁₃ or higher. R may optionally be substituted with a substituent that does not interfere with the function of the detergent. M is preferably calcium, magnesium or barium. More preferably, M is calcium.

  Hydrocarbyl substituted salicylic acid can be prepared from phenol by the Kolbe reaction. For additional information regarding the synthesis of these compounds, see US Pat. The metal salt of hydrocarbyl substituted salicylic acid can be prepared by metathesis of the metal salt in a polar solvent such as water or alcohol. Alkaline earth metal phosphonates are also used as detergents.

  The detergent may be a simple detergent or a so-called hybrid detergent or composite detergent. The latter detergents can impart the properties of two detergents without blending the individual materials. For example, see (Patent Document 65).

  Preferred detergents include calcium phenate, calcium sulfonate, calcium salicylate, magnesium phenate, magnesium sulfonate, magnesium salicylate, and other related ingredients (including boronated detergents). Typically, the total detergent concentration is about 0.01 to about 6% by weight, preferably about 0.1 to 4% by weight.

  In addition, preferably a nonionic detergent may be used in the lubricating oil composition. Such non-ionic detergents can be ashless or low ash compounds. Individual molecular compounds as well as oligomeric compounds and / or polymeric compounds can also be included.

[Dispersant]
During engine operation, oil-insoluble oxidation byproducts are produced. The dispersant serves to keep these by-products in a dissolved state and reduce their deposition on the metal surface. The dispersant may be essentially ashless or ash-forming. Preferably, the dispersant is ashless. So-called ashless dispersants are organic materials that do not substantially form ash upon combustion. For example, metal-free dispersants or boronated metal-free dispersants are considered ashless. In contrast, the metal-containing detergents discussed above form ash upon combustion.

  Suitable dispersants typically contain polar groups attached to relatively high molecular weight hydrocarbon chains. The polar group typically contains at least one element of nitrogen, oxygen, or phosphorus. A typical hydrocarbon chain contains about 50 to 400 carbon atoms.

  Dispersants include phenates, sulfonates, sulfurized phenates, salicylates, naphthenates, stearates, carbamates, thiocarbamates, and phosphorus derivatives. A particularly useful class of dispersants are alkenyl succinic acid derivatives, typically produced by the reaction of long chain substituted alkenyl succinic acid compounds (usually substituted succinic anhydrides) with polyhydroxy or polyamino compounds. . The long chain group constituting the lipophilic part of the molecule that imparts solubility to oil is usually a polyisobutylene group. Many examples of this type of dispersant are well known. Representative US patents describing such dispersants include (Patent Documents 66-77). Other types of dispersants are described in US Pat. Further description of the dispersant can be found in (Patent Document 99). Each of the above noted patents and patent applications is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety.

  Hydrocarbyl substituted succinic acid compounds are well known dispersants. In particular, succinimides, succinates, or succinic acids, preferably prepared by reaction of a hydrocarbon-substituted succinic acid having at least 50 carbon atoms in the hydrocarbon substituent with at least one equivalent of an alkylene amine. Ester amides are particularly useful.

  Succinimide is formed by a condensation reaction between an alkenyl succinic anhydride and an amine. The molar ratio can vary with the polyamine. For example, the molar ratio of alkenyl succinic anhydride to TEPA can range from about 1: 1 to about 5: 1. Representative examples are shown in (Patent Documents 100 to 107) (all of which are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety).

  Succinic esters are formed by the condensation reaction of alkenyl succinic anhydrides with alcohols or polyols. The molar ratio can vary depending on the alcohol or polyol used. For example, the condensation product of alkenyl succinic anhydride and pentaerythritol is a useful dispersant.

  Succinic ester amides are formed by the condensation reaction of alkenyl succinic anhydride and alkanolamine. For example, suitable alkanolamines include ethoxylated polyalkylpolyamines, propoxylated polyalkylpolyamines, and polyalkenyl polyamines (such as polyethylene polyamines). An example is propoxylated hexamethylenediamine. A representative example is given in (US Pat. No. 6,057,097), which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety.

  The molecular weight of the alkenyl succinic anhydride used in the previous section will range from about 800 to 2,500. The above products can be post-reacted with various reagents such as sulfur, oxygen, formaldehyde, carboxylic acids (eg, oleic acid), and boron compounds (eg, borate esters or highly boronated dispersants). The dispersant may be from about 0.1 to about 0.1 per mole of dispersant reaction product, including those derived from mono-succinimide, bis-succinimide (also known as disuccinimide), and mixtures thereof. It can be boronated to contain 5 moles of boron.

  Mannich base dispersants are made from the reaction of alkylphenols, formaldehyde and amines. (US Pat. No. 6,099,059), which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety. Process aids and catalysts such as oleic acid and sulfonic acid may be part of the reaction mixture. The molecular weight of the alkylphenol is in the range of 800 to 2,500. Representative examples are shown in (Patent Documents 110 to 116), which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.

Typical high molecular weight fatty acid modified Mannich condensation products useful in the present invention can be prepared from high molecular weight alkyl-substituted hydroxyaromatic compounds or HN (R) ₂ group-containing reactants.

Examples of high molecular weight alkyl-substituted hydroxyaromatic compounds are polypropylphenol, polybutylphenol, and other polyalkylphenols. These polyalkylphenols are high molecular weight polypropylene, polybutylene, and in the presence of an alkylation catalyst such as BF ₃ to provide an alkyl substituent having an average molecular weight of 600 to 100,000 on the benzene ring of the phenol. It can be obtained by alkylating phenol with other polyalkylene compounds.

Examples of HN (R) ₂ group-containing reactants are alkylene polyamines, primarily polyethylene polyamines. Other representative organic compounds containing at least one HN (R) ₂ group suitable for use in the preparation of Mannich condensation products are well known, mono- and di-amino alkanes and their substituted analogs Including, for example, ethylamine and diethanolamine; aromatic diamines such as phenylenediamine, diaminonaphthalene; heterocyclic amines such as morpholine, pyrrole, pyrrolidine, imidazole, imidazolidine, and piperidine; melamine and substituted analogs thereof The

Examples of alkylene polyamine reactants include ethylenediamine, diethylenetriamine, triethylenetetraamine, tetraethylenepentamine, pentaethylenehexamine, hexaethyleneheptamine, heptaethyleneoctamine, octaethylenenonamine, nonaethylenedecaamine. Mention may be made of amines, decaethyleneundecaamine, and mixtures of such amines. Some preferred compositions of the _{formula: H 2 N- (Z-NH-} ) nH wherein, Z is a divalent ethylene and n is 1 to 10] corresponds to. Corresponding propylene polyamines, such as propylene diamine, and di-, tri-, tetra-, pentapropylene = tri-, tetra-, penta-, and hexaamine are also suitable reactants. Alkylene polyamines are usually obtained by reaction of ammonia with dihaloalkanes (eg dichloroalkanes). Thus, alkylene polyamines obtained by reacting 2 to 11 moles of ammonia with 1 to 10 moles of dichloroalkane having 2 to 6 carbon atoms and chlorine on different carbons are suitable alkylene polyamine reactants.

  Aldehyde reactants useful for the preparation of polymeric products useful in the present invention include aliphatic aldehydes such as formaldehyde (eg, paraformaldehyde and formalin), acetaldehyde, and aldols (eg, b-hydroxybutyraldehyde). Is included. Formaldehyde or a formaldehyde-forming reactant is preferred.

  Hydrocarbyl-substituted amine ashless dispersants are well known to those skilled in the art. For example, see (Patent Documents 117-122), all of which are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety.

  Preferred dispersants include boronated and non-borated succinimides including derivatives derived from mono-succinimides, bis-succinimides, and / or mixtures of mono- and bis-succinimides. . In this case, the hydrocarbyl succinimide is derived from a hydrocarbylene group such as polyisobutylene having a Mn of about 500 to about 5000 or a mixture of such hydrocarbylene groups. Other preferred dispersants include succinic esters and amides, alkylphenol-polyamine linked Mannich adducts, their capped derivatives, and other related ingredients. Such additives can be used in an amount of about 0.1 to 20% by weight, preferably about 0.1 to 8% by weight.

  Other dispersants may include oxygen-containing compounds, such as low to high molecular weight, oligomers or polymers, polyether compounds, polycarbonate compounds, and / or polycarbonyl compounds.

[Friction modifier]
A friction modifier is any one or more substances that can be incorporated into any lubricating oil or fluid to change its coefficient of friction. Friction modifiers, also known as friction reducers, lubricants, or oiliness improvers, and other such agents that change the coefficient of friction of lubricating base oils, formulated lubricating oil compositions, or functional fluids If desired, it can be effectively used in combination with the base oil or lubricating oil composition of the present invention. Friction modifiers that reduce the coefficient of friction are particularly advantageous in combination with the base oil and lubricating oil composition according to the present invention. Friction modifiers can include metal-containing compounds or materials as well as ashless compounds or materials or mixtures thereof. Metal containing friction modifiers can include metal salts or metal-ligand complexes. Here, the metal may include an alkali metal, an alkaline earth metal, or a transition group metal. Such metal-containing friction modifiers may also have low ash characteristics. Transition metals can include Mo, Sb, Sn, Fe, Cu, Zn, and the like. Ligand includes alcohol, polyol, glycerol, partial ester glycerol, thiol, carboxylate, carbamate, thiocarbamate, dithiocarbamate, phosphate, thiophosphate, dithiophosphate, amide, imide, amine, thiazole, thiadiazole, dithiazole, diazole , Triazoles, and other polar molecular functional groups containing effective amounts of O, N, S, or P, individually or in combination, hydrocarbyl derivatives. In particular, Mo-containing compounds such as Mo-dithiocarbamate, Mo (DTC), Mo-dithiophosphate, Mo (DTP), Mo-amine, Mo (Am), Mo-alcolate, Mo-alcohol-amide, among others Can be effective.

  Ashless friction modifiers can also include lubricating oil materials containing an effective amount of polar groups, such as hydroxyl-containing hydrocarbyl base oils, glycerides, partial glycerides, glyceride derivatives, and the like. The polar groups in the friction modifier can include hydrocarbyl groups containing effective amounts of O, N, S, or P individually or in combination. Other friction modifiers that may be particularly effective include, for example, fatty acid salts (both ash-containing and ashless derivatives), fatty alcohols, fatty acid amides, fatty acid esters, hydroxyl-containing carboxylates, and equivalent compounds. Examples include growing chain hydrocarbyl acids, alcohols, amides, esters, hydroxycarboxylates, and the like. In some cases, organic fatty acids, fatty amines, and sulfurized fatty acids can also be used as suitable friction modifiers.

  Useful concentrations of friction modifiers can range from about 0.01% to 10-15% by weight or more, but in many cases the preferred range is about 0.1-5% by weight. . The concentration of the molybdenum-containing material is often described by the Mo metal concentration. An advantageous concentration of Mo can range from about 10 ppm to 3000 ppm or more, but in many cases the preferred range is about 20 to 2000 ppm, and in some cases, a more preferred range is about 30 to 1000 ppm. is there. All types of friction modifiers can be used alone or mixed with substances according to the invention. In many cases, a mixture of two or more friction modifiers or a mixture of friction modifiers and alternative surfactants is also desirable.

[Pour point depressant]
If desired, conventional pour point depressants (also known as lube oil flow improvers) may be added to the compositions of the present invention. By adding these pour point depressants to the lubricating oil composition of the present invention, it is possible to lower the minimum temperature at which the fluid can flow or can be poured. Examples of suitable pour point depressants include polymethacrylates, polyacrylates, polyarylamides, condensation products of haloparaffin waxes with aromatic compounds, vinyl carboxylate polymers, and vinyl esters and allyls of dialkyl fumarate and fatty acids. And terpolymers with vinyl ether. (Patent Documents 123 to 131) describe useful pour point depressants and / or their preparation. Each of these references is incorporated herein in its entirety. Such additives can be used in an amount of about 0.01 to 5% by weight, preferably about 0.01 to 1.5% by weight.

[Corrosion inhibitor]
Corrosion inhibitors are used to reduce the degradation of metal parts that come into contact with the lubricating oil composition. Suitable corrosion inhibitors include thiadiazoles. For example, see (Patent Documents 132 to 134). These documents are hereby incorporated by reference in their entirety. Such additives can be used in an amount of about 0.01 to 5% by weight, preferably about 0.01 to 1.5% by weight.

[Seal conforming agent]
Seal matching agents help to swell the elastic seal by causing fluid chemical reactions or physical changes in the elastomer. Suitable seal compatibilizers for lubricating oils include organic phosphates, aromatic esters, aromatic hydrocarbons, esters (eg, butylbenzyl phthalate), and polybutenyl succinic anhydride. This type of additive is commercially available. Such additives can be used in an amount of about 0.01 to 3% by weight, preferably about 0.01 to 2% by weight.

[Defoaming agent]
Antifoaming agents can be advantageously added to the lubricating oil composition. This agent delays the formation of stable foam. Silicones and organic polymers are typical antifoaming agents. For example, antifoaming properties can be obtained using polysiloxanes such as silicone oil or polydimethylsiloxane. Antifoaming agents are available as commercial products and can be used in conventional secondary amounts with other additives such as demulsifiers. Usually, the amount of these additives combined is less than 1%, often less than 0.1%.

[Rust preventive and rust inhibitor]
Rust inhibitors (or corrosion inhibitors) are additives that protect the lubricated metal surface from chemical attack by water or other contaminants. A wide variety of these additives are commercially available. They are also mentioned in the aforementioned (Non-Patent Document 6).

  One type of rust inhibitor is a polar compound that preferentially wets the metal surface and protects it with an oil film. Other types of rust inhibitors absorb water by incorporating water into the water-in-oil emulsion so that only the oil touches the metal surface. Yet another type of rust inhibitor chemically adheres to the metal to produce a non-reactive surface. Examples of suitable additives include zinc dithiophosphate, metal phenolate, basic metal sulfonate, fatty acid, and amine. Such additives can be used in an amount of about 0.01 to 5% by weight, preferably about 0.01 to 1.5% by weight. Additional types of additives can be further incorporated into the lubricating oil composition or functional fluid of the present invention, optionally with one or more additives such as demulsifiers, solubilizers, fluidizers, colorings. Agents, color formers and the like can be incorporated. Further, each additive type may include individual additives or a mixture of additives.

  Note that many additives, additive concentrates, and additive packages purchased from manufacturers may incorporate a certain amount of base oil solvent or diluent in the formulation. However, in practice, additive components, additive concentrates, and additive packages are used as purchased from the manufacturer and may contain certain amounts of base oil solvent or diluent. There is. The additives and ingredients described in the following examples and comparative examples are used “as received” from their manufacturers or suppliers unless otherwise stated.

[Example 1]
By controlling other non-inventive process parameters known to those skilled in the art, base oils incorporated into the functional fluids of the present invention described herein can be made from low to high viscosity oils that are unique to the industry. Since it can be produced over a range, a base oil having a final viscosity between these two endpoints can be blended. In this first example, a base oil was made using the method of the present invention to a higher viscosity level of 6.6 cSt and a lower viscosity level of 4.0 cSt. As shown in Table 3, the inventive oil A was then blended to achieve two viscosity target values of 4.0 cSt and 5.7 cSt. Similarly, inventive oil B of this example was made from Fischer-Tropsch wax and blended to final target viscosity values of 4.0 cSt and 6.3 cSt. The comparative base oil of Example 1 is a commercial base oil that has been blended to achieve viscosity target values of 4 cSt, 5 cSt, and 8 cSt.

  The viscosity characteristics of the base oils A and B of the present invention and the base oil 1 for comparison with the equivalent viscosity index are shown below (Table 3). The kinematic viscosity was measured by ASTM method D445. The measured CCS viscosity was determined using ASTM method D5293. The theoretical viscosity was calculated according to the Walter-MacCowl equation found in ASTM D341 (Appendix 1). In this example, the linear theoretical viscosity line of each oil of interest was determined from the kinematic viscosities measured at 40 ° C. and 100 ° C., as shown in FIG.

  Unexpectedly, the ratio of the measured viscosity to the theoretical viscosity at -30 ° C. or lower (ie, ratio = measured value / theoretical value) is less than 1.2 for the base oil of the present invention. It can be seen from Table 3 that the base oil is over 1.2. Similarly, the base stock of the present invention was confirmed to have a much lower scanning Brookfield viscosity (ASTM D5133) at low temperatures (below −20 ° C.). Scanning Brookfield viscosity measurements are made at significantly lower shear rates and slower cooling rates than the ASTM D5293 CCS method. In the specific example shown in Table 4, the (measurement / theoretical prediction) viscosity ratio of the base stock of the present invention is 2.5 (@ -20 ° C) to 7 (@ -35 ° C), while similar Equivalent commercial base stocks with viscosities and VIs are in the ratio of 11 (@ -20 ° C) to 63 (@ -25 ° C), and the viscosity is too high to be measured below -25 ° C.

[Example 2]
In Example 2, seven blended functional fluids were made. Blend 1 (Comparative Example) is a functional fluid made from a commercially available Group II base oil at the same target viscosity level as the examples of the present invention (see Table 4). Blends 2 and 3 and blends 6 and 7 are functional fluids incorporating the base oil A of the present invention of Example 1 (particularly the 4 cSt viscosity target specification). Blends 4 and 5 are functional fluids incorporating the base oil B of the present invention of Example 1 (particularly the 4 cSt viscosity target).

  The properties of comparative viscosity 1 comparative blend 1 and inventive blends 2-7 are shown in Table 4 below. The kinematic viscosity was measured by ASTM method D445. Brookfield viscosity was measured by ASTM method D2983. The pour point was measured according to ASTM D5950. Blend 1 is the average result of blends 1A and 1B found in Table 5.

  The unexpected finding of the present invention is that the Brookfield viscosity of the functional fluid of the present invention measured at −40 ° C. is found using a comparative hydrocracked (HC) Group II base stock. That is dramatically lower. Even the observed phenomena seen at the pour point and cloud point of the base stock of the present invention were equivalent to the hydrocracked (HC) Group II base stock. Even more surprising, the functional fluids of the present invention made with up to 50% Group II base stock still exhibited exceptional Brookfield viscosity at -40 ° C. The inventors have found that these surprising results are obtained with up to 80% Group II base stock blends.

[Example 3]
A third experiment was conducted with the goal of reproducing the results of the present invention using catalytic dewaxing by utilizing a standard solvent dewaxing base oil extraction method. The commercially available Group II base stock of Example 2 was subjected to 18 modification treatments commonly used to improve the low temperature properties of the base stock. These modification treatments were applied to the functional fluid, and the Brookfield viscosity of each functional fluid was measured. The results are compared in Table 5 with the Brookfield viscosity of the inventive functional fluid of Example 2 (blends 2-5).

  As can be seen from Table 5, even if the Group II base oil extraction method is modified, the Brookfield viscosity obtained is hardly close to the Brookfield viscosity of the functional fluid of the present invention. These results are shown graphically in FIG.

[Example 4]
In order to show that the advantages of the present invention are obtained over a series of viscosity target values, the base oil A of the present invention of Example 1 was mixed to achieve various viscosity target values. Similarly, the comparative base oil of Example 1 was blended to achieve the same target viscosity. The CCS viscosity of each blend was measured.

  As shown in Table 6, the viscosity-temperature performance of the comparative base oils and the base oils of the present invention also clearly differ over the base oil viscosity range measured by 100 ° C. kinematic viscosity. It is clear that at the same kinematic viscosity at 100 ° C., the base oil of the present invention has a superior (ie, lower) low temperature viscosity than the comparative base oil 1, for example at temperatures of −30 ° C. and −35 ° C. .

[Example 5]
The beneficial properties of the base oils and base oils of the present invention that advantageously reduce CCS viscosity, as well as functional fluids blended with Group II base stocks, are functional fluids blended with Group I base stocks. But also shown. In Example 5, the base oil A of the present invention of Example 1 that had been blended to a target value of 5 cSt was further blended into a Group I base stock. Similarly, the commercially available comparative base oil of Example 1 was blended with a Group I base stock. The same amount of performance additive package and standard viscosity modifier common to commercially available functional fluids were added to each blend. The results of the CCS viscosity test are shown in Table 7.

  As can be seen from Table 7, in the formulation blended with the base oil of the present invention and incorporated with Group I base stock, as compared to the equivalent formulation using Comparative Base Oil 1, -20 ° C and Advantages of CCS viscosity at -25 ° C (ie lower CCS viscosity) are obtained. More surprisingly, the difference in the CCS viscosity advantage of the blended lubricant based on the base oil of the present invention (Example 4) when compared to the comparative base oil 1 (Comparative Example 4) is It increases with decreasing (Table 7).

FIG. 2 is a graphical comparison of measured CCS viscosity and predicted Walter-MacCowl viscosity at various temperatures. FIG. 2 graphically compares kinematic viscosity versus CCS viscosity for various inventive oils and comparative examples. 3 is a graphical representation of Brookfield viscosity versus pour point for various lubricants.

Claims (28)

a) (i) a viscosity index (VI) of 130 or greater;
(Ii) a pour point of −10 ° C. or lower;
(Iii) Ratio of measured low temperature viscosity to theoretical low temperature viscosity equal to or less than 1.2 at a temperature of −30 ° C. or lower [the measured viscosity is a cold crank simulator (CCS) viscosity, and the theoretical viscosity is , The viscosity calculated at the same temperature using the Walter-MacCoul equation]
A base oil or base oil having the following characteristics and not a Group IV base oil or base oil:
b) at least one additive;
A functional fluid comprising: a) at least one base stock or base oil, wherein the base stock or base oil has a viscosity index (VI) of at least 130;
(I) Less than 5% by weight of the feedstock is converted to 650 ° F. (343 ° C.) ^- Product to produce a hydrotreated feedstock where the VI increase is less than 4 from the VI of the feedstock Hydrotreating a feedstock having a wax content of at least 60% by weight based on the feedstock with a hydrotreating catalyst under effective hydrotreating conditions;
(Ii) stripping the hydrotreated feedstock to separate the gaseous product from the liquid product;
(Iii) Under effective catalytic hydrodewaxing conditions, ZSM-48, ZSM-57, ZSM-23, ZSM-22, ZSM-35, Ferrierite, ECR-42, ITQ-13, MCM-71, MCM Hydrodewaxing the liquid product with a dewaxing catalyst that is at least one of -68, zeolite beta, fluorinated alumina, silica-alumina, or fluorinated silica alumina, wherein The dewaxing catalyst comprises at least one Group 9 or Group 10 noble metal;
A base oil or base oil produced by a production method comprising:
b) at least one additive;
A functional fluid comprising: a) at least one base stock or base oil, wherein the base stock or base oil has a viscosity index (VI) of at least 130;
Less than 5% by weight of (i) feedstock 650 ° F (343 ℃) ^- are converted to the product, VI increases to generate a hydrotreated feedstock with increased less than 4 from VI feedstocks Hydrotreating a feedstock having a wax content of at least 50% by weight based on the feedstock with a hydrotreating catalyst under effective hydrotreating conditions so as to produce a hydrotreated feedstock And a process of
(Ii) stripping the hydrotreated feedstock to separate the gaseous product from the liquid product;
(Iii) Under effective catalytic hydrodewaxing conditions, ZSM-22, ZSM-23, ZSM-35, Ferrierite, ZSM-48, ZSM-57, ECR-42, ITQ-13, MCM-68, MCM Hydrodewaxing the liquid product with a dewaxing catalyst that is at least one of -71, zeolite beta, fluorinated alumina, silica-alumina, or fluorinated silica-alumina, wherein The dewaxing catalyst comprises at least one Group 9 or 10 noble metal;
(Iv) hydrotreating the product obtained from step (iii) under hydrorefining conditions with a M41S family mesoporous hydrotreating catalyst;
A base oil or base oil produced by a production method comprising:
b) at least one additive;
A functional fluid comprising: a) at least one base stock, wherein the base stock has a viscosity index (VI) of at least 130;
Less than 5% by weight of (i) feedstock 650 ° F (343 ℃) ^- are converted to the product, VI increases to generate a hydrotreated feedstock with increased less than 4 from VI feedstocks Hydrotreating a feedstock having a wax content of at least 60% by weight based on the feedstock with a hydrotreating catalyst under effective hydrotreating conditions so as to produce a hydrotreated feedstock And a process of
(Ii) stripping the hydrotreated feedstock to separate the gaseous product from the liquid product;
(Iii) hydrodewaxing the liquid product with a dewaxing catalyst that is ZSM-48 under effective catalytic hydrodewaxing conditions, wherein the dewaxing catalyst comprises at least one dewaxing catalyst. Containing a Group 9 or 10 noble metal of
(Iv) optionally hydrotreating the product obtained from step (iii) with MCM-41 under hydrorefining conditions;
A base oil produced by a production method comprising:
b) at least one additive;
A functional fluid comprising: (I) (a) a kinematic viscosity of 1.5 to 8.5 mm ² / sec at 100 ° C .;
(B) a viscosity index (VI) of 110-160;
(C) a pour point of less than -9 ° C;
(D) 92-100 mass% saturates content,
At least one base oil having
(II) optionally from 0 to 80% by volume hydrocracked Group II or Group III base stock mixture;
(III) optionally, at least one performance additive;
A functional fluid comprising: The functional fluid has a kinematic viscosity of 4.5 to 9.5 mm ² / sec at 100 ° C., a viscosity index of 150 to 230, a pour point of −42 ° C. or less, and a viscosity of 20,000 cP or less at −40 ° C. The functional fluid according to claim 5, having a Brookfield (BF) viscosity. The functional fluid according to claim 6, wherein the functional fluid has a kinematic viscosity of 5.5 to 8.5 mm ² / sec at 100 ° C.   The functional fluid according to claim 6, wherein the functional fluid has a Brookfield (BF) viscosity of 15,000 cP or less at -40 ° C.   The functional fluid according to claim 6, wherein the functional fluid has a Brookfield (BF) viscosity of 10,000 cP or less at -40 ° C. The functional fluid according to claim 6, wherein the base oil incorporated in the functional fluid has a kinematic viscosity at 100 ° C. of 2.0 to 6.0 mm ² / sec. The functional fluid according to claim 6, wherein the base oil incorporated into the functional fluid has a kinematic viscosity of 3.0 to 5.0 mm ² / sec at 100 ° C.   The functional fluid according to claim 6, wherein the base oil incorporated in the functional fluid has a viscosity index of 120 to 150.   The functional fluid according to claim 6, wherein the base oil incorporated in the functional fluid has a viscosity index of 130 to 150.   The functional fluid according to claim 6, wherein the base oil incorporated in the functional fluid has a pour point of less than −12 ° C.   The functional fluid according to claim 6, wherein the base oil incorporated in the functional fluid has a pour point of less than −15 ° C.   The functional fluid according to claim 6, wherein the base oil incorporated in the functional fluid has a saturate content of 96 to 100% by mass.   The functional fluid of claim 6, wherein the hydrocracked Group II or Group III base stock incorporated into the functional fluid is 0-50% by volume of the final blend. The hydrocracked Group II or Group III base stock incorporated into the functional fluid has a kinematic viscosity of 1.5 to 8.5 mm ² / sec at 100 ° C., a viscosity index of 90 or more, and −15 ° C. or less. The functional fluid according to claim 6, having a pour point of 92 to 100% by mass of a saturate content.   7. The functional fluid according to claim 6, wherein the hydrocracked Group II or Group III base stock incorporated into the functional fluid has a saturate content of 92 to 100% by weight.   The functional fluid according to claim 6, wherein the base oil is present in an amount of 20 to 100% by volume.   The functional fluid according to claim 6, wherein the base oil is present in an amount of 40-100% by volume of the base oil blend. (I) (a) a kinematic viscosity of 3.0 to 5.0 mm ² / sec at 100 ° C .;
(B) a viscosity index of 130 to 150;
(C) a pour point of less than -15 ° C;
(D) 96-100 mass% saturates content,
At least one base oil having
(II) Depending on the case,
(A) a kinematic viscosity of 1.5 to 6.5 mm ² / sec at 100 ° C .;
(B) a viscosity index of 90 or greater;
(C) a pour point of less than -15 ° C;
(D) 92-100 mass% saturates content,
0 to 50% by volume hydrocracked Group II or Group III base stock mixture comprising one or more hydrocracked base stocks having the formula: ,
(A) a kinematic viscosity of 3.5 to 5.5 mm ² / sec at 100 ° C .;
(B) a viscosity index of 120 to 150;
(C) a pour point of less than -15 ° C;
A mixture having a base oil blend of:
(III) optionally, at least one performance additive;
A functional fluid containing
(A) a kinematic viscosity of 5.5 to 8.5 mm ² / sec at 100 ° C .;
(B) a viscosity index of 150 to 230;
(C) a pour point of −42 ° C. or lower;
(D) a Brookfield viscosity of 15,000 cP or less at −40 ° C .;
A functional fluid characterized by comprising:   The functional fluid according to claim 1, wherein the functional fluid is used as an automatic transmission fluid.   A method for improving the Brookfield viscosity of a functional fluid by incorporating the base oil according to any one of claims 1-5.   A method for producing a functional fluid by incorporating the base oil according to claim 1.   A method for producing an automatic transmission fluid by incorporating the base oil according to any one of claims 1-5. (I) (a) a kinematic viscosity of 3.0 to 5.0 mm ² / sec at 100 ° C .;
(B) a viscosity index of 130 to 150;
(C) a pour point of less than -15 ° C;
(D) 96-100 mass% saturates content,
At least one base oil having
(II) Depending on the case,
(A) a kinematic viscosity of 1.5 to 6.5 mm ² / sec at 100 ° C .;
(B) a viscosity index of 90 or greater;
(C) a pour point of less than -15 ° C;
(D) 92-100 mass% saturates content,
0 to 50% by volume hydrocracked Group II or Group III base stock mixture comprising one or more hydrocracked base stocks having the formula: ,
(A) a kinematic viscosity of 3.5 to 5.5 mm ² / sec at 100 ° C .;
(B) a viscosity index of 120 to 150;
(C) a pour point of less than -15 ° C;
A mixture having a base oil blend of:
(III) optionally, at least one performance additive;
An automatic transmission fluid comprising:
(A) a kinematic viscosity of 5.5 to 8.5 mm ² / sec at 100 ° C .;
(B) a viscosity index of 150 to 230;
(C) a pour point of −42 ° C. or lower;
(D) a Brookfield viscosity of 15,000 cP or less at −40 ° C .;
An automatic transmission fluid characterized by comprising:   The functional fluid according to claim 2, wherein the raw material oil is a gas-to-liquid (GTL) raw material oil.

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