JP2006509561A - 傾斜自在の関節部品を有する椎間インプラント - Google Patents
傾斜自在の関節部品を有する椎間インプラント Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- JP2006509561A JP2006509561A JP2004559544A JP2004559544A JP2006509561A JP 2006509561 A JP2006509561 A JP 2006509561A JP 2004559544 A JP2004559544 A JP 2004559544A JP 2004559544 A JP2004559544 A JP 2004559544A JP 2006509561 A JP2006509561 A JP 2006509561A
- Authority
- JP
- Japan
- Prior art keywords
- intervertebral implant
- joint part
- joint
- parts
- axis
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Granted
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Classifications
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61F—FILTERS IMPLANTABLE INTO BLOOD VESSELS; PROSTHESES; DEVICES PROVIDING PATENCY TO, OR PREVENTING COLLAPSING OF, TUBULAR STRUCTURES OF THE BODY, e.g. STENTS; ORTHOPAEDIC, NURSING OR CONTRACEPTIVE DEVICES; FOMENTATION; TREATMENT OR PROTECTION OF EYES OR EARS; BANDAGES, DRESSINGS OR ABSORBENT PADS; FIRST-AID KITS
- A61F2/00—Filters implantable into blood vessels; Prostheses, i.e. artificial substitutes or replacements for parts of the body; Appliances for connecting them with the body; Devices providing patency to, or preventing collapsing of, tubular structures of the body, e.g. stents
- A61F2/02—Prostheses implantable into the body
- A61F2/30—Joints
- A61F2/44—Joints for the spine, e.g. vertebrae, spinal discs
- A61F2/442—Intervertebral or spinal discs, e.g. resilient
- A61F2/4425—Intervertebral or spinal discs, e.g. resilient made of articulated components
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61B—DIAGNOSIS; SURGERY; IDENTIFICATION
- A61B17/00—Surgical instruments, devices or methods, e.g. tourniquets
- A61B17/56—Surgical instruments or methods for treatment of bones or joints; Devices specially adapted therefor
- A61B17/58—Surgical instruments or methods for treatment of bones or joints; Devices specially adapted therefor for osteosynthesis, e.g. bone plates, screws, setting implements or the like
- A61B17/68—Internal fixation devices, including fasteners and spinal fixators, even if a part thereof projects from the skin
- A61B17/84—Fasteners therefor or fasteners being internal fixation devices
- A61B17/86—Pins or screws or threaded wires; nuts therefor
- A61B17/8625—Shanks, i.e. parts contacting bone tissue
- A61B17/863—Shanks, i.e. parts contacting bone tissue with thread interrupted or changing its form along shank, other than constant taper
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- A61F2/00—Filters implantable into blood vessels; Prostheses, i.e. artificial substitutes or replacements for parts of the body; Appliances for connecting them with the body; Devices providing patency to, or preventing collapsing of, tubular structures of the body, e.g. stents
- A61F2/02—Prostheses implantable into the body
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- A61F2/4455—Joints for the spine, e.g. vertebrae, spinal discs for the fusion of spinal bodies, e.g. intervertebral fusion of adjacent spinal bodies, e.g. fusion cages
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- A61B17/58—Surgical instruments or methods for treatment of bones or joints; Devices specially adapted therefor for osteosynthesis, e.g. bone plates, screws, setting implements or the like
- A61B17/68—Internal fixation devices, including fasteners and spinal fixators, even if a part thereof projects from the skin
- A61B17/84—Fasteners therefor or fasteners being internal fixation devices
- A61B17/86—Pins or screws or threaded wires; nuts therefor
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- A61F2/02—Prostheses implantable into the body
- A61F2/30—Joints
- A61F2/30767—Special external or bone-contacting surface, e.g. coating for improving bone ingrowth
- A61F2/30771—Special external or bone-contacting surface, e.g. coating for improving bone ingrowth applied in original prostheses, e.g. holes or grooves
- A61F2002/30841—Sharp anchoring protrusions for impaction into the bone, e.g. sharp pins, spikes
- A61F2002/30843—Pyramidally-shaped
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61F—FILTERS IMPLANTABLE INTO BLOOD VESSELS; PROSTHESES; DEVICES PROVIDING PATENCY TO, OR PREVENTING COLLAPSING OF, TUBULAR STRUCTURES OF THE BODY, e.g. STENTS; ORTHOPAEDIC, NURSING OR CONTRACEPTIVE DEVICES; FOMENTATION; TREATMENT OR PROTECTION OF EYES OR EARS; BANDAGES, DRESSINGS OR ABSORBENT PADS; FIRST-AID KITS
- A61F2/00—Filters implantable into blood vessels; Prostheses, i.e. artificial substitutes or replacements for parts of the body; Appliances for connecting them with the body; Devices providing patency to, or preventing collapsing of, tubular structures of the body, e.g. stents
- A61F2/02—Prostheses implantable into the body
- A61F2/30—Joints
- A61F2/44—Joints for the spine, e.g. vertebrae, spinal discs
- A61F2/442—Intervertebral or spinal discs, e.g. resilient
- A61F2/4425—Intervertebral or spinal discs, e.g. resilient made of articulated components
- A61F2002/443—Intervertebral or spinal discs, e.g. resilient made of articulated components having two transversal endplates and at least one intermediate component
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61F—FILTERS IMPLANTABLE INTO BLOOD VESSELS; PROSTHESES; DEVICES PROVIDING PATENCY TO, OR PREVENTING COLLAPSING OF, TUBULAR STRUCTURES OF THE BODY, e.g. STENTS; ORTHOPAEDIC, NURSING OR CONTRACEPTIVE DEVICES; FOMENTATION; TREATMENT OR PROTECTION OF EYES OR EARS; BANDAGES, DRESSINGS OR ABSORBENT PADS; FIRST-AID KITS
- A61F2/00—Filters implantable into blood vessels; Prostheses, i.e. artificial substitutes or replacements for parts of the body; Appliances for connecting them with the body; Devices providing patency to, or preventing collapsing of, tubular structures of the body, e.g. stents
- A61F2/02—Prostheses implantable into the body
- A61F2/30—Joints
- A61F2/46—Special tools or methods for implanting or extracting artificial joints, accessories, bone grafts or substitutes, or particular adaptations therefor
- A61F2002/4635—Special tools or methods for implanting or extracting artificial joints, accessories, bone grafts or substitutes, or particular adaptations therefor using minimally invasive surgery
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61F—FILTERS IMPLANTABLE INTO BLOOD VESSELS; PROSTHESES; DEVICES PROVIDING PATENCY TO, OR PREVENTING COLLAPSING OF, TUBULAR STRUCTURES OF THE BODY, e.g. STENTS; ORTHOPAEDIC, NURSING OR CONTRACEPTIVE DEVICES; FOMENTATION; TREATMENT OR PROTECTION OF EYES OR EARS; BANDAGES, DRESSINGS OR ABSORBENT PADS; FIRST-AID KITS
- A61F2220/00—Fixations or connections for prostheses classified in groups A61F2/00 - A61F2/26 or A61F2/82 or A61F9/00 or A61F11/00 or subgroups thereof
- A61F2220/0025—Connections or couplings between prosthetic parts, e.g. between modular parts; Connecting elements
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61F—FILTERS IMPLANTABLE INTO BLOOD VESSELS; PROSTHESES; DEVICES PROVIDING PATENCY TO, OR PREVENTING COLLAPSING OF, TUBULAR STRUCTURES OF THE BODY, e.g. STENTS; ORTHOPAEDIC, NURSING OR CONTRACEPTIVE DEVICES; FOMENTATION; TREATMENT OR PROTECTION OF EYES OR EARS; BANDAGES, DRESSINGS OR ABSORBENT PADS; FIRST-AID KITS
- A61F2220/00—Fixations or connections for prostheses classified in groups A61F2/00 - A61F2/26 or A61F2/82 or A61F9/00 or A61F11/00 or subgroups thereof
- A61F2220/0025—Connections or couplings between prosthetic parts, e.g. between modular parts; Connecting elements
- A61F2220/0033—Connections or couplings between prosthetic parts, e.g. between modular parts; Connecting elements made by longitudinally pushing a protrusion into a complementary-shaped recess, e.g. held by friction fit
Abstract
Description
a)自然な椎間板においては互いに独立している特に前後および外側屈曲に際して自然の椎間板によって伝達可能な層をなして重なった旋回移動が、ターニングセンタのみでの椎間板エンドプロテーゼの構成によって考慮されないこと、
b)特に前後方向の並進運動に際して、剪断運動によって、脊椎関節(ファセット関節)が負荷を受け、それによって患者の疼痛の原因となりうること、
c)2つの互いに摺動可能な関節面における不利な摩擦力が生じること。さらに、それぞれの面に消耗、すなわち、とりわけ関節部品の運動のため摩滅および抵抗が生じる。さらに、「スティックスリップ」作用が生じること、
d)機械的な椎間板代用物が関係した運動部分のさらなる変性をほとんど止めることがないこと。本来の運動関係の再現は疼痛を実質的に削減し、患者は生活の質が改善する。しかし、疼痛の新しい出現に際しては、管理の修正に取り組む必要がある。この場合、通常は、従来の構造による椎間板プロテーゼが完全に除去され、運動部分は強化される。この操作は患者にとって非常に負担となること、および
e)隣接した椎体に対する接触面の形態が通常、考慮されないこと。従来の構造の椎間板代用インプラントは平らな(フラットな)接触面を有し、これはしばしば竜骨状の隆起で補充されていることである。
本発明は、請求項1の特徴を有する椎間インプラントにより、かつ請求項22のステップを含んで成る椎間板インプラントによって障害のある自然の椎間板を置換する方法により上記の課題を解決する。
−前後方向および外側の旋回運動が独立していること、
−摩擦面が面上の転動体の移動によって最小限に削減されること、および
−関節面の摺動の代わりに転動体の回転により関節に生じる摩擦力は小さくなり、したがって、椎体の相対運動、特に脊柱の外側の曲げ、および屈曲/伸展運動が妨害されないことにおいて確認される。
脊柱に沿って移動する椎間板腔における自然の回転軸の異なる位置により、回転軸の配置は、斜めに、または分かれている。
ブレードの長さによって、中心軸の周りの両方の部品のねじれに対する関節の安定化が得られる。隆起のフランク角は、好ましくは、1°〜30°であるが、凹みのフランク角は、好ましくは、6°〜70°である。
本発明による椎間インプラントの別の実施形態においては、腹側面から、それによって両方の部分が腹側で互いに対して一定の距離で保持される手段が両方の部分に配置されている。それによって、両方の部分が椎間腔への導入のためにしっかり保持された高さの位置へ配置可能であり、椎間腔への導入後に関節の周りで可動であり、隣接した椎体の底のそれぞれの蓋板に配置される。
本発明による椎間インプラントのさらに別の実施形態においては、手段は、上部および下部の互いに対抗する表面におけるそれぞれ1つの凹みへ挿入可能である挿入部を含んで成る。好ましくは、凹みは、腹側面で開いている蟻形ガイドとして構成されており、蟻形ガイドに補完的に形成された挿入部の端が腹側から蟻形ガイドへ挿入されうる。それによって、挿入部の導入により関節の周りの両方の部分の可動性が遮断可能であるという利点が達成可能である。遮断の完全性は、蟻形ガイドが、椎間インプラントの中心軸に向かって先細になり、挿入部がさらに蟻形ガイドへ楔状に固定可能であるように構成されている場合に上昇される。
本発明による椎間インプラントの別の実施形態においては、骨固定手段を受入れる穴は雌ネジを備えており、それによって骨固定手段の追加の堅い固定が両方の部分において達成される。好ましくは、穴は円錐状に形成されており、骨固定手段のヘッド部への雌ネジと雄ネジとの円錐状のネジ結合によって、両方の部分のそれぞれにおける骨固定手段の固定の強化が達成可能である。
添加面には、好ましくは、凸状に形成され、かつ三次元構造を、好ましくはピラミッド状の隆起の形で備えられている。添加面のこの構造によって、椎端板の構造が考慮される。
A)椎間インプラントの関節の1つまたは各関節を関節の1つまたは各関節の特定の位置でそのために備えられた手段によって遮断するステップと、
B)椎間インプラントを治療される椎間腔へ導入するステップと、
C)関節の1つまたは各関節を遮断するために椎間インプラントへ挿入される手段を緩めて除去するステップとを含んで成る。関節の遮断によって、外側の添加面は簡単に治療される椎間腔へ導入可能である。
本発明による方法の別の使用においては、この方法は、関節の1つまたは各関節を遮断するために備えられた手段によって移植された椎間インプラントにおける関節の1つまたは各関節の追加遮断を含んで成る。それによって、患者に術後疼痛が生じた場合、または罹患運動部分がさらに変性した場合、椎間インプラントにおける関節の1つまたは各関節が術後にそのために備えられた手段の挿入によって遮断可能である利点が達成可能である。この追加遮断は、最小侵襲的、好ましくは、腹腔鏡手術で可能である。次いで、椎間インプラントがケージの機能を担うため、脊柱の罹患運動部分は堅くなりうる。
本発明および本発明の展開を以下、多くの実施例の部分的概略図によってさらに詳しく説明する。
図1は、本発明による椎間インプラントの実施形態を示す分解図である。
図2は、図1に示された本発明による椎間インプラントの実施形態を組立てた状態で示す斜視図である。
図3は、本発明による椎間インプラントの別の実施形態を側面から見た図である。
図4は、図3による実施形態を示す斜視図である。
図5は、側面から見た図1の線A−Aに沿った断面図である。
図6は、背面から見た図1の線B−Bに沿った断面図である。
関節38、39は3つの関節31、32、33によって実現され、それによって下関節部品33および上関節部品31がそれぞれ中央関節部品32とともに作用する関節38、39を形成する。2つの関節38、39は傾斜として構成されており、それぞれ1つの回転軸3、4を有し、ここで回転軸は互いに垂直に、かつ中心軸2に対して垂直に立っている。下関節39は下関節部品33を形成する、下部20と接続された隆起50と、中央関節部品32に配置された、隆起50を受入れる凹み52を含んで成る。隆起は回転軸4を形成する縁51で形成されており、これは凹み52において、両方の関節部品32、33が縁51上で回転軸4の周りを傾斜自在の関節39を形成するように位置している。同様に、上関節38は上関節部品31に配置された回転軸3に対して平行の隆起49、および中央関節部品32に配置された、隆起49を受入れる凹み54から構成される。隆起49は回転軸3を形成する縁53で構成されており、これは凹み54において、両方の関節部品31、32が、縁53上で回転軸3の周りを傾斜自在の関節38を形成するように位置している。
さらに、中央関節部品32には第1の停止手段100が取付けられており、これは下関節部品33における第2の停止手段105を係合可能であり、中央関節部品32における固定要素110の固定後、中央関節部品32の下関節部品33からの緩みが阻止されている。固定要素110の固定はネジ111によって行われるが、これらは中央関節部品32への凹み52に隣接したネジ穴112へネジ込まれる。第1の停止手段100は中央関節部品32における凹み101を含んで成るが、これらは第2の停止手段105のの突出部106と連結可能である。それによって、両方の関節部品32、33が互いに分離されうることが阻止される。上関節部品31と中央関節部品32との間には、さらにヒンジ20(図5および6)が配置されており、それによって両方の関節部品31、32は中心軸2に対して平行につなぎ合わされるが、第1の回転軸3の周りの互いに対する両方の関節部品31、32の回転運動はそれによって制限されない。
10 上部 11 腹側面 12 背側面 13、14 外側面
15 上添加面 16 下面 20 下部
21 腹側面 22 背側面 23、24 外側面
25 下添加面 26上面 31、32、33 関節部品
38、39 関節 49、50 隆起 51、53 縁
Claims (23)
- 椎間インプラント(1)、特に、中心軸(2)、その上に位置する椎体の底板への配置に適した上部(10)と、その下に位置する椎体の蓋板への配置に適した下部(20)とを有する人工的椎間板であって、
A)前記上部(10)が、腹側面(11)と、背側面(12)と、2つの外側面(13、14)と、上添加面(15)と、下面(16)とを有し、
B)前記下部(20)が、腹側面(21)と、背側面(22)と、2つの外側面(23、24)と、下添加面(25)と、上面(26)とを有し、
C)前記両方の部分(10、20)が前記両方の部分(10、20)間に配置された2つの関節(38、39)によって互いに対して可動であり、
D)前記関節(38、39)のそれぞれが回転軸(3、4)を有し、かつ両方の回転軸(3、4)が互いに斜めに配置されており、かつ
E)前記両方の関節(38、39)が、上部(10)と結合した上関節部品(31)と、中央関節部品(32)と、下部(20)と結合した下関節部品(33)とによって実現されている椎間インプラント(1)において、
F)各関節(38、39)が、第2の関節部品(31、32、33)の前記回転軸(3、4)の周りを傾斜自在の軸受に対して縁(51、53)を有する隆起(49、50)とともに第1の関節部品(31、32、33)を含んで成ることを特徴とする椎間インプラント(1)。 - 下関節部品(33)が前記中央関節部品(31、32)の前記回転軸(4)周りを傾斜自在の軸受に対して縁(51)を有する隆起(50)を含んで成ることを特徴とする請求項1に記載の椎間インプラント(1)。
- 上関節部品(33)が前記中央関節部品(32)の前記回転軸(3)周りを傾斜自在の軸受に対して縁(53)を有する隆起(49)を含んで成ることを特徴とする請求項1または2に記載の椎間インプラント(1)。
- 前記第2の関節部品(31、32、33)が前記第1の関節部品(31、32、33)における前記隆起(49、50)を受入れる凹み(52、54)を含んで成ることを特徴とする請求項1〜3のいずれか1つに記載の椎間インプラント(1)。
- 前記下関節部品(33)が前記回転軸(4)を形成する縁(51)を有する前記回転軸(4)に対して平行の隆起(50)を含んで成り、前記隆起(50)が前記中央関節部品(32)における前記凹み(52)に位置していることを特徴とする請求項4に記載の椎間インプラント(1)。
- 前記上関節部品(31)が前記回転軸(3)を形成する縁(53)を有する前記回転軸(3)に対して平行の隆起(49)を含んで成り、前記隆起(49)が前記中央関節部品(32)における前記凹み(54)に位置していることを特徴とする請求項4または5に記載の椎間インプラント(1)。
- 前記回転軸(3、4) が互いに反って立っていることを特徴とする請求項1〜6のいずれか1つに記載の椎間インプラント(1)。
- 前記両方の部分(10、20)を、その腹側面(11、21)で測定されると、一定の距離で互いに保持する手段(40)が備えられていることを特徴とする請求項1〜7のいずれか1つに記載の椎間インプラント(1)。
- 前記両方の部分(10、20)の前記関節(38、39)の周りの可動性の一時的な遮断をもたらすのに適している手段(40)が備えられていることを特徴とする請求項1〜7のいずれか1つに記載の椎間インプラント。
- 前記手段(40)が前記両方の部分(10、20)における前記腹側面(11、21)に取付け可能であることを特徴とする請求項8または9に記載の椎間インプラント(1)。
- 前記手段(40)が、下方端(45)および上方端(46)を有する挿入部(41)、および前記両方の部分(10、20)において、前記腹側面(11、21)で開いている前記表面(16、26)にそれぞれ1つの凹み(42、43)を含んで成るとともに、前記挿入部(41)がその端(45、46)とともにそれぞれの凹み(42、43)へ挿入可能であることを特徴とする請求項9または10に記載の椎間インプラント(1)。
- 前記凹み(42、43)が蟻形ガイドであり、前記端(45、46)が前記挿入部(41)において該蟻形ガイドに補完的に構成されていることを特徴とする請求項11に記載の椎間インプラント(1)。
- 前記蟻形ガイドが前記腹側面(11、21)から前記背側面(12、22)に向かって先細になることを特徴とする請求項12に記載の椎間インプラント(1)。
- 前記上部および下部(10、20)が、骨固定手段(81)を受入れる長手方向軸(83)とともに、前記腹側面(11、21)から前記添加面(15、25)に貫通するそれぞれ少なくとも2つの穴(80)を含んで成ることを特徴とする請求項1〜13のいずれか1つに記載の椎間インプラント(1)。
- 前記穴(80)の前記長手方向軸(83)が前記中心軸(2)とともに角度γを含むことを特徴とする請求項14に記載の椎間インプラント(1)。
- 前記角度γが、20°〜65°の範囲にあることを特徴とする請求項15に記載の椎間インプラント(1)。
- 前記穴(80)の前記長手方向軸(83)が、前記腹側面(11、21)から見ると前記内面(16、26)から前記添加面(15、25)に向かって分岐することを特徴とする請求項14〜16のいずれか1つに記載の椎間インプラント(1)。
- 前記穴(80)が前記添加面(15、25)に向かって円錐形に先細になることを特徴とする請求項14〜17のいずれか1つに記載の椎間インプラント(1)。
- 前記穴(80)が内壁(82)を有することを特徴とする請求項14〜18のいずれか1つに記載の椎間インプラント(1)。
- 前記中央関節部品(32)が第1の停止手段(100)を、前記下関節部品(33)が第2の停止手段(105)を含んで成り、かつ前記第1および第2の停止手段(100,105)が互いに係合可能であることを特徴とする請求項1〜19のいずれか1つに記載の椎間インプラント(1)。
- 前記上関節部品(31)と前記中央関節部品(32)との間にヒンジ(120)が取付けられており、それによって前記両方の関節部品(31、32)が前記中心軸(2)に対して平行につなぎ合わされているが、前記両方の関節部品(31、32)の前記第1の回転軸(3)の周りの互いに対する回転運動がそれによって制限されないことを特徴とする請求項1〜20のいずれか1つに記載の椎間インプラント(1)。
- 障害のある自然の椎間板を椎間インプラントによって、
A)椎間インプラント(1)の前記関節(38、39)の1つまたは両方を前記関節(38、39)の1つまたは両方の特定の位置でそのために備えられた手段(40)によって遮断するステップと、
B)前記椎間インプラント(1)を治療される椎間腔へ導入するステップと、
C)前記関節(38、39)の1つまたは両方を遮断するために前記椎間インプラント(1)へ挿入される手段(40)を緩めて除去するステップと
によって置換する方法。 - さらに移植された椎間インプラント(1)における前記関節(38、39)の1つまたは両方を前記手段(40)によって追加遮断するステップを含んで成ることを特徴とする請求項22に記載の方法。
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PCT/CH2002/000705 WO2004054476A1 (de) | 2002-12-17 | 2002-12-17 | Zwischenwirbelimplantat mit kippbaren gelenkteilen |
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2002
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Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
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JP2007522886A (ja) * | 2004-02-20 | 2007-08-16 | スパインコア,インコーポレイテッド | 自在継手を有する人工椎間板 |
JP2012512979A (ja) * | 2008-12-18 | 2012-06-07 | ラマン,ジョン,アール | キーレスカップリングアレンジメント |
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KR20050092720A (ko) | 2005-09-22 |
CA2510244A1 (en) | 2004-07-01 |
EP1572037A1 (de) | 2005-09-14 |
TW200422031A (en) | 2004-11-01 |
AU2002347117B2 (en) | 2006-10-26 |
ATE394085T1 (de) | 2008-05-15 |
TWI303168B (ja) | 2008-11-21 |
US8388686B2 (en) | 2013-03-05 |
KR101004374B1 (ko) | 2010-12-27 |
AR042504A1 (es) | 2005-06-22 |
JP4210652B2 (ja) | 2009-01-21 |
CN1713867A (zh) | 2005-12-28 |
US20070276498A1 (en) | 2007-11-29 |
HUP0500746A2 (en) | 2006-04-28 |
WO2004054476A1 (de) | 2004-07-01 |
CA2510244C (en) | 2011-03-22 |
ES2306798T3 (es) | 2008-11-16 |
AU2002347117A1 (en) | 2004-07-09 |
BR0215969A (pt) | 2005-09-27 |
EP1572037B1 (de) | 2008-05-07 |
DE50212249D1 (de) | 2008-06-19 |
CN100400015C (zh) | 2008-07-09 |
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