JP2006291180A - 多孔質体の製造方法およびそれを用いた多孔質体 - Google Patents

多孔質体の製造方法およびそれを用いた多孔質体 Download PDF

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JP2006291180A
JP2006291180A JP2006056869A JP2006056869A JP2006291180A JP 2006291180 A JP2006291180 A JP 2006291180A JP 2006056869 A JP2006056869 A JP 2006056869A JP 2006056869 A JP2006056869 A JP 2006056869A JP 2006291180 A JP2006291180 A JP 2006291180A
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JP4887838B2 (ja
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Toshinobu Sajiki
俊信 棧敷
Junichi Ide
純一 井手
Naoyuki Hanaki
尚幸 花木
Yoji Matsuura
洋治 松浦
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JMS Co Ltd
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Abstract

【課題】 ポアサイズの調整、特に小さなポアサイズだけでなく、大きなポアサイズの調整をも可能とする多孔質体の製造方法の提供である。
【解決手段】 ラクチドとカプロラクトンとの共重合体を含むポリマー、前記ポリマーに対して相対的に溶解度の低い溶媒、および、前記ポリマーに対して相対的に溶解度が高く且つ前記溶解度の低い溶媒と相溶性である溶媒を含む混合溶液を調製し、前記混合溶液を凍結乾燥して多孔質体を製造する際に、前記混合溶液における前記ポリマーに対して相対的に溶解度の低い溶媒の含有率を変化させ、且つ、凍結処理時に、前記混合溶液を300℃/hr以下の速度で冷却することによって、多孔質体のポアサイズを制御する。これにより、ポアサイズ30〜1800μmの多孔質体が得られる。
【選択図】図1

Description

本発明は、多孔質体、特に、組織工学や再生医工学を中心とする医療分野において、細胞の足場(scaffold)材料として有用な多孔質体の製造方法に関する。
組織工学や再生医工学の分野においては、細胞を増殖させるために、通常、足場材料が使用されており、特に近年では、足場材料として、生体吸収性材料からなる多孔質体の利用が期待されている。このような生体吸収性の多孔質体であれば、その孔内に細胞を播種して増殖させ、これを生体に移植することにより、生体内で組織再生が起こると共に、足場である生体吸収性材料が徐々に生体内で分解吸収される。このため、細胞の増殖に利用した足場をそのまま増殖細胞と共に生体に移植することが可能となる。
このような多孔質体の製造方法としては、凍結乾燥法が広く利用されており、一般的な方法として、例えば、生体吸収性ポリマーをジオキサン溶媒に溶解し、これを凍結乾燥させて多孔化する方法が開示されている(例えば、特許文献1参照)。しかしながら、この方法によって得られる多孔質体は、ポアサイズが100μm以下であるため、例えば、多孔質体内への細胞の浸入に適したポアサイズ100μm以上の多孔質体を得ることが困難である。
また、塩化ナトリウムや砂糖等の粒子をポリマー溶液に添加して凍結乾燥し、水等の洗浄により前記粒子を溶出除去することによって、多孔化する方法が提案されている(例えば、特許文献2、特許文献3参照)。これらの方法によれば、粒子の存在していた部分が孔となるため、使用した粒子と同程度のポアサイズである多孔質体が得られる。しかしながら、このような方法では、粒子の溶出が必要であるため製造工程が煩雑となり、また、ポリマー溶液における粒子の沈降により、得られる多孔質体の孔分布の均一性が確保し難いという問題がある。さらに、ポアサイズの均一性を向上するには、粒径が均一な粒子を使用する必要があり、高コスト化につながる。また、粒子を完全に除去することが困難であるため、前記粒子が多孔質体に残留するおそれもある。このように、多孔質体を製造する際に、所望のポアサイズ、特に大きなポアサイズ(数百μm)を実現することは極めて困難であった。
この他にも、ポアサイズの制御方法として、コラーゲン溶液を凍結乾燥する際に、水と水に相溶性のある有機溶媒を添加して、両者の添加割合を調整することによってポアサイズを制御する方法が開示されている(例えば、特許文献4等)。しかしながら、この方法によっても、得られるポアサイズは50〜80μm程度あり、広い範囲でのポアサイズを実現することは困難である。また、凍結方法として液体窒素による急速凍結法が一般的であるが、ポアサイズが小さくなる傾向がある。
特開平10−234844号 特開2001−49018号 特表2002−541925号 特開平02−265935号
そこで、本発明の目的は、ポアサイズの調整、特に小さなポアサイズだけでなく、大きなポアサイズの調整をも可能とする多孔質体の製造方法を提供することである。
本発明の多孔質体の製造方法は、ラクチドとカプロラクトンとの共重合体を含むポリマー、前記ポリマーに対して相対的に溶解度の低い溶媒、および、前記ポリマーに対して相対的に溶解度が高く且つ前記溶解度の低い溶媒と相溶性である溶媒を含む混合溶液を調製する工程、前記混合溶液を凍結処理する工程、前記混合溶液の凍結処理物を減圧乾燥する工程を含む多孔質体の製造方法であって、前記混合溶液の調製工程において、前記ポリマーに対して相対的に溶解度の低い溶媒の前記混合溶液中の含有率を変化させ、且つ、前記凍結工程において、前記混合溶液を300℃/hr以下の速度で冷却することによって、多孔質体のポアサイズを制御することを特徴とする。なお、以下、前記ポリマーに対して相対的に溶解度の低い溶媒を「貧溶媒」、前記ポリマーに対して相対的に溶解度が高い溶媒を「良溶媒」というが、本発明においてこれらの用語は、あくまでも前記ポリマーに対する相対的な溶解度により前記両者を区別するために使用するものである。
本発明の多孔質体の製造方法によれば、混合溶液における貧溶媒の含有率を変化させ、且つ、300℃/hr以下の速度で混合溶液を冷却して前記混合溶液を凍結することにより、広範囲のポアサイズを容易に調整でき、また、比較的均一な孔形成をも実現できる。
前述のように、水のような貧溶媒と有機溶媒のような良溶媒との割合によってポアサイズを調整することは公知である(前記特許文献4)。しかしながら、本発明によれば、凍結処理時の冷却速度をさらに300℃/hr以下の速度に設定することによって、例えば、30〜1800μmという広範囲のポアサイズを可能とし、且つ、形成される孔の均一性も確保できる。すなわち、本発明者らは、例えば、貧溶媒の含有率が同じ混合溶液であっても、冷却速度(300℃/hr以下)の設定を変えることによって、形成される孔のサイズをさらに変化できることを見出し、結果として、前記含有率だけでなく冷却速度の設定を組み合わせることにより、さらにポアサイズの範囲を広げることを可能にしたのである。このようにして広範囲のポアサイズを設定できること、特に100μm以上のポアサイズをも実現できることは、本発明者らがはじめて見出したことである。なお、粒子を使用しない従来法による多孔質体のポアサイズは、一般に、10〜80μm程度であることからも、極めて広範囲の設定が可能であるといえる。また、前述のように粒子を混合しないため、粒子の沈降による分布の不均一化や粒子の残存等の問題もない。したがって、本発明によれば、貧溶媒の含有率と冷却温度の設定のみによって様々なポアサイズを実現でき、例えば、多孔質体の用途に応じたポアサイズが得られるため、組織工学や再生医療等において極めて有用な多孔質体の製造方法といえる。
本発明は、前述のように、ラクチドとカプロラクトンとの共重合体を含むポリマー、前記ポリマーに対する貧溶媒、および、前記貧溶媒と相溶性である前記ポリマーに対する良溶媒を含む混合溶液を調製する工程、前記混合溶液を凍結処理する工程、前記混合溶液の凍結処理物を減圧乾燥する工程を含む多孔質体の製造方法であって、前記混合溶液の調製工程において、前記ポリマーに対して相対的に溶解度の低い溶媒の前記混合溶液中の含有率を変化させ、且つ、前記凍結工程において、前記混合溶液を300℃/hr以下の速度で冷却することによって、多孔質体のポアサイズを制御することを特徴とする。
本発明における共重合体は、前述のようにラクチドとカプロラクトンとの共重合体であり、例えば、ランダム重合体、ブロック重合体のいずれであってもよい。また、前記共重合体は、異なるモル比のラクチド-カプロラクトン共重合体を2種類以上混合して使用することもできる。なお、本発明における共重合体は、前記共重合体のみを含有してもよいし、本発明に影響を与えない範囲で、さらにその他の重合体や共重合体を含んでもよい。
前記共重合体の分子量(重量平均分子量)は、特に制限されないが、例えば、5,000〜2,000,000であり、好ましくは10,000〜1,500,000であり、より好ましくは100,000〜1,000,000である。また、ラクチドとカプロラクトンとのモル比は、例えば、90:10〜10:90の範囲、好ましくは85:15〜20:80の範囲であり、より好ましくは80:20〜40:60の範囲である。
前記共重合体の調製方法は、特に制限されず、従来公知の方法が使用できる。一般的に、出発原料としてラクチドとカプロラクトンとを開環重合により共重合させてもよいし、乳酸からラクチド(乳酸の環状二量体)を合成して、これをカプロラクトンと共重合させてもよい。なお、乳酸を用いたラクチドの合成方法も特に制限されず従来公知の方法が使用できる。前記ラクチドとしては、特に制限されず、L-ラクチド、D-ラクチドおよびそれらの混合物(D,L-ラクチド)が使用でき、また、乳酸としては、L-乳酸、D-乳酸、それらの混合物(D,L-乳酸)が使用できる。このように出発原料として乳酸を使用した場合、一量体の乳酸を二量体のラクチドに換算し、換算したラクチドとカプロラクトンとのモル比が前述の範囲であることが好ましい。また、カプロラクトンとしては、例えば、ε−カプロラクトン、γ−カプロラクトン、δ−カプロラクトン等があげられ、中でもε−カプロラクトンが好ましい。
本発明において、前記貧溶媒は、前記ポリマーに対して相対的に溶解度の低い溶媒であり、前記良溶媒は、前記ポリマーに対して相対的に溶解度が高く且つ前記溶解度の低い溶媒と相溶性である溶媒であればそれぞれ特に制限されず、通常、使用するポリマーの種類に応じて設定できる。一般的に、前記貧溶媒としては、水、エタノール、ターシャリーブチルアルコール(tBuOH)等が使用でき、前記良溶媒としては、前記貧溶媒に相溶性を示す、1,4-ジオキサン、炭酸ジメチル等の有機溶媒等が使用でき、特に、貧溶媒が水であり、良溶媒が1,4-ジオキサンである組合せが好ましい。
以下に、本発明の多孔質体の製造方法について具体的に説明する。なお、ポアサイズの調整方法については後述する。
(混合溶液の調製工程)
ポリマー、貧溶媒および良溶媒を混合して混合溶液を調製する。各溶媒の添加順序は特に制限されない。
前記混合溶液におけるポリマー濃度は、特に制限されないが、通常、0.1〜24質量%の範囲であり、好ましくは2〜8質量%の範囲であり、より好ましくは3〜5質量%の範囲である。前記混合溶液における良溶媒の添加割合は、例えば、後述する貧溶媒の添加量に応じて適宜決定されるが、前記ポリマーと前記良溶媒との質量比(ポリマー:良溶媒)が0.1:99.9〜25:75であることが好ましく、より好ましくは2:98〜6:94、特に好ましくは4:96である。
前記混合溶液における貧溶媒の添加割合は、後述するように、形成する多孔質体の所望のポアサイズならびに採用する一定冷却速度に応じて適宜決定できる。混合溶液における貧溶媒濃度は、例えば、0を超え20質量%以下であり、好ましくは0.1〜20質量%、より好ましくは6〜12.5質量%の範囲、特に好ましくは6〜12.25質量%である。また、前記混合溶液におけるポリマー濃度が3.6質量%の場合、混合溶液における貧溶媒濃度は、例えば、0を超え12.5質量%以下であり、好ましくは6〜12.5質量%の範囲である。
(凍結処理工程)
前記混合溶液を300℃/hr以下の速度で冷却して、前記混合溶液を凍結させる。凍結工程においては、前記範囲の速度で冷却を行う以外は何ら制限されず、例えば、市販の凍結乾燥機を用いて前記混合溶液の凍結を行うことができる。前記凍結乾燥機としては、冷却速度の制御が可能な機種が好ましく、例えば、商品名TF5-85ATANCS(宝製作所製)等が使用できる。
前記凍結溶液を冷却する際には、例えば、前記混合溶液を容器に入れ、前記容器の底部から前記混合溶液を冷却することが好ましい。このように、容器の底部から冷却すれば、前記混合溶液を底部から上部方向へと一定速度で均一に冷却することができ、前記混合溶液を均一に徐々に凍結できる。具体的には、凍結機や凍結乾燥機を使用し、前記混合溶液が入った前記容器を前記凍結機の冷却棚に配置し、前記冷却棚の温度を300℃/hr以下の同じ一定速度で減少するように制御することが好ましい。このように、冷却棚自体の温度を前記所定の速度で下げていけば、前記冷却棚に配置した容器の底部を冷却でき、これによって混合溶液の底部から上部へと冷却していくことができる。なお、前記容器としては、特に制限されないが、例えば、ステンレス製容器があげられる。
前記冷却速度は、300℃/hr以下であれば特に制限されず、後述するように、形成する多孔質体の所望のポアサイズならびに前記混合溶液の貧溶媒濃度に応じて適宜決定できる。前記冷却速度は、例えば、3〜300℃/hrの範囲であり、好ましくは3〜250℃/hrの範囲、より好ましくは3〜180℃/hrの範囲、特に好ましくは5〜180℃/hrの範囲である。なお、前述のように凍結機を使用する場合には、その冷却棚の温度を、このような範囲の一定速度で下げるように制御すればよい(以下、同様である)。
凍結を施す混合溶液の温度は、特に制限されず、例えば、使用している溶媒の凝固点以上であり、好ましくは10℃〜室温(例えば、20〜37℃)、より好ましくは、10〜20℃の範囲である。特に、300℃/hrの一定速度での冷却を開始する際には、混合溶液の凍結処理開始時の温度が、10℃付近であることが好ましい。そして、このように凍結処理開始時の混合溶液の温度を10℃付近に設定する場合には、前記混合溶液全体を一定(10℃)にすべく、前記混合溶液を、前記開始時の温度(例えば、10℃)よりも高い温度(例えば、+10℃)に置いてから、前記開始時の温度にまで下げることが好ましい。この際、温度の下降に要する時間は、何ら制限されないが、例えば、60分程度(あるいはそれ以上の時間)であってもよい。一定速度での冷却前に、このような処理を施すことによって、より再現性よく多孔質体を製造することができる。
前記最終凍結処理温度は、例えば、共晶点以下であり、-10℃以下であることが好ましく、より好ましくは-10〜-50℃の範囲である。前記最終凍結処理温度は、特に制限されないが、例えば、-10℃程度に設定すれば、冷却に係るコストをさらに削減できる。
前記混合溶液の温度が最終凍結温度に達した際、前記混合溶液の凍結状態に応じて、最終凍結温度での処理を適宜続行してもよい。これは前記混合溶液が完全に凍結するまででもよく、例えば、0を超え12時間以下であり、好ましくは1〜3時間程度である。
なお、凍結乾燥に供する混合溶液の量は、特に制限されないが、前述の条件は、混合溶液を容器に入れた際に深さが0.5〜1cm程度となる液量に対して特に好ましい条件である。
(減圧乾燥処理工程)
前記凍結処理工程において得られた混合溶液の凍結処理物を減圧乾燥することによって、多孔質体が得られる。減圧乾燥の条件は何ら制限されず、従来公知の方法で行うことができる。
つぎに、多孔質体のポアサイズの制御方法を具体的に説明する。本発明の制御方法によれば、例えば、貧溶媒の濃度を変化させた複数の混合溶液について、一定の冷却速度で凍結処理を行った場合、後述する図1に示すように、貧溶媒の濃度によってポアサイズが変動する。さらに、異なる冷却速度に設定した場合、ポアサイズの変動は各冷却速度によって同様の挙動、すなわちある貧溶媒濃度範囲でポアサイズが大きくなり、ある濃度範囲でポアサイズが小さくなるという同様の挙動を示すが、同じ濃度でのポアサイズは、冷却速度によって異なる。つまり、貧溶媒濃度の変化に加えて、冷却速度を変化させることによって、さらに広い範囲の孔設定が可能になる。したがって、冷却速度および貧溶媒濃度の条件を変えて多孔質材を作製し、前記速度と濃度と得られるポアサイズとの関係を示す検量線を作成することによって、例えば、約30〜1800μmの範囲である所望のポアサイズの多孔質体を再現性よく製造できる。
混合溶液が前記共重合体と良溶媒と貧溶媒を含み、前記共重合体と良溶媒との質量比が96:4である場合、例えば、前記混合溶液の貧溶媒濃度と冷却速度とを下記表の条件に設定することによって、表中に記載するポアサイズ(30〜1800μm)の多孔質体を得ることができる。
冷却速度3℃/hr
貧溶媒濃度(質量%) ポアサイズ(μm)
6-9 30-200
9.25-9.75 <200-400
10 <400-800
10.25 <800-1000
冷却速度5℃/hr
貧溶媒濃度(質量%) ポアサイズ(μm)
6-9.5 30-200
4.75-10 <200-400
10.25-10.5 <400-800
10.75 <800-1200
11-11.5 <1200-1500
冷却速度10℃/hr
貧溶媒濃度(質量%) ポアサイズ(μm)
6-10 30-200
10.25 <200-400
10.5-10.75 <400-800
11 <800-1200
11-11.75 <1200-1800
冷却速度180℃/hr
貧溶媒濃度(質量%) ポアサイズ(μm)
6-10.25 30-200
10.5-11 <200-400
11.25-12 <400-800
以上のようにして、本発明の多孔質体を得ることができる。本発明の製造方法によれば前述のように広い範囲のポアサイズを設定できるため、本発明の多孔質膜は、ポアサイズに応じて種々の用途に使用できる。特に、培養細胞の足場材料として使用する場合には、比較的大きいポアサイズのものが好ましく、例えば、ポアサイズ50〜1000μm、好ましくはポアサイズ100〜1000μmの多孔質体が有用である。この他にも種々の医療多孔質体として使用可能である。また、本発明の多孔質体の大きさや形状は、特に制限されず、用途に応じて決定できる。
なお、本発明の多孔質体におけるポアサイズの測定方法は、特に制限されず、従来公知の方法が採用できる。
以下、実施例および比較例により本発明を更に具体的に説明するが、本発明はこれらに限定されるものではない。
混合溶液中の含水率を変化させて多孔質体を作製し、ポアサイズの制御を確認した。
L-ラクチドとε-カプロラクトンの組成比(モル比)が50:50であるラクチド-カプロラクトン共重合体(P(LA/CL=50/50))と1,4-ジオキサンと水とを混合し、含水率の異なる混合溶液を29種類調製した。なお、P(LA/CL=50/50)と1,4-ジオキサンとの混合割合(質量比)は、一定(4:96)とし、前記混合溶液における水の混合割合(含水率)を、1, 2, 4, 6, 8, 8.25, 8.5, 8.75, 9, 9.25, 9.5, 9.75, 10, 10.25, 10.5, 10.75, 11, 11.25, 11.5, 11.75, 12, 12.25, 12.5, 12.75, 13, 14, 16, 18, 20質量%に変化させた。そして、これらの混合溶液(20g)をステンレスシャーレ(直径5cm、深さ1.5cm、以下同様)にそれぞれ供給した。
凍結乾燥機(商品名TF5-85ATANCS:宝製作所製)内(室温)の冷却棚に前記ステンレスシャーレを配置し、前記冷却棚を10℃に設定して1時間放置した後、冷却棚の温度を3℃/hrの速度で-50℃まで冷却し、-50℃で180分放置した。なお、10℃での処理開始から-50℃での処理終了までの時間を合計20時間とした。そして、冷却処理の終了と同時に凍結乾燥機内の温度を25℃に調整して減圧乾燥処理を行い、29種類の多孔質体サンプルを作製した。
前記ステンレスシャーレから円板状の多孔質体サンプルを取り出し、厚み方向の真中で切断した。この切断面について、ポアサイズの測定を以下の方法によって行った(n=5)。前記切断した多孔質体サンプルの切断面(0.5cm2)を電子顕微鏡で観察し、切断面全体の中で比較的ポアサイズが大きく、出現頻度の高いポアサイズの孔を選択し、得られた画像から、画像解析ソフト(NIH image)を用いて解析を行い、ポアサイズを算出した。
(比較例1)
従来法として凍結温度の設定によってポアサイズを変化させる方法を採用し、これにより多孔質体を作製した。前記実施例1と同様のP(LA/CL=50/50)と1,4-ジオキサンとを質量比4:96となるように混合して混合溶液を調製した。この混合溶液(20g)をステンレスシャーレに供給し、前記ステンレスシャーレを冷凍庫内で所定の冷却温度(-80, -30, -15℃)に4時間静置して凍結させた。そして、これらのステンレスシャーレを凍結乾燥機(商品名Freeze dryer FDU-830:EYELA社製)に設置して減圧乾燥を行った。また、ステンレスシャーレに前記混合溶液(20g)を供給し、これを液体窒素(-196℃)で凍結した後、同様にして減圧乾燥を行った。これにより、4種類の多孔質体サンプルを作製した。得られた多孔質体サンプルのポアサイズを下記表1に示す。
(比較例2)
従来法としてポリマー含有量によってポアサイズを変化させる方法を採用し、これにより多孔質体を作製した。前記実施例1と同様のP(LA/CL=50/50)と1,4-ジオキサンとを質量比2:98、4:96、6:94となるようにそれぞれ混合して混合溶液を調製した。そして、ドライアイスとエタノールを用いて-60℃で混合溶液を凍結した以外は、前記比較例1と同様にして凍結乾燥機(商品名Freeze dryer FDU-830:EYELA社製)により減圧乾燥を行い、多孔質体サンプルを作製した。得られたサンプルのポアサイズを下記表1に示す。
(表1)
比較例1 凍結温度 ポアサイズ(μm)
-196℃ 12
-80℃ 33
-30℃ 56
-15℃ 82
比較例2 質量比 ポアサイズ(μm)
2:98 83
4:96 56
6:94 46
前記混合溶液における含水率と前記サンプルのポアサイズの関係を図1に示す。また、図1には、前記比較例1および比較例2で得られた多孔質のポアサイズ範囲を点線(図中矢印矢印の範囲)で示した。同図に示すように、実施例1の方法によれば、含水率を変化させ、同じ一定速度で冷却することによって、多孔質体のポアサイズを調節し、且つ、均一なポアが形成できることがわかった。特に、表1に示すように、凍結温度によりポアサイズを調整する従来法の比較例1によれば、10-80μm程度のポアサイズ、ポリマー含有量によりポアサイズを調整する従来法の比較例2によれば、40-80μm程度のポアサイズしか実現できず、90μm以上の大きなポアサイズを形成できなかった。これに対して、実施例1によれば、30〜1800μmという広い範囲のポアサイズが実現でき、且つ、その均一性にも優れていた。
冷却速度を変化させて多孔質体を作製し、ポアサイズの制御を確認した。
L-ラクチドとεカプロラクトンの組成比が51:49であるP(LA/CL=51/49)を使用した以外は、前記実施例1と同様にして含水率の異なる混合溶液を複数種類調製し、前記混合溶液(20g)をステンレスシャーレにそれぞれ供給した。そして、凍結乾燥機(商品名TF5-85ATANCS:宝製作所製)の冷却棚に前記ステンレスシャーレを配置し、冷却棚の温度を10℃に下げて(所要時間25分)、60分間放置した。放置後、前記冷却棚を所定速度(180℃/hr、10℃/hr、5℃/hr、3℃/hr)で-50℃まで冷却し、-50℃で180分間処理した。そして、冷却処理の終了と同時に凍結乾燥機内の温度を25℃に調整して減圧乾燥処理を行い、多孔質体サンプルを作製した。これらの多孔質体サンプルについて、前記実施例1と同様にしてポアサイズを測定した(n=2)。前記混合溶液における含水率と前記サンプルのポアサイズの関係を図2に示す。なお、組成比51:49のP(LA/CL)を用いて実施例1と同様の実験を行った場合、同様の挙動を示すことは確認済みである。
図2に示すように、いずれの冷却速度で冷却を行った場合でも、含水率の変化に伴って多孔質体のポアサイズが変動し、特にポアサイズが大きくなる含水率の範囲も同様であった。また、冷却速度を変化させることによって、同じ含水率の混合溶液であってもポアサイズを変化させることができ、冷却速度が速いほどポアサイズを小さく、冷却速度が遅いほどポアサイズを大きくできる傾向が得られた。以上のことから、含水率と冷却速度を調整することによって、所望のポアサイズ、特に従来法では作製困難であった大きなポアサイズの多孔質体を容易に製造できることがわかった。また、冷却速度180℃/hrで得られた多孔質体サンプルの断面写真を図4に示す。同図に示すように断面において孔が均一に分布し、そのポアサイズも均一性に優れることがわかる。
凍結温度の変化によるポアサイズへの影響を調べた。
冷却速度を180℃/hrとし、最終の冷却温度を所定温度(-20℃、-30℃、-40℃)とする以外は、前記実施例2と同様にして多孔質体サンプルを作製し、ポアサイズを測定した(n=3)。前記混合溶液における含水率と前記サンプルのポアサイズの関係を図3に示す。
同図に示すように、冷却速度180℃/hrの場合、最終の冷却温度の変化によっては、含水率に対応したポアサイズの挙動に大きな変化はなく、前記冷却温度には影響されないことがわかった。このことから、-20℃の冷却温度に設定すれば、過度な冷却が不要となり低コスト化が可能になるといえる。
作製した多孔質体をラット体内に埋入させ、前記多孔質体の細胞・組織の浸入性を確認した。
前記実施例1と同様にして、所定の含水率(8.5質量%、9.75質量%、10.25質量%)の混合溶液を用いて多孔質体を作製し、12×15mmの大きさに切断してサンプルを調製した。得られたサンプルのポアサイズは、8.5質量%のサンプルが130μm、9.75質量%のサンプルが310μm、10.25質量%のサンプルが790μmであった。なお、前記サンプルの厚みは、それぞれ5mm程度であった。これらのサンプルをラット背部の皮下に埋入させ、2週間後および4週間後、前記サンプルをH-E染色(ヘマトキシリン−エオシン染色)を行い、前記サンプルへの組織の浸入状態を確認した。
その結果、図5の写真(4週間)に示すように、大きなポアサイズを有する多孔質体サンプル(ポアサイズ310μm、790μm)において、特に著しい細胞の浸入が見られた。本発明の製造方法によれば、このように、細胞の担体(足場)に適したポアサイズの大きな多孔質体が得られることから、医療分野に極めて有用といえる。
このように本発明によれば、多孔質体のポアサイズを広範囲に設定することができる。このため、例えば、細胞の足場材料等、目的に応じた孔径を設定でき、再生医療をはじめとする医療分野において極めて有用な製造方法といえる。
図1は、本発明の実施例において、混合溶液の含水率と得られた多孔質体のポアサイズとの関係を示すグラフである。 図2は、本発明のその他の実施例において、混合溶液の含水率と得られた多孔質体のポアサイズとの関係を示すグラフである。 図3は、本発明のさらにその他の実施例において、混合溶液の含水率と得られた多孔質体のポアサイズとの関係を示すグラフである。 図4は、前記実施例における多孔質体断面の写真である。 図5は、本発明のさらにその他の実施例において、多孔質体を生体内に埋入した後の細胞染色の結果を示す写真である。

Claims (24)

  1. ラクチドとカプロラクトンとの共重合体を含むポリマー、前記ポリマーに対して相対的に溶解度の低い溶媒、および、前記ポリマーに対して相対的に溶解度が高く且つ前記溶解度の低い溶媒と相溶性である溶媒を含む混合溶液を調製する工程、
    前記混合溶液を凍結処理する工程、
    前記混合溶液の凍結処理物を減圧乾燥する工程を含む多孔質体の製造方法であって、
    前記混合溶液の調製工程において、前記ポリマーに対して相対的に溶解度の低い溶媒の前記混合溶液中の含有率を変化させ、且つ、前記凍結工程において、前記混合溶液を300℃/hr以下の速度で冷却することによって、製造される多孔質体のポアサイズを制御することを特徴とする多孔質体の製造方法。
  2. 前記混合溶液を300℃/hr以下の同じ一定速度で冷却する、請求項1記載の多孔質体の製造方法。
  3. 前記凍結工程において、前記混合溶液を容器に入れ、前記容器の底部から前記混合溶液を冷却する、請求項1または2記載の多孔質体の製造方法。
  4. 前記凍結工程において、混合溶液の冷却に凍結機を使用し、前記混合溶液が入った前記容器を、前記凍結機の冷却棚に配置し、前記冷却棚の温度を300℃/hr以下の同じ一定速度で減少するように制御する、請求項3記載の多孔質体の製造方法。
  5. 前記容器が、ステンレス製容器である、請求項3または4記載の多孔質体の製造方法。
  6. 前記凍結工程における冷却速度が、3〜180℃/hrの範囲である、請求項1〜5のいずれか一項に記載の多孔質体の製造方法。
  7. 前記ポリマーに対して相対的に溶解度の低い溶媒が水である、請求項1〜6のいずれか一項に記載の多孔質体の製造方法。
  8. 前記ポリマーに対して相対的に溶解度が高い溶媒が1,4-ジオキサンである、請求項1〜7のいずれか一項に記載の多孔質体の製造方法。
  9. 前記混合溶液における前記相対的に溶解度が低い溶媒の含有率が、6〜12.5質量%の範囲である、請求項1〜8のいずれか一項に記載の多孔質体の製造方法。
  10. ラクチドとカプロラクトンとの共重合体において、ラクチドとカプロラクトンとのモル比が、90:10〜10:90の範囲である、請求項1〜9のいずれか一項に記載の多孔質体の製造方法。
  11. 前記凍結工程において、前記混合溶液の最終凍結処理温度が、共晶点以下である、請求項1〜10のいずれか一項に記載の多孔質体の製造方法。
  12. 前記凍結工程において、前記混合溶液の最終凍結処理温度が、-10℃以下である、請求項1〜11のいずれか一項に記載の多孔質体の製造方法。
  13. 前記混合溶液の最終凍結処理温度が、-50〜-10℃の範囲である、請求項12記載の多孔質体の製造方法。
  14. 前記凍結工程において、前記混合溶液を最終凍結処理温度で0を超え12時間以下の範囲で処理する、請求項11〜13のいずれか一項に記載の多孔質体の製造方法。
  15. 前記凍結工程において、凍結処理開始時における前記混合溶液の温度が、10℃〜室温の範囲である、請求項1〜14のいずれか一項に記載の多孔質体の製造方法。
  16. 凍結処理開始時における前記混合溶液の温度が、10℃である、請求項15記載の多孔質体の製造方法。
  17. 前記混合溶液における前記ポリマー濃度が、0.1〜24質量%の範囲である、請求項1〜16のいずれか一項に記載の多孔質体の製造方法。
  18. 前記ポリマーと前記ポリマーに対して相対的に溶解度が高い溶媒との質量比が、0.1:99.9〜24:76の範囲である請求項1〜17のいずれか一項に記載の多孔質体の製造方法。
  19. 前記ポリマーと前記ポリマーに対して相対的に溶解度が高い溶媒との質量比が、4:96である請求項18記載の多孔質体の製造方法。
  20. 前記ポリマーと前記ポリマーに対して相対的に溶解度が低い溶媒との質量比が、3.2:20〜4:0.5の範囲である請求項1〜19のいずれか一項に記載の多孔質体の製造方法。
  21. 請求項1〜20のいずれか一項に記載の多孔質体の製造方法によって得られる多孔質体。
  22. 平均ポアサイズが、20〜2000μmの範囲である、請求項21記載の多孔質体。
  23. 多孔質体が培養細胞の足場材料である、請求項21または22記載の多孔質体。
  24. 多孔質体が医療用多孔質体である、請求項21〜23のいずれか一項に記載の多孔質体。
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