JP2006286923A - Lithium ion capacitor - Google Patents

Lithium ion capacitor Download PDF

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JP2006286923A
JP2006286923A JP2005104709A JP2005104709A JP2006286923A JP 2006286923 A JP2006286923 A JP 2006286923A JP 2005104709 A JP2005104709 A JP 2005104709A JP 2005104709 A JP2005104709 A JP 2005104709A JP 2006286923 A JP2006286923 A JP 2006286923A
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positive electrode
negative electrode
lithium ion
lithium
active material
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Riza Takahata
里咲 高畠
Hiromoto Taguchi
博基 田口
Tsutomu Fujii
勉 藤井
Kenji Kojima
健治 小島
Kohei Matsui
恒平 松井
Mitsuo Shiraga
充朗 白髪
Mitsuru Nagai
満 永井
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Subaru Corp
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Fuji Heavy Industries Ltd
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    • YGENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02EREDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
    • Y02E60/00Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
    • Y02E60/10Energy storage using batteries
    • YGENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02EREDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
    • Y02E60/00Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
    • Y02E60/13Energy storage using capacitors

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  • Electric Double-Layer Capacitors Or The Like (AREA)
  • Secondary Cells (AREA)
  • Battery Electrode And Active Subsutance (AREA)

Abstract

<P>PROBLEM TO BE SOLVED: To provide an improved lithium ion capacitor in which high energy density and output density can be achieved. <P>SOLUTION: The lithium ion capacitor comprises a positive electrode, a negative electrode, and aprotic organic solvent electrolytic solution of lithium salt as electrolyte wherein the positive electrode active substance is a substance capable of carrying lithium ion and/or anion reversibly, the negative electrode active substance is a substance capable of carrying lithium ion reversibly, the negative electrode and/or the positive electrode is doped with lithium ions such that the potential of the positive electrode after the positive electrode and the negative electrode are short-circuited becomes 2.0 V or below, and the positive electrode active substance is activated carbon particles where the volume of pores having a radius of 1-40 Å occupies 80% or more of the total pore volume and the total pore volume is 0.4-1.5 cc/g. <P>COPYRIGHT: (C)2007,JPO&INPIT

Description

本発明は、正極、負極、及び電解質としてリチウム塩の非プロトン性有機溶媒電解液を備えたリチウムイオンキャパシタに関する。   The present invention relates to a lithium ion capacitor including a positive electrode, a negative electrode, and an aprotic organic solvent electrolytic solution of a lithium salt as an electrolyte.

近年、グラファイト等の炭素材料を負極に用い、正極にLiCoO等のリチウム含有金属酸化物を用いた所謂リチウムイオン二次電池は高容量であり有力な蓄電装置として、主にノート型パソコンや携帯電話の主電源として実用化されている。リチウムイオン二次電池は、電池組立後、充電することにより正極のリチウム含有金属酸化物から負極にリチウムイオンを供給し、更に放電では負極のリチウムイオンを正極に戻すという、いわゆるロッキングチェア型電池であり、高電圧及び高容量、高安全性を有することを特長としている。 In recent years, a so-called lithium ion secondary battery using a carbon material such as graphite as a negative electrode and a lithium-containing metal oxide such as LiCoO 2 as a positive electrode has a high capacity and is an effective power storage device. It has been put to practical use as the main power source for telephones. The lithium ion secondary battery is a so-called rocking chair type battery in which lithium ions are supplied to the negative electrode from the lithium-containing metal oxide of the positive electrode by charging after the battery is assembled, and the lithium ion of the negative electrode is returned to the positive electrode in the discharge. It is characterized by high voltage, high capacity, and high safety.

一方、環境問題がクローズアップされる中、ガソリン車にかわる電気自動車用又はハイブリッド自動車用の蓄電装置(メイン電源と補助電源)の開発が盛んに行われ、また、自動車用の蓄電装置として、これまでは鉛電池が使用されてきた。しかし、車載用の電気設備や機器の充実により、エネルギー密度、出力密度の点から新しい蓄電装置が求められるようになってきている。   On the other hand, while environmental problems have been highlighted, the development of power storage devices (main power and auxiliary power) for electric vehicles or hybrid vehicles replacing gasoline vehicles has been actively carried out. Until now, lead batteries have been used. However, with the enhancement of in-vehicle electrical equipment and equipment, new power storage devices are being demanded in terms of energy density and output density.

かかる新しい蓄電装置としては、上記のリチウムイオン二次電池や電気二重層キャパシタが注目されている。しかし、リチウムイオン二次電池はエネルギー密度が高いものの出力特性、安全性やサイクル寿命には問題を残している。一方、電気二重層キャパシタは、ICやLSIのメモリーバックアップ用電源として利用されているが、一充電当たりの放電容量は電池に比べて小さい。しかし、瞬時の充放電特性に優れ、数万サイクル以上の充放電にも耐えるという、リチウムイオン二次電池にはない高い出力特性とメンテナンスフリー性を備えている。   As such a new power storage device, the above lithium ion secondary battery and electric double layer capacitor have attracted attention. However, although the lithium ion secondary battery has a high energy density, there are still problems in output characteristics, safety and cycle life. On the other hand, electric double layer capacitors are used as memory backup power sources for ICs and LSIs, but their discharge capacity per charge is smaller than batteries. However, it has excellent output characteristics and maintenance-free characteristics that are excellent in instantaneous charge / discharge characteristics and withstands charge / discharge of tens of thousands of cycles or more, which is not possible with lithium ion secondary batteries.

電気二重層キャパシタはこうした利点を有してはいるが、従来の一般的な電気二重層キャパシタのエネルギー密度は3〜4Wh/l程度で、リチウムイオン二次電池に比べて二桁程度小さい。電気自動車用を考えた場合、実用化には6〜10Wh/l、普及させるには20Wh/lのエネルギー密度が必要であるといわれている。   Although the electric double layer capacitor has such advantages, the energy density of the conventional general electric double layer capacitor is about 3 to 4 Wh / l, which is about two orders of magnitude smaller than that of the lithium ion secondary battery. When considering the use for electric vehicles, it is said that an energy density of 6 to 10 Wh / l is required for practical use and 20 Wh / l is necessary for spreading.

こうした高エネルギー密度、高出力特性を要する用途に対応する蓄電装置として、近年、リチウムイオン二次電池と電気二重層キャパシタの蓄電原理を組み合わせた、ハイブリッドキャパシタとも呼ばれる蓄電装置が注目されている。ハイブリッドキャパシタでは、通常、正極に分極性電極を使用し、負極に非分極性電極を使用するもので、電池の高いエネルギー密度と電気二重層の高い出力特性を兼ね備えた蓄電装置として注目されている。一方、このハイブリッドキャパシタにおいて、リチウムイオンを吸蔵、脱離しうる負極をリチウム金属と接触させて、予め化学的方法又は電気化学的方法でリチウムイオンを吸蔵、担持(以下、ドーピングともいう)させて負極電位を下げることにより、耐電圧を大きくしエネルギー密度を大幅に大きくすることを意図したキャパシタが提案されている。(特許文献1〜特許文献4参照)   In recent years, a power storage device called a hybrid capacitor, which combines the power storage principles of a lithium ion secondary battery and an electric double layer capacitor, has attracted attention as a power storage device corresponding to applications requiring such high energy density and high output characteristics. In hybrid capacitors, a polarizable electrode is usually used for the positive electrode and a non-polarizable electrode is used for the negative electrode, which is attracting attention as a power storage device that combines high energy density of the battery and high output characteristics of the electric double layer. . On the other hand, in this hybrid capacitor, a negative electrode capable of inserting and extracting lithium ions is brought into contact with lithium metal, and lithium ions are stored and supported (hereinafter also referred to as doping) by a chemical method or an electrochemical method in advance. There has been proposed a capacitor intended to increase the withstand voltage and greatly increase the energy density by lowering the potential. (See Patent Document 1 to Patent Document 4)

この種のハイブリッドキャパシタでは、高性能は期待されるものの、負極にリチウムイオンをドーピングさせる場合に、ドーピングが極めて長時間を要することや負極全体に対する均一性のあるドーピングに問題を有し、特に、電極を捲回した円筒型装置や、複数枚の電極を積層した角型電池のような大型の高容量セルでは実用化は困難とされていた。   Although this type of hybrid capacitor is expected to have high performance, when doping lithium ions to the negative electrode, it takes a very long time for doping, and there is a problem in uniform doping with respect to the whole negative electrode. It has been considered difficult to put into practical use in a large-capacity cell such as a cylindrical device in which electrodes are wound or a square battery in which a plurality of electrodes are stacked.

しかし、この問題は、セルを構成する、負極集電体及び正極集電体の表裏に貫通する孔を設け、この貫通孔を通じてリチウムイオンを移動させ、同時にリチウムイオン供給源であるリチウム金属と負極を短絡させることにより、セルの端部にリチウム金属を配置するだけで、セル中の全負極にリチウムイオンをドーピングできることの発明により、一挙に解決するに至った(特許文献5参照)。なお、リチウムイオンのドーピングは、通常、負極に対して行なわれるが、負極とともに、又は負極の代わりに正極に行う場合も同様であることが特許文献5に記載されている。   However, this problem is that a through hole is formed in the front and back of the negative electrode current collector and the positive electrode current collector constituting the cell, and lithium ions are moved through the through hole, and at the same time, lithium metal that is a lithium ion supply source and the negative electrode By short-circuiting, it was possible to do so all at once by arranging the lithium metal at the end of the cell and doping all the negative electrodes in the cell with lithium ions (see Patent Document 5). In addition, although doping of lithium ion is normally performed with respect to a negative electrode, it is described in patent document 5 that it is the same also when performing with a negative electrode with a positive electrode instead of a negative electrode.

かくして、電極を捲回した円筒型装置や、複数枚の電極を積層した角型電池のような大型のセルでも、装置中の全負極に対して短時間にかつ負極全体に均一にリチウムイオンがドーピングでき、耐電圧が向上した事でエネルギー密度が飛躍的に増大し、電気二重層キャパシタが本来有する大きい出力密度と相俟って、高容量のキャパシタが実現する見通しが得られた。   Thus, even in a large-sized cell such as a cylindrical device in which electrodes are wound or a square battery in which a plurality of electrodes are stacked, lithium ions are uniformly distributed over the entire negative electrode in a short time with respect to all the negative electrodes in the device. It was possible to dope and increase the withstand voltage, the energy density dramatically increased, and the high output density inherent in the electric double layer capacitor was expected to realize a high capacity capacitor.

しかし、かかる高容量のキャパシタを実用化するためには、さらに、高容量、高エネルギー密度及び高出力密度とすることが要求されている。
特開平8−107048号公報 特開平9−55342号公報 特開平9−232190号公報 特開平11−297578号公報 国際公開WO98/033227号公報
However, in order to put such a high-capacity capacitor into practical use, it is further required to have a high capacity, a high energy density, and a high output density.
Japanese Patent Laid-Open No. 8-1007048 JP-A-9-55342 Japanese Patent Laid-Open No. 9-232190 JP-A-11-297578 International Publication WO98 / 033227

本発明は、正極活物質がリチウムイオン及び/又はアニオンを可逆的に担持可能な物
質であり、かつ負極活物質がリチウムイオンを可逆的に担持可能な物質であり、負極及び/又は正極をリチウムイオン供給源と電気化学的に接触させて、充電前に予め負極にリチウムイオンをドーピングする方式のリチウムイオンキャパシタにおいて、更に、エネルギー密度や出力密度の高い値が実現できる、改良されたキャパシタを提供することを課題とする。
In the present invention, the positive electrode active material is a material capable of reversibly supporting lithium ions and / or anions, and the negative electrode active material is a material capable of reversibly supporting lithium ions. Provides an improved capacitor that can achieve higher values of energy density and power density in a lithium ion capacitor that is electrochemically contacted with an ion source and previously doped with lithium ions before charging. The task is to do.

上記課題を解決するため、本発明者らは鋭意研究を行った結果、正極と負極を短絡させた後の正極及び負極電位が2.0V以下となるように、充電前に、負極及び/又は正極に対してリチウムイオンを予めドーピングさせたリチウムイオンキャパシタにおいては、そこで使用される、正極活物質である活性炭の物性が、得られるキャパシタのエネルギー密度や出力密度と関係し、該正極活物質を、細孔半径1〜40Åの細孔容積が全細孔容積の80%以上で全細孔容積が0.4〜1.5cc/gを有する活性炭粒子から形成することにより、上記の課題を解決できることを見出し、本発明に到達した。   In order to solve the above-mentioned problems, the present inventors have conducted intensive research. As a result, the negative electrode and / or the negative electrode and / or the negative electrode and / or the negative electrode potential is 2.0 V or less after the positive electrode and the negative electrode are short-circuited. In a lithium ion capacitor in which lithium ions are pre-doped with respect to the positive electrode, the physical properties of the activated carbon used as the positive electrode active material are related to the energy density and output density of the obtained capacitor. The above-mentioned problems are solved by forming from activated carbon particles having a pore radius of 1 to 40 mm and a pore volume of 80% or more of the total pore volume and a total pore volume of 0.4 to 1.5 cc / g. We have found that we can do it and have reached the present invention.

かくして、本発明は、以下の要旨を有することを特徴とするものである。
(1)正極、負極、及び、電解液としてリチウム塩の非プロトン性有機溶媒電解質溶液を備えるリチウムイオンキャパシタであって、正極活物質がリチウムイオン及び/又はアニオンを可逆的に担持可能な物質であり、負極活物質がリチウムイオンを可逆的に担持可能な物質であり、正極と負極を短絡させた後の正極の電位が2.0V以下になるように負極及び/又は正極に対してリチウムイオンがドーピングされており、かつ、上記正極活物質は、細孔半径1〜40Åの細孔容積が全細孔容積の80%以上であり、かつ全細孔容積が0.4〜1.5cc/gを有する活性炭粒子であることを特徴とするリチウムイオンキャパシタ。
(2)前記正極及び/又は負極が、それぞれ表裏面を貫通する孔を有する集電体を備えており、負極とリチウムイオン供給源との電気化学的接触によってリチウムイオンがドーピングされている上記(1)に記載のリチウムイオンキャパシタ。
(3)負極活物質は、正極活物質に比べて、単位重量あたりの静電容量が3倍以上を有し、かつ正極活物質重量が負極活物質の重量よりも大きい上記(1)又は(2)に記載のリチウムイオンキャパシタ。
(4)活性炭粒子が、アルカリ賦活処理され、かつ比表面積が600〜3000m/gを有する請求項1〜3のいずれかに記載のリチウムイオンキャパシタ。
(5)活性炭粒子の平均粒子径(D50)が2μm以上である上記(1)〜(4)のいずれかに記載のリチウムイオンキャパシタ。
(6)活性炭粒子が、フェノール樹脂系活性炭、石油ピッチ系活性炭、石油コークス系活性炭、又は石炭コークス系活性炭である上記(1)〜(5)のいずれかに記載のリチウムイオンキャパシタ。
(7)負極活物質粒子が、炭素材料又はポリアセン系物質である上記(1)〜(6)のいずれかに記載のリチウムイオンキャパシタ。
(8)負極活物質が、芳香族系縮合ポリマーを非酸化性雰囲気にて400〜800℃で熱処理し、水素原/炭素原子が0.05〜0.5の不溶不融体である上記(1)〜(7)のいずれかに記載のリチウムイオンキャパシタ。
Thus, the present invention is characterized by having the following gist.
(1) A lithium ion capacitor comprising a positive electrode, a negative electrode, and an aprotic organic solvent electrolyte solution of a lithium salt as an electrolytic solution, wherein the positive electrode active material is a substance capable of reversibly supporting lithium ions and / or anions. Yes, the negative electrode active material is a material capable of reversibly carrying lithium ions, and the lithium ion with respect to the negative electrode and / or the positive electrode so that the potential of the positive electrode becomes 2.0 V or less after the positive electrode and the negative electrode are short-circuited. And the positive electrode active material has a pore volume with a pore radius of 1 to 40% of 80% or more of the total pore volume and a total pore volume of 0.4 to 1.5 cc / A lithium ion capacitor, wherein the activated carbon particles have g.
(2) The positive electrode and / or the negative electrode each provided with a current collector having holes penetrating the front and back surfaces, and lithium ions are doped by electrochemical contact between the negative electrode and a lithium ion supply source ( The lithium ion capacitor as described in 1).
(3) The negative electrode active material has a capacitance per unit weight of 3 times or more as compared with the positive electrode active material, and the positive electrode active material weight is greater than the weight of the negative electrode active material (1) or ( The lithium ion capacitor as described in 2).
4 activated carbon particles, the lithium ion capacitor according to any one of claims 1 to 3 is subject to an alkali activation treatment and a specific surface area has 600 to 3000 m 2 / g.
(5) The lithium ion capacitor according to any one of (1) to (4), wherein the activated carbon particles have an average particle diameter (D50) of 2 μm or more.
(6) The lithium ion capacitor according to any one of the above (1) to (5), wherein the activated carbon particles are phenol resin activated carbon, petroleum pitch activated carbon, petroleum coke activated carbon, or coal coke activated carbon.
(7) The lithium ion capacitor according to any one of (1) to (6), wherein the negative electrode active material particles are a carbon material or a polyacene-based material.
(8) The above (A), wherein the negative electrode active material is an insoluble infusible material having a hydrogen atom / carbon atom of 0.05 to 0.5 by heat-treating an aromatic condensation polymer in a non-oxidizing atmosphere at 400 to 800 ° C. The lithium ion capacitor according to any one of 1) to (7).

本発明によれば、充電前に予め負極及び/又は正極にリチウムイオンをドーピングする、特に大容量のキャパシタであって、高いエネルギー密度と高い出力密度を有するキャパシタが提供される。容量は、両極に同じ活性炭を用いた場合C(正極)≒C(負極)より、セル全体容量はC/2となり、全体容量は片極の半分しか出ないが、本発明を用いる事で、1/C(正極)≫1/C負極)となるため、C(全体)≒C(正極)に近づき、正極活性炭の容量がセル全体の容量になる。本発明において、上記した細孔半径1〜40Åの細孔が全細孔の80%以上であり、かつ全細孔容積が0.4〜1.5cc/gを有する活性炭粒子から正極を形成することにより、得られるキャパシタが何故に高いエネルギー密度と高い出力密度を有するかについては、必ずしも明らかではないが、次のように推定される。リチウムイオンキャパシタを充放電すると、半径5〜9Åに溶媒和したアニオンやカチオンが活性炭の細孔の壁に吸着する。このときイオンが活性炭の細孔の壁に隙間無く、効率よく配向して吸着する為には、細孔径1〜40Åが均一にかつ、多く存在する必要があり、これらを持ち得た活性炭は高容量かつ高出力を有するキャパシタが提供される。 According to the present invention, there is provided a capacitor having a high energy density and a high output density, in which a negative electrode and / or a positive electrode are preliminarily doped with lithium ions before charging. When the same activated carbon is used for both electrodes, the capacity of the entire cell is C / 2 from C (positive electrode) ≈ C (negative electrode) , and the total capacity is only half of one electrode, but by using the present invention, Since 1 / C (positive electrode) >> 1 / C negative electrode) , C (whole) approaches C (positive electrode) , and the capacity of the positive electrode activated carbon becomes the capacity of the entire cell. In the present invention, the positive electrode is formed from activated carbon particles in which the pores having a pore radius of 1 to 40 mm are 80% or more of the total pores and the total pore volume is 0.4 to 1.5 cc / g. Thus, the reason why the obtained capacitor has a high energy density and a high power density is not necessarily clear, but is estimated as follows. When the lithium ion capacitor is charged and discharged, anions and cations solvated to a radius of 5 to 9 mm are adsorbed on the pore walls of the activated carbon. At this time, in order for the ions to be efficiently oriented and adsorbed on the pore walls of the activated carbon without any gaps, it is necessary that the pore diameters 1 to 40 mm be uniform and many, and the activated carbon that can have these is high Capacitors with high output are provided.

さらに、正極は放電時3.0V以下の領域ではリチウムイオンのドーピングが起こるが、上記した細孔半径1〜40Åの細孔が全細孔の80%以上であり、かつ全細孔容積が0.4〜1.5cc/gを有する活性炭粒子は、特に3.0V以下に大きな容量を有しており、高いエネルギー密度を有するキャパシタが得られるものと思われる。   Furthermore, although the positive electrode is doped with lithium ions in the region of 3.0 V or less during discharge, the above-mentioned pores having a pore radius of 1 to 40% are 80% or more of the total pores, and the total pore volume is 0. The activated carbon particles having .4 to 1.5 cc / g have a large capacity particularly below 3.0 V, and it is considered that a capacitor having a high energy density can be obtained.

本発明のリチウムイオンキャパシタは、正極、負極、及び、電解液としてリチウム塩の非プロトン性有機溶媒電解質溶液を備え、正極活物質がリチウムイオン及び/又はアニオンを可逆的に担持可能な物質であり、かつ負極活物質がリチウムイオンを可逆的に担持可能な物質である。ここで、「正極」とは、放電の際に電流が流れ出る側の極であり、「負極」とは放電の際に電流が流れ込む側の極をいう。   The lithium ion capacitor of the present invention includes a positive electrode, a negative electrode, and an aprotic organic solvent electrolyte solution of a lithium salt as an electrolytic solution, and the positive electrode active material is a substance capable of reversibly supporting lithium ions and / or anions. In addition, the negative electrode active material is a material capable of reversibly supporting lithium ions. Here, the “positive electrode” is an electrode on the side where current flows out during discharge, and the “negative electrode” is an electrode on the side where current flows in during discharge.

本発明のリチウムイオンキャパシタでは、負極及び/又は正極に対するリチウムイオンのドーピングにより正極と負極を短絡させた後の正極の電位が2.0V以下にされていることが必要である。負極及び/又は正極に対するリチウムイオンのドーピングされていないキャパシタでは、正極及び負極の電位はいずれも約3Vであり、充電前においては、正極と負極を短絡させた後の正極の電位は約3Vである。なお、本発明で、正極と負極を短絡させた後の正極の電位が2.0V以下とは、以下の(A)又は(B)の2つのいずれかの方法で求められる正極の電位が2.0V以下の場合をいう。即ち、(A)リチウムイオンによるドーピングの後、キャパシタセルの正極端子と負極端子を導線で直接結合させた状態で12時間以上放置した後に短絡を解除し、0.5〜1.5時間内に測定した正極電位、(B)充放電試験機にて12時間以上かけて0Vまで定電流放電させた後に正極端子と負極端子を導線で結合させた状態で12時間以上放置した後に短絡を解除し、0.5〜1.5時間内に測定した正極電位。   In the lithium ion capacitor of the present invention, it is necessary that the potential of the positive electrode after the positive electrode and the negative electrode are short-circuited by doping lithium ions to the negative electrode and / or the positive electrode is 2.0 V or less. In a capacitor that is not doped with lithium ions with respect to the negative electrode and / or the positive electrode, the potential of the positive electrode and the negative electrode is both about 3 V. is there. In the present invention, the potential of the positive electrode after the positive electrode and the negative electrode are short-circuited is 2.0 V or less. The potential of the positive electrode determined by either of the following two methods (A) or (B) is 2 It means the case of 0V or less. That is, (A) After doping with lithium ions, the positive electrode terminal and the negative electrode terminal of the capacitor cell are left in a state of being directly coupled with a conductive wire for 12 hours or more, and then the short circuit is released, and within 0.5 to 1.5 hours Measured positive electrode potential, (B) Charge-discharge tester discharges constant current to 0V over 12 hours and then leaves positive electrode terminal and negative electrode terminal connected with lead wire for 12 hours or more, then releases short circuit Positive electrode potential measured within 0.5 to 1.5 hours.

また、本発明において、正極と負極とを短絡させた後の正極電位が2.0V以下というのは、リチウムイオンがドーピングされたすぐ後だけに限られるものではなく、充電状態、放電状態あるいは充放電を繰り返した後に短絡した場合など、いずれかの状態で短絡後の正極電位が2.0V以下となることである。   In the present invention, the positive electrode potential after the positive electrode and the negative electrode are short-circuited is 2.0 V or less, not only immediately after the lithium ions are doped, but in the charged state, discharged state or charged state. The positive electrode potential after short-circuiting is 2.0 V or less in any state, such as when short-circuiting after repeating discharge.

本発明において、正極と負極とを短絡させた後の正極電位が2.0V以下になるということに関し、以下に詳細に説明する。上述のように活性炭や炭素材は通常3V(Li/Li)前後の電位を有しており、正極、負極ともに活性炭を用いてセルを組んだ場合、いずれの電位も約3Vとなるため、短絡しても正極電位はかわらず約3Vである。また、正極に活性炭、負極にリチウムイオン二次電池にて使用されている黒鉛や難黒鉛化性炭素のような炭素材を用いた、いわゆるハイブリッドキャパシタの場合も同様であり、いずれの電位も約3Vとなるため、短絡しても正極電位はかわらず約3Vである。正極と負極の重量バランスにもよるが充電すると負極電位が0V近傍まで推移するので、充電電圧を高くすることが可能となるため高電圧、高エネルギー密度を有したキャパシタとなる。一般的に充電電圧の上限は正極電位の上昇による電解液の分解が起こらない電圧に決められるので、正極電位を上限にした場合、負極電位が低下する分、充電電圧を高めることが可能となるのである。しかしながら、短絡時に正極電位が約3Vとなる上述のハイブリッドキャパシタでは、正極の上限電位が例えば4.0Vとした場合、放電時の正極電位は3.0Vまでであり、正極の電位変化は1.0V程度と正極の容量を充分利用できていない。更に、負極にリチウムイオンを挿入(充電)、脱離(放電)した場合、初期の充放電効率が低い場合が多く、放電時に脱離できないリチウムイオンが存在していることが知られている。これは、負極表面にて電解液の分解に消費される場合や、炭素材の構造欠陥部にトラップされる等の説明がなされているが、この場合正極の充放電効率に比べ負極の充放電効率が低くなり、充放電を繰り返した後にセルを短絡させると正極電位は3.0Vよりも高くなり、さらに利用容量は低下する。すなわち、正極は4.0Vから2.0Vまで放電可能であるところ、4.0Vから3.0Vまでしか使えない場合、利用容量として半分しか使っていないこととなり、高電圧にはなるが高容量にはならないのである。 In the present invention, the fact that the positive electrode potential after the positive electrode and the negative electrode are short-circuited is 2.0 V or less will be described in detail below. As described above, activated carbon and carbon materials usually have a potential of about 3 V (Li / Li + ), and when the cell is assembled using activated carbon for both the positive electrode and the negative electrode, both potentials are about 3 V. Even if it is short-circuited, the positive electrode potential is about 3 V regardless. The same applies to so-called hybrid capacitors using activated carbon for the positive electrode and carbon materials such as graphite and non-graphitizable carbon used in lithium ion secondary batteries for the negative electrode. Since it becomes 3V, even if it short-circuits, a positive electrode potential is about 3V regardless. Although depending on the weight balance between the positive electrode and the negative electrode, when charged, the potential of the negative electrode transitions to around 0 V, so that the charging voltage can be increased, so that the capacitor has a high voltage and a high energy density. Generally, the upper limit of the charging voltage is determined to be a voltage at which the electrolyte solution does not decompose due to the increase in the positive electrode potential. Therefore, when the positive electrode potential is set as the upper limit, the charging voltage can be increased by the amount of decrease in the negative electrode potential. It is. However, in the above-described hybrid capacitor in which the positive electrode potential is about 3 V when short-circuited, when the upper limit potential of the positive electrode is 4.0 V, for example, the positive electrode potential during discharge is up to 3.0 V, and the positive electrode potential change is 1. The capacity of the positive electrode of about 0 V is not fully utilized. Furthermore, when lithium ions are inserted (charged) and desorbed (discharged) into the negative electrode, the initial charge / discharge efficiency is often low, and it is known that there are lithium ions that cannot be desorbed during discharge. This is explained when it is consumed in the decomposition of the electrolyte solution on the negative electrode surface or trapped in the structural defect part of the carbon material. In this case, the charge / discharge of the negative electrode is compared with the charge / discharge efficiency of the positive electrode. When the efficiency is lowered and the cell is short-circuited after repeated charging and discharging, the positive electrode potential becomes higher than 3.0 V and the utilization capacity further decreases. That is, the positive electrode can be discharged from 4.0 V to 2.0 V. However, when only 4.0 V to 3.0 V can be used, only half of the usage capacity is used. It will not be.

ハイブリッドキャパシタを高電圧、高エネルギー密度だけでなく、高容量そして更にエネルギー密度を高めるためには、正極の利用容量を向上させることが必要である。   In order to increase not only high voltage and high energy density, but also high capacity and energy density of the hybrid capacitor, it is necessary to improve the capacity of the positive electrode.

短絡後の正極電位が3.0Vよりも低下すればそれだけ利用容量が増え、高容量になるということである。2.0V以下になるためには、セルの充放電により充電される量だけでなく、別途リチウム金属などのリチウムイオン供給源から負極にリチウムイオンを充電することが好ましい。正極と負極以外からリチウムイオンが供給されるので、短絡させた時には、正極、負極、リチウム金属の平衡電位になるため、正極電位、負極電位ともに3.0V以下になる。リチウム金属の量が多くなる程に平衡電位は低くなる。負極材、正極材が変われば平衡電位も変わるので、短絡後の正極電位が2.0V以下になるように、負極材、正極材の特性を鑑みて負極に担持させるリチウムイオン量の調整が必要である。   If the positive electrode potential after the short circuit falls below 3.0V, the utilization capacity increases and the capacity increases. In order to be 2.0 V or less, it is preferable to charge not only the amount charged by charging / discharging the cell but also separately charging lithium ions from a lithium ion supply source such as lithium metal to the negative electrode. Since lithium ions are supplied from other than the positive electrode and the negative electrode, when they are short-circuited, the equilibrium potentials of the positive electrode, the negative electrode, and the lithium metal are reached, so that both the positive electrode potential and the negative electrode potential are 3.0 V or less. As the amount of lithium metal increases, the equilibrium potential decreases. If the negative electrode material and the positive electrode material change, the equilibrium potential also changes. Therefore, it is necessary to adjust the amount of lithium ions supported on the negative electrode in view of the characteristics of the negative electrode material and the positive electrode material so that the positive electrode potential after the short circuit becomes 2.0 V or less. It is.

本発明において、キャパシタセルを充電する前に、予め負極及び/又は正極にリチウムイオンをドーピングし、正極と負極を短絡させた後の正極の電位を2.0V以下にすることにより、正極の利用容量が高くなるため高容量となり、大きいエネルギー密度が得られる。リチウムイオンの供給量が多くなる程、正極と負極を短絡させた時の正極電位は低くなりエネルギー密度は向上する。更に高いエネルギー密度を得る上では1.5V以下、特には、1.0V以下が更に好ましい。正極および/又は負極に供給されたリチウムイオンの量が少ないと正極と負極を短絡させた時に正極電位が2.0Vよりも高くなり、セルのエネルギー密度は小さくなる。また、正極電位が1.0Vを下回ると正極活物質にもよるが、ガス発生や、リチウムイオンを不可逆に消費してしまう等の不具合が生じるため、正極電位の測定が困難となる。また、正極電位が低くなりすぎる場合、負極重量が過剰ということであり、逆にエネルギー密度は低下する。一般的には0.1V以上であり、好ましくは0.3V以上である。   In the present invention, before charging the capacitor cell, the negative electrode and / or the positive electrode is previously doped with lithium ions, and the positive electrode potential is 2.0 V or less after the positive electrode and the negative electrode are short-circuited. Since the capacity is increased, the capacity is increased and a large energy density is obtained. As the supply amount of lithium ions increases, the positive electrode potential when the positive electrode and the negative electrode are short-circuited becomes lower and the energy density is improved. In order to obtain a higher energy density, 1.5 V or less, particularly 1.0 V or less is more preferable. When the amount of lithium ions supplied to the positive electrode and / or the negative electrode is small, the positive electrode potential becomes higher than 2.0 V when the positive electrode and the negative electrode are short-circuited, and the energy density of the cell is reduced. Further, when the positive electrode potential is less than 1.0 V, although depending on the positive electrode active material, problems such as gas generation and irreversible consumption of lithium ions occur, so that it is difficult to measure the positive electrode potential. On the other hand, when the positive electrode potential becomes too low, the negative electrode weight is excessive, and conversely the energy density decreases. Generally, it is 0.1 V or more, preferably 0.3 V or more.

本発明で、リチウムイオンのドーピングは、負極と正極の片方あるいは両方いずれでもよいが、例えば正極に活性炭を用いた場合、リチウムイオンのドーピング量が多くなり正極電位が低くなると、リチウムイオンを不可逆的に消費してしまい、セルの容量が低下するなどの不具合が生じる場合がある。このため、負極と正極にドーピングするリチウムイオンは、それぞれの電極活物質を考慮し、これらの不具合を生じないようにするのが好ましい。本発明では、正極のドーピング量と負極のドーピング量を制御することは工程上煩雑となるため、リチウムイオンのドーピングは好ましくは負極に対して行われる。   In the present invention, lithium ion doping may be either one or both of the negative electrode and the positive electrode. For example, when activated carbon is used for the positive electrode, the lithium ion becomes irreversible when the amount of lithium ion doping increases and the positive electrode potential decreases. May cause problems such as a decrease in cell capacity. For this reason, it is preferable that the lithium ions doped in the negative electrode and the positive electrode do not cause these problems in consideration of the respective electrode active materials. In the present invention, since controlling the doping amount of the positive electrode and the doping amount of the negative electrode becomes complicated in the process, the doping of lithium ions is preferably performed on the negative electrode.

本発明のリチウムイオンキャパシタでは、特に、負極活物質の単位重量当たりの静電容量が正極活物質の単位重量当たりの静電容量の3倍以上を有し、かつ正極活物質重量が負極活物質重量よりも大きくする場合、高電圧且つ高容量のキャパシタが得られる。また、それと同時に、正極の単位重量当たりの静電容量に対して大きな単位重量当たりの静電容量を持つ負極を用いる場合には、負極の電位変化量を変えずに負極活物質重量を減らすことが可能となるため、正極活物質の充填量が多くなりセルの静電容量及び容量が大きくなる。正極活物質重量は負極活物質重量に対して大きいことが好ましいが、1.1倍〜10倍であることが更に好ましい。1.1倍未満であれば容量差が小さくなり、10倍を超えると逆に容量が小さくなる場合もあり、また正極と負極の厚み差が大きくなり過ぎるのでセル構成上好ましくない。   In the lithium ion capacitor of the present invention, in particular, the electrostatic capacity per unit weight of the negative electrode active material has more than three times the electrostatic capacity per unit weight of the positive electrode active material, and the positive electrode active material weight is the negative electrode active material When larger than the weight, a capacitor having a high voltage and a high capacity can be obtained. At the same time, when using a negative electrode having a capacitance per unit weight that is larger than the capacitance per unit weight of the positive electrode, the negative electrode active material weight is reduced without changing the potential change amount of the negative electrode. Therefore, the filling amount of the positive electrode active material is increased, and the capacitance and capacity of the cell are increased. The weight of the positive electrode active material is preferably larger than the weight of the negative electrode active material, but more preferably 1.1 times to 10 times. If it is less than 1.1 times, the capacity difference becomes small, and if it exceeds 10 times, the capacity may be reduced, and the thickness difference between the positive electrode and the negative electrode becomes too large, which is not preferable in terms of the cell structure.

なお、本発明において、キャパシタセル(以下、単にセルもいう)の静電容量及び容量は次のように定義される。セルの静電容量とは、セルの単位電圧当たりセルに流れる電気量(放電カーブの傾き)を示し、単位はF(ファラッド)である。セルの単位重量当たりの静電容量とはセルの静電容量に対するセル内に充填している正極活物質重量と負極活物質重量の合計重量の除で示され、単位はF/gである。また、正極又は負極の静電容量とは、正極あるいは負極の単位電圧当たりセルに流れる電気量(放電カーブの傾き)を示し、単位はFである。正極あるいは負極の単位重量当たりの静電容量とは正極あるいは負極の静電容量をセル内に充填している正極あるいは負極活物質重量の除で示され、単位はF/gである。   In the present invention, the capacitance and capacity of a capacitor cell (hereinafter also simply referred to as a cell) are defined as follows. The capacitance of a cell indicates the amount of electricity flowing through the cell per unit voltage of the cell (the slope of the discharge curve), and the unit is F (farad). The capacitance per unit weight of the cell is expressed by dividing the total weight of the positive electrode active material weight and the negative electrode active material weight filled in the cell with respect to the cell capacitance, and the unit is F / g. The electrostatic capacity of the positive electrode or the negative electrode indicates the amount of electricity flowing through the cell per unit voltage of the positive electrode or the negative electrode (the slope of the discharge curve), and the unit is F. The capacitance per unit weight of the positive electrode or the negative electrode is expressed by dividing the positive electrode or negative electrode capacitance in the cell by the weight of the positive electrode or negative electrode active material, and the unit is F / g.

更に、セル容量とは、セルの放電開始電圧と放電終了電圧の差、即ち電圧変化量とセルの静電容量の積であり単位はC(クーロン)であるが、1Cは1秒間に1Aの電流が流れたときの電荷量であるので本特許においては換算してmAh表示する。正極容量とは放電開始時の正極電位と放電終了時の正極電位の差(正極電位変化量)と正極の静電容量の積であり単位はCまたはmAh、同様に負極容量とは放電開始時の負極電位と放電終了時の負極電位の差(負極電位変化量)と負極の静電容量の積であり単位はCまたはmAhである。これらセル容量と正極容量、負極容量は一致する。   Furthermore, the cell capacity is the difference between the cell discharge start voltage and the discharge end voltage, that is, the product of the voltage change amount and the cell capacitance, and the unit is C (coulomb). 1C is 1A per second. Since this is the amount of charge when current flows, it is converted into mAh in this patent. The positive electrode capacity is the product of the difference between the positive electrode potential at the start of discharge and the positive electrode potential at the end of discharge (amount of change in positive electrode potential) and the electrostatic capacity of the positive electrode. The unit is C or mAh. The product of the difference between the negative electrode potential and the negative electrode potential at the end of discharge (negative electrode potential change amount) and the negative electrode capacitance, and the unit is C or mAh. These cell capacity, positive electrode capacity, and negative electrode capacity coincide.

本発明のリチウムイオンキャパシタにおいて、予め負極及び/又は正極にリチウムイオンをドーピングさせる手段は特に限定されない。例えば、リチウムイオンを供給可能な、リチウム金属などのリチウムイオン供給源をリチウム極としてキャパシタセル内に配置できる。リチウムイオン供給源の量(リチウム金属等の重量)は、所定の負極の容量が得られる量だけあればよい。この場合、負極とリチウム極は物理的な接触(短絡)でもよいし、電気化学的にドーピングさせてもよい。リチウムイオン供給源は、導電性多孔体からなるリチウム極集電体上に形成してもよい。リチウム極集電体となる導電性多孔体としては、ステンレスメッシュ等のリチウムイオン供給源と反応しない金属多孔体が使用できる。   In the lithium ion capacitor of the present invention, means for doping lithium ions into the negative electrode and / or the positive electrode in advance is not particularly limited. For example, a lithium ion supply source such as lithium metal that can supply lithium ions can be disposed in the capacitor cell as a lithium electrode. The amount of the lithium ion supply source (the weight of lithium metal or the like) only needs to be an amount that provides a predetermined negative electrode capacity. In this case, the negative electrode and the lithium electrode may be in physical contact (short circuit) or may be electrochemically doped. The lithium ion supply source may be formed on a lithium electrode current collector made of a conductive porous body. As the conductive porous body serving as the lithium electrode current collector, a metal porous body that does not react with a lithium ion supply source such as a stainless mesh can be used.

大容量の多層構造のキャパシタセルでは正極及び負極にそれぞれ電気を受配電する正極集電体及び負極集電体が備えられるが、かかる正極集電体及び負極集電体が使用され、かつリチウム極が設けられるセルの場合、リチウム極が負極集電体に対向する位置に設けられ、電気化学的に負極にリチウムイオンを供給することが好ましい。この場合、正極集電体及び負極集電体として、例えばエキスパンドメタルのように表裏面を貫通する孔を備えた材料を用い、リチウム極を負極あるいは正極に対向させて配置する。この貫通孔の形態、数等は特に限定されず、後述する電解液中のリチウムイオンが電極集電体に遮断されることなく電極の表裏間を移動できるように、設定することができる。   A large-capacity multilayer capacitor cell is provided with a positive electrode current collector and a negative electrode current collector for receiving and distributing electricity at the positive electrode and the negative electrode, respectively. The positive electrode current collector and the negative electrode current collector are used, and the lithium electrode In the case of a cell provided with a lithium electrode, the lithium electrode is preferably provided at a position facing the negative electrode current collector, and lithium ions are preferably supplied to the negative electrode electrochemically. In this case, as the positive electrode current collector and the negative electrode current collector, for example, a material having holes penetrating the front and back surfaces such as expanded metal is used, and the lithium electrode is disposed so as to face the negative electrode or the positive electrode. The form, number, and the like of the through holes are not particularly limited, and can be set so that lithium ions in the electrolyte described later can move between the front and back of the electrode without being blocked by the electrode current collector.

本発明のリチウムイオンキャパシタでは、負極にドーピングするリチウム極をセル中の局所的に配置した場合もリチウムイオンのドーピングが均一に行うことができる。従って、正極及び負極を積層もしくは捲回した大容量のセルの場合も、最外周又は最外側のセルの一部にリチウム極を配置することにより、スムーズにかつ均一に負極にリチウムイオンをドーピングできる。   In the lithium ion capacitor of the present invention, the lithium ion can be uniformly doped even when the lithium electrode doped in the negative electrode is locally disposed in the cell. Therefore, even in the case of a large-capacity cell in which the positive electrode and the negative electrode are laminated or wound, the lithium electrode can be smoothly and uniformly doped with lithium ions by arranging the lithium electrode in a part of the outermost periphery or outermost cell. .

電極集電体の材質としては、一般にリチウム系電池に提案されている種々の材質を用いることができ、正極集電体にはアルミニウム、ステンレス等、負極集電体にはステンレス、銅、ニッケル等をそれぞれ用いることができる。また、セル内に配置されたリチウム供給源との電気化学的接触によりドーピングする場合のリチウムとは、リチウム金属あるいはリチウム−アルミニウム合金のように、少なくともリチウムを含有し、リチウムイオンを供給することのできる物質をいう。   As the material of the electrode current collector, various materials generally proposed for lithium batteries can be used, such as aluminum and stainless steel for the positive electrode current collector, stainless steel, copper, nickel and the like for the negative electrode current collector. Can be used respectively. In addition, when doping is performed by electrochemical contact with a lithium supply source disposed in the cell, lithium means that at least lithium is contained and lithium ions are supplied like lithium metal or lithium-aluminum alloy. A substance that can be used.

本発明のリチウムイオンキャパシタにおける正極活物質は、リチウムイオンと、例えばテトラフルオロボレートのようなアニオンを可逆的に担持できる物質からなる。本発明で正極活物質は、細孔半径1〜40Åの細孔容積が全細孔容積の80%以上であり、かつ全細孔容積が0.4〜1.5cc/gを有する活性炭粒子から形成される。本発明で活性炭粒子は、細孔半径1〜40Åの細孔容積が全細孔容積の80%以上であることが必要である。細孔半径1〜40Åの細孔容積が80%より小さい場合には、後に比較例で示されるように目的とする静電容量もエネルギー密度も出力密度も達成できない。
なかでも、細孔半径1〜30Åの細孔容積が全細孔容積の80%以上であることが好ましい。
The positive electrode active material in the lithium ion capacitor of the present invention is made of a material capable of reversibly carrying lithium ions and anions such as tetrafluoroborate. In the present invention, the positive electrode active material is made of activated carbon particles having a pore radius of 1 to 40 mm and a pore volume of 80% or more of the total pore volume and a total pore volume of 0.4 to 1.5 cc / g. It is formed. In the present invention, the activated carbon particles are required to have a pore volume having a pore radius of 1 to 40% of 80% or more of the total pore volume. If the pore volume with a pore radius of 1 to 40 mm is smaller than 80%, the target capacitance, energy density, and output density cannot be achieved as will be shown later in a comparative example.
In particular, the pore volume having a pore radius of 1 to 30 mm is preferably 80% or more of the total pore volume.

さらに、上記に加えて、本発明で活性炭粒子は、全細孔容積が0.4〜1.5cc/gを有することが必要である。全細孔容積が、0.4cc/gより小さい場合には、後に比較例で示すように、目的とする静電容量もエネルギー密度も達成できない。逆に、1.5cc/gを超える場合には、活性炭のかさ密度が高くなるため、正極の充填密度が上がらず静電容量もエネルギー密度も目的に達成できない。活性炭の全細孔容積は、なかでも、0.6〜1.2cc/g、であるのが好適である。なお、本発明における細孔容積の値は、細孔半径1〜10Åの領域はMP法、細孔半径10〜40Åの領域はDH法による解析で求めた。即ち、本発明でいうところの細孔半径1〜40Åの細孔容積とは、MP法で求めた細孔半径1〜10Åの領域の細孔容積と、DH法より求めた細孔半径10〜40Åの領域の細孔容積の和である。また、全細孔容積とは、IUPACで定めるところのミクロ孔容積(〜直径20Å)、メソ孔容積(20〜500Å)、マクロ孔容積(500Å〜)の合計である。更に、細孔半径の下限値は、厳密には77Kにおける窒素分子の大きさにより規定され、この分子径より小さい細孔については測定は不可能であるが、本発明ではミクロ孔半径の加減を表す意味で細孔半径1Åという表記を用いた。   In addition to the above, the activated carbon particles in the present invention are required to have a total pore volume of 0.4 to 1.5 cc / g. When the total pore volume is smaller than 0.4 cc / g, the target capacitance and energy density cannot be achieved as will be shown later in a comparative example. On the other hand, if it exceeds 1.5 cc / g, the bulk density of the activated carbon increases, so that the packing density of the positive electrode does not increase, and neither the electrostatic capacity nor the energy density can be achieved for the purpose. In particular, the total pore volume of the activated carbon is preferably 0.6 to 1.2 cc / g. In addition, the value of the pore volume in this invention was calculated | required by the analysis by MP method for the area | region of the pore radius 1-10cm, and the area | region of the pore radius 10-40cm by the DH method. That is, the pore volume having a pore radius of 1 to 40 mm in the present invention refers to the pore volume in the region of the pore radius of 1 to 10 mm determined by the MP method and the pore radius of 10 to 10 mm determined by the DH method. It is the sum of the pore volumes in the region of 40 mm. The total pore volume is the sum of the micropore volume (up to 20 mm diameter), mesopore volume (20 to 500 kg), and macropore volume (500 kg up to) as defined by IUPAC. Furthermore, strictly speaking, the lower limit of the pore radius is defined by the size of the nitrogen molecule at 77 K, and measurement is impossible for pores smaller than this molecular size, but in the present invention, the micropore radius is adjusted. The notation of a pore radius of 1 細孔 was used for the meaning.

本発明で活性炭の原料は、好ましくは、フェノール樹脂、石油ピッチ、石油コークス、ヤシガラ、又は石炭系コークスなどが使用されるが、好ましくはフェノール樹脂、石炭系コークスが比表面積を高くできる理由で好適である。これらの活性炭の原材料は、焼成して炭化され、アルカリ賦活処理され、次いで粉砕される。上記の炭化処理は、現材料を加熱炉等に収容し、原材料が炭化する温度で所要時間加熱して行われる。その際の温度は原材料の種類、加熱時間等によって異なるが、通常、加熱時間が1〜20時間程度とされる場合、500〜1000℃に設定される。加熱雰囲気は、窒素ガス、アルゴンガスなどの不活性ガスであることが好ましい。   In the present invention, the raw material of the activated carbon is preferably phenol resin, petroleum pitch, petroleum coke, coconut husk, or coal-based coke, but preferably phenol resin and coal-based coke are preferable because the specific surface area can be increased. It is. These activated carbon raw materials are calcined and carbonized, subjected to an alkali activation treatment, and then pulverized. The carbonization treatment is performed by storing the current material in a heating furnace or the like and heating it for a required time at a temperature at which the raw material is carbonized. Although the temperature in that case changes with kinds of raw materials, heating time, etc., when heating time shall be about 1 to 20 hours normally, it is set to 500-1000 degreeC. The heating atmosphere is preferably an inert gas such as nitrogen gas or argon gas.

得られる炭化物の賦活に使用されるアルカリ活性化剤は、リチウム、ナトリウム、カリウムなどの金属イオンの塩類または水酸化物が好ましく、なかでも、水酸化カリウムが好適である。アルカリ賦活の方法は、例えば、炭化物と活性剤を混合した後、不活性ガス気流中で加熱することにより行う方法、活性炭の原材料に予め活性化剤を担持させた後加熱して、炭化および賦活の工程を行う方法、炭化物を水蒸気などのガス賦活法で賦活した後、アルカリ活性化剤で表面処理する方法が挙げられる。   The alkali activator used for activation of the resulting carbide is preferably a salt or hydroxide of metal ions such as lithium, sodium and potassium, and potassium hydroxide is particularly preferred. Alkaline activation methods include, for example, a method in which a carbide and an activator are mixed and then heated in an inert gas stream, an activated carbon raw material previously loaded with an activator, and then heated for carbonization and activation. And a method in which the carbide is activated by a gas activation method such as water vapor and then surface-treated with an alkali activator.

アルカリ活性化剤として、水酸化カリウムなどの一価の塩基を用いる場合には、炭化物とアルカリ活性化剤との割合は、重量比で、1:1〜1:10が好ましく、さらに1:1〜1:5がより好ましく、特に1:2〜1:4が最も好ましい。炭化物1重量部に対する活性化剤の割合が、1重量部未満であると、賦活が充分に進行せず、一方、4重量部を超えると、体積当たりの静電容量が低下する恐れがある。   When a monovalent base such as potassium hydroxide is used as the alkali activator, the weight ratio of the carbide to the alkali activator is preferably 1: 1 to 1:10, more preferably 1: 1. ˜1: 5 is more preferable, and 1: 2 to 1: 4 is most preferable. If the ratio of the activator to 1 part by weight of the carbide is less than 1 part by weight, the activation does not proceed sufficiently. On the other hand, if it exceeds 4 parts by weight, the capacitance per volume may decrease.

アルカリ賦活の温度は、400〜800℃が好ましく、特に600〜800℃付近がより好ましい。賦活温度が400℃未満であると、賦活が進行せず、静電容量が小さくなり、一方、900℃を超えると、賦活化率が極端に低下し好ましくない。賦活時間は、1〜10時間が好ましく、特に1〜5時間がより好ましい。賦活時間が1時間未満であると、正極として用いた際の内部抵抗が増大し、一方、10時間を超えると、単位体積当たりの静電容量が低下する。また、賦活処理後は多量に含まれているアルカリ活性化剤を充分に酸洗浄することにより取り除くことが必要である。酸洗浄の方法は特に限定するものではないが、通常、80℃、1〜3N程度のHClによる酸洗浄を数回繰り返すことによりアルカリ成分を充分に取り除くことが必要である。更に、アンモニア水などを用いて充分に中和洗浄することもひつようである。   The alkali activation temperature is preferably 400 to 800 ° C, more preferably around 600 to 800 ° C. When the activation temperature is less than 400 ° C., the activation does not proceed and the electrostatic capacity becomes small. On the other hand, when it exceeds 900 ° C., the activation rate is extremely lowered, which is not preferable. The activation time is preferably 1 to 10 hours, and more preferably 1 to 5 hours. When the activation time is less than 1 hour, the internal resistance when used as the positive electrode is increased. On the other hand, when it exceeds 10 hours, the capacitance per unit volume is decreased. Further, after the activation treatment, it is necessary to remove the alkali activator contained in a large amount by sufficiently washing with acid. The method of acid cleaning is not particularly limited, but it is usually necessary to sufficiently remove alkali components by repeating acid cleaning with HCl of about 1 to 3 N at 80 ° C. several times. Further, it is also necessary to carry out neutralization washing with ammonia water or the like.

酸洗浄されたアルカル賦活活性炭は、次いで粉砕される。粉砕は、ボールミル等の既知の粉砕機を用いて行われる。かかる粉砕により、活性炭の粒度は一般的に使用される広い範囲のものが使用できる。例えば、その50%体積累積径(D50ともいう)が2μm以上であり、好ましくは2〜50μm、特に2〜20μmが最も好ましい。これより小さい粒度の場合には、正極を形成することができない。また、平均細孔径が好ましくは10nm以下であり、比表面積が好ましくは600〜3000m/gであるのが好適である。本発明の正極活物質である活性炭は、比表面積が600m/g以上であることが必要であり、これより小さい場合には、正極としてセルの用いて充放電した際に体積の2倍に膨張するため、体積あたりの容量は半分になり、本発明で目的とする効果は達成できない。なかでも、800m/g以上、特には1300〜2500m/gであるのが好適である。 The acid washed activated activated carbon is then pulverized. The pulverization is performed using a known pulverizer such as a ball mill. By such pulverization, a wide range of particle sizes of activated carbon can be used. For example, the 50% volume cumulative diameter (also referred to as D50) is 2 μm or more, preferably 2 to 50 μm, and most preferably 2 to 20 μm. When the particle size is smaller than this, the positive electrode cannot be formed. The average pore diameter is preferably 10 nm or less, and the specific surface area is preferably 600 to 3000 m 2 / g. The activated carbon which is the positive electrode active material of the present invention needs to have a specific surface area of 600 m 2 / g or more, and if it is smaller than this, it becomes twice the volume when charged and discharged using the cell as the positive electrode. Since it expand | swells, the capacity | capacitance per volume becomes a half and the effect aimed at by this invention cannot be achieved. Among them, 800 m 2 / g or more, and particularly it is preferable that a 1300~2500m 2 / g.

本発明における正極は、上記の活性炭粉末から形成されるが、その手段は既存のものが使用できる。即ち、活性炭粉末、バインダー、必要に応じて導電剤及び増粘剤(CMCなど)を、水系又は有機溶媒中に分散させてスラリーとし、該スラリーを必要に応じて使用される集電体に塗布するか、又は上記スラリーを予めシート状に成形し、これを集電体に貼り付けてもよい。ここで使用されるバインダーとしては、例えば、SBR等のゴム系バインダーやポリ四フッ化エチレン、ポリフッ化ビニリデン等の含フッ素系樹脂、ポリプロピレン、ポリエチレン等の熱可塑性樹脂、アクリル系重合体などを用いることができる。   The positive electrode in the present invention is formed from the above activated carbon powder, and the existing means can be used. That is, activated carbon powder, binder, conductive agent and thickener (CMC, etc.) as necessary are dispersed in an aqueous or organic solvent to form a slurry, and the slurry is applied to a current collector as required. Alternatively, the slurry may be formed into a sheet shape in advance and attached to a current collector. As the binder used here, for example, rubber-based binders such as SBR, fluorine-containing resins such as polytetrafluoroethylene and polyvinylidene fluoride, thermoplastic resins such as polypropylene and polyethylene, acrylic polymers, and the like are used. be able to.

また、上記で必要に応じて使用される導電剤としては、アセチレンブラック、グラファイト、金属粉末等が挙げられる。導電剤の使用量は、負極活物質の電気伝導度、電極形状等により異なるが、正極活物質に対して1〜40重量%の割合で加えることが適当である。   Examples of the conductive agent used as necessary in the above include acetylene black, graphite, and metal powder. The amount of the conductive agent used varies depending on the electrical conductivity of the negative electrode active material, the electrode shape, and the like, but it is appropriate to add 1-40% by weight with respect to the positive electrode active material.

一方、本発明における負極活物質は、リチウムイオンを可逆的に担持できる物質から形成される。好ましい物質としては、例えば、グラファイト、ハードカーボン、コークスなどの炭素材料、ポリアセン系物質(以下、PASともいう)等を挙げることができる。PASは、フェノール樹脂等を炭化させ、必要に応じて賦活され、次いで粉砕したものが用いられる。炭化処理は、上記した正極における活性炭の場合と同様に、加熱炉等に収容し、フェノール樹脂等が炭化する温度で所要時間加熱することによって行われる。その際の温度は加熱時間等によって異なるが、通常、400〜800℃に設定される。粉砕工程は、ボールミル等の既知の粉砕機を用いて行われる。   On the other hand, the negative electrode active material in the present invention is formed from a material capable of reversibly carrying lithium ions. Examples of preferable substances include carbon materials such as graphite, hard carbon, and coke, and polyacene-based substances (hereinafter also referred to as PAS). PAS is obtained by carbonizing a phenol resin or the like, activated as necessary, and then pulverized. The carbonization treatment is performed by housing in a heating furnace or the like and heating for a required time at a temperature at which the phenol resin or the like is carbonized, as in the case of the activated carbon in the positive electrode. Although the temperature in that case changes with heating time etc., it is normally set to 400-800 degreeC. The pulverization step is performed using a known pulverizer such as a ball mill.

本発明の負極活物質として、なかでも、PASは、高容量が得られる点でより好ましい。PASに400mAh/gのリチウムイオンを担持(充電)させた後に放電させると650F/g以上の静電容量が得られ、また、500mAh/g以上のリチウムイオンを充電させると750F/g以上の静電容量が得られる。PASはアモルファス構造を有し、担持させるリチウムイオン量を増加させるほど電位が低下するので、得られるキャパシタの耐電圧(充電電圧)が高くなり、また、放電における電圧の上昇速度(放電カーブの傾き)が低くなるため、容量が若干大きくなる。よって、求められるキャパシタの使用電圧に応じて、リチウムイオン量は活物質のリチウムイオン吸蔵能力の範囲内にて設定することが望ましい。   Among these, as the negative electrode active material of the present invention, PAS is more preferable in that a high capacity can be obtained. Capacitance of 650 F / g or more can be obtained by discharging after charging (charging) 400 mAh / g of lithium ions on PAS, and static electricity of 750 F / g or more can be obtained by charging lithium ions of 500 mAh / g or more. Capacitance can be obtained. Since PAS has an amorphous structure and the potential decreases as the amount of lithium ions carried increases, the withstand voltage (charging voltage) of the obtained capacitor increases, and the rate of voltage rise during discharge (the slope of the discharge curve) ) Is low, the capacity is slightly increased. Therefore, it is desirable to set the amount of lithium ions within the range of the lithium ion storage capacity of the active material according to the required working voltage of the capacitor.

また、PASはアモルファス構造を有することから、リチウムイオンの挿入・脱離に対して膨潤・収縮といった構造変化がないためサイクル特性に優れ、またリチウムイオンの挿入・脱離に対して等方的な分子構造(高次構造)であるため急速充電、急速放電にも優れるので好適である。PASの前駆体である芳香族系縮合ポリマーとは、芳香族炭化水素化合物とアルデヒド類との縮合物である。芳香族炭化水素化合物としては、例えばフェノール、クレゾール、キシレノール等の如き、いわゆるフェノール類を好適に用いることができる。例えば、下記式   In addition, since PAS has an amorphous structure, there is no structural change such as swelling / shrinkage with respect to insertion / extraction of lithium ions, so that cycle characteristics are excellent, and isotropic to insertion / extraction of lithium ions. Since it has a molecular structure (higher order structure), it is suitable for rapid charging and rapid discharging. The aromatic condensation polymer that is a precursor of PAS is a condensate of an aromatic hydrocarbon compound and an aldehyde. As the aromatic hydrocarbon compound, so-called phenols such as phenol, cresol, xylenol and the like can be suitably used. For example, the following formula

Figure 2006286923
(ここで、x及びyはそれぞれ独立に、0、1または2である)で表されるメチレン・ビスフェノール類であることができ、あるいはヒドロキシ・ビフェニル類、ヒドロキシナフタレン類であることもできる。なかでも、フェノール類が好適である。
Figure 2006286923
(Wherein x and y are each independently 0, 1 or 2), or may be a hydroxy biphenyl or a hydroxynaphthalene. Of these, phenols are preferred.

また、上記芳香族系縮合ポリマ−としては、上記のフェノール性水酸基を有する芳香族炭化水素化合物の1部をフェノール性水酸基を有さない芳香族炭化水素化合物、例えばキシレン、トルエン、アニリン等で置換した変性芳香族系縮合ポリマー、例えばフェノールとキシレンとホルムアルデヒドとの縮合物を用いることもできる。更に、メラミン、尿素で置換した変性芳香族系ポリマーを用いることもでき、フラン樹脂も好適である。   As the aromatic condensed polymer, a part of the aromatic hydrocarbon compound having a phenolic hydroxyl group is substituted with an aromatic hydrocarbon compound having no phenolic hydroxyl group, such as xylene, toluene, aniline, etc. Modified aromatic condensation polymers such as a condensate of phenol, xylene and formaldehyde can also be used. Furthermore, a modified aromatic polymer substituted with melamine or urea can be used, and a furan resin is also suitable.

本発明でPASは、次のようにして製造される。即ち、上記芳香族系縮合ポリマーを、非酸化性雰囲気下(真空も含む)中で400〜800°Cの適当な温度まで徐々に加熱することにより、水素原子/炭素原子の原子比(以下H/Cと記す)が0.5〜0.05、好ましくは0.35〜0.10の不溶不融性基体となる。この不溶不融性基体を、非酸化性雰囲気下(真空も含む)中で、350〜800°Cの温度まで、好ましくは400〜750°Cの適当な温度まで徐々に加熱することにより、上記H/Cを有する不溶不融性基体を得ることもできる。   In the present invention, PAS is manufactured as follows. That is, by gradually heating the aromatic condensation polymer to a suitable temperature of 400 to 800 ° C. in a non-oxidizing atmosphere (including vacuum), a hydrogen atom / carbon atom ratio (hereinafter referred to as H). / C) is 0.5 to 0.05, preferably 0.35 to 0.10. The insoluble infusible substrate is gradually heated to a temperature of 350 to 800 ° C., preferably 400 to 750 ° C. in a non-oxidizing atmosphere (including vacuum), thereby An insoluble and infusible substrate having H / C can also be obtained.

上記の不溶不融性基体は、X線回折(CuKα)によれば、メイン・ピークの位置は2θで表して24°以下に存在し、また該メイン・ピークの他に41〜46°の間にブロードな他のピークが存在する。即ち、上記不溶不融性基体は、芳香族系多環構造が適度に発達したポリアセン系骨格構造を有し、かつアモルファス構造を有し、リチウムイオンを安定にドーピングすることができる。   According to X-ray diffraction (CuKα), the insoluble and infusible substrate described above has a main peak position represented by 2θ of 24 ° or less, and between 41 and 46 ° in addition to the main peak. There are other broad peaks. That is, the insoluble infusible substrate has a polyacene skeleton structure in which an aromatic polycyclic structure is appropriately developed, has an amorphous structure, and can be stably doped with lithium ions.

本発明で負極活物質の有する粒度特性は、50%体積累積径(D50ともいう)が0.5〜30μmである負極活物質粒子から形成され、好ましくは0.5〜15μmであり、特には0.5〜6μmが好適である。また、本発明の負極活物質粒子は、比表面積が好ましくは0.1〜2000m/gであるのが好適であり、好ましくは0.1〜1000m/gであり、特には0.1〜600m/gが好適である。 The particle size characteristic of the negative electrode active material in the present invention is formed from negative electrode active material particles having a 50% volume cumulative diameter (also referred to as D50) of 0.5 to 30 μm, preferably 0.5 to 15 μm, particularly 0.5-6 micrometers is suitable. Moreover, the negative electrode active material particles of the present invention preferably have a specific surface area of preferably 0.1 to 2000 m 2 / g, preferably 0.1 to 1000 m 2 / g, and particularly 0.1. ˜600 m 2 / g is preferred.

本発明における負極は、上記の負極活物質粉末から形成されるが、その手段は、上記正極の場合と同様に、既存のものが使用できる。即ち、負極活物質粉末、バインダー、必要に応じて、導電剤及び増粘剤(CMCなど)を、水系又は有機溶媒中に分散させてスラリーとし、該スラリーを上記した集電体に塗布するか、又は上記スラリーを予めシート状に成形し、これを集電体に貼り付けてもよい。ここで使用されるバインダーとしては、例えば、SBR等のゴム系バインダーやポリ四フッ化エチレン、ポリフッ化ビニリデン等の含フッ素系樹脂、ポリプロピレン、ポリエチレン等の熱可塑性樹脂、アクリル重合体などを用いることができる。バインダーの使用量は、負極活物質の電気伝導度、電極形状等により異なるが、負極活物質に対して2〜4重量%の割合で加えることが適当である。   The negative electrode in the present invention is formed from the above negative electrode active material powder, and the existing means can be used as in the case of the positive electrode. That is, whether a negative electrode active material powder, a binder, and, if necessary, a conductive agent and a thickener (CMC, etc.) are dispersed in an aqueous or organic solvent to form a slurry, and the slurry is applied to the current collector. Alternatively, the slurry may be formed into a sheet shape in advance and attached to the current collector. As the binder used here, for example, a rubber-based binder such as SBR, a fluorine-containing resin such as polytetrafluoroethylene or polyvinylidene fluoride, a thermoplastic resin such as polypropylene or polyethylene, an acrylic polymer, or the like is used. Can do. The amount of the binder used varies depending on the electrical conductivity of the negative electrode active material, the electrode shape, etc., but it is appropriate to add it at a ratio of 2 to 4% by weight with respect to the negative electrode active material.

本発明のリチウムイオンキャパシタにおける、非プロトン性有機溶媒電解質溶液を形成する非プロトン性有機溶媒としては、例えばエチレンカーボネート、プロピレンカーボネート、ジメチルカーボネート、ジエチルカーボネート、エチルメチルカーボネート、γ−ブチロラクトン、アセトニトリル、ジメトキシエタン、テトラヒドロフラン、ジオキソラン、塩化メチレン、スルホラン等が挙げられる。更に、これら非プロトン性有機溶媒の二種以上を混合した混合液を用いることもできる。   Examples of the aprotic organic solvent for forming the aprotic organic solvent electrolyte solution in the lithium ion capacitor of the present invention include ethylene carbonate, propylene carbonate, dimethyl carbonate, diethyl carbonate, ethyl methyl carbonate, γ-butyrolactone, acetonitrile, and dimethoxy. Examples include ethane, tetrahydrofuran, dioxolane, methylene chloride, sulfolane and the like. Furthermore, a mixed solution in which two or more of these aprotic organic solvents are mixed can also be used.

また、上記の単一あるいは混合の溶媒に溶解させる電解質は、リチウムイオンを生成しうる電解質であれば、あらゆるものを用いることができる。このような電解質としては、例えば、LiClO、LiAsF、LiBF、LiPF、LiN(CSO、LiN(CFSO等が挙げられる。上記の電解質及び溶媒は、充分に脱水された状態で混合され、電解質溶液とするのであるが、電解液中の電解質の濃度は、電解液による内部抵抗を小さくするため少なくとも0.1モル/l以上とすることが好ましく、0.5〜1.5モル/lの範囲内とすることが更に好ましい。 Any electrolyte can be used as long as it is an electrolyte capable of generating lithium ions as the electrolyte dissolved in the single or mixed solvent. Examples of such an electrolyte include LiClO 4 , LiAsF 6 , LiBF 4 , LiPF 6 , LiN (C 2 F 5 SO 2 ) 2 , LiN (CF 3 SO 2 ) 2 and the like. The electrolyte and the solvent are mixed in a sufficiently dehydrated state to form an electrolyte solution. The concentration of the electrolyte in the electrolyte is at least 0.1 mol / l in order to reduce the internal resistance of the electrolyte. The above is preferable, and the range of 0.5 to 1.5 mol / l is more preferable.

また、本発明のリチウムイオンキャパシタとしては、特に、帯状の正極と負極とをセパレータを介して捲回させる捲回型セル、板状の正極と負極とをセパレータを介して各3層以上積層された積層型セル、あるいは、板状の正極と負極とをセパレータを介した各3層以上積層物を外装フィルム内に封入したフィルム型セルなどの大容量のセルに適する。これらのセルの構造は、国際公開WO00/07255号公報、国際公開WO03/003395号公報、特開2004−266091号公報などにより既に知られており、本発明のキャパシタセルもかかる既存のセルと同様な構成とすることができる。   In addition, as the lithium ion capacitor of the present invention, in particular, a wound type cell in which a strip-like positive electrode and a negative electrode are wound through a separator, and a plate-like positive electrode and a negative electrode are laminated in three or more layers through a separator. It is suitable for a large-capacity cell such as a laminated cell or a film-type cell in which a laminate of three or more layers each having a plate-like positive electrode and negative electrode through a separator is enclosed in an exterior film. The structure of these cells is already known from International Publication WO00 / 07255, International Publication WO03 / 003395, Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open No. 2004-266091, etc., and the capacitor cell of the present invention is similar to such an existing cell. It can be set as a simple structure.

以下に実施例を挙げて本発明を具体的に説明するが、本発明はこれらの実施例に限定されないことはもちろんである。   EXAMPLES The present invention will be specifically described below with reference to examples, but the present invention is not limited to these examples.

(正極製造法)
活性炭として、下記の5種類のものを用いた。アルカリ賦活処理品については、充分に酸洗浄を施し、中和洗浄を行ったものを試料として用いた。
(a)1/40Åの細孔容積が86%であり、前細孔容積が0.8cc/gにアルカリ賦活処理された石炭コークス系活性炭(実施例1)、
(b)1/40Åの細孔容積が90%であり、前細孔容積が1.06cc/gにアルカリ賦活処理された石炭コークス系活性炭(実施例2)、
(c)1/40Åの細孔容積が98%であり、前細孔容積が1.09cc/gにアルカリ賦活処理されたフェノール樹脂系活性炭(実施例3)、
(d)1/40Åの細孔容積が83%であり、前細孔容積が0.39cc/gにアルカリ賦活処理された石炭コークス系活性炭(比較例1)、
(e)1/40Åの細孔容積が65%であり、前細孔容積が0.84cc/gに水蒸気賦活処理されたフェノール樹脂系活性炭(比較例2)、
上記の各活性炭(a)〜(e)を92重量部、アセチレンブラック粉体6重量部、アクリル系バインダー7重量部、カルボキシメチルセルロース4重量部、水200重量部となる組成にて充分混合することによりスラリー(a1)、(b1)、(c1)、(d1)及び(e1)を得た。
(Positive electrode manufacturing method)
The following five types of activated carbon were used. About the alkali activation treatment goods, what was sufficiently acid-washed and neutralized and washed was used as a sample.
(A) Coal coke-based activated carbon (Example 1) having a pore volume of 1/40% and an alkali activation treatment with a front pore volume of 0.8 cc / g, 86%
(B) Coal coke-type activated carbon (Example 2) in which the pore volume of 1 / 40mm is 90% and the previous pore volume is alkali-activated to 1.06cc / g,
(C) Phenol resin-based activated carbon (Example 3) having a pore volume of 1/40 mm and an alkali activation treatment of 98% and a previous pore volume of 1.09 cc / g,
(D) Coal coke activated carbon activated by alkali activation (comparative example 1) having a pore volume of 1/40% at 83% and a previous pore volume of 0.39 cc / g,
(E) Phenol resin activated carbon (comparative example 2) having a pore volume of 1/40% and a water vapor activation treatment with a previous pore volume of 0.84 cc / g,
Each of the activated carbons (a) to (e) is sufficiently mixed in a composition of 92 parts by weight, 6 parts by weight of acetylene black powder, 7 parts by weight of an acrylic binder, 4 parts by weight of carboxymethyl cellulose, and 200 parts by weight of water. Thus, slurry (a1), (b1), (c1), (d1) and (e1) were obtained.

厚さ38μm(気孔率47%)のアルミニウム製エキスパンドメタル(日本金属工業株式会社製)両面に非水系のカーボン系導電塗料をロールコーターにてコーティングし、乾燥することにより導電層が形成された正極用集電体を得た。全体の厚み(集電体厚みと導電層厚みの合計)は52μmであり貫通孔はほぼ導電塗料により閉塞された。上記正極のスラリー(a1)、(b1)、(c1)、(d1)及び(e1)をロールコーターにて該正極集電体の両面に成形し、真空乾燥後、正極全体の厚さ(両面の正極電極層厚さと両面の導電層厚さと正極集電体厚さの合計)が187μmの正極(a2)、(b2)、(c2)、(d2)及び235μmの正極(e2)を得た。   A positive electrode with a conductive layer formed by coating a non-aqueous carbon-based conductive paint with a roll coater on both sides of an aluminum expanded metal (made by Nippon Metal Industry Co., Ltd.) with a thickness of 38 μm (porosity 47%). A current collector was obtained. The total thickness (the sum of the current collector thickness and the conductive layer thickness) was 52 μm, and the through-hole was almost blocked by the conductive paint. The positive electrode slurry (a1), (b1), (c1), (d1) and (e1) are formed on both surfaces of the positive electrode current collector by a roll coater, and after vacuum drying, the thickness of the entire positive electrode (both surfaces) Of the positive electrode layer, the thickness of the conductive layers on both sides, and the thickness of the positive electrode current collector) were 187 μm. .

(正極の単位重量当たりの静電容量測定)
正極スラリー(a1)、(b1)、(c1)、(d1)及び(e1)を、カーボン系導電塗料をコーティングした厚さ20μmのアルミニウム箔片面に固形分目付量にして4.0mg/cm2になるよう塗工、乾燥することにより正極箔電極(a3)、(b3)、(c3)、(d3)及び〜(e3)を得た。
(Capacitance measurement per unit weight of positive electrode)
The positive electrode slurry (a1), (b1), (c1), (d1) and (e1) is 4.0 mg / cm 2 in terms of solid content per side of a 20 μm thick aluminum foil coated with a carbon-based conductive paint. By coating and drying to obtain positive electrode foil electrodes (a3), (b3), (c3), (d3), and ~ (e3).

上記正極箔電極(a3)、(b3)、(c3)、(d3)及び〜(e3)を2.0×2.0cm2サイズに2枚切り出し、評価用正極および負極とした。正極、負極を厚さ60μmの紙製不織布をセパレーターとして介しキャパシタの模擬セルを組んだ。参照極としてリチウム金属を用いた。電解液としては、エチレンカーボネート、ジエチルカーボネートおよびプロピレンカーボネートを重量比で3:4:1とした混合溶媒に、1モル/lの濃度にLiPF6を溶解した溶液を用いた。 Two sheets of the positive electrode foil electrodes (a3), (b3), (c3), (d3) and to (e3) were cut into 2.0 × 2.0 cm 2 sizes, and used as evaluation positive electrodes and negative electrodes. A capacitor simulation cell was assembled with a positive electrode and a negative electrode made of a paper nonwoven fabric having a thickness of 60 μm as a separator. Lithium metal was used as a reference electrode. As the electrolytic solution, a solution in which LiPF 6 was dissolved at a concentration of 1 mol / l in a mixed solvent of ethylene carbonate, diethyl carbonate and propylene carbonate in a weight ratio of 3: 4: 1 was used.

充電電流8mAにて2.5Vまで充電しその後定電圧充電を行い、総充電時間1時間の後、8mAにて0Vまで放電を行った。2.5V〜0V間の放電時間よりそれぞれ正極の単位重量当たりの静電容量を結果表1に示す。また、参照極(Li/Li+)と正極の電位差より同様に正極の単位重量当たりの静電容量も示した。 The battery was charged to 2.5 V at a charging current of 8 mA and then charged at a constant voltage. After a total charging time of 1 hour, the battery was discharged to 0 V at 8 mA. Table 1 shows the electrostatic capacity per unit weight of the positive electrode from the discharge time between 2.5V and 0V. Similarly, the electrostatic capacity per unit weight of the positive electrode was also shown from the potential difference between the reference electrode (Li / Li + ) and the positive electrode.

Figure 2006286923
Figure 2006286923

表1に示すように、正極に細孔半径1〜40Åの細孔容積が全細孔容積の80%以上であり、全細孔容積が0.4〜1.5cc/gを有する活性炭粒を用いる事で、静電容量及び正極の静電容量は増加した。また、アルカリ賦活活性炭の方が、水蒸気賦活活性炭よりも容量は増加した。   As shown in Table 1, activated carbon particles having a pore volume with a pore radius of 1 to 40 mm are 80% or more of the total pore volume and the total pore volume is 0.4 to 1.5 cc / g on the positive electrode. By using, the electrostatic capacity and the electrostatic capacity of the positive electrode increased. Moreover, the capacity | capacitance of the alkali activated carbon increased from the steam activated activated carbon.

(負極製造法)
厚さ0.5mmのフェノール樹脂成形板をシリコニット電気炉中に入れ、窒素雰囲気下で550℃まで50℃/時間の速度で、更に10℃/時間の速度で670℃まで昇温し、熱処理し、PASを合成した。かくして得られたPAS板をボールミルで粉砕することにより、平均粒子径が4μmのPAS粉体を得た。このPAS粉体のH/C比は0.2であった。
(Negative electrode manufacturing method)
A 0.5 mm-thick phenolic resin molded plate is placed in a siliconite electric furnace, heated to 550 ° C. at a rate of 50 ° C./hour, and further at a rate of 10 ° C./hour to 670 ° C. in a nitrogen atmosphere, followed by heat treatment. PAS was synthesized. The PAS plate thus obtained was pulverized with a ball mill to obtain a PAS powder having an average particle size of 4 μm. The H / C ratio of this PAS powder was 0.2.

次に、上記PAS粉体92重量部、アセチレンブラック粉体6重量部、SBR5重量部、カルボキシメチルセルロース4重量部、水200重量部となる組成にて充分混合することによりスラリーを得た。
厚さ32μm(気孔率57%)の銅製エキスパンドメタル(日本金属工業株式会社製)両面に負極のスラリーをロールコーターにて該負極集電体の両面に成形し、真空乾燥後、全体の厚さ(両面の負極電極層厚さと両面の導電層厚さと負極集電体厚さの合計)が134μmの負極(a)を得た。
Next, a slurry was obtained by sufficiently mixing the composition of 92 parts by weight of the PAS powder, 6 parts by weight of acetylene black powder, 5 parts by weight of SBR, 4 parts by weight of carboxymethylcellulose, and 200 parts by weight of water.
A slurry of negative electrode is formed on both sides of a copper expanded metal (manufactured by Nippon Metal Industry Co., Ltd.) having a thickness of 32 μm (porosity 57%) on both sides of the negative electrode current collector with a roll coater, vacuum dried, and then the total thickness A negative electrode (a) having a thickness of 134 μm (total of the negative electrode layer thickness on both sides, the conductive layer thickness on both sides, and the negative electrode current collector thickness) was obtained.

負極粉末にハードカーボン系である市販のカーボトロンP(呉羽化学工業社製、比表面積;9m/g、粒径;9μm)を用いて、上記負極製造法と同様に134μmの負極(b)を作成した。 Using a commercially available Carbotron P (manufactured by Kureha Chemical Industry Co., Ltd., specific surface area: 9 m 2 / g, particle size: 9 μm) as the negative electrode powder, a 134 μm negative electrode (b) was prepared in the same manner as in the above negative electrode manufacturing method. Created.

(負極の単位重量当たりの静電容量測定)
上記負極(a)および(b)をそれぞれ1.5×2.0cmサイズに切り出し、評価用負極とした。負極と対極として1.5×2.0cmサイズ、厚み200μmのリチウム金属を厚さ50μmのポリエチレン製不織布をセパレーターとして介し模擬セルを組んだ。電解液としては、エチレンカーボネート、ジエチルカーボネートおよびプロピレンカーボネートを重量比で3:4:1とした混合溶媒に、1モル/lの濃度にLiPF6を溶解した溶液を用いた。
(Capacitance measurement per unit weight of negative electrode)
The negative electrodes (a) and (b) were cut into 1.5 × 2.0 cm 2 sizes, and used as negative electrodes for evaluation. As a negative electrode and a counter electrode, a simulation cell was assembled through a lithium non-woven fabric having a size of 1.5 × 2.0 cm 2 and a thickness of 200 μm and a polyethylene nonwoven fabric having a thickness of 50 μm as a separator. As the electrolytic solution, a solution in which LiPF 6 was dissolved at a concentration of 1 mol / l in a mixed solvent of ethylene carbonate, diethyl carbonate and propylene carbonate in a weight ratio of 3: 4: 1 was used.

この模擬セルに対し、充電電流1mAにて負極(a)の負極活物質重量に対して600mAh/g分のリチウムを充電し、その後1mAにて1.5Vまで放電を行った。放電開始後1分後の負極の電位から0.2V電位変化する間の放電時間より負極(a)の単位重量当たりの静電容量は912F/gであった。同様に、負極(b)の負極活物質重量に対して300mAh/g分のリチウムを充電し、その後1mAにて1.5Vまで放電を行った。放電開始後1分後の負極の電位から0.2V電位変化する間の放電時間より負極(a)の単位重量当たりの静電容量は3526F/gであった。   The simulated cell was charged with 600 mAh / g of lithium with respect to the weight of the negative electrode active material of the negative electrode (a) at a charging current of 1 mA, and then discharged to 1.5 V at 1 mA. The electrostatic capacitance per unit weight of the negative electrode (a) was 912 F / g from the discharge time during which the potential of the negative electrode changed 0.2 V from the potential of the negative electrode 1 minute after the start of discharge. Similarly, 300 mAh / g of lithium was charged with respect to the weight of the negative electrode active material of the negative electrode (b), and then discharged to 1.5 V at 1 mA. The electrostatic capacitance per unit weight of the negative electrode (a) was 3526 F / g from the discharge time during which the potential of the negative electrode changed 0.2 V from the potential of the negative electrode one minute after the start of discharge.

(小型フィルムセル作成方法)
1セル当たり、正極を2.4cm×3.8cmに5枚カットし、負極を2.4cm×3.8cmに6枚カットし、セル図7のようにセパレータ(レーヨン100%)を介して積層し、150℃12時間乾燥した後、最上部と最下部はセパレータを配置させて4辺をテープ止めして電極積層ユニットを得た。正極(a2)〜(e2)および負極(a)、(b)の組み合わせは表2に示す。負極(a)の負極活物質重量に対して600mAh/g分のリチウム金属としては、厚さ110μmのリチウム金属箔を厚さ23μmの銅ラスに圧着したものを用い、負極(b)の負極活物質重量に対して300mAh/g分のリチウム金属としては、厚さ55μmのリチウム金属箔を厚さ23μmの銅ラスに圧着したものを用い、負極と対向するように電極積層ユニットの最外部に1枚配置した。負極(6枚)とリチウム金属を圧着したステンレス網はそれぞれ溶接し、接触させ電極積層ユニットを得た。上記電極積層ユニットの正極集電体の端子溶接部(5枚)に、予めシール部分にシーラントフィルムを熱融着した巾3mm、長さ50mm、厚さ0.1mmのアルミニウム製正極端子を重ねて超音波溶接した。同様に負極集電体の端子溶接部(6枚)に、予めシール部分にシーラントフィルムを熱融着した巾3mm、長さ50mm、厚さ0.1mmのニッケル製負極端子を重ねて超音波溶接し、縦60mm、横30mm、深さ3mmに深絞りした外装フィルム1枚と深絞りしていない外装フィルム1枚の間に設置した。
(Small film cell creation method)
For each cell, five positive electrodes are cut to 2.4 cm x 3.8 cm, and six negative electrodes are cut to 2.4 cm x 3.8 cm, and stacked via a separator (100% rayon) as shown in FIG. After drying at 150 ° C. for 12 hours, separators were placed on the uppermost part and the lowermost part, and four sides were taped to obtain an electrode laminated unit. Table 2 shows combinations of the positive electrodes (a2) to (e2) and the negative electrodes (a) and (b). As lithium metal for 600 mAh / g with respect to the weight of the negative electrode active material of the negative electrode (a), a lithium metal foil having a thickness of 110 μm bonded to a copper lath having a thickness of 23 μm was used. As lithium metal for 300 mAh / g with respect to the material weight, a lithium metal foil with a thickness of 55 μm is bonded to a copper lath with a thickness of 23 μm, and 1 is placed on the outermost part of the electrode stack unit so as to face the negative electrode. Placed. The negative electrode (six pieces) and the stainless steel mesh bonded with lithium metal were welded and brought into contact with each other to obtain an electrode laminated unit. An aluminum positive terminal having a width of 3 mm, a length of 50 mm, and a thickness of 0.1 mm, in which a sealant film is heat-sealed in advance to the seal portion, is stacked on the terminal welded portion (five pieces) of the positive electrode current collector of the electrode laminate unit. Ultrasonic welding. Similarly, a nickel negative electrode terminal having a width of 3 mm, a length of 50 mm, and a thickness of 0.1 mm, in which a sealant film is thermally fused in advance to the seal portion, is superposed on the terminal welded portion (six pieces) of the negative electrode current collector, and ultrasonic welding is performed. Then, it was installed between one exterior film deeply drawn to 60 mm in length, 30 mm in width, and 3 mm in depth, and one exterior film not deeply drawn.

外装ラミネートフィルムの端子部2辺と他の1辺を熱融着した後、電解液としてエチレンカーボネート、ジエチルカーボネートおよびプロピレンカーボネートを重量比で3:4:1とした混合溶媒に、1モル/lの濃度にLiPF6を溶解した溶液を真空含浸させた後、残り1辺を減圧下にて熱融着し、真空封止を行うことによりフィルム型キャパシタセルを各2セル組立てた。   After heat-sealing the two sides of the terminal portion of the exterior laminate film and the other side, 1 mol / l in a mixed solvent of ethylene carbonate, diethyl carbonate and propylene carbonate in a weight ratio of 3: 4: 1 as an electrolytic solution. Then, a solution in which LiPF6 was dissolved in a vacuum was vacuum impregnated, and the remaining one side was heat-sealed under reduced pressure, followed by vacuum sealing to assemble two film type capacitor cells.

(セルの特性評価)
14日間室温にて放置後、各フィルム型キャパシタセルにつき1セルを分解したところ、リチウム金属はいずれも完全に無くなっていたことから、負極活物質の単位重量当たりに900F/gもしくは3500F/gの静電容量を得るためのリチウムイオンが予備ドーピングされたと判断した。各フィルム型キャパシタの負極の静電容量は、正極の静電容量は5.8倍以上となった。残ったフィルム型キャパシタの各セルを、25℃で24時間放置した後に、100mAの定電流でセル電圧が3.6Vになるまで充電し、その後3.8Vの定電圧を印加する定電流−定電圧充電を1時間行った。次いで、100mAの定電流でセル電圧が1.9Vになるまで放電した。この3.6V−1.9Vのサイクルを繰り返し、3回目の放電容量を測定した。測定結果を表2に示す。
(Characteristic evaluation of cells)
After leaving at room temperature for 14 days, one cell was disassembled for each film type capacitor cell. As a result, all of the lithium metal was completely lost. Therefore, 900 F / g or 3500 F / g per unit weight of the negative electrode active material. It was determined that lithium ions were pre-doped to obtain capacitance. The electrostatic capacity of the negative electrode of each film type capacitor was 5.8 times or more that of the positive electrode. Each cell of the remaining film type capacitor was left at 25 ° C. for 24 hours, and then charged with a constant current of 100 mA until the cell voltage reached 3.6 V, and then a constant voltage of 3.8 V was applied. Voltage charging was performed for 1 hour. Next, the battery was discharged at a constant current of 100 mA until the cell voltage reached 1.9V. This 3.6V-1.9V cycle was repeated, and the third discharge capacity was measured. The measurement results are shown in Table 2.

Figure 2006286923
Figure 2006286923

上記測定終了後に正極と負極を短絡させ正極の電位を測定したところ、いずれも0.65〜0.95Vの範囲であり、2.0V以下であった。正極と負極を短絡させた時の正極電位が2.0V以下になるよう負極および/または正極に予めリチウムイオンを担持させることにより、高いエネルギー密度を有したキャパシタが得られた。   When the positive electrode and the negative electrode were short-circuited after the measurement was completed and the potential of the positive electrode was measured, both were in the range of 0.65 to 0.95 V, and were 2.0 V or less. A capacitor having a high energy density was obtained by previously supporting lithium ions on the negative electrode and / or the positive electrode so that the positive electrode potential when the positive electrode and the negative electrode were short-circuited was 2.0 V or less.

表2に示されているとおり、正極に細孔半径1〜40Åの細孔容積が全細孔容積の80%以上であり、全細孔容積が0.4〜1.5cc/gを有する活性炭粒子を用いる方が(実施例1〜3)、全細孔容積が0.39cc/gで、細孔半径1〜40Åの細孔容積が全細孔容積83%の比較1より容量及びエネルギー密度は高くなり、直流抵抗は低くなった。また、アルカリ賦活活性炭の方が(実施例1〜3)、水蒸気賦活活性炭(比較例2)よりも容量及びエネルギー密度は高くなり、直流抵抗は低くなった。また、負極にPAS以外の炭素材料を用いた場合においても、正極に細孔半径1〜40Åの細孔容積が全細孔容積の80%以上であり、全細孔容積が0.4〜1.5cc/gを有する活性炭粒子を用いる事で、容量及びエネルギー密度は高くなり、直流抵抗は低くなった(実施4)。ただし、カーボトロンP負極を用いたキャパシタセルは、−20℃低温の充電時においてリチウムが析出し、容量が低くなる事から、低温を考慮するとPAS負極を用いた方が好ましい。   As shown in Table 2, activated carbon having a pore volume with a pore radius of 1 to 40 mm in the positive electrode is 80% or more of the total pore volume and a total pore volume of 0.4 to 1.5 cc / g. When using particles (Examples 1 to 3), the total pore volume is 0.39 cc / g, and the pore volume with a pore radius of 1 to 40 cm is 83% of the total pore volume. Increased and the DC resistance decreased. Moreover, the capacity | capacitance and energy density of the alkali activated carbon (Examples 1-3) were higher than the steam activated carbon (Comparative Example 2), and the direct current resistance was low. Even when a carbon material other than PAS is used for the negative electrode, the positive electrode has a pore volume with a pore radius of 1 to 40% of 80% or more of the total pore volume, and the total pore volume is 0.4 to 1. By using activated carbon particles having .5 cc / g, the capacity and energy density were increased, and the direct current resistance was decreased (Example 4). However, in a capacitor cell using a Carbotron P negative electrode, lithium is deposited during charging at a low temperature of −20 ° C. and the capacity is lowered. Therefore, it is preferable to use a PAS negative electrode in consideration of the low temperature.

本発明のリチウムイオンキャパシタは、電気自動車、ハイブリッド電気自動車などの駆動用または補助用蓄電源として極めて有効である。また、電動自転車、電動車椅子などの駆動用蓄電源、ソーラーエネルギーや風力発電などの各種エネルギーの蓄電装置、あるいは家庭用電気器具の蓄電源などとして好適に用いることができる。   The lithium ion capacitor of the present invention is extremely effective as a drive or auxiliary storage power source for electric vehicles, hybrid electric vehicles and the like. Further, it can be suitably used as a storage power source for driving such as an electric bicycle or an electric wheelchair, a power storage device for various energy such as solar energy or wind power generation, or a storage power source for household electric appliances.

Claims (8)

正極、負極、及び、電解液としてリチウム塩の非プロトン性有機溶媒電解質溶液を備えるリチウムイオンキャパシタであって、正極活物質がリチウムイオン及び/又はアニオンを可逆的に担持可能な物質であり、負極活物質がリチウムイオンを可逆的に担持可能な物質であり、正極と負極を短絡させた後の正極の電位が2.0V以下になるように負極及び/又は正極に対してリチウムイオンがドーピングされており、かつ、上記正極活物質は、細孔半径1〜40Åの細孔容積が全細孔容積の80%以上であり、かつ全細孔容積が0.4〜1.5cc/gを有する活性炭粒子であることを特徴とするリチウムイオンキャパシタ。   A lithium ion capacitor comprising a positive electrode, a negative electrode, and an aprotic organic solvent electrolyte solution of a lithium salt as an electrolytic solution, wherein the positive electrode active material is a substance capable of reversibly carrying lithium ions and / or anions, The active material is a material capable of reversibly supporting lithium ions, and the negative electrode and / or the positive electrode is doped with lithium ions so that the positive electrode potential is 2.0 V or less after the positive electrode and the negative electrode are short-circuited. And the positive electrode active material has a pore volume with a pore radius of 1 to 40% is 80% or more of the total pore volume, and has a total pore volume of 0.4 to 1.5 cc / g. A lithium ion capacitor characterized by being activated carbon particles. 前記正極及び/又は負極が、それぞれ表裏面を貫通する孔を有する集電体を備えており、負極とリチウムイオン供給源との電気化学的接触によってリチウムイオンがドーピングされている請求項1に記載のリチウムイオンキャパシタ。   The said positive electrode and / or negative electrode are each equipped with the electrical power collector which has the hole which penetrates front and back, respectively, The lithium ion is doped by the electrochemical contact of a negative electrode and a lithium ion supply source. Lithium ion capacitor. 負極活物質は、正極活物質に比べて、単位重量あたりの静電容量が3倍以上を有し、かつ正極活物質重量が負極活物質の重量よりも大きい請求項1又は2に記載のリチウムイオンキャパシタ。   3. The lithium according to claim 1, wherein the negative electrode active material has a capacitance per unit weight of at least three times that of the positive electrode active material, and the weight of the positive electrode active material is larger than the weight of the negative electrode active material. Ion capacitor. 活性炭粒子が、アルカリ賦活処理され、かつ比表面積が600〜3000m/gを有する請求項1〜3のいずれかに記載のリチウムイオンキャパシタ The lithium ion capacitor according to claim 1, wherein the activated carbon particles are alkali-activated and have a specific surface area of 600 to 3000 m 2 / g. 活性炭粒子の平均粒子径(D50)が2μm以上である請求項1〜4のいずれかに記載のリチウムイオンキャパシタ。   The lithium ion capacitor according to claim 1, wherein the activated carbon particles have an average particle diameter (D50) of 2 μm or more. 活性炭粒子が、フェノール樹脂系活性炭、石油ピッチ系活性炭、石油コークス系活性炭、又は石炭コークス系活性炭である請求項1〜5のいずれかに記載のリチウムイオンキャパシタ。   The lithium ion capacitor according to any one of claims 1 to 5, wherein the activated carbon particles are phenol resin activated carbon, petroleum pitch activated carbon, petroleum coke activated carbon, or coal coke activated carbon. 負極活物質粒子が、炭素材料又はポリアセン系物質である請求項1〜6のいずれかに記載のリチウムイオンキャパシタ。   The lithium ion capacitor according to claim 1, wherein the negative electrode active material particles are a carbon material or a polyacene-based material. 負極活物質が、芳香族系縮合ポリマーを非酸化性雰囲気にて400〜800℃で熱処理し、水素原/炭素原子が0.05〜0.5の不溶不融体である請求項1〜7のいずれかに記載のリチウムイオンキャパシタ。   The negative electrode active material is an insoluble infusible material in which an aromatic condensation polymer is heat-treated at 400 to 800 ° C in a non-oxidizing atmosphere and the hydrogen atom / carbon atom is 0.05 to 0.5. The lithium ion capacitor according to any one of the above.
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KR101596511B1 (en) 2008-12-05 2016-02-22 후지 주코교 카부시키카이샤 Positive electrode active material for lithium ion storage device and lithium ion storage device making use of the same
WO2011077663A1 (en) 2009-12-21 2011-06-30 パナソニック株式会社 Activated carbon for electrochemical element and electrochemical element using the same
CN102696085A (en) * 2009-12-21 2012-09-26 松下电器产业株式会社 Activated carbon for electrochemical element and electrochemical element using the same
JP2011129794A (en) * 2009-12-21 2011-06-30 Panasonic Corp Activated carbon for electrochemical device, and electrochemical device using the same
JP2013157603A (en) * 2012-01-26 2013-08-15 Samsung Electro-Mechanics Co Ltd Activated carbon for lithium ion capacitor, electrode including the same as active material, and lithium ion capacitor using electrode
WO2017047213A1 (en) * 2015-09-16 2017-03-23 株式会社リコー Nonaqueous electrolyte solution electricity storage element
CN108028377A (en) * 2015-09-16 2018-05-11 株式会社理光 Nonaqueous electrolyte charge storage element
JPWO2017047213A1 (en) * 2015-09-16 2018-05-17 株式会社リコー Non-aqueous electrolyte storage element
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