JP2004340221A - Pinion shaft - Google Patents

Pinion shaft Download PDF

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Publication number
JP2004340221A
JP2004340221A JP2003136315A JP2003136315A JP2004340221A JP 2004340221 A JP2004340221 A JP 2004340221A JP 2003136315 A JP2003136315 A JP 2003136315A JP 2003136315 A JP2003136315 A JP 2003136315A JP 2004340221 A JP2004340221 A JP 2004340221A
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pinion shaft
amount
retained austenite
pinion
less
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JP4380217B2 (en
Inventor
Hiroyasu Yoshioka
宏泰 吉岡
Kenji Yamamura
賢二 山村
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NSK Ltd
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NSK Ltd
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    • FMECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F16ENGINEERING ELEMENTS AND UNITS; GENERAL MEASURES FOR PRODUCING AND MAINTAINING EFFECTIVE FUNCTIONING OF MACHINES OR INSTALLATIONS; THERMAL INSULATION IN GENERAL
    • F16CSHAFTS; FLEXIBLE SHAFTS; ELEMENTS OR CRANKSHAFT MECHANISMS; ROTARY BODIES OTHER THAN GEARING ELEMENTS; BEARINGS
    • F16C33/00Parts of bearings; Special methods for making bearings or parts thereof
    • F16C33/30Parts of ball or roller bearings
    • F16C33/58Raceways; Race rings
    • F16C33/64Special methods of manufacture
    • FMECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F16ENGINEERING ELEMENTS AND UNITS; GENERAL MEASURES FOR PRODUCING AND MAINTAINING EFFECTIVE FUNCTIONING OF MACHINES OR INSTALLATIONS; THERMAL INSULATION IN GENERAL
    • F16CSHAFTS; FLEXIBLE SHAFTS; ELEMENTS OR CRANKSHAFT MECHANISMS; ROTARY BODIES OTHER THAN GEARING ELEMENTS; BEARINGS
    • F16C33/00Parts of bearings; Special methods for making bearings or parts thereof
    • F16C33/30Parts of ball or roller bearings
    • F16C33/58Raceways; Race rings
    • F16C33/583Details of specific parts of races
    • F16C33/585Details of specific parts of races of raceways, e.g. ribs to guide the rollers
    • FMECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F16ENGINEERING ELEMENTS AND UNITS; GENERAL MEASURES FOR PRODUCING AND MAINTAINING EFFECTIVE FUNCTIONING OF MACHINES OR INSTALLATIONS; THERMAL INSULATION IN GENERAL
    • F16CSHAFTS; FLEXIBLE SHAFTS; ELEMENTS OR CRANKSHAFT MECHANISMS; ROTARY BODIES OTHER THAN GEARING ELEMENTS; BEARINGS
    • F16C19/00Bearings with rolling contact, for exclusively rotary movement
    • F16C19/22Bearings with rolling contact, for exclusively rotary movement with bearing rollers essentially of the same size in one or more circular rows, e.g. needle bearings
    • F16C19/44Needle bearings
    • F16C19/46Needle bearings with one row or needles
    • FMECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F16ENGINEERING ELEMENTS AND UNITS; GENERAL MEASURES FOR PRODUCING AND MAINTAINING EFFECTIVE FUNCTIONING OF MACHINES OR INSTALLATIONS; THERMAL INSULATION IN GENERAL
    • F16CSHAFTS; FLEXIBLE SHAFTS; ELEMENTS OR CRANKSHAFT MECHANISMS; ROTARY BODIES OTHER THAN GEARING ELEMENTS; BEARINGS
    • F16C2361/00Apparatus or articles in engineering in general
    • F16C2361/61Toothed gear systems, e.g. support of pinion shafts
    • FMECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F16ENGINEERING ELEMENTS AND UNITS; GENERAL MEASURES FOR PRODUCING AND MAINTAINING EFFECTIVE FUNCTIONING OF MACHINES OR INSTALLATIONS; THERMAL INSULATION IN GENERAL
    • F16CSHAFTS; FLEXIBLE SHAFTS; ELEMENTS OR CRANKSHAFT MECHANISMS; ROTARY BODIES OTHER THAN GEARING ELEMENTS; BEARINGS
    • F16C33/00Parts of bearings; Special methods for making bearings or parts thereof
    • F16C33/30Parts of ball or roller bearings
    • F16C33/58Raceways; Race rings
    • F16C33/62Selection of substances

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • Manufacturing & Machinery (AREA)
  • Solid-Phase Diffusion Into Metallic Material Surfaces (AREA)
  • Heat Treatment Of Articles (AREA)
  • Retarders (AREA)
  • Shafts, Cranks, Connecting Bars, And Related Bearings (AREA)
  • General Details Of Gearings (AREA)
  • Structure Of Transmissions (AREA)

Abstract

<P>PROBLEM TO BE SOLVED: To provide a pinion shaft assuring less change with time even if it operates in a high-temperature, high-speed, and high-load condition and securing a long lifetime. <P>SOLUTION: The pinion shaft 5 for a pinion 3 to mesh with the sun gear 1 and ring gear 2 of a planetary gearing device is to support the pinion 3 through rolling elements rotatably, and is structured so that the residual austenite quantity of the facial layer at least of the raceway part of a completed article ranges between 15 and 40 vol.%, the mean residual austenite quantity from the surface to the center is 8 vol.% or less, and the Vickers hardness of the facial layer from the surface to a 2-% Da depth (Da is the diameter of the rolling elements) is Hv 650 or more. <P>COPYRIGHT: (C)2005,JPO&NCIPI

Description

【0001】
【発明の属する技術分野】
本発明は、自動車、工作機械等の変速機に使用されるプラネタリギヤ装置のピニオンを回転自在に支持するピニオンシャフトに関する。
【0002】
【従来の技術】
転がり軸受をはじめとする転動装置は、軌道輪と転動体との間で転がり運動をして接触圧力を受けるため、軌道輪や転動体の材料には、硬くて負荷に耐え、転がり疲労寿命が長く、すべりに対する耐摩耗性が良好であること等が要求され、例えば、JIS鋼種である軸受鋼SUJ2やSUJ3などが使用される。また、転がり軸受は高面圧下で繰り返し剪断応力を受けて用いられるため、その剪断応力に耐えて転がり疲労寿命を確保すべく、軌道輪や転動体の材料には焼入れ及び焼戻し処理が施されて、表面硬度HRC58〜64とされている。
【0003】
ところで、自動車用の自動変速機に使用されるプラネタリギヤ装置は、ピニオンが自転しながら公転するという複雑な構造を有するために、潤滑が十分に行われにくいといった問題があり、高い耐表面疲労性が要求される。また、ピニオンは変速機内の各回転要素の中では回転速度が最も高く、ピニオンシャフトには回転速度に応じて遠心力が作用するため、大きな荷重が負荷される傾向にある。
【0004】
そのため、プラネタリギヤ装置のピニオンシャフトにはJIS鋼種であるSK5やSUJ2等が使用され、ころの転走部には高周波焼入れを施し、硬度をHRC58以上とすることで、面圧疲労強度を確保するようにしている。また、耐表面疲労性の向上を目的として、SUJ2に浸炭窒化を行って残留オーステナイト量を十分に確保して長寿命化を行う等の対策も行われている。
【0005】
近年、自動車の低燃費化の要求が高まっており、低燃費化を目的とした変速機の小型化や高効率化が行われているため、プラネタリギヤ装置の使用条件がより厳しくなってきている。例えば、小型化によりピニオンの回転速度が高速になっているため、ピニオンシャフトの負荷が増大するといった傾向にある。さらに使用温度も高くなるために、負荷荷重の増大と相まって、ピニオンシャフトの高温使用下における寸法安定性がより求められるようになっている。
【0006】
以上のような問題に対して、SUJ2に浸炭窒化を行う方法では、耐表面疲労強度は向上するが、芯部を含めた部材全体の残留オーステナイト量が多いために、残留オーステナイトの分解に伴う経時変形により、ピニオンシャフトところ間の隙間が変化して回転トルクの上昇やころのすべりの発生、更には焼付き等により極端に寿命が低下する場合がある。
そこで、耐表面疲労強度の向上と経時変形による寿命低下を防止する技術として、浸炭窒化後に調質を行い、更に高周波焼入れを施して、芯部の残留オーステナイトを0体積%としたものが開示されている(例えば特許文献1参照)。
【0007】
【特許文献1】
特開2002−4003号公報
【0008】
【発明が解決しようとする課題】
しかしながら、上記特許文献1に記載のように、芯部の残留オーステナイト量を0体積%としても、表面から芯部にかけての分布状態によっては、部材全体としての残留オーステナイト量が多くなる場合があるため、ピニオンシャフトの経時変形に対しては、なお改良の余地があるといえる。
【0009】
更なる技術的要請として、プラネタリギヤ装置の小型軽量化や高速回転化に伴い、ピニオンシャフトをキャリアへ固定する際には、固定強度が高く、且つその構造として簡素なものが求められている。ピニオンシャフトをキャリアに固定する方法としては、従来、ピニオンシャフトとキャリアとをピンを介して固定する手法があるが、この方法では小型軽量化に対する要求が満たされない。そこで、固定強度が高く、周辺構造も簡素な方法として、ピニオンシャフトの端部をキャリアに加締め固定する方法が採られることがある。
【0010】
この点においても、上記特許文献1では、加締め部となるピニオンシャフトの軸端硬さについての考慮がなされておらず、プラネタリギヤの小型軽量化や高速回転化に対しては、なお改良の余地があるといえる。
本発明はこのような技術的背景に鑑みてなされたものであり、高温、高速、高荷重下で使用しても経時変化が少なく、長寿命化を図ることができるピニオンシャフトを提供することを目的とする。
【0011】
【課題を解決するための手段】
上記目的を達成するために、請求項1に係る発明は、プラネタリギヤ装置のサンギヤ及びリングギヤに噛合するピニオンを転動体を介して回転自在に支持するピニオンシャフトにおいて、
少なくとも完成品軌道部の最表面層の残留オーステナイト量を15体積%以上、40体積%以下とすると共に、表面から中心までの平均残留オーステナイト量を8体積%以下とし、且つ表面から2%Da(Da:転動体径)深さまでの表面層におけるビッカース硬さをHv650以上としたことを特徴とする。
【0012】
請求項2に係る発明は、請求項1において、硬化熱処理として浸炭処理、浸炭窒化処理及び窒化処理の内のいずれか一つの処理を施した後に焼鈍を行い、且つ完成品軌道部を高周波焼入れしたことを特徴とする。
請求項3に係る発明は、請求項1又は2において、完成品軌道部の最表面層の窒素濃度を0.05重量%以上としたことを特徴とする。
【0013】
請求項4に係る発明は、請求項1〜3のいずれか一項において、端部表面のビッカース硬さをHv200以上、Hv300以下とすると共に、前記端部をキャリアに加締め固定したことを特徴とする。
ここで、本発明でいう「完成品軌道部」とは、ピニオンシャフト円周上の転動体(例えばころ)が転走する部分を指し、「完成品軌道部の最表面層」とは、表面から20μmまでの全域を指し、「完成品軌道部の表面層」とは、表面から転動体直径Daの2%深さまでの全域を指す。
【0014】
以下、本発明の数値限定の臨界的意義について説明する。
(完成品軌道部の最表面層の残留オーステナイト量:15体積%以上、40体積%以下)
残留オーステナイトは異物混入潤滑下において、軌道面に形成される圧痕による応力集中を緩和するという効果や、潤滑油の供給不足から生じる表面疲労に対して、耐表面疲労性を向上させる効果がある。反面、過剰に存在すると、部材全体の残留オーステナイト量が増えるため、耐曲がり性は低下する。従って、その効果を十分に得るためには最表面層に存在すればよく、好ましい存在割合としては、15体積%以上、40体積%以下、さらに好ましい存在割合としては20体積%以上、35体積%以下とする。
【0015】
(表面から中心までの平均残留オーステナイト量を8体積%以下)
高温下で使用される場合、部材に残留オーステナイトが存在すると、残留オーステナイトのマルテンサイトヘの変態に伴い経時変形を生ずる。本発明者等が実験を行った結果、経時変形量は部材の平均残留オーステナイト量によって決められ、表面から中心までの平均残留オーステナイト量が8体積%以下であれば、ピニオンシャフトの経時変形を低く押さられることを見出した。
【0016】
本発明による平均残留オーステナイト量の求め方を次の▲1▼〜▲4▼に示す。なお、測定点は、少なくとも転走部中心と転走部の両側端の3点とし、それぞれの計算結果の平均値を計算する。ここで、転動体(例えばころ)が複数列ある場合では、転動体列の両外側端で挟まれる範囲を転走部とし、一列の場合と同様に少なくとも転走部中心と転走部の両側端の3点を測定する。
【0017】
▲1▼表面から部材中心までの残留オーステナイト量をX線回折で測定する。
▲2▼測定データを中心からの距離と残留オーステナイト量の関係で整理し、部材の中心から表面までの残留オーステナイト確率分布の近似曲線を最小二乗法にて求める。近似曲線は指数で表現する。
【0018】
▲3▼近似曲線を部材中心から表面までの区間で積分することで、硬化層位置におけるの残留オーステナイトの確率密度を求める。確率密度を部材半径で除すると、平均残留オーステナイト量が求まる。なお、ピニオンシャフト断面に潤滑のための湯穴がある場合においても同様の方法で計算する。ここで、残留オーステナイトの分布を求める当たり、X軸を部材中心からの距離、Y軸を残留オーステナイトの測定値として整理し、近似曲線を求めた場合、平均残留オーステナイト量Vは次式で計算できる。
【0019】

Figure 2004340221
但し、f(x):残留オーステナイト分布の近似曲線関数
d :部材の半径
【0020】
▲4▼上記の方法で、少なくとも転走部中心と転走部の両側端の3点について平均値を求め、その計算結果をさらに平均したもので評価を行う。
(完成品軌道部の表面から2%Da(Da:転動体径)深さまでの表面層におけるビッカース硬さをHv650以上)
十分な転動疲労寿命を得るためには、表面から2%Da(Da:転動体径)深さまでの表面層におけるビッカース硬さをHv650以上とすることが好ましく、より好ましくはHv700以上とする。
【0021】
上記のように残留オーステナイト量を規定すれば、高温、高速、高荷重下における軸の曲がりを減少させることができ、且つ耐表面疲労度が高いため、長寿命なピニオンシャフトを提供することが可能となる。また、使用条件が厳しく、高温における耐摩耗性が必要とされる場合においては、次に述べるような数値限定を行うことが好ましい。
【0022】
(硬化熱処理として浸炭処理、浸炭窒化処理及び窒化処理の内のいずれか一つの処理を施した後に焼鈍を行い、且つ完成品軌道部を高周波焼入れを施す)
浸炭や浸炭窒化後にずぶ焼入れを行う方法では、ピニオンシャフト表面から中心にかけての残留オーステナイト量が高くなる傾向にあるため、必ずしも高温高速使用下において寿命延長効果が得られるとは限らない。そこで、浸炭処理、浸炭窒化処理及び窒化処理のいずれか一つの処理を施した後に焼鈍を行い、且つ高周波焼入れを施すと、芯部の残留オーステナイト量を低く抑えることができるため、最表面層の残留オーステナイト量が高くても、ピニオンシャフト表面から中心にかけての残留オーステナイト量を抑制することが可能になる。
【0023】
(完成品軌道部の最表面層の窒素濃度:0.05重量%以上)
鋼中に窒素を添加すると、マトリックス強度が増加するため、高い硬度を得ることが可能となる。また、焼戻し軟化抵抗性を有するために、高温硬さも向上することから、広い使用温度範囲で優れた耐摩耗性を得ることができる。さらに、浸炭窒化においては窒素を多く含ませる代わりにCP値(Carbon Potential:カーボンポテンシャル)を下げれば、表面に形成される炭化物径を小さくでき、高周波焼入れ性を向上させることが可能となる。以上のことから、完成品軌道部の最表面層の窒素濃度を0.05重量%以上とする必要があり、好ましくは0.1重量%以上、より好ましくは0.2重量%以上とする。
【0024】
(完成品軌道部の最表面層の炭素濃度:1.4重量%以下)
炭素(C)は基地をマルテンサイト化することにより強度を増加させるために必要な元素であるが、浸炭や浸炭窒化時においてCP値を高くしすぎると、非常に強固で粗大な炭化物が形成されやすく、転動寿命や靭性を低下させる原因となる。また、粗大な炭化物は固溶しにくいため、加熱、保持が短時間で行われる高周波焼入れなどでは焼入れ硬さが不十分となったり、オーバービートの原因となったりする。この傾向は炭素量が1.4重量%を超えると顕著となることから、完成品軌道部の最表面層の炭素含有量は1.4重量%以下とすることが好ましい。
【0025】
(ピニオンシャフト端部表面のビッカース硬さをHv200以上300以下)
ピニオンシャフト端部のキャリアへの固定方法として加締めを行えば、プラネタリギヤ装置の構造が簡素となり、小型軽量化が図られ、プラネタリギヤ装置の高速回転に有利となる。
ピニオンシャフトの端部をキャリアに加締める場合において、ピニオンシャフト端部表面のビッカース硬さがHv300を超えると、加締めの生産性が低下したり、金型の損傷頻度が増加したりする等といった問題が生じる場合がある。また、ビッカース硬さがHv200未満だと、加締め強度が不十分となり、使用条件によっては、ピニオンシャフトのキャリアからの脱落や取り付け精度の劣化等が引き起こされる場合がある。従って、ピニオンシャフト端部表面のビッカース硬さをHv200以上、Hv300以下とすることが好ましい。なお、この場合のピニオンシャフト端部とは、加締めによってピニオンシャフトが塑性変形する部分を指す。
【0026】
(ピニオンシャフトの素材について)
炭素:1.2重量%以下
炭素(C)は基地をマルテンサイト化することにより強度を増加させるために必要な元素であるが、炭素を過剰に添加すると製鋼時に粗大な共晶炭化物が形成されやすく、転動寿命や靭性を低下させる原因となる。そのため、素材の段階では、炭素の含有量は1.2重量%以下とすることが好ましい。
【0027】
クロム:2.5重量%以下
クロム(Cr)は、焼入れ性や焼戻し軟化抵抗性を向上させ、基地を固溶強化する他、浸炭や浸炭窒化により転動部材表面層に炭化物や窒化物および炭窒化物を析出させ、耐摩耗性および転動疲労寿命を向上させる効果がある。その一方で、多量に添加すると表面にCrの不動態膜が形成され、浸炭や浸炭窒化時に炭素や窒素が表面から侵入するのを阻害し、熱処理生産性を低下させる虞れがあるため、クロムの含有量は2.5重量%以下が好ましい。なお、含有量が0.5重量%より少ないとその添加効果が少なくなるため、その含有量は0.5重量%以上とすることが好ましい。
【0028】
(製鋼上必要な元素)
ケイ素(Si)は、製鋼時の脱酸剤として必要な元素であり、0.1重量%以上添加されることが好ましいが、多量に添加すると靭性を低下させるため上限を1.2重量%とする。
マンガン(Mn)は製鋼時の脱酸剤として0.1重量%以上必要であるが、多量に添加すると鍛造性、被削性が低下するだけでなく、S,Pなどの不純物と共存して耐食性を低下させるので上限を1.5重量%とする。
【0029】
(必要に応じて添加される元素)
モリブデン(Mo)、タングステン(W)、バナジウム(V)は炭化物や窒化物を形成し、耐摩耗性や強度を向上させる元素である。また、焼入れ性及び焼戻し軟化抵抗性を著しく増大させる元素である。従って、コストと加工性が許す限り添加してもよい。
【0030】
(不可避不純物について)
鋼中に含まれる不純物について重要なものに酸化物系介在物がある。鋼中の酸素含有量が多くなると、疲労破壊の起点になる粗大な酸化物系介在物の存在量が多くなり、転動寿命は低下する。鋼中の酸素含有量を好ましくは15ppm以下、さらに好ましくは12ppm以下とする。
【0031】
なお、本発明におけるピニオンシャフトの合金鋼には、これらの添加元素以外にも不可避の不純物として、リン(P)、イオウ(S)、ニッケル(Ni)、銅(Cu)、アルミニウム(Al)、チタン(Ti)、ニオブ(Nb)、鉛(Pb)、カルシウム(Ca)、ジルコニア(Zr)、テルル(Te)、アンチモン(Sb)等が含有される。
【0032】
【発明の実施の形態】
以下、本発明の実施の形態の一例を図を参照して説明する。
図1は本発明の実施の形態の一例であるピニオンシャフトを備えたプラネタリギヤ装置の概略分解斜視図、図2はピニオンシャフト完成品の品質の測定方法を説明するための説明図、図3はピニオンシャフトの完成品についての寿命試験を説明するための説明図、図4は完成品軌道部の表面から中心までの平均残留オーステナイト量と曲がり量との関係を示すグラフ図、図5は完成品軌道部の最表面層の残留オーステナイト量と転動寿命比との関係を示すグラフ図である。
【0033】
図1に示すプラネタリギヤ装置は、図示しない軸が挿通されたサンギヤ1と、該サンギヤ1と同心に配置されたリングギヤ2と、サンギヤ1及びリングギヤ2に噛合する複数(本実施形態では3個)のピニオン3と、サンギヤ1及びリングギヤ2と同心に配置されたキャリア4とを備えている。
ピニオン3はキャリア4に固定されたピニオンシャフト5を介してキャリア4に支持されており、ピニオンシャフト5の外周面とピニオン3の内周面との間に配設された図示しない複数のニードルローラ(転動体)を介してピニオンシャフト5を軸として回転自在に支持されている。
【0034】
ここで、この実施の形態では、ピニオンシャフト5の少なくとも完成品軌道部の最表面層の残留オーステナイト量を15体積%以上、40体積%以下とすると共に、表面から中心までの平均残留オーステナイト量を8体積%以下とし、且つ表面から2%Da(Da:ニードルローラ径)深さまでの表面層におけるビッカース硬さをHv650以上としているおり、これにより、高温、高速、高荷重下で使用しても経時変化が少なく、長寿命化を図ることができるピニオンシャフトを提供することができる。
【0035】
また、ピニオンシャフト5に対しては、硬化熱処理として浸炭処理、浸炭窒化処理及び窒化処理の内のいずれか一つの処理を施した後に焼鈍を行い、且つ完成品軌道部に高周波焼入れが施され、また、完成品軌道部の最表面層の窒素濃度が0.05重量%以上とされている。更に、ピニオンシャフト5の端部表面のビッカース硬さはHv200以上、Hv300以下とされると共に、前記端部はキャリア4に加締め固定されている。
【0036】
【実施例】
次に、ピニオンシャフトの寿命試験により本発明の効果について詳細に説明する。
表1に試験に使用した材料A〜Kを示す。
【0037】
【表1】
Figure 2004340221
【0038】
ピニオンシャフト5は、表1に示すA〜Kの合金鋼素材を、鍛造や旋削、研削等にて所定の寸法に加工した後、硬化熱処理を施し、さらに研削等で仕上げ加工を行うことにより製造した。
硬化熱処理は次のア〜キの条件で行った、
ア:浸炭窒化→焼鈍→高周波焼入れ→焼戻し
イ:浸炭窒化→高周波焼入れ→焼戻し
ウ:窒化処理→高周波焼入れ→焼戻し
エ:浸炭窒化→ずぶ焼入れ→焼戻し
オ:浸炭→焼鈍→高周波焼入れ→焼戻し
カ:浸炭→ずぶ焼き入れ→焼戻し
キ:ずぶ焼入れ→焼戻し
但し、
Figure 2004340221
【0039】
また、ピニオンシャフト5の完成品軌道部の最表面層の窒素濃度を変更するために、浸炭窒化処理においては、処理温度と時間及びアンモニアガス流量を調整し、窒化処理においては処理温度と時間とを調整した。また、完成品軌道部の最表面層の残留オーステナイト量、表面から中心までの平均残留オーステナイト量及び表面から2%Da(Da:ニードルローラ径)深さまでの表面層における硬さを変更するために、高周波焼入れの前組織(浸炭窒化条件、焼鈍条件等により可変)や高周波焼入れ条件(電流、電圧、シャフト移動速度、冷却液温度、焼入れ冷却後保温時間等)及び焼戻し条件等を調整した。
【0040】
高周波焼入れは短時間加熱のため、十分な残留オーステナイト量を得るためには、炭化物のマトリックスへの溶解が容易に行われるようにしておくとよい。そのためには炭化物の粒径が小さい方が好ましく、浸炭窒化処理を行う場合、CP値を低くし、アンモニアガス流量を高くしておくとよい。また、パーライトを含む組織であれば炭化物の溶解が容易に進行するため、例えば浸炭や浸炭窒化処理後の冷却は放冷するなど冷却速度を低くして、パーライト組織を含ませればなお好ましい。
【0041】
更に、ピニオンシャフト端部のキャリアへの加締め固定性を向上させるためにはピニオンシャフト端部表面のビッカース硬さをHv200以上Hv300以下とすることが好ましい。そのためには、例えば浸炭窒化後に焼鈍を行ったり、浸炭窒化後の冷却速度を遅くしたりして、硬度を低下させるとよい。また、高周波焼入れを行う場合においては、ピニオンシャフト端部が焼入れ硬化されないように焼入れ範囲を決めておくとよい。また、必要に応じてピニオンシャフト端部を高周波焼戻し等で局部的に加熱を施して、軟化させてもよい。
【0042】
なお、本実施例の高周波焼入れにおいては移動焼入れ方式を用いたが、一発焼入れ方式でもよく、コイル形状は問わない。冷却剤については、水溶性の冷却剤でも焼入れ油を用いても構わず、焼き割れを防止するためには冷却剤温度の下限を20°C程度とし、作業性の面から油の場合でも冷却剤温度の上限は80°C程度以下にすることが好ましい。また、高周波焼入れにおいて、周波数が高いほど電流密度が処理材の表面に集中するため、表面の残留オーステナイトを高く、且つ全体の残留オーステナイト量を低くするためには周波数を高くすることが好ましい。
【0043】
さらに、コイルと処理材のすき間を小さくすれば、電流密度が処理材の表面に集中するため、表面の残留オーステナイト量を高くするのに効果的である。
なお、焼入れ後の残留オーステナイト量は、Ms点及び焼入れ冷却の停止温度によっても決められる。熱処理技術便覧(社)日本熱処理技術協会編の168頁には、残留オーステナイト量γとMs点及び冷却停止温度STの関係について次の式が記載されている。
【0044】
γ=e(−0.011(Ms−ST))
これによれば、Ms点及び冷却停止温度STによっても焼入れ後の残留オーステナイト量を調整することができる。
上記の方法にて作製したピニオンシャフトの完成品の品質を表2に示す。また、ピニオンシャフト5の完成品の品質の測定方法の概略図を図2に示す。なお、表2においては、残留オーステナイト量をγ量と表示し、平均残留オーステナイト量を平均γ量と表示する。
【0045】
【表2】
Figure 2004340221
【0046】
表2中の完成品軌道部の最表面層の残留オーステナイト量(γ量)は表面から20μm深さまでを電解研磨し、X線回折装置で測定を行った。また、前記最表面層の窒素濃度及び炭素濃度も表面から20μm深さをEPMA(Electron Probe Micro Analysis)で測定した。完成品軌道部の表面から2%Da(Da:ニードルローラ径)深さまでの表面層におけるビッカース硬さは、部材断面の2%Da深さ位置で測定を行った。測定条件は荷重が9.8N、保持時間を15秒とした。
【0047】
また、完成品軌道部の表面から中心までの平均残留オーステナイト量(平均γ量)は、前述した測定方法を用いて測定した。以上の各測定は、ころ転走部の中心及び転走部の両側端の各3点について行ったものであり、それぞれの測定データの平均値を示した。
ピニオンシャフト端部の表面硬さは、ビッカース硬さ試験機を用い、測定荷重9.8N、保持時間15秒の条件で測定を行った。測定位置は、キャリアへの加締めにより塑性変形をする部分のうち、円周側表面の軸端より最も遠い部位とした。また、両軸端で各2点の合計4点で測定を行い、平均値を算出した。なお、表2の比較例1〜3はピンを介してのピニオンシャフト端部のキャリアへの固定を行った例であるが、その他のピニオンシャフトと同様な位置で硬さ測定を行った。
【0048】
(曲げ試験)
ピニオンシャフトの高温下における荷重に対する耐曲げ性を評価するため、ピニオンシャフトの曲げ試験を行った。試験に使用したピニオンシャフトは、長さ50mm、外径12mmとし、スパン長40mmのブロックにて固定し、その中央に荷重を加えた。試験荷重4900N、試験温度160°C、試験時間15時間とし、試験後の曲がり量を形状測定機にて測定した。測定は荷重負荷側と背面側の2カ所にて行い、その平均値を曲がり量とした。
【0049】
試験結果を表2に示す。また、完成品軌道部の表面から中心までの平均残留オーステナイト量(平均γ量)とピニオンシャフトの曲がり量との関係を図4に示す。
表2及び図4から、完成品軌道部の表面から中心までの平均残留オーステナイト量(平均γ量)が8体積%以下の各実施例1〜22のピニオンシャフトは曲がりに強く、経時変形が低く押さえられることが判る。一方、平均残留オ−ステナイト量(平均γ量)が8体積%を超えた各比較例1〜3,5,6,8のピニオンシャフトは耐曲がり性に劣る結果となった。また、比較例8は高周波焼入れの条件を変更したものであるが、前記最表面層の残留オーステナイト量(γ量)が15体積%以上40体積%以下であり、且つ芯部の残留オーステナイト量が0体積%であったにも関わらず、前記平均残留オーステナイト量(平均γ量)が8体積%を超えたため、耐曲がり性に劣る結果となった。
【0050】
(ピニオンシャフト寿命試験)
次に、高温高速下で異物が混入する使用条件を再現した寿命試験の具体的方法について、図3を参照しながら説明する。
図3に示すように、外輪11にピニオンシャフト10(外径12mm)が挿通されており、両者10、11の間に転動自在に介装された複数のニードルローラ12(外径2mm)によって、ピニオンシャフト10が回転可能となっている。このピニオンシャフト10の外周面には潤滑油の給油孔10aが開口しており、端面に開口する注入口10bから注入された潤滑油が給油孔10aから転送面に給油されるようになっている。
【0051】
なお、外輪11及びニードルローラ12はJIS鋼種のSUJ2で作製し、ずぶ焼入れ焼戻しにて硬さをHv650以上とした。
試験条件は次の通りである。なお、実際の自動変速機の使用条件を模するために、潤滑油にはATF(Automatic Transmission Fluid)を用い、摩耗粉等の異物を混入してピニオンシャフト10を一定時間回転させて試験を行った。
【0052】
試験条件
ラジアル荷重:4900N
回転速度:8000min−1
潤滑油:ATF
油温:140°C
混入異物:合金鋼粉(硬さHv870、粒径74〜147μm、300ppm)
試験回数:5回
寿命試験の結果を表2に示し、前記最表面層の残留オーステナイト量(γ量)と転動寿命比との関係を図5に示す。SUJ2のずぶ焼入れである比較例4の寿命を1としたときの比較で示した。なお、先の曲がり試験で曲がり量が大きかった、比較例1〜3及び8については試験を行わなかった。
【0053】
試験結果から、前記最表面層の残留オーステナイト量(γ量)が15体積%以上40体積%以下である各実施例1〜22は、転動疲労寿命に優れることが判る。一方、前記最表面層の残留オーステナイト量(γ量)が40体積%を超える比較例5及び6は、ピニオンシャフトに大きな曲がりが生じるために十分な転動疲労寿命は得られない。また、実施例11及び21の結果が示すように、同一の残留オーステナイト量(γ量=21体積%)では浸炭処理を行ったものよりも最表面に窒素を含ませたもののほうがより寿命延長効果が得られることが判る。また、比較例7は、最表面層における炭素濃度が1.4重量%を超えたもので、粗大な炭化物が多数存在したため、各実施例ほどの寿命延長効果は得られなかった。前記表面層の表面硬さがHv650未満の比較例9は、十分な寿命を得られなかった。
【0054】
以上より、本発明は、高温、高速、高荷重下で使用しても、経時変形が少なく、長寿命となるピニオンシャフトが得られることが明らかとなった。
なお、本発明は上記実施の形態及び実施例に限定されるものではなく、本発明の要旨を逸脱しない範囲において適宜変更可能である。
【0055】
【発明の効果】
上記の説明から明らかなように、請求項1の発明によれば、高温、高速、高荷重下で使用しても経時変化が少なく、長寿命化を図ることができるピニオンシャフトを提供することができる。
請求項2の発明では、請求項1の発明に加えて、使用条件が厳しく、高温における耐摩耗性がより必要とされる場合の対応を可能にすることができる。
請求項3の発明では、請求項1又は2の発明に加えて、高温硬さも向上することから、広い使用温度範囲で優れた耐摩耗性を得ることができる。
請求項4の発明では、請求項1〜3のいずれか一項の発明に加えて、ピニオンシャフト端部のキャリアへの加締め固定性を向上させることができる。
【図面の簡単な説明】
【図1】本発明の実施の形態の一例であるピニオンシャフトを備えたプラネタリギヤ装置の概略分解斜視図である。
【図2】ピニオンシャフト完成品の品質の測定方法を説明するための説明図である。
【図3】ピニオンシャフトの完成品についての寿命試験を説明するための説明図である。
【図4】完成品軌道部の表面から中心までの平均残留オーステナイト量(平均γ量)とピニオンシャフトの曲がり量との関係を示すグラフ図である。
【図5】完成品軌道部の最表面層の残留オーステナイト量(γ量)と転動寿命比との関係を示すグラフ図である。
【符号の説明】
1…サンギヤ
2…リングギヤ
3…ピニオン
4…キャリア
5,10…ピニオンシャフト
10a…給油孔
10b…注入口
11…外輪
12…ニードルローラ(転動体)[0001]
TECHNICAL FIELD OF THE INVENTION
The present invention relates to a pinion shaft that rotatably supports a pinion of a planetary gear device used for a transmission such as an automobile or a machine tool.
[0002]
[Prior art]
Rolling devices such as rolling bearings undergo rolling motion between the bearing ring and rolling element and receive contact pressure, so the material of the bearing ring and rolling element is hard and withstands load, and the rolling fatigue life , And good wear resistance against sliding, etc., for example, JIS steel grade bearing steels SUJ2 and SUJ3 are used. In addition, since rolling bearings are used under repeated shear stress under high surface pressure, quenching and tempering treatments are applied to the raceway and rolling element materials in order to withstand the shear stress and secure the rolling fatigue life. , And surface hardness HRC 58 to 64.
[0003]
By the way, the planetary gear device used in the automatic transmission for automobiles has a complicated structure in which the pinion revolves while rotating, and thus has a problem that lubrication is not sufficiently performed, and high surface fatigue resistance is required. Required. In addition, the pinion has the highest rotational speed among the rotary elements in the transmission, and a large load tends to be applied because a centrifugal force acts on the pinion shaft according to the rotational speed.
[0004]
Therefore, JIS steel grades such as SK5 and SUJ2 are used for the pinion shaft of the planetary gear device. I have to. For the purpose of improving the surface fatigue resistance, SUJ2 has been subjected to carbonitriding to ensure a sufficient amount of retained austenite to extend the service life.
[0005]
2. Description of the Related Art In recent years, there has been an increasing demand for lower fuel consumption of automobiles, and reductions in size and higher efficiency of transmissions for the purpose of lowering fuel consumption have been performed. Therefore, conditions for using planetary gear devices have become more severe. For example, since the rotation speed of the pinion is increased by downsizing, the load on the pinion shaft tends to increase. Further, since the operating temperature is increased, the dimensional stability of the pinion shaft under high-temperature use is required more in combination with the increase in the applied load.
[0006]
In order to solve the above problems, the method of performing carbonitriding on SUJ2 improves the surface fatigue resistance. However, since the amount of retained austenite in the entire member including the core is large, the aging caused by the decomposition of the retained austenite is difficult. Due to the deformation, the gap between the pinion shafts changes, and the service life may be extremely reduced due to an increase in rotational torque, occurrence of roller slippage, and seizure.
Therefore, as a technique for improving the surface fatigue resistance and preventing the life from being shortened due to deformation with time, there is disclosed a technique in which tempering is performed after carbonitriding, and further induction hardening is performed to reduce the residual austenite in the core to 0% by volume. (For example, see Patent Document 1).
[0007]
[Patent Document 1]
JP-A-2002-4003
[0008]
[Problems to be solved by the invention]
However, as described in Patent Document 1, even if the amount of retained austenite in the core is set to 0% by volume, the amount of retained austenite in the entire member may increase depending on the distribution from the surface to the core. It can be said that there is still room for improvement with respect to temporal deformation of the pinion shaft.
[0009]
As a further technical requirement, as the planetary gear device is reduced in size and weight and rotated at a higher speed, when the pinion shaft is fixed to the carrier, a higher fixing strength and a simple structure are required. As a method of fixing the pinion shaft to the carrier, conventionally, there is a method of fixing the pinion shaft and the carrier via a pin, but this method does not satisfy the demand for reduction in size and weight. Therefore, as a method of having a high fixing strength and a simple peripheral structure, a method of caulking and fixing the end of the pinion shaft to the carrier may be adopted.
[0010]
Also in this regard, Patent Document 1 does not consider the shaft end hardness of the pinion shaft serving as the caulked portion, and there is still room for improvement in reducing the size and weight of the planetary gear and increasing the speed thereof. It can be said that there is.
The present invention has been made in view of such a technical background, and it is an object of the present invention to provide a pinion shaft that has little change with time even when used under high temperature, high speed, and high load, and can achieve a long life. Aim.
[0011]
[Means for Solving the Problems]
In order to achieve the above object, an invention according to claim 1 is a pinion shaft that rotatably supports a pinion that meshes with a sun gear and a ring gear of a planetary gear device via a rolling element.
At least the amount of retained austenite in the outermost surface layer of the raceway portion of the finished product is 15% by volume or more and 40% by volume or less, the average amount of retained austenite from the surface to the center is 8% by volume or less, and 2% Da ( (Da: rolling element diameter) Vickers hardness in the surface layer up to the depth is Hv650 or more.
[0012]
According to a second aspect of the present invention, in the first aspect, annealing is performed after performing one of the carburizing process, the carbonitriding process, and the nitriding process as the hardening heat treatment, and the raceway portion of the finished product is induction hardened. It is characterized by the following.
The invention according to claim 3 is characterized in that, in claim 1 or 2, the nitrogen concentration in the outermost surface layer of the finished product raceway portion is 0.05% by weight or more.
[0013]
The invention according to a fourth aspect is characterized in that, in any one of the first to third aspects, the Vickers hardness of the end portion surface is Hv200 or more and Hv300 or less, and the end portion is caulked and fixed to a carrier. And
Here, the “finished product raceway portion” in the present invention refers to a portion where a rolling element (for example, a roller) on the circumference of the pinion shaft rolls, and the “outermost surface layer of the completed product raceway portion” is a surface. To 20 μm, and the “surface layer of the finished product raceway portion” refers to the entire region from the surface to a depth of 2% of the rolling element diameter Da.
[0014]
Hereinafter, the critical significance of the numerical limitation of the present invention will be described.
(Amount of retained austenite in the outermost surface layer of the raceway of the finished product: 15 vol% or more, 40 vol% or less)
The retained austenite has an effect of alleviating stress concentration due to an indentation formed on a raceway surface under lubrication mixed with foreign matter, and an effect of improving surface fatigue resistance against surface fatigue caused by insufficient supply of lubricating oil. On the other hand, if present in excess, the amount of retained austenite in the entire member increases, so that the bending resistance decreases. Therefore, in order to sufficiently obtain the effect, it is sufficient that the compound is present in the outermost surface layer. A preferable content ratio is 15% by volume or more and 40% by volume or less, and a more preferable content ratio is 20% by volume or more and 35% by volume. The following is assumed.
[0015]
(The average amount of retained austenite from the surface to the center is 8% by volume or less)
When used at a high temperature, if residual austenite is present in the member, deformation with time occurs due to transformation of the retained austenite into martensite. As a result of experiments conducted by the present inventors, the amount of temporal deformation is determined by the average residual austenite amount of the member. If the average residual austenite amount from the surface to the center is 8% by volume or less, the temporal deformation of the pinion shaft is reduced. I found that I was pressed.
[0016]
The method for obtaining the average retained austenite amount according to the present invention is shown in the following (1) to (4). The measurement points are at least three points at the center of the rolling part and both ends of the rolling part, and the average value of the respective calculation results is calculated. Here, when there are a plurality of rows of rolling elements (for example, rollers), the area sandwiched between both outer ends of the row of rolling elements is defined as a rolling section, and at least the center of the rolling section and both sides of the rolling section as in the case of a single row. Measure the three end points.
[0017]
(1) The amount of retained austenite from the surface to the center of the member is measured by X-ray diffraction.
{Circle around (2)} The measured data is arranged in relation to the distance from the center and the amount of retained austenite, and an approximate curve of the probability distribution of retained austenite from the center of the member to the surface is obtained by the least square method. The approximate curve is represented by an exponent.
[0018]
{Circle around (3)} The probability density of retained austenite at the position of the hardened layer is obtained by integrating the approximate curve in the section from the center of the member to the surface. Dividing the probability density by the member radius gives the average retained austenite amount. It should be noted that the same method is used to calculate the lubrication hole in the section of the pinion shaft. Here, when obtaining the distribution of retained austenite, the X-axis is arranged as the distance from the center of the member, and the Y-axis is arranged as the measured value of retained austenite. When an approximate curve is obtained, the average retained austenite amount V can be calculated by the following equation. .
[0019]
Figure 2004340221
Where f (x) is an approximate curve function of retained austenite distribution.
d: radius of the member
[0020]
{Circle around (4)} By the above method, an average value is obtained for at least three points at the center of the rolling portion and both ends of the rolling portion, and the calculated results are further averaged for evaluation.
(The Vickers hardness of the surface layer from the surface of the finished product raceway portion to a depth of 2% Da (Da: rolling element diameter) is Hv650 or more)
In order to obtain a sufficient rolling fatigue life, the Vickers hardness in the surface layer from the surface to a depth of 2% Da (Da: rolling element diameter) is preferably Hv650 or more, more preferably Hv700 or more.
[0021]
By defining the amount of retained austenite as described above, it is possible to reduce shaft bending under high temperature, high speed, and high load, and to provide a long life pinion shaft because of high surface fatigue resistance. It becomes. Further, when the use conditions are severe and abrasion resistance at a high temperature is required, it is preferable to limit the numerical values as described below.
[0022]
(As a hardening heat treatment, annealing is performed after performing one of carburizing, carbonitriding and nitriding, and induction hardening is performed on the raceway of the finished product)
In the method of performing soaking quenching after carburizing or carbonitriding, the amount of retained austenite from the surface of the pinion shaft to the center tends to increase, so that the life extension effect is not always obtained under high-temperature and high-speed use. Therefore, after performing any one of the carburizing treatment, the carbonitriding treatment, and the nitriding treatment, annealing is performed, and if induction hardening is performed, the amount of retained austenite in the core can be suppressed low, so that the outermost surface layer Even if the amount of retained austenite is high, the amount of retained austenite from the surface of the pinion shaft to the center can be suppressed.
[0023]
(Nitrogen concentration in the outermost surface layer of the track of the finished product: 0.05% by weight or more)
When nitrogen is added to steel, the matrix strength increases, so that high hardness can be obtained. Further, since it has tempering softening resistance, the high-temperature hardness is also improved, so that excellent wear resistance can be obtained in a wide operating temperature range. Further, in carbonitriding, if the CP value (Carbon Potential: carbon potential) is lowered instead of including a large amount of nitrogen, the diameter of the carbide formed on the surface can be reduced, and the induction hardenability can be improved. From the above, the nitrogen concentration in the outermost surface layer of the raceway portion of the finished product needs to be 0.05% by weight or more, preferably 0.1% by weight or more, more preferably 0.2% by weight or more.
[0024]
(Carbon concentration of the outermost surface layer of the raceway of the finished product: 1.4% by weight or less)
Carbon (C) is an element necessary for increasing the strength by turning the matrix into martensite, but if the CP value is too high during carburizing or carbonitriding, a very strong and coarse carbide is formed. It easily causes rolling life and toughness to be reduced. Further, since coarse carbides are hardly dissolved, solid-state quenching in which heating and holding are performed in a short time may result in insufficient quenching hardness or cause overbeating. Since this tendency becomes remarkable when the carbon content exceeds 1.4% by weight, the carbon content of the outermost surface layer of the raceway portion of the finished product is preferably set to 1.4% by weight or less.
[0025]
(Vickers hardness of pinion shaft end surface is Hv200 or more and 300 or less)
By caulking as a method of fixing the end of the pinion shaft to the carrier, the structure of the planetary gear device is simplified, the size and weight are reduced, and this is advantageous for high-speed rotation of the planetary gear device.
In the case where the end of the pinion shaft is crimped to the carrier, if the Vickers hardness of the end surface of the pinion shaft exceeds Hv300, the crimping productivity decreases, the frequency of damage to the mold increases, and the like. Problems may occur. On the other hand, if the Vickers hardness is less than Hv200, the crimping strength becomes insufficient, and depending on the use conditions, the pinion shaft may fall off from the carrier or the mounting accuracy may be deteriorated. Therefore, it is preferable that the Vickers hardness of the end surface of the pinion shaft be Hv200 or more and Hv300 or less. In this case, the end of the pinion shaft indicates a portion where the pinion shaft is plastically deformed by caulking.
[0026]
(About the material of the pinion shaft)
Carbon: 1.2% by weight or less
Carbon (C) is an element necessary for increasing the strength by converting the matrix into martensite. However, if carbon is excessively added, coarse eutectic carbides are easily formed during steelmaking, and the rolling life and toughness are reduced. May cause a decrease. Therefore, in the raw material stage, the carbon content is preferably set to 1.2% by weight or less.
[0027]
Chromium: 2.5% by weight or less
Chromium (Cr) improves hardenability and temper softening resistance, strengthens the solid solution of the matrix, and also causes carbide, nitride and carbonitride to precipitate on the rolling member surface layer by carburizing or carbonitriding, resulting in wear resistance. This has the effect of improving the properties and rolling fatigue life. On the other hand, if a large amount is added, a passivation film of Cr is formed on the surface, which hinders the intrusion of carbon or nitrogen from the surface during carburizing or carbonitriding, and may lower the heat treatment productivity. Is preferably 2.5% by weight or less. If the content is less than 0.5% by weight, the effect of the addition is reduced. Therefore, the content is preferably 0.5% by weight or more.
[0028]
(Elements required for steelmaking)
Silicon (Si) is an element necessary as a deoxidizing agent at the time of steel making, and is preferably added in an amount of 0.1% by weight or more. However, when added in a large amount, the toughness is reduced, so the upper limit is 1.2% by weight. I do.
Manganese (Mn) is required as a deoxidizing agent in steelmaking in an amount of 0.1% by weight or more, but if added in a large amount, not only deteriorates forgeability and machinability but also coexists with impurities such as S and P. The upper limit is set to 1.5% by weight to reduce the corrosion resistance.
[0029]
(Elements added as needed)
Molybdenum (Mo), tungsten (W), and vanadium (V) are elements that form carbides and nitrides and improve wear resistance and strength. Further, it is an element that significantly increases the hardenability and the tempering softening resistance. Therefore, they may be added as long as cost and workability permit.
[0030]
(About inevitable impurities)
One of the important impurities contained in steel is oxide inclusions. When the oxygen content in the steel increases, the amount of coarse oxide-based inclusions that become the starting point of fatigue fracture increases, and the rolling life decreases. The oxygen content in the steel is preferably at most 15 ppm, more preferably at most 12 ppm.
[0031]
The alloy steel for the pinion shaft according to the present invention includes phosphorus (P), sulfur (S), nickel (Ni), copper (Cu), aluminum (Al), phosphorus (P), sulfur (S), and unavoidable impurities other than these additional elements. It contains titanium (Ti), niobium (Nb), lead (Pb), calcium (Ca), zirconia (Zr), tellurium (Te), antimony (Sb), and the like.
[0032]
BEST MODE FOR CARRYING OUT THE INVENTION
Hereinafter, an example of an embodiment of the present invention will be described with reference to the drawings.
FIG. 1 is a schematic exploded perspective view of a planetary gear device having a pinion shaft according to an embodiment of the present invention, FIG. 2 is an explanatory diagram for explaining a method for measuring the quality of a finished pinion shaft, and FIG. 3 is a pinion. FIG. 4 is an explanatory diagram for explaining a life test on a finished shaft product, FIG. 4 is a graph showing a relationship between an average amount of retained austenite from the surface to the center of the finished raceway portion and a bending amount, and FIG. FIG. 4 is a graph showing the relationship between the amount of retained austenite in the outermost surface layer of a portion and the rolling life ratio.
[0033]
The planetary gear device shown in FIG. 1 includes a sun gear 1 in which a shaft (not shown) is inserted, a ring gear 2 arranged concentrically with the sun gear 1, and a plurality (three in this embodiment) of meshing with the sun gear 1 and the ring gear 2. A pinion 3 and a carrier 4 arranged concentrically with the sun gear 1 and the ring gear 2 are provided.
The pinion 3 is supported by the carrier 4 via a pinion shaft 5 fixed to the carrier 4, and includes a plurality of needle rollers (not shown) disposed between the outer peripheral surface of the pinion shaft 5 and the inner peripheral surface of the pinion 3. It is supported rotatably about the pinion shaft 5 via a (rolling element).
[0034]
In this embodiment, the amount of retained austenite in the outermost surface layer of at least the finished product raceway portion of the pinion shaft 5 is set to 15% by volume or more and 40% by volume or less, and the average amount of retained austenite from the surface to the center is reduced. The Vickers hardness of the surface layer from 8% by volume or less to the depth of 2% Da (Da: needle roller diameter) from the surface is set to Hv650 or more, so that it can be used under high temperature, high speed and high load. It is possible to provide a pinion shaft that has little change with time and can have a longer life.
[0035]
In addition, the pinion shaft 5 is subjected to one of the carburizing treatment, carbonitriding treatment and nitriding treatment as a hardening heat treatment, then annealed, and induction hardening is performed on the raceway portion of the finished product, Further, the nitrogen concentration of the outermost surface layer of the raceway portion of the finished product is set to 0.05% by weight or more. The Vickers hardness of the end surface of the pinion shaft 5 is not less than Hv200 and not more than Hv300, and the end is fixed to the carrier 4 by caulking.
[0036]
【Example】
Next, the effect of the present invention will be described in detail by a life test of a pinion shaft.
Table 1 shows the materials A to K used in the test.
[0037]
[Table 1]
Figure 2004340221
[0038]
The pinion shaft 5 is manufactured by processing the alloy steel materials of A to K shown in Table 1 to predetermined dimensions by forging, turning, grinding, etc., then performing a hardening heat treatment, and further performing a finishing process by grinding, etc. did.
The curing heat treatment was performed under the following conditions:
A: Carbonitriding → annealing → induction hardening → tempering
B: Carbonitriding → induction hardening → tempering
C: Nitriding → induction hardening → tempering
D: Carbonitriding → soaking quenching → tempering
E: Carburizing → annealing → induction hardening → tempering
Mosquito: carburizing → soaking quenching → tempering
G: Sobu quenching → tempering
However,
Figure 2004340221
[0039]
Further, in order to change the nitrogen concentration of the outermost surface layer of the finished product raceway portion of the pinion shaft 5, the treatment temperature and time and the ammonia gas flow rate are adjusted in the carbonitriding treatment, and the treatment temperature and time are changed in the nitriding treatment. Was adjusted. Further, in order to change the amount of retained austenite in the outermost surface layer of the finished product raceway portion, the average amount of retained austenite from the surface to the center, and the hardness of the surface layer from the surface to a depth of 2% Da (Da: needle roller diameter). The structure before induction hardening (variable depending on carbonitriding conditions, annealing conditions, etc.), induction hardening conditions (current, voltage, shaft moving speed, coolant temperature, heat retention time after quenching and cooling), and tempering conditions were adjusted.
[0040]
Since induction hardening is heating for a short time, it is preferable that the carbide is easily dissolved in the matrix in order to obtain a sufficient amount of retained austenite. For this purpose, the smaller the particle size of the carbide is, the better. When the carbonitriding treatment is performed, it is preferable to lower the CP value and increase the ammonia gas flow rate. In the case of a structure containing pearlite, the dissolution of carbides proceeds easily. For example, cooling after carburizing or carbonitriding treatment is preferably performed by lowering the cooling rate, for example, by allowing the pearlite structure to be included.
[0041]
Further, in order to improve the crimping fixability of the end of the pinion shaft to the carrier, the Vickers hardness of the end surface of the pinion shaft is preferably Hv200 or more and Hv300 or less. For this purpose, for example, annealing may be performed after carbonitriding, or the cooling rate after carbonitriding may be reduced to lower the hardness. In the case of performing induction hardening, it is preferable to determine a hardening range so that the end of the pinion shaft is not hardened and hardened. Further, if necessary, the end of the pinion shaft may be locally heated and softened by induction hardening or the like.
[0042]
In addition, although the moving quenching method was used in the induction hardening of the present embodiment, a one-shot quenching method may be used, and the coil shape is not limited. Regarding the coolant, either a water-soluble coolant or a quenching oil may be used. In order to prevent burning cracks, the lower limit of the coolant temperature is set to about 20 ° C. It is preferred that the upper limit of the agent temperature be about 80 ° C. or less. In the induction hardening, the higher the frequency, the more the current density is concentrated on the surface of the treated material. Therefore, it is preferable to increase the frequency in order to increase the amount of retained austenite on the surface and to reduce the total amount of retained austenite.
[0043]
Furthermore, if the gap between the coil and the treatment material is reduced, the current density is concentrated on the surface of the treatment material, which is effective in increasing the amount of retained austenite on the surface.
The amount of retained austenite after quenching is also determined by the Ms point and the quenching cooling stop temperature. On page 168 of the Heat Treatment Technology Handbook (edited by Japan Heat Treatment Technology Association), the amount of retained austenite γRThe following equation is described for the relationship between the temperature, the Ms point, and the cooling stop temperature ST.
[0044]
γR= E(-0.011 (Ms-ST))
According to this, the amount of retained austenite after quenching can be adjusted also by the Ms point and the cooling stop temperature ST.
Table 2 shows the quality of the finished pinion shaft manufactured by the above method. FIG. 2 is a schematic diagram of a method for measuring the quality of the finished product of the pinion shaft 5. In Table 2, the amount of retained austenite was γRAnd the average amount of retained austenite is average γRIndicate the amount.
[0045]
[Table 2]
Figure 2004340221
[0046]
In Table 2, the amount of retained austenite (γRAmount) was measured by an X-ray diffractometer using electrolytic polishing from the surface to a depth of 20 μm. Further, the nitrogen concentration and the carbon concentration of the outermost surface layer were also measured at a depth of 20 μm from the surface by EPMA (Electron Probe Micro Analysis). The Vickers hardness in the surface layer from the surface of the finished product raceway portion to a depth of 2% Da (Da: needle roller diameter) was measured at a position of 2% Da depth in the section of the member. The measurement conditions were a load of 9.8 N and a holding time of 15 seconds.
[0047]
Also, the average amount of retained austenite from the surface to the center of the finished product raceway (average γRAmount) was measured using the measurement method described above. Each of the above measurements was performed at each of the three points at the center of the roller rolling portion and at both ends of the rolling portion, and the average value of the respective measurement data was shown.
The surface hardness of the end of the pinion shaft was measured using a Vickers hardness tester under the conditions of a measurement load of 9.8 N and a holding time of 15 seconds. The measurement position was the part farthest from the axial end of the circumferential surface among the parts that plastically deformed by caulking the carrier. In addition, measurement was performed at a total of four points of two points at both shaft ends, and an average value was calculated. In addition, Comparative Examples 1 to 3 in Table 2 are examples in which the end of the pinion shaft was fixed to the carrier via a pin, but the hardness was measured at the same position as the other pinion shafts.
[0048]
(Bending test)
In order to evaluate the bending resistance of the pinion shaft against a load under high temperature, a bending test of the pinion shaft was performed. The pinion shaft used for the test had a length of 50 mm and an outer diameter of 12 mm, was fixed with a block having a span length of 40 mm, and a load was applied to the center thereof. The test load was 4900 N, the test temperature was 160 ° C., and the test time was 15 hours, and the amount of bending after the test was measured by a shape measuring instrument. The measurement was performed at two places, the load side and the back side, and the average value was defined as the amount of bending.
[0049]
Table 2 shows the test results. Also, the average amount of retained austenite from the surface to the center of the finished product raceway (average γRFIG. 4 shows the relationship between the amount) and the amount of bending of the pinion shaft.
From Table 2 and FIG. 4, the average amount of retained austenite (average γ) from the surface to the center of the finished product track portionRIt can be seen that the pinion shafts of Examples 1 to 22 having a volume (volume) of 8% by volume or less are resistant to bending and have low temporal deformation. On the other hand, the average amount of retained austenite (average γRAmount) exceeded 8% by volume, the pinion shafts of Comparative Examples 1 to 3, 5, 6, and 8 were inferior in bending resistance. In Comparative Example 8, the conditions of induction hardening were changed, but the amount of retained austenite (γRAmount) is not less than 15% by volume and not more than 40% by volume and the amount of retained austenite in the core is 0% by volume.RAmount) exceeded 8% by volume, resulting in poor bending resistance.
[0050]
(Pinion shaft life test)
Next, a specific method of a life test that reproduces a use condition in which a foreign substance is mixed at a high temperature and a high speed will be described with reference to FIG.
As shown in FIG. 3, a pinion shaft 10 (outer diameter 12 mm) is inserted through the outer ring 11, and a plurality of needle rollers 12 (outer diameter 2 mm) are interposed between the two 10 and 11 so as to be able to roll freely. , The pinion shaft 10 is rotatable. An oil supply hole 10a for lubricating oil is opened on the outer peripheral surface of the pinion shaft 10, and lubricating oil injected from an injection port 10b opened on the end surface is supplied to the transfer surface from the oil supply hole 10a. .
[0051]
The outer ring 11 and the needle roller 12 were made of JIS steel type SUJ2, and had a hardness of Hv 650 or more by quenching and tempering.
The test conditions are as follows. In order to simulate actual use conditions of the automatic transmission, an automatic transmission fluid (ATF) was used as a lubricating oil, and a test was performed by rotating the pinion shaft 10 for a certain period of time by mixing foreign substances such as abrasion powder and the like. Was.
[0052]
Test condition
Radial load: 4900N
Rotation speed: 8000 min-1
Lubricating oil: ATF
Oil temperature: 140 ° C
Contaminants: Alloy steel powder (hardness Hv870, particle size 74-147 μm, 300 ppm)
Number of tests: 5
The results of the life test are shown in Table 2, and the amount of retained austenite (γRFIG. 5 shows the relationship between the amount and the rolling life ratio. The results are shown by comparing the life of Comparative Example 4, which is SUJ2 hardened with hardening, with 1 as the life. In addition, the test was not performed about Comparative Examples 1-3 and 8 in which the amount of bending was large in the previous bending test.
[0053]
From the test results, the amount of retained austenite (γRIt can be seen that each of Examples 1 to 22 having an amount of 15% by volume or more and 40% by volume or less has excellent rolling fatigue life. On the other hand, the amount of retained austenite (γRComparative Examples 5 and 6 having an amount of more than 40% by volume cannot provide a sufficient rolling fatigue life because a large bending occurs in the pinion shaft. Further, as shown by the results of Examples 11 and 21, the same amount of retained austenite (γR(Amount = 21% by volume), it can be seen that the life extension effect can be obtained more when the outermost surface contains nitrogen than when the carburizing treatment is performed. In Comparative Example 7, the carbon concentration in the outermost surface layer exceeded 1.4% by weight, and a large number of coarse carbides were present. Therefore, the effect of extending the life as in each Example could not be obtained. In Comparative Example 9 in which the surface layer had a surface hardness of less than Hv650, a sufficient life was not obtained.
[0054]
From the above, it has been clarified that the present invention can provide a pinion shaft which has little temporal deformation and a long life even when used under high temperature, high speed and high load.
It should be noted that the present invention is not limited to the above embodiments and examples, and can be appropriately modified without departing from the spirit of the present invention.
[0055]
【The invention's effect】
As is apparent from the above description, according to the first aspect of the present invention, it is possible to provide a pinion shaft which has little change with time even when used under high temperature, high speed, and high load, and can achieve a long life. it can.
According to the second aspect of the present invention, in addition to the first aspect of the present invention, it is possible to cope with a case where the use conditions are severe and the wear resistance at a high temperature is further required.
According to the third aspect of the invention, in addition to the first or second aspect, the high-temperature hardness is also improved, so that excellent wear resistance can be obtained in a wide operating temperature range.
According to the invention of claim 4, in addition to the invention of any one of claims 1 to 3, it is possible to improve the crimping fixation of the end of the pinion shaft to the carrier.
[Brief description of the drawings]
FIG. 1 is a schematic exploded perspective view of a planetary gear device including a pinion shaft according to an embodiment of the present invention.
FIG. 2 is an explanatory diagram for explaining a method of measuring the quality of a finished pinion shaft product.
FIG. 3 is an explanatory diagram for explaining a life test on a finished product of a pinion shaft.
FIG. 4 shows the average amount of retained austenite (average γ) from the surface to the center of the track of the finished product.RFIG. 4 is a graph showing a relationship between the amount of bending and the amount of bending of the pinion shaft.
FIG. 5 shows the amount of retained austenite (γ) in the outermost surface layer of the finished product raceway.RFIG. 4 is a graph showing the relationship between the amount of rolling and the rolling life ratio.
[Explanation of symbols]
1. Sun gear
2 ... Ring gear
3. Pinion
4 ... Carrier
5,10 ... Pinion shaft
10a: Oil supply hole
10b ... Injection port
11 ... Outer ring
12: Needle roller (rolling element)

Claims (4)

プラネタリギヤ装置のサンギヤ及びリングギヤに噛合するピニオンを転動体を介して回転自在に支持するピニオンシャフトにおいて、
少なくとも完成品軌道部の最表面層の残留オーステナイト量を15体積%以上、40体積%以下とすると共に、表面から中心までの平均残留オーステナイト量を8体積%以下とし、且つ表面から2%Da(Da:転動体径)深さまでの表面層におけるビッカース硬さをHv650以上としたことを特徴とするピニオンシャフト。
In a pinion shaft that rotatably supports a pinion that meshes with a sun gear and a ring gear of a planetary gear device via a rolling element,
At least the amount of retained austenite in the outermost surface layer of the raceway portion of the finished product is 15% by volume or more and 40% by volume or less, the average amount of retained austenite from the surface to the center is 8% by volume or less, and 2% Da ( Da: rolling element diameter) A pinion shaft having a Vickers hardness of Hv 650 or more in the surface layer up to the depth.
硬化熱処理として浸炭処理、浸炭窒化処理及び窒化処理の内のいずれか一つの処理を施した後に焼鈍を行い、且つ完成品軌道部を高周波焼入れしたことを特徴とする請求項1記載のピニオンシャフト。2. The pinion shaft according to claim 1, wherein as a hardening heat treatment, any one of a carburizing treatment, a carbonitriding treatment, and a nitriding treatment is performed, and then annealing is performed, and the raceway portion of the finished product is induction hardened. 完成品軌道部の最表面層の窒素濃度を0.05重量%以上としたことを特徴とする請求項1又は2記載のピニオンシャフト。3. The pinion shaft according to claim 1, wherein the nitrogen concentration in the outermost surface layer of the raceway portion of the finished product is 0.05% by weight or more. 端部表面のビッカース硬さをHv200以上、Hv300以下とすると共に、前記端部をキャリアに加締め固定したことを特徴とする請求項1〜3のいずれか一項に記載のピニオンシャフト。The pinion shaft according to any one of claims 1 to 3, wherein the Vickers hardness of the end surface is Hv200 or more and Hv300 or less, and the end is fixed by caulking to a carrier.
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