JP2004321191A - Animal feed additive and feedstuff containing the additive - Google Patents

Abstract

<P>PROBLEM TO BE SOLVED: To provide an animal feed additive for promoting growth and for improving feed demand ratio and feed intake rate. <P>SOLUTION: The animal feed additive comprises two compounds of formate. The additive comprises 20-99 weight % potassium diformate, 0-50 wt.% sodium diformate or sodium tetraformate, 0-25 wt.% calcium formate, 0-4 wt.% desiccant and 0-5 wt.% water. <P>COPYRIGHT: (C)2005,JPO&NCIPI

Description

  The present invention relates to animal feed additives containing a double salt of formic acid. Furthermore, the present invention relates to animal feed containing the additive.

  A common problem encountered with feed additives containing monocarboxylic acids, especially formic acid, is the loss of acid by evaporation. This may cause the feed to be out of design, corrode the feed production equipment, and pose a danger to additives and feed handlers. Additives must also be free-flowing and readily mix with other feed ingredients. Furthermore, the additives must be stable during storage and must not decompose at the temperature at which the feed is manufactured.

  The application and effects of monocarboxylic acids such as formic acid and formate (formate) such as calcium formate on animal feed are well known in the art. The effects of these additives have been found to increase growth rate, improve feed conversion and reduce the frequency of diarrhea. For example, according to European Patent 0317668-A1, a conventional feed containing a dry mixture containing 3 to 5 parts of calcium formate in a proportion of 5 to 25% achieves growth promotion of piglets. It has been known. The dry mixture further comprises 1 to 25 parts fat, 18 to 28 parts protein, 13 to 20 parts mineral, 3 to 5 parts citrate and 30 to 50 parts lactose. However, this additive has several drawbacks and has limitations in use. Calcium formate has low solubility in water and its amount is limited so that the calcium content in the feed is not too high. Therefore, the concentration of formate in the additive must be low, and the effect is as good as or less than that of adding formic acid to the feed. This is also described in the literature (M. Kirchgessner and F.X. Roth, "Use of formate in piglet feed", Landwirtsch. Forschung, 40, 2-3, 1987). Page 149 states that "Calcium formate did not significantly affect piglets' food consumption; animals had improved feed conversion by about 5%, even at the highest dose level (2.7 / 2.6% calcium formate). It was just that. "

  According to EP 219997, a preservative composition is known which is added to animal feeds and contains two blends of formic acid and propionic acid so that a synergistic effect is achieved. An aqueous blend of an acid is impregnated on a solid carrier such as silica. This blend is used for pigs, cattle or poultry with 0.1 to 10% in feed. In addition, the poor thermal stability of this product increases the risk of losing some acid during manufacture and storage and increases the cost of the active substance. The impregnated carrier also has an adverse effect on the production equipment, and the leakage / evaporation of the acid from the carrier exposes the production equipment to the acid, which is also adversely affected.

  The nutritional effects of formic acid by altering the protein value and protein content of feed on broiler fattening have been described in the literature (Archiv fuer Gefluegelkunde, 1991, 55 (5), pp. 224-232, Eugen Ulmer & Co. Stuttgart, Germany). In general, formic acid improves final live weight by 3.9% and feed conversion by up to 2.6%. However, feed intake was not affected. Nutritional effects based on weight gain have decreased from 4.2 to 2% in some growth periods. Feed efficiency varied from 3% to more than 2% to 2.5%. Increased effects of organic acids on low nutrient supply were seen only between days 0-14.

  PRESCO International's product data sheet states that the additive "Formic Spray" (formic acid on the carrier) is applied to feeds for piglets, pigs, dairy cows, broilers and laying hens in an amount of 0.5-1.5%. Have been. Although this additive is generally said to improve the effectiveness of feed for the animals, there is a significant loss of formic acid upon storage.

  GB 1505388 discloses the formation of aqueous solutions of complex salts of ammonium ions and / or metals selected from Groups I and II of the Periodic Table, and one or more carboxylic acids. The ratio of acid to ammonium and / or metal ion ranges from 2: 1 to 4: 1 (on a chemical equivalent basis). The concentration of water in the aqueous solution ranges from 15 to 75% by weight relative to the total composition. The complex or carboxylic acid double salt solution is said to be useful in animal feed (also referred to in the patent as "substrate") because it inhibits the growth of mold, bacteria and fungi. When applied as a preservative to a substrate, the liquid composition preferably contains 0.1 to 5% of an inorganic complex salt, based on the weight of the treated substrate. The only example for the use of formate (formate) is ammonium diformate in silage, which is not the same type as the animal feed to which the invention relates. Ammonium diformate is the most unstable of all the diformates, and this patent discloses diformate to inhibit / reduce the growth of mold, fungi and bacteria, except for silage and similar feeds. Does not teach the use of

  The main object of the present invention is to reach a new additive containing salts of formic acid.

  A further object is to reach additives which have a high concentration of active ingredients, yet are free-flowing and stable on storage and handling (including in the production of the final product).

  A further object is to provide an animal feed that contains the desired amount of the novel additive to obtain the required effect and that the total amount of elements such as sodium (sodium), potassium (potassium) and calcium is within the formulation design range. It is to get.

  In the search for new additives in animal feed, we wanted to maintain the beneficial and effective effects of the active ingredients described above. The problem was how to overcome the shortcomings of official additives. Various specific mixtures, such as formate, acetate, etc., were tested but failed. What we did next was a study of various types of diformates and mixtures thereof.

  The literature describes that potassium, sodium and ammonium formate form double salts with formic acid. Calcium formate does not form such double salts. Similar double salts can also be formed from acetic acid, propionic acid and fumaric acid and their respective salts (Gmelins Handbuch der anorganischen Chemie, 8Ed, system numbers 21 and 22, Verlag Chemie, Berlin, 1928, 818- 857 and 919-949).

  Potassium diformate is the most stable crystalline salt with a decomposition temperature above 120 ° C, while ammonium diformate is poorly stable and decomposes in the range of 20-25 ° C. Sodium diformate is known to decompose in the range of 100-120 ° C. Sodium tetraformate can also be formed by a similar reaction mechanism. As these salts decompose, the acid is released.

  Little is known about the details of the above double salts, and there is no report on the commercial production of such double salts. However, the stability of the sodium and potassium salts described above is of practical interest. This is because the production of the feed takes place in a temperature range in which these salts are stable. Also, when compared with formates, the hygroscopicity is significantly reduced, and when mixed with a small amount of a desiccant such as silica, starch, etc., the storability and handleability are greatly improved. Some experiments have shown.

  Various compositions and mixtures of diformates were tested with a view to obtaining additives with a high content of acids and salts thereof, in particular sodium and / or potassium formate and formic acid. The theoretical proportion of formic acid in the double salt increased from potassium formate to ammonium formate. It is shown below.

  The thermal stability of diformates tends to decrease from potassium diformate to ammonium diformate. The leakage of formic acid from ammonium diformate proved to be more than that of potassium diformate, confirming the lower decomposition temperature of the former component.

  Table 1 shows that the use of diformate as a formate source in feed additives results in relatively high formic acid contents. In addition, formic acid is stably bonded particularly in a double salt of potassium and sodium salts. This indicates that instability due to acid leakage has been substantially reduced. This is known to be very important in the stability and handleability of the final feed containing the formate additive during manufacture.

  Based on the above experiments, the requirements for feed additives containing diformate were determined. It is shown below.

  The final feed contains approximately 0.5-2% formate-based additives, and the total content of sodium, potassium, calcium, ammonium and desiccant is specific for each feed, especially taking into account the sodium and calcium content. Will be maintained.

  The additives are preferably dry and free-flowing for ease of handling in packaging and feed production equipment.

  This feed additive should not cause corrosion problems in the production equipment. Therefore, leakage of formic acid from dry additives and final feed should be kept as low as possible.

  Feed additives are produced in several steps for practical reasons. First, potassium diformate is produced, from which the water content is reduced to about 5% by centrifugation. Desirably, the desiccant is removed in a desiccator, but desiccants can be introduced into additives having a moisture content of less than 5%. A dry, free-flowing product is thus obtained. Sodium and ammonium diformate products can be produced in a similar manner. Next, these intermediate products are mixed in a desired ratio to obtain a feed additive. Examples of additives at the laboratory level are:

  The additive containing a high content of potassium diformate was free-flowing, stable to heat and almost odorless.

  If the sodium diformate / tetraformate content was increased in the additive, the product smelled strongly.

  When ammonium diformate was mixed with the additive, it was difficult to dry the crystal. Such products have a higher hygroscopicity than products based on potassium and sodium diformate. Ammonium diformate increased formic acid odor from the product.

  Concentrated solutions of diformate (e.g. 55-70%, preferably potassium and / or sodium diformate) can also be used as additive ingredients to mix with the base feed. The amount used can be the desired amount of formate in the feed, similar to the dry additives described above. When using a diformate solution, it is necessary that the additives be well dispersed in the base feed.

  The additives according to the invention can be mixed in conventional feeds in amounts of 0.2 to 2.5% by weight. Such an animal feed of the present invention has been found to be particularly useful for piglets and pigs. Poultry, calves and dairy cows are expected to have a similar effect, but not fully tested.

  The animal feed additive according to the invention comprises a double salt of formic acid, i.e. 20-99% by weight of potassium diformate, 0-50% by weight of sodium di / tetraformate, 0-25% by weight of calcium formate And 0 to 5% by weight of water. The additive can further include a desiccant. The most preferred additives are 20-60% by weight potassium diformate, 20-50% by weight sodium di / tetraformate, 0-25% by weight calcium formate, 1-4% by weight desiccant and 0% Contains ~ 5 wt% moisture.

  Other suitable additives include 60-99% by weight potassium diformate, 0-28% by weight calcium formate, 1-4% by weight desiccant and 0-5% by weight moisture.

  The scope and features of the invention are defined by the appended claims.

Hereinafter, the present invention will be further described with reference to examples.
[Example 1]
This example shows the results of tests on the stability of some additives. Stability was measured as the loss of formic acid. Twenty-six different additives including diformates were prepared. Additives have different types and ratios of diformates, and some have added calcium formate and desiccants. The amount of water in the additive was also measured. The total weight of the additives was prepared in the range of 173 to 536 g, from which 25 g was taken as a sample and used for the stability test. The test was performed by placing a 25 g sample in a 25 ° C. glass bell with a beaker containing a 1N NaOH solution. The glass bell was sealed and after 2, 4 and 7 days the beaker was removed and the acid loss and leakage from the additive was measured by analyzing the acid in the liquor. Various additives were tested and compared for stability. Two commercially available additives containing formic acid were also tested and the results were compared with the additives of the present invention. Known additives include formic acid and the porous silica that supports it. The composition of the additives tested for acid loss is shown in Table 1a. As can be seen from Table 1b, not all additives were tested. The types of additives and the loss of acid as a function of time are shown in Table 1b below.

  The above test results show that formic acid bound to potassium diformate and / or sodium di / tetraformate is much more stable than ammonium diformate. In this test, the best additive shows a 2% loss of formic acid at 7 days, compared to 3-6% at 7 days when using a high content of ammonium diformate as an additive. Is done. The commercially available products "Formic Spray" and "Formic Stabi1" already showed a loss of formic acid of 12-18% after 4 days.

  Based on the above test results, the optimal additive was found to be based on potassium and / or sodium diformate and a desiccant.

  Next, two types of additives were prepared and used for feed testing.

  The formic acid content is about 20% and the total formate content is about 65%.

  The content of formic acid is about 30% and the total content of formate is about 65%.

[Example 2]
The above two additives were tested for 42 days using a feeder. The test was performed on 96 piglets (females and castrated males) in two consecutive runs. 2x6 littermates (each with 8 weaned piglets) were purchased from piglet farms and split into completely random blocks. Eight piglets of each litter (forming one experimental block) were randomly divided into one of the following eight treatment blocks. Each group had the same number of females and castrated males.

Animals were fed a preliminary diet during the first period of the study (days 1-21) and a piglet rearing diet during the second period of the study (days 22-42). Table II shows the composition of these feed mixtures. The protein, amino acids, Ca, P and energy are constant for each test. The new additives to be tested contain high amounts of Na, Ca and K, and they are not very energetic, so taking into account the amount of formic acid, type I or II additives, corn, soybean meal It was added to the fat and / or CAC0 ₃ additives. Table III shows the results of the analysis of the crude nutrients, the calculated content of minerals and the metabolic energy. The feed mixture meets the nutrient, micronutrient and energy requirements for growing piglets. The feed mixture was administered in pellet form.

[Example 3]
The effect of the additives used on the pH and the acid binding capacity (10% feed suspension) of the individual feed mixtures is shown in Table IV.

  In both feeds, the initial pH 5.1-5.2 of the unsupplemented control feed (already low) was reduced to a minimum pH of 4.4 by the addition of Type I or Type II additives, depending on the dose, but formic acid It did not reach the value where only was added. There was no difference in the effects of Type I and Type II additives in the reserve diet, but in the growing diet the Type I additive resulted in a pH as low as 0.4 as compared to the Type II additive. The acid binding capacity, which means the amount of HCl added to the feed to reach a pH of 3, reacts inversely with the pH value. The higher the loading, the lower the pH and the higher the acid binding capacity. This indicates a high buffer capacity of the additive.

In the case of Type II additives this effect is increased. The high acid binding capacity of the pre-feed compared to the growing feed mixture is due to the high protein and mineral content.
Table V below shows the weight gain, feed intake and feed conversion of piglets during the entire test period.

  At an average fresh weight of 6.7 kg (same for each group), piglets receiving the new additive gained 22.5 kg over the entire 42 days of the study. On the other hand, the negative control animals increased by 20.Okg, and the addition of formic acid alone increased by 22.Okg. However, group 8 (1.95% type II addition) weighed significantly higher than group 1. During the entire study period, daily dose gains as high as 16-17% were observed with the highest doses of the new additive. Particularly with 1.95% Type I additives (Group 5) or 1.30%, 1.95% Type II additives (Groups 7 and 8), feed requirements are very good. Type I and type II appeared to be significantly more effective than formic acid alone.

[Example 4]
In two separate experimental periods (see Table VI), the new additive was more effective in the preliminary diet (1-21 days) than in the next stage growing diet (22-42 days) (6.5-16 kg growth). The average daily gain during the first period was 20% higher for Type II and 13% higher for Type I compared to Group I without additives. In particular, Type II had a higher average than that of formic acid alone.

  In addition to the above experimental data,% of diarrhea frequency (number of diarrhea days × 100 / number of animals / number of experimental days) was calculated for each piglet group. The results are shown below.

  As can be seen from this experiment, the frequency of diarrhea is actually very low. Slight diarrhea was also observed, presumably because piglets consumed as much feed as they liked. In particular, high doses of new additives of type II additives tend to reduce the frequency of diarrhea.

[Example 5]
This example shows the results of testing on slaughtered pigs. This test involves the application of two different feeds, the first one called "standard feed" having the following composition:

  The following feeds were used:

  From these test results, it can be seen that the novel additives and feeds of the present invention have improved feed conversion and the relationship between meat and fat of slaughtered pigs compared to formic acid. The above experiments show that this new additive is effective in promoting growth, especially during the pre-feed period, and in particular improves feed conversion. Although there was no significant difference between the two feed additives, high doses of the Type I additive were required to obtain the same efficacy as the Type II additive. The effect on diarrhea frequency was found to be slightly improved when the new additive was applied.

Claims (10)

  Use of an animal feed additive comprising 20 to 99% by weight of potassium diformate to promote growth.   Use of an animal feed additive comprising 20 to 99% by weight of potassium diformate for improving feed conversion and / or improving feed intake.   Use of an animal feed additive comprising 20-99% by weight of potassium diformate for reducing the frequency of diarrhea.   The animal feed additive further comprises 0 to 50% by weight of sodium diformate or sodium tetraformate, 0 to 25% by weight of calcium formate, and 0 to 5% by weight of water. Use of the animal feed additive according to any one of claims 1 to 3, wherein   Use of the animal feed additive according to any one of claims 1 to 4 in an animal feed for pigs and / or piglets.   Use of the animal feed additive according to any one of claims 1 to 4 in an animal feed for poultry, calves and / or cattle.   Animal feed additive for promoting growth, characterized in that said animal feed additive is in an aqueous solution having a concentration of 55 to 70% by weight of potassium and / or sodium diformate. Use of things.   Animal feed for improving feed demand, characterized in that said animal feed additive is in an aqueous solution having a concentration of 55 to 70% by weight of potassium and / or sodium diformate. Use of additives.   Use of the animal feed additive according to claims 7 and / or 8 in animal feed for pigs and / or piglets. Use of the animal feed additive according to claims 7 and / or 8 in animal feed for poultry, calves and / or cattle.