JP2004212603A - Music application device, electronic musical instrument and program - Google Patents

Abstract

<P>PROBLEM TO BE SOLVED: To make music application different when own company's product is connected to an electronic musical device and other company's product is connected to the device. <P>SOLUTION: When an identity confirmation request signal is transmitted from a music application device to an electronic musical instrument that is connected to the device, the instrument automatically returns a prescribed response signal to the device. When the device receives the response signal transmitted from the instrument in accordance with the requested signal, discrimination is made to determine whether the connected instrument has proper identity to execute a music application or not. When the instrument is allowed to conduct the application, control is made without limiting the function of the application. When the instrument is determined as an instrument that is not allowed to execute the application, control is made so that the instrument can not execute the application or the function is limited. <P>COPYRIGHT: (C)2004,JPO&NCIPI

Description

[0001]
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 1. Field of the Invention The present invention relates to a music application apparatus for advancing a music application based on operation information of a performance operator of a connected electronic musical instrument, and an operation linked to the music application advancing by the music application apparatus. The present invention relates to electronic musical instruments that can be performed and programs used for those devices.
[0002]
2. Description of the Related Art Conventionally, there has been known a music application apparatus that can enjoy a music application having a guide on how to use an electronic musical instrument and a music performance lesson. For example, a music application device (personal computer) described in Japanese Patent No. 3058051 is connected to an electronic musical instrument via a MIDI interface or the like, and a performance operator of the electronic musical instrument to be operated in accordance with the progress of the music is formed by using a character or the like. By executing a music game (music application) to be sequentially displayed, the player is prompted to operate a performance operator on the electronic musical instrument side. More specifically, the music application device displays performance operators such as a keyboard on a display screen so that the player can immediately know which key to play, and a song displayed by a character such as "apple". The melody and other notes are displayed as falling from the top to the bottom of the display screen as the music progresses. When the player operates the performance operator on the electronic musical instrument connected to the music application device at a timing when the "apple" that has fallen to a predetermined position on the predetermined display screen is approached, In response to the operation, a display is performed in which an “arrow” is fired toward the “apple” falling on the display screen. And if the player has a timing to play, the fired `` arrow '' will display an `` Apple '' hit and add points, while if the player has missed the timing to play Executes a music game in which the fired "arrow" does not hit the "apple" and the score is not added. As a result, the player can easily learn how to use the functions provided in the electronic musical instrument and how to operate the performance operators related to the desired music while enjoying the music application.
[0003]
Recently, in order to promote the sale of an electronic musical instrument of its own product or an electronic musical instrument of a specific model, the above-mentioned music application is bundled with the electronic musical instrument and provided to the user. Offering has been done. However, in the past, even in the case of music applications provided for sales promotion, electronic musical instruments of other companies' products (or models other than specific models) as well as electronic musical instruments of own products (or specific models) as described above. The music application was running at full functionality as well. In other words, even if the music application was provided for the promotion of the electronic musical instruments of its own product, the music application could be operated in the same way with the electronic musical instruments of other companies' products in the same way as its own product, There is a problem that it is difficult to increase sales of own products without leading to differentiation between own products and products of other companies. Therefore, it is conceivable that the music application is not operated at all when the other company's product is connected. However, if the music application is not operated at all, the superior functions of the product are presented to the user by comparing with the competitor's product. In some cases, the user may not be able to confirm the function before purchasing the electronic musical instrument.
[0004]
The present invention has been made in view of the above points, and automatically determines whether a connected electronic musical instrument is a product of another company (or a model other than a specific model) or an own product (or a specific model), The progress of the music application can be made different when an electronic musical instrument of another company's product (or a model other than the specific model) is connected and when an electronic musical instrument of our product (or a specific model) is connected. It is an object of the present invention to provide a music application device, an electronic musical instrument that operates in conjunction with a music application executed by the music application device, and a program used therefor.
[0005]
A music application device according to a first aspect of the present invention is a music application device for performing a music application based on operation information of a performance operator of a connected electronic musical instrument, At the start of the music application, transmission and reception of transmitting a predetermined identification request signal to the connected electronic musical instrument and receiving a response signal returned by the connected electronic musical instrument in response to the identification request signal Means for determining whether or not the connected electronic musical instrument has a predetermined identity based on the received response signal; and The music application is advanced based on the operation information of the performance operator of the musical instrument, and if the predetermined identity is not determined, the music application is advanced. Characterized in that comprising a control means for controlling so as to proceed let no or function restriction.
[0006]
An electronic musical instrument according to a second aspect of the present invention is an electronic musical instrument used in combination with a music application device that advances a music application based on operation information of a performance operator of the electronic musical instrument. Transmitting means for transmitting operation information generated in response to the operation of the performance operator to the music application apparatus; and receiving an identification confirmation request signal from the music application apparatus, Return means for automatically returning a response signal to the music application apparatus.
[0007]
According to the present invention, the identity of the electronic musical instrument is determined based on the response signal indicating the identity of the electronic musical instrument acquired from the electronic musical instrument, and the progress of a different music application is controlled for each determined electronic musical instrument identity. The response signal is a signal that the electronic musical instrument automatically returns to the music application device when the identification request signal is received from the music application device. That is, when an identification request signal is transmitted from the music application device, the electronic musical instrument automatically returns a predetermined response signal to the music application device in response to the identification request signal. . In the music application device, upon receiving a response signal transmitted from the electronic musical instrument in response to the reception of the identification request signal, the electronic musical instrument of the identity to which the connected electronic musical instrument is permitted to execute the music application Is determined. Then, for the electronic musical instrument whose identity is permitted to execute the music application, the electronic musical instrument is controlled so that the music application proceeds without function restriction, and the electronic musical instrument whose identity is not authorized to execute the music application is controlled. For the musical instrument, control is performed so that the music application is not advanced or the music application is advanced with limited functions. In this way, by providing a music application that can operate with full functionality without any functional limitations only for its own product or a specific model of electronic musical instrument that supports music applications, it is possible to use its own products and other companies' products (or specific models). And other models) can be provided to the user.
[0008]
The present invention can be constructed and implemented not only as a device invention, but also as a method invention. Further, the present invention can be implemented in the form of a program of a computer or a processor such as a DSP, or can be implemented in the form of a storage medium storing such a program.
[0009]
Embodiments of the present invention will be described below in detail with reference to the accompanying drawings.
[0010]
First, the overall configuration of any one of the music application device and the electronic musical instrument according to the present invention will be briefly described. FIG. 1 is a hardware configuration block diagram showing an embodiment of the overall configuration of any one of the above devices. However, since each of the above devices can be described as using the same hardware configuration, only one diagram of the music application device will be described as a representative.
[0011]
The hardware configuration example of the music application apparatus shown here is configured using a personal computer, and the processing for executing the music application is performed by a computer using a predetermined control program (a music program described later) that implements the music application. This is implemented by executing a software program (eg, a game process). Of course, these processes can be implemented not only in the form of computer software but also in the form of a microprogram processed by a DSP (Digital Signal Processor). The present invention may be implemented in the form of a dedicated hardware device including a circuit or an integrated circuit or a large-scale integrated circuit. The music application device according to the present invention is a device that executes an application related to music performance such as a music game, a music lesson, and music production, and is not limited to a personal computer, but may be a game dedicated machine, a mobile phone or a PDA. The portable terminal, the karaoke device, and other multimedia devices, such as, for example, may take any product application form.
[0012]
The music application device shown in FIG. 1 is controlled by a microcomputer including a microprocessor unit (CPU) 1, a read only memory (ROM) 2, and a random access memory (RAM) 3. The CPU 1 controls the operation of the entire music application device. For this CPU 1, a ROM 2, a RAM 3, a detection circuit 4, a display circuit 5, a sound source circuit 6, an external storage device 7, a MIDI interface (I / F) 8, and a communication interface (I / F) via a data and address bus 1D. ) 9 are connected. Further, the CPU 1 is connected to a timer 1A that measures an interrupt time and various times in a timer interrupt process (interrupt process). For example, the timer 1A generates a clock pulse and gives the generated clock pulse to the CPU 1 as a processing timing command or gives the CPU 1 as an interrupt command. The CPU 1 executes various processes according to these instructions.
[0013]
The ROM 2 stores various control programs executed or referred to by the CPU 1, various data, and the like. The RAM 3 is used as a working memory for temporarily storing various data generated when the CPU 1 executes a predetermined program, or as a memory for storing a currently executed control program and data related thereto. A predetermined address area of the RAM 3 is assigned to each function and used as a register, a flag, a table, a memory, and the like. The operator 4A is, for example, a numeric keypad for inputting numerical data, a keyboard for inputting character data, a mouse for operating a predetermined pointing device displayed on the display 5A, or a special switch. Anything is acceptable. The detection circuit 4 detects an operation state of each operation element of the operation element 4A, and outputs switch information corresponding to the operation state to the CPU 1 via the bus 1D. The display circuit 5 displays a music game screen similar to that of the related art already described on a display 5A composed of, for example, a liquid crystal display panel (LCD), a CRT, or the like. And the control state of the CPU 1 are displayed.
[0014]
The tone generator circuit 6 is capable of simultaneously generating musical tone signals on a plurality of channels. The tone generator circuit 6 receives a predetermined musical tone signal (for example, BGM or hit) based on MIDI standard music data (MIDI data) provided via the bus 1D. Sound effects). The tone signal generated from the tone generator 6 is generated via a sound system 6A including an amplifier and a speaker. Any conventional configuration may be used for the configuration of the sound source circuit 6 and the sound system 6A. For example, the tone generator circuit 6 may adopt any of various tone synthesis methods such as FM, PCM, physical model, and formant synthesis, may be constituted by dedicated hardware, or may be constituted by software processing by the CPU 1. You may. The external storage device 7 stores various data (for example, music data), various control programs executed by the CPU 1 (for example, music game processing), and the like. By storing the control program in the external storage device 7 (for example, a hard disk) and reading it into the RAM 3, the CPU 1 can cause the CPU 1 to perform the same operation as when the control program is stored in the ROM 2. By doing so, it is possible to easily add a control program or upgrade the version. Note that the external storage device 7 is not limited to a hard disk (HD), but is removable such as a flexible disk (FD), a compact disk (CD-ROM / CD-RAM), a magneto-optical disk (MO), or a DVD (Digital Versatile Disk). Any storage device that uses various forms of external storage media may be used. It may be a semiconductor memory or the like.
[0015]
The MIDI interface (I / F) 8 is an interface for inputting MIDI data from the externally connected electronic musical instrument 10 to the music application apparatus or outputting MIDI data from the music application apparatus to the electronic musical instrument 10. is there. By connecting an electronic musical instrument of its own product (or a specific model) or an electronic musical instrument of another company's product (or a model other than the specific model), various information can be exchanged between the connected electronic musical instrument 10 and the music application apparatus. It is possible to enjoy music applications such as music games while exchanging. Note that the MIDI interface 8 is not limited to the one using a dedicated MIDI interface, and the MIDI interface 8 is configured using a general-purpose interface such as RS-232C, USB (Universal Serial Bus), IEEE 1394 (Itriple 1394). You may make it. In this case, data other than the MIDI message may be transmitted and received at the same time.
[0016]
The communication interface (I / F) 9 is connected to a wired or wireless communication network X such as a LAN, the Internet, or a telephone line, and is connected to the server computer 9A via the communication network X. This is an interface for taking in a control program and various data from a music application device. That is, when the control program and various data are not stored in the external storage device 7 or the like, the control program and various data are used for downloading from the server computer 9A. Such a communication interface 9 may comprise both wired or wireless, not both.
[0017]
The electronic musical instrument 10 connected to the music application device via the MIDI interface 8 may be any device that generates MIDI data in response to an operation by a player. In addition to the components similar to those of the application device, the device includes (or has an operation form of) a performance operation unit 10A such as a keyboard type, a stringed instrument type, a wind instrument type, a percussion instrument type, or a body-mounted type. The performance operator 10A is provided with a plurality of keys for selecting the pitch of a musical tone, such as a keyboard, and has a key switch corresponding to each key. (Keyboard etc.) can be used not only for music performance, but also as an input means for selecting a music to be played in a music game. The electronic musical instrument 10 is provided with a guide portion 10B such as a keyboard LED for notifying the player of a performance operator 10A to be operated, corresponding to each key. (For example, a MIDI message or the like), the guide function may be realized by controlling lighting of the corresponding keyboard LED. In the electronic musical instrument 10, a predetermined identifier (for example, a manufacturer ID number or a device ID number) indicating a manufacturer of the electronic musical instrument or a model of the electronic musical instrument is attached to each electronic musical instrument 10 in advance. Such identifiers are stored in the ROM 2 or the like in advance.
[0018]
Here, an outline of processing executed by the music application device and the electronic musical instrument connected to the music application device will be briefly described. FIG. 2 is a schematic diagram for explaining processing executed by the music application device and the electronic musical instrument connected to the music application device.
[0019]
The music application apparatus PC transmits an identification request signal to the electronic musical instrument 10. When the electronic musical instrument 10 receives the identification request signal, the signal indicating the identity of the electronic musical instrument stored in the electronic musical instrument 10 is returned as a response signal to the music application apparatus PC that transmitted the identification request signal. . The music application device PC controls the progress of the music application based on the returned response signal. If the response signal is a specific one, for example, if it indicates that the electronic musical instrument 10 is an electronic musical instrument of its own product, a music application such as a music game is executed. During the execution of the music game, an operation information signal generated in response to the operation of the performance operator 10A in the electronic musical instrument 10 is transmitted to the music application apparatus PC, and the music game proceeds accordingly. Of course, other than the operation information signal, other information such as MIDI message data may be transmitted and received during the execution of the music game. Note that an operation instruction signal (for example, a key code or the like) is transmitted from the music application PC to the electronic musical instrument 10 in accordance with the progress of the music game, and the electronic musical instrument 10 transmits a guide portion 10B such as a keyboard LED based on the operation instruction signal. By controlling the lighting of the key, a key press guide may be realized, and the performer 10A to be operated may be instructed to the player.
[0020]
In the above-described music application apparatus (or electronic musical instrument), the control unit 4A, the display 5A, the sound source circuit 6, and the like are not limited to those built in one apparatus main body. It is needless to say that the respective devices may be configured to be connected by using communication means such as.
[0021]
In the music application apparatus and the electronic musical instrument 10 according to the present embodiment, the CPU 1 of each of the music application apparatus and the electronic musical instrument 10 executes a predetermined music application program (software) for realizing a music game or the like, and these are executed. Using the device, it is possible to execute a music game or the like in a form similar to the conventional one already described. Therefore, a processing operation when the “music game processing” is executed as a music application will be briefly described with reference to the drawings. FIG. 3 is a flowchart showing one embodiment of the “music game process”. However, in this embodiment, only the music game process executed on the music application device side is illustrated for easy understanding of the description. Hereinafter, the operation of the processing will be described with reference to the flowchart shown in FIG.
[0022]
First, a music application device (hereinafter, simply referred to as a game device) executes a "music game start-up process" (step S1). As an example of the “music game start-up process”, for example, when executing a music game, various types of MIDI message data and the like are transmitted between the music application device and the electronic musical instrument 10 connected to the music application device via the MIDI interface 8. There are various processes such as a setting process for transmitting and receiving information and a process of displaying a music game initial screen on a display. When the "music game start-up process" is completed, the game device outputs an identity confirmation request signal (hereinafter, referred to as a request signal) to the electronic musical instrument connected via the MIDI interface 8 (step S2). The request signal is for requesting the electronic musical instrument to transmit a predetermined response signal indicating the identity of the electronic musical instrument in order to identify the electronic musical instrument connected to the game apparatus via the MIDI interface 8. The electronic musical instrument that has received the request signal is a predetermined signal, for example, a unique identifier (manufacturing company) that is attached to the electronic musical instrument in advance and indicates the identity of the manufacturer of the electronic musical instrument or the model of the electronic musical instrument. An ID number or a device ID number) is automatically returned to the game device that has transmitted the request signal. Note that some electronic musical instruments cannot interpret the request signal, in which case the response signal is not returned.
[0023]
Upon receiving the identifier (response signal) returned from the electronic musical instrument in response to transmitting the request signal, the game device determines whether or not the received identifier is a specific identifier (step S3). A plurality of the specific identifiers are stored in the game device in advance, and whether or not the specific identifier is a specific identifier is determined based on whether or not the received identifier is registered among the plurality of stored identifiers. Is If it is determined that the received identifier is a specific identifier, that is, the electronic musical instrument connected via the MIDI interface 8 is permitted to execute an electronic musical instrument corresponding to the music game, for example, a music game. If it is an in-house product or an electronic musical instrument of a specific model (YES in step S3), a "game execution process" is executed (step S4). That is, a music game using the electronic musical instrument and the game device is performed. When the music game is executed, transmission and reception of various information such as MIDI messages are performed between the electronic musical instrument and the game device connected to each other, and each device executes control based on the various information. For example, the electronic musical instrument executes various processes such as a keyboard LED lighting control process and a sound source control process in response to a received MIDI message. In the game device, the updating process of the music game screen according to the progress of the music to be played, the scoring process of the music game in which the score is added according to the accuracy of the key to be pressed and the performance timing, the lighting control of the keyboard LED, and the sound generation by the sound source Various processes such as a MIDI message creation / transmission process for control are executed. Thus, a music game is performed. In step S5, it is determined whether or not the music game target song has ended. If it is determined that the music has not ended (NO in step S5), the process returns to step S4, and the above-described “game execution process” is repeatedly executed. On the other hand, if it is determined that the music has ended (YES in step S5), for example, the score result of the music game scoring process is displayed on the display, or a sound effect is generated in accordance with the score result. For example, the result of the music game is presented to the user by a method such as performing the “music game process”.
[0024]
In step S3, when it is determined that the identifier received from the electronic musical instrument is not a specific identifier, that is, the electronic musical instrument connected via the MIDI interface 8 does not support the music game, for example, executes the musical game. If the electronic musical instrument is not authorized to be played by another company or an electronic musical instrument of a model other than the specific model (NO in step S3), the connected electronic musical instrument corresponds to a music game executed on the game device. The display indicates that the product is not compatible with any music game (step S6). As an indication that the connected electronic musical instrument is not compatible with music games, for example, "The connected product cannot be used because it is not its own product. , End the music game or select it. "Is displayed on the display. In step S7, it is determined whether or not to end the music game in accordance with the user's selection according to the display indicating that the product is not compatible with the music game as described above. If the user selects "end the music game" (YES in step S7), the "music game process" ends and the music game is not executed. On the other hand, if the user selects "reconnect to the electronic musical instrument of the company's own product" (NO in step S7), the process returns to step S2 and repeats the above steps S2 to S7. Execute. In other words, when an electronic musical instrument of a product of its own, which is a product compatible with a music game, is connected to the music application device instead of an electronic musical instrument of a product of another company which is a product not compatible with a music game, a music game is started. .
[0025]
Next, another embodiment of the “music game process” will be described. FIG. 4 is a flowchart illustrating another example of the “music game process”. In this embodiment as well, only the music game processing as a music application executed on the music application device side is illustrated for easy understanding of the description. Hereinafter, the processing operation of the processing will be described with reference to the flowchart shown in FIG. However, in the embodiment shown in FIG. 4, steps S11 to S13 are the same as the steps S1 to S3 in the embodiment shown in FIG.
[0026]
If it is determined in step S13 that the identifier (response signal) received from the electronic musical instrument is a specific identifier (YES in step S13), the "full-function game execution process" (step S14) is performed on the music game target. The program is repeatedly executed until the song is completed (YES in step S15). On the other hand, if it is determined that the identifier received from the electronic musical instrument is not a specific identifier (NO in step S13), the “game execution processing with the limited function” (step S16) is performed until the music of the music game target ends (step S16). Step S17: YES) is repeatedly executed. As an example of the “game execution process with limited function”, for example, a performance operation such as a key to be operated by a player on an electronic musical instrument, in which a function of downloading music data from the server computer 9A on the communication network X cannot be used. It is not possible to use the guide function to guide the child according to the progress of the song, it is possible to execute the music game only with simple songs and levels, the music game screen displayed on the display is a simplified screen display, The control is performed so that only a music game in a state in which various functions such as are limited can be performed.
[0027]
In the above-described embodiment, whether or not the identifier (response signal) received from the electronic musical instrument is a specific identifier, that is, whether the identifier is a product of its own or a product of another company (or a specific model or other model) Depending on the model, either the music game is not executed (see step S6 in FIG. 3) or the music game is executed with limited functions (see step S16 in FIG. 4). However, the present invention is not limited to this. The type of the identifier (response signal) received from the electronic musical instrument, for example, a full-featured music game is executed for a specific model of the company's product, and the function is limited for a model other than the model of the company's product. Then, the music game may be executed, or the music game may not be executed in the case of another company's product, and the processing may be performed stepwise according to the type of the received identifier (response signal).
[0028]
Note that the format of the music data used when executing the music game is “event + relative time” that represents the time at which the note event occurred in time from the immediately preceding event, and the time at which the note event occurred in the song or bar. "Event + absolute time" expressed in absolute time, "pitch (rest) + note length" expressing performance data in note pitch and note length or rest and rest length, minimum resolution of performance The memory area may be secured, and the performance event may be stored in a memory area corresponding to the time when the note event occurs.
The method of processing the music data used when executing the music game (the method of updating the music game screen) is a method of changing the processing cycle according to the set tempo, the processing cycle is fixed, and the timing data in the music data is changed. , The processing cycle is constant, and the method of counting the timing data in the music data in one process is changed according to the tempo. There may be.
[0029]
【The invention's effect】
According to the present invention, the electronic musical instrument connected to the music application device is a product (or a specific model) compatible with the music application executed by the music application device or an unsupported product of another company (or a model other than the specific model) ) Can be automatically determined, and if an electronic musical instrument of its own product (or a specific model) is connected and if an electronic musical instrument of another company's product (or a model other than the specific model) is connected Since the progress of the music application can be made different between and, it will be possible to differentiate between its own products and other companies' products (or specific models and other models) and provide them to users Is obtained.
[Brief description of the drawings]
FIG. 1 is a hardware block diagram showing an embodiment of an overall configuration of one of a music application apparatus and an electronic musical instrument according to the present invention.
FIG. 2 is a schematic diagram for explaining processing executed by a music application device and an electronic musical instrument connected to the music application device.
FIG. 3 is a flowchart showing one embodiment of a music game process.
FIG. 4 is a flowchart showing another embodiment of the music game process.
[Explanation of symbols]
DESCRIPTION OF SYMBOLS 1 ... CPU, 2 ... ROM, 3 ... RAM, 4 ... Detection circuit, 4A ... operator, 5 ... Display circuit, 5A ... Display, 6 ... Sound generator circuit, 6A ... Sound system, 7 ... External storage device, 8 ... MIDI Interface, 9: Communication interface, 9A: Server computer, 10: Electronic musical instrument, 10A: Performance operator, 10B: Guide unit, 1D: Data and address bus, X: Communication network, PC: Music application device

Claims (5)

A music application device that advances a music application based on operation information of a performance operator of a connected electronic musical instrument,
At the start of the music application, transmission and reception of transmitting a predetermined identification request signal to the connected electronic musical instrument and receiving a response signal returned by the connected electronic musical instrument in response to the identification request signal Means,
Determining means for determining whether the connected electronic musical instrument has a predetermined identity based on the received response signal,
When the predetermined identity is determined, the music application is advanced based on the operation information of the performance operator of the connected electronic musical instrument, and when the predetermined identity is not determined, the music application is not advanced. Or, a music application device comprising: control means for performing control with function restriction. An electronic musical instrument used in combination with a music application device that advances a music application based on operation information of a performance operator of the electronic musical instrument,
Performance controls,
Transmission means for transmitting, to the music application device, operation information generated in response to the operation of the performance operator,
An electronic musical instrument comprising: return means for automatically returning a response signal representing a preset identity to the music application device when receiving an identity confirmation request signal from the music application device. The electronic musical instrument according to claim 2, wherein the response signal is a predetermined identifier signal indicating a manufacturer of the electronic musical instrument or a model of the electronic musical instrument, which is set in advance for each electronic musical instrument. On the computer,
Transmitting a predetermined identification request signal to the connected electronic musical instrument at the start of the music application, and receiving a response signal returned by the connected electronic musical instrument in response to the identification request signal When,
A step of determining whether or not the connected electronic musical instrument has a predetermined identity based on the received response signal;
When the predetermined identity is determined, the music application is advanced based on the operation information of the performance operator of the connected electronic musical instrument, and when the predetermined identity is not determined, the music application is not advanced. Or a procedure for executing a procedure of controlling the operation so as to perform the operation with the function restricted. On the computer,
A procedure of transmitting operation information generated according to the operation of the performance operator to a music application device that advances the music application based on the operation information of the performance operator of the electronic musical instrument;
Automatically returning a response signal indicating a preset identity to the music application apparatus when receiving an identity confirmation request signal from the music application apparatus.

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