JP2005202204A - Program and apparatus for musical score display - Google Patents

Abstract

<P>PROBLEM TO BE SOLVED: To easily and efficiently display a musical score of a part that a user desires on the basis of automatic musical performance data. <P>SOLUTION: When the musical score is displayed by acquiring the automatic musical performance data, the staff type of the musical score and the part to be displayed in the score are preset, and data needed to display the score of the set part are read out from the acquired automatic musical performance data. Based upon the read-out data, the musical score of the set staff type is displayed. Consequently, the user obtains the desired score display only by presetting the staff type of the score and the part to be displayed in the score, so that the score of the desired part is easily and efficiently displayed. Further, the score display which is efficient in terms of processing is realized since the musical score is displayed by reading out only the data needed to display the score of the part that the user desires without reading data of all parts of the automatic musical performance data. <P>COPYRIGHT: (C)2005,JPO&NCIPI

Description

  The present invention relates to a score display program and a score display apparatus for displaying a score based on automatic performance data in electronic musical instruments, computer music, and the like. In particular, the present invention relates to a score display program and a score display apparatus that allow a user to easily and efficiently display a score of a desired part among a plurality of parts included in automatic performance data.

2. Description of the Related Art Conventionally, there are known a score display apparatus and a score display program for reading normal MIDI-format automatic performance data and displaying the score based on the automatic performance data (for example, see Patent Document 1 shown below). ). In general, the automatic performance data has a format in which data for designating the pitch of a musical tone is included together with timing data of a sounding or muting event. Timing data is information representing the time at which an event occurs, the time interval between events, and the like. When a musical score is displayed based on such automatic performance data, the read automatic performance data is analyzed, and the types of notes and rests are determined according to the duration of sound generation and the time interval of sound generation timing. Then, as the display position for displaying the note, the display position in the up and down direction on the staff is determined according to the pitch, and the display position in the left and right direction on the staff according to the note length, respectively, and the determined note, rest or Arrange various music symbols and complete the display of the score.
JP-A-11-327427

  In addition, the automatic performance data includes a plurality of parts, and when displaying a score based on such automatic performance data, a score of a plurality of parts is displayed on a score composed of a plurality of staffs. For example, a piano score is a two-level staff score (in detail, a grand staff), with a bass (left hand part) stage indicated by a “H clef” and a treble (right hand part) stage indicated by a “treble clef”. ), And the notes constituting each part are sequentially displayed on these staffs. In this way, the score display apparatus can display the score on a display composed of, for example, a liquid crystal display panel (LCD), a CRT, or the like based on the automatic performance data, or on paper using a printer or the like. It is like that.

  By the way, depending on the user, there is a case where it is desired to display only the score of some of the parts. For example, there is a case where only the melody score which is a score for a melody part or only the piano score which is a score for a piano performance part is to be displayed for practice of musical instrument performance. In the conventional score display apparatus (or score display program) described above, the automatic performance data of all the parts is read and the score of all the parts is displayed. Therefore, the score of the parts not particularly required by the user is displayed on the displayed score. A display is also included. That is, although the user wants to display only the melody score for the melody part or only the piano score for the piano performance part, the score of both the melody score and the piano score is displayed. Therefore, in the past, new tasks such as deleting only the score display of parts that are not necessary by looking at the displayed score of all the parts, and changing the setting of the score display of the required part to the desired staff type, etc. The user himself had to redisplay only the musical score he needed. However, it is very troublesome for the user that the user must perform the above-mentioned work as necessary after displaying the scores of all the parts once based on the automatic performance data of all the parts. In addition to being inefficient, there is a problem that it is difficult for a beginner who has little musical knowledge to display correctly only the required score by the above-described work.

  The present invention has been made in view of the above points, and displays only a musical score display by reading only automatic performance data of a musical score display target part based on a musical score display target part set by a user and a musical score staff type. By doing so, an object of the present invention is to provide a score display program and a score display apparatus that allow a user to easily and efficiently display a score of a desired part.

  The musical score display program according to the present invention includes a step of acquiring automatic performance data comprising a plurality of parts, a step of setting a staff type of a musical score and any one of the plurality of parts, and the acquired automatic performance data. , Reading only the data related to the set part, and displaying the score in the set staff type based on the read data.

  According to the present invention, when automatic performance data is acquired and a musical score is displayed, a staff type of the musical score and any one of the parts to be displayed are set in advance, and the acquired automatic performance data is used. Only data necessary for displaying the score of the set part is read out. Then, the score display is performed with the staff type set based on the read data. That is, since the user can obtain a desired score display simply by setting the score type of the score and the part to be displayed in advance, the score of the desired part can be displayed easily and efficiently. . Also, since only the data necessary for displaying the musical score of the desired part is read out and displayed as a musical score without reading out the data of all parts of the automatic performance data composed of a plurality of parts, the processing is also efficient. The score display can be performed.

  The present invention can be implemented not only as an invention of a program of a processor such as a computer or a DSP, but also in the form of a storage medium storing such a program. The present invention can also be configured and implemented as an invention of a score display apparatus that executes score display using such a program.

  According to the present invention, before the musical score is displayed based on the automatic performance data, the user sets a desired part and staff type that he / she wants to display the musical score, reads only the automatic performance data of the set part, and based on the desired data Since the score display is performed for only the part, the user can efficiently display the score for the desired part without waste.

  Embodiments of the present invention will be described below in detail with reference to the accompanying drawings.

  FIG. 1 is a hardware configuration block diagram showing an embodiment of the overall configuration of an electronic musical instrument to which a score display program according to the present invention is applied. The electronic musical instrument shown in this embodiment is controlled by a microcomputer including a microprocessor unit (CPU) 1, a read only memory (ROM) 2, and a random access memory (RAM) 3. The CPU 1 controls the operation of the entire electronic musical instrument. For this CPU 1, ROM 2, RAM 3, external interface (I / F) 4, input operation unit 5, display unit 6, external storage device 7, and sound source 8 are respectively connected via a communication bus 1D (for example, data and address bus). It is connected. The ROM 2 stores various control programs executed by or referred to by the CPU 1, various data, and the like. The RAM 3 is a working memory that temporarily stores various data generated when the CPU 1 executes a predetermined control program, or a memory that temporarily stores a control program currently being executed and related data. used. A predetermined address area of the RAM 3 is assigned to each function and used as a register, flag, table, memory, or the like.

  The external interface 4 is used for transmitting and receiving various information such as a control program and data (for example, a score display process (see FIG. 3) described later, automatic performance data, etc.) between the electronic musical instrument and the external device 4A, for example. MIDI interface and communication interface. The MIDI interface inputs automatic performance data in so-called MIDI data from an external device 4A (in this case, a MIDI device, etc.) to the electronic musical instrument, or sends MIDI data from the electronic musical instrument to other MIDI devices, etc. This is an interface to output to. Other MIDI devices may be any devices that generate MIDI data in response to user operations, and include any type of controls such as keyboard type, guitar type, wind instrument type, percussion instrument type, and gesture type (or It may be a device). The communication interface is connected to a wired or wireless communication network such as a LAN, the Internet, or a telephone line, and is connected to the external device 4A (in this case, a personal computer, a server computer, etc.) via the communication network. This is an interface for downloading various programs and various data generated by the external device 4A connected via the communication network to the electronic musical instrument main body. Such an external interface 4 may be both wired or wireless and may include both.

  When the external interface 4 is configured with a MIDI interface, the MIDI interface is not limited to a dedicated MIDI interface, but is RS232-C, USB (Universal Serial Bus), IEEE1394 (Itriple 1394), etc. The MIDI interface may be configured using a general-purpose interface. In this case, data other than MIDI event data may be transmitted and received simultaneously. When a general-purpose interface as described above is used as the MIDI interface, other MIDI devices may be able to transmit and receive data other than MIDI event data. Of course, the data format is not limited to data in the MIDI format, and may be in other data formats. In that case, it goes without saying that the MIDI interface and other MIDI devices are configured accordingly.

  The input operation unit 5 is a performance operator such as a keyboard having a plurality of keys for selecting the pitch of a musical tone, or a selection switch for selecting automatic performance data to be displayed as a score. The performance operators such as the keyboard can be used not only for musical performances but also as input means for selecting automatic performance data to be displayed as musical scores. Of course, in addition to these, the input operation unit 5 is a numeric keypad for inputting numeric data, a keyboard for inputting character data, or various devices such as a pointing device (for example, a mouse) used for operating a predetermined pointer displayed on the display 6A. An operator may be included. The display unit 6 displays a score based on the selected automatic performance data (for example, a melody score, a piano score, or a piano narration score) on a display 6A constituted by, for example, a liquid crystal display panel (LCD) or a CRT. Of course, a list of automatic performance data that can be displayed as a score, a “selection setting screen” (see FIG. 2 to be described later) for setting a part to be displayed and a staff type of the score, and various control states of the CPU 1 and the like. This is for displaying information on the display 6A.

  The external storage device 7 stores various control programs executed by the CPU 1 and various data (score display processing and automatic performance data described later). If no control program is stored in the ROM 2, the control program is stored in the external storage device 7 (for example, a hard disk) and read into the RAM 3 to store the control program in the ROM 2. An operation similar to the case can be executed by the CPU 1. In this way, control programs can be easily added and upgraded. The external storage device 7 is not limited to a hard disk (HD), but can be attached in various forms such as a flexible disk (FD), a compact disk (CD), a magneto-optical disk (MO), or a DVD (Digital Versatile Disk). A storage device using an external recording medium may be used. Alternatively, a semiconductor memory or the like may be used.

  The sound source 8 can simultaneously generate musical sound signals on a plurality of channels, and according to performance information (for example, note event) in the automatic performance data given via the communication bus 1D and operation of the performance operator. The generated performance information and the like are input, and a musical sound signal is generated based on the performance information. A musical sound signal generated from the sound source 8 is generated from a sound system 8A including an amplifier and a speaker. A predetermined effect may be applied to the musical sound signal generated from the sound source 8 using an effect circuit or the like (not shown). The format of the automatic performance data may be digitally encoded such as the MIDI format, or may be a waveform sample data system such as PCM, DPCM, or ADPCM. Any conventional configuration may be used for the configuration of the sound source 8 and the sound system 8A. For example, the sound source 8 may employ any of various tone synthesis methods such as FM, PCM, physical model, formant synthesis, etc., or may be constituted by dedicated hardware, or by software processing by the CPU 1. Also good.

  In the electronic musical instrument described above, the performance operator is not limited to a keyboard instrument, and may be any type of instrument such as a stringed instrument, a wind instrument, or a percussion instrument. Further, the electronic musical instrument is not limited to the input operation unit 5, the display 6A, the sound source 8, and the like built in one electronic musical instrument body, but each is configured separately, and each of the electronic musical instruments is configured using a communication interface such as a MIDI interface or various networks. Needless to say, the apparatus may be configured to be connected. Furthermore, the apparatus to which the musical score display program according to the present invention is applied is not limited to the form of an electronic musical instrument, but any form of apparatus / equipment such as a personal computer, a portable communication terminal such as a mobile phone, a karaoke apparatus, or a game apparatus. You may apply to. When applied to a portable communication terminal, not only when a predetermined function is completed with only the terminal, but also a part of the function is provided on the server side, and the predetermined function is realized as a whole system composed of the terminal and the server. You may make it do.

  Next, the “selection setting screen” displayed on the display 6A will be described. FIG. 2 is a conceptual diagram showing an example of the “selection setting screen”. This “selection setting screen” is a screen having a function as a GUI (graphic user interface) displayed on the display 6A based on a command from the CPU 1, and allows the user to input various settings for displaying a score. It is for ease. In the figure, white arrows are pointers P (or cursors) that move on the screen based on the operation of a pointing device such as a mouse, and the user moves the pointer P using the mouse or the like to move each pointer on the screen. By operating a radio button or the like, it is possible to selectively set and input a staff type of a musical score to be displayed and a part to be displayed as a musical score. However, here, as an example, a screen that can selectively set one of the scores of “melody score”, “piano score”, and “piano narration score” as the staff type of the score to be displayed is shown. .

  As shown in FIG. 2, the “selection setting screen” is roughly divided into a plurality of radio buttons R1 to R3 for designating a staff type of a score, and a part designation for setting a part to be a score display target in each staff type. The areas A to C are configured. Radio buttons R1 to R3 arranged for each staff type are highlighted by clicking with a mouse or the like, and one staff type can be designated from a plurality of staff types. Yes. In this embodiment, since the radio button R2 of “Piano score” is highlighted, “Piano score” is designated as a staff type.

  The part setting in the part designation areas A to C is valid only for the staff type in the state designated as described above. Since the types of parts that can be set as musical score display objects differ depending on the staff type, the types of parts that can be set in the part designation areas A to C corresponding to each staff type are different. The “melody score” is a musical score for a melody part that is composed of only one stave in the high range indicated by the “g clef”. Therefore, in the “melody score”, only the melody part needs to be set as the score display target. Therefore, in the corresponding part designation area A of the “selection setting screen”, the part that displays the score as the melody part from the original automatic performance data. One can be set. When this part is set, by clicking on the black downward triangle in the input box A1, a plurality of parts included in the original automatic performance data are stored in numbers, character strings, etc. (for example, the automatic performance data is stored. Track number, assigned channel number, part name, etc.), and the user can set one part to be displayed as a score by selecting the presented number, character string, etc. (However, in this embodiment, the state in which the black downward triangle in the input box B1 is clicked is shown as an example).

  "Piano score" is a two-level staff score (details are large), consisting of a bass (left-hand part) stage indicated by "H clef" and a treble (right hand part) stage indicated by "treble clef" This is a score for a piano performance part composed of a staff. Therefore, in the “piano score”, the right-hand part and the left-hand part may be set as musical score display targets. Accordingly, in the corresponding part designation area B of the “selection setting screen”, it is possible to set one part for displaying a score as a right-hand part from the original automatic performance data. On the other hand, for the left-hand part, either “automatic generation” or “designate part” can be selected by the radio button B2, and the setting method of the part for displaying the score as the left-hand part differs depending on the selection. . When “automatically generate” is selected, the accompaniment data corresponding to the bass staff is automatically generated, and the musical score is displayed as the left-hand part based on the automatically generated accompaniment data. When “specify part” is selected, a black triangle pointing down in the input box B3 is clicked to set one part for displaying a score as a left-hand part from the original automatic performance data. In this case, “None (no accompaniment)” is selected as an option other than presenting a plurality of parts of the original automatic performance data numerically by clicking the black downward triangle in the input box B3. May be included. In this case, the same part as the part set as the right hand part may be set as the left hand part. In such a case, one part of the original automatic performance data is the piano music of the upper and lower staffs. It will be displayed separately in either.

  "Piano playing narration" means "melody notation" composed of a single stave in the high range (melody part) indicated by "treble clef" and low range (left hand part) indicated by "sound symbol" ) And a three-stage stave combined with a “piano notation” composed of a two-stage stave (specifically, a grand staff) with a treble (right hand part) stage indicated by a “t clef” It is a musical score. Therefore, in the “piano narrative music”, a melody part, a right hand part, and a left hand part may be set as musical score display objects. Therefore, in the corresponding part designation area C of the “selection setting screen”, first, by clicking on the black downward triangle in the input box C1, a part for displaying the score as a melody part from the original automatic performance data is set to 1. One can be set. This melody part is displayed on the top notation of the three-level staff notation of “piano narration”. On the other hand, for the right-hand part and the left-hand part, either “automatic generation” or “specify part” can be selected by the radio button C2, and the score is obtained as the right-hand part and the left-hand part according to the selection. The setting method of the part to be displayed is different. When “automatically generate” is selected, accompaniment data for both-hand playing is automatically generated, and a musical score is displayed based on the automatically generated accompaniment data as a right hand part and a left hand part. . When “Specify a part” is selected, a score is displayed as a right-hand part and a left-hand part from the original automatic performance data by clicking the black triangle pointing down in the input box C3 or the input box C4. Set one part each. The right-hand part and the left-hand part can be set independently. In this case as well, a plurality of parts of the original automatic performance data can be obtained by clicking a black downward triangle in the input box C3 or C4. "None (no accompaniment)" may be included as an option. Also, the left hand part and the right hand part may be set to the same part, but in such a case, one part of the original automatic performance data is a two-stage that is located at the bottom of the top staff in the “piano narration”. It will be displayed separately on either the eye or the third staff (that is, the upper and lower staffs of the grand staff).

  As described above, a “selection setting screen” (see FIG. 2) is displayed as a GUI on the display 6A, and the user performs an appropriate operation on the “selection setting screen” to display a part to be displayed as a score. In addition, it is possible to selectively set the staff type of the score to be displayed. In other words, the user can easily set the part to be displayed and the score type of the score to be displayed by simply clicking on the radio buttons displayed on the screen using a mouse, for example. Can do. In accordance with the part and staff type set in this way, a score is displayed based on the automatic performance data. Therefore, “score display processing” for displaying a score in accordance with the part and staff type set by the user will be described with reference to FIG. FIG. 3 is a flowchart showing an example of “score display processing”. This process is a process executed by the CPU 1 shown in FIG. However, here, a description will be given of a case where any one of “melody score”, “piano score”, and “piano narration score” can be selected and set as the score type of the score to be displayed (see FIG. 2).

  First, automatic performance data as original music data is selected (step S1). Next, a performance level is set (step S2). The performance level is one of the parameters used when automatically generating accompaniment data, and accompaniment data having a difficulty level corresponding to the set performance level is automatically generated as necessary (described later). Step S10 and Step S16). The selection of the original music data and the setting of the performance level are processes executed according to the operation of the input operation unit 5 by the user. Further, the staff type of the musical score to be displayed and the part to be displayed as a musical score display are set (step S3). The staff type of the musical score to be displayed and the selection setting of the part to be displayed are displayed on the display 6A by the above-mentioned “selection setting screen” (see FIG. 2). This process is executed in response to the operation. The process for performing various settings in accordance with these user operations is a pre-process necessary for displaying a score. In each process shown below, “melody score” and “piano score” are set according to each set content. , And a process of displaying one of the scores of "piano narration" based on the automatic performance data.

  When various settings as described above are made by the user, it is first determined whether or not the staff type of the set score is “melody score” (step S4). When it is determined that the staff type is “melody score” (YES in step S4), a process of displaying a score on the melody score, which is the part to be displayed as the score set in step S3, is executed. That is, only the automatic performance data of the part designated as the musical score display target is read from the original music data selected in step S1, and the musical score corresponding to the melody score is displayed (step S5). That is, only the automatic performance data of the designated part is read without reading the automatic performance data of all the parts, and the melody score which is the score of the melody part is displayed based on the read automatic performance data of the part. Since a known method may be used for displaying the score based on the automatic performance data, description thereof will be omitted. In this way, the score of the melody score is displayed and the process is terminated.

  Next, when it is determined in step S4 that the staff type of the set score is not “melody score” (NO in step S4), it is determined whether or not the staff type is “piano score”. (Step S6). If it is determined that the staff type is “piano score” (NO in step S6), a process of displaying a score on the piano score according to the content set in step S3 is executed. First, it is determined whether or not a left-hand part is automatically generated (step S8). If it is determined that the left-hand part is automatically generated (YES in step S8), the data of the part designated as the right-hand part is read from the original music data, and the score display corresponding to the upper part of the piano score is performed (step S9). Further, with reference to the set performance level and original music data, accompaniment data corresponding to the lower part of the piano score is automatically generated and a score is displayed (step S10). When automatically generating the accompaniment data, the accompaniment data is generated while automatically switching the difficulty level of the accompaniment according to the preset performance level of the user. After displaying the score of the piano score by the processing of step S9 and step S10, the processing ends.

  When it is determined that the left-hand part is not automatically generated (NO in step S8), it is determined whether the same part is designated as the right-hand part and the left-hand part (step S11). If it is determined that the same part is not designated for the right-hand part and the left-hand part (NO in step S11), the data of the part designated as the right-hand part is read from the original music data, and the upper part of the piano score is supported. A musical score is displayed (step S12). Further, the data of the part designated as the left-hand part is read from the original music data, and the musical score corresponding to the lower part of the piano score is displayed (step S13). After displaying the musical score of the piano score by the processing of step S12 and step S13, the processing is terminated. If it is determined that the same part is designated for the right-hand part and the left-hand part (YES in step S11), the designated part data is read from the original music data and separated into the upper and lower parts of the piano score, respectively. Display is performed (step S14). In this way, the score of the piano score is displayed, and the process ends.

  On the other hand, if it is determined that the staff type is not “piano score” (NO in step S6), a process of displaying a score on the piano sung score according to the contents set in step S3 is executed. First, the automatic performance data of the part designated as the melody part is read from the original music data, and the musical score corresponding to the melody score (the highest treble staff score) is displayed (step S7). Then, it is determined whether or not an accompaniment part is automatically generated (step S15). If it is determined that the accompaniment part is automatically generated (YES in step S15), accompaniment data corresponding to the grand staff of the accompaniment part is automatically generated with reference to the performance level and the original music data, and the score is displayed (step S16). . Again, accompaniment data is automatically generated while automatically switching the accompaniment difficulty level according to a preset performance level of the user. If it is determined that the accompaniment part is not automatically generated (NO in step S15), it is determined whether the same part is designated for the right hand part and the left hand part (step S17). If it is determined that the same part is not designated for the right-hand part and the left-hand part (NO in step S17), the data of the part designated as the right-hand part is read from the original music data, and the upper part of the accompaniment part grand staff The musical score corresponding to is displayed (step S18). Further, the data of the part designated as the left-hand part is read from the original music data, and the musical score corresponding to the lower part of the grand staff of the accompaniment part is displayed (step S19). If it is determined that the same part is specified for the right hand part and the left hand part (YES in step S17), the specified part data is read from the original music data and separated into the upper and lower parts of the accompaniment part grand staff. Each score is displayed (step S20). In this way, the piano narrative score is displayed as a score, and the process is terminated.

In the embodiment described above, the part designation is distinguished by the designation of the track number, but the part may be distinguished by the channel. Or you may make it distinguish by the information which can be set differently for every parts, such as timbre information, for example. Also, in the case of automatic performance data in a specific format, part identification information is added, so that it may be distinguished by this.
When selecting a part, in order for the user to confirm the content of each part, for example, each part may be automatically played and a melody or accompaniment can be auditioned.
In the embodiment, the type of staff that can be selected is one of “melody staff (treble staff)”, “piano staff (large staff)”, and “piano narration (piano accompaniment & solo instrument (song))”. There may be other types of staff.
When the selected staff type is a type with accompaniment (a grand staff or a piano narration), it may be possible to select a staff corresponding to the accompaniment. Further, it may be possible to select to display a musical score as an accompaniment of the part in the original automatic performance data.

When displaying the performance data for one part on a piano score, the score is displayed on the upper staff or the lower staff based on the automatic performance data. The determination of whether to display may be a conventionally known method, for example, based on the pitch of C3 (60). That is, automatic performance data may be analyzed with reference to a preset pitch, and may be distributed and displayed in either the upper (high range) or lower (low range) stave according to the result.
The accompaniment data automatic generation method may be based on an algorithm such as obtaining chord progression information from the original performance data and placing chords using each chord constituent sound in an appropriate range. You may make it produce | generate using the prepared accompaniment pattern data. When using accompaniment pattern data prepared in advance, it is assumed that a plurality of types of accompaniment pattern data are prepared according to at least the performance level.

1 is a block diagram of a hardware configuration showing an embodiment of an overall configuration of an electronic musical instrument to which a score display program according to the present invention is applied. It is a conceptual diagram which shows one Example of a selection setting screen. It is a flowchart which shows one Example of a score display process.

Explanation of symbols

DESCRIPTION OF SYMBOLS 1 ... CPU, 2 ... ROM, 3 ... RAM, 4 ... Communication interface, 4A ... External device, 5 ... Input operation part, 6 ... Display part, 6A ... Display, 7 ... External storage device, 8 ... Sound source, 8A ... Sound System, 1D ... communication bus, R1-R3 (B2, C2) ... radio button, A-C ... part designation area, A1-C1 (B3, C3, C4) ... input box, P ... pointer

Claims (4)

Obtaining automatic performance data consisting of multiple parts;
Setting the staff type of the score and any one of the parts;
From the acquired automatic performance data, reading only data related to the set part;
A score display program comprising the step of displaying a score in the set staff type based on the read data. Automatically generating accompaniment data based on the acquired automatic performance data or predetermined automatic performance data prepared in advance;
Displaying a score of at least a part of the melody part based on the read data for the staff corresponding to the set staff type melody;
Including a step of displaying a musical accompaniment part based on the automatically generated accompaniment data with respect to the musical score corresponding to the accompaniment when the set staff type includes at least one stage corresponding to the accompaniment. The musical score display program according to claim 1.   The musical score display program according to claim 2, further comprising a step of setting a performance level of the user, and generating accompaniment data in accordance with the set performance level.   A musical score display apparatus that performs musical score display using at least the musical score display program according to any one of claims 1 to 3.

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