JP2004204256A - Rectangular conductor with low thermal expansion - Google Patents

Rectangular conductor with low thermal expansion Download PDF

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Publication number
JP2004204256A
JP2004204256A JP2002371988A JP2002371988A JP2004204256A JP 2004204256 A JP2004204256 A JP 2004204256A JP 2002371988 A JP2002371988 A JP 2002371988A JP 2002371988 A JP2002371988 A JP 2002371988A JP 2004204256 A JP2004204256 A JP 2004204256A
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Prior art keywords
conductor
thermal expansion
core conductor
low thermal
less
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JP2002371988A
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JP3879666B2 (en
Inventor
Ryo Matsui
量 松井
Takao Ichikawa
貴朗 市川
Masayoshi Aoyama
正義 青山
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Hitachi Cable Ltd
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Hitachi Cable Ltd
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    • HELECTRICITY
    • H01ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01LSEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES NOT COVERED BY CLASS H10
    • H01L2924/00Indexing scheme for arrangements or methods for connecting or disconnecting semiconductor or solid-state bodies as covered by H01L24/00
    • H01L2924/0001Technical content checked by a classifier
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Abstract

<P>PROBLEM TO BE SOLVED: To provide a core conductor having low thermal expansion and superior corrosion resistance. <P>SOLUTION: A rectangular conductor with low thermal expansion 1 is constituted by the core conductor 2 having a cross-section of a straight angle shape, and a coating conductor 3 formed on the external surface of the core conductor 2. The core conductor 2 has a coefficient of thermal expansion of 10×10<SP>-6</SP>/°C or less, which is equal to or less than that of a silicon wafer. The coating conductor 3, because of having a volume resistivity of 5.0 μΩcm or less, prevents the decrease of electroconductivity and consequently the decrease of the efficiency of a solar battery, and because of coating the core conductor 2, prevents the surface of the core conductor 2 from causing a local cell owing to moisture. <P>COPYRIGHT: (C)2004,JPO&NCIPI

Description

【0001】
【発明の属する技術分野】
本発明は、低熱膨張平角導体に関し、特に、熱膨張が小さく、耐食性に優れ、太陽電池を構成するシリコンウェハの配線パターン部に接続するためのリード線用導体に適した低熱膨張平角導体に関する。
【0002】
【従来の技術】
太陽電池は、基板上にシリコン結晶を成長させた半導体チップを用いて構成されている。この種の太陽電池は、一般に、シリコン結晶ウェハの所定の領域に接続用リード線を接合し、この接続用リード線を通して負荷へ発電出力を供給する構成が採用されている。
【0003】
図2は、太陽電池の構成例を示す。
受光した太陽光を光電変換して電力を発生する太陽電池10は、シリコン(Si)ウェハ11と、このシリコンウェハ11の表面の所定の領域にできるだけ面積を制限して形成されたAgめっき部12,13とを備えて構成されている。Agめっき部12,13は発電出力を取り出すための配線パターンであり、このAgめっき部12,13のそれぞれには、その幅方向の範囲内に納まるようにして接続用リード線14,15が接続される。
【0004】
通常、接続用リード線14,15の外表面(外周面)には、ウェハ上のAgめっき部12,13に接続するためのはんだめっき層が形成される。はんだめっき層の構成材には、他の電気部品において従来より実績のあるSn−Pb合金系のはんだが使用されてきた。例えば、タフピッチ銅や無酸素銅などの純銅製の平角導体を導体(接続用リード線)に用い、そのはんだめっき層にSn−Pb共晶はんだを用いたものがある(例えば、特許文献1参照)。
【0005】
これまで多用されてきたSn−Pb系はんだは、リード線としての導電性や機械的強度等を保証しつつ、優れたはんだ濡れ性、高い接続強度、あるいは取扱性等によって特徴づけられた有用性の高いめっき材料として知られている。したがって、このSn−Pb系に代わるはんだめっき材としては、上記した様な諸特性を十分に満たしている必要がある。
【0006】
しかし、最近では、Pbによる環境への悪影響が懸念されるため、Pbを含まない他のめっき用はんだへの切り換えが検討されている。Sn−Pb系に代わるPbを含まないめっき材としては、Sn−Ag系、Sn−Bi系、あるいはSn−Cu系等のはんだが有力視されている。これらのはんだは、太陽電池における接続用リード線の接合のためのめっき層の構成材としてだけでなく、様々な電気部品における接続要素としての活用が期待されている。例えば、導体に銅条を用い、そのめっき層として、Snを主要な成分とすると共に所定のPを含む組成のフリーはんだを用いた接続用リード線がある(例えば、特許文献2参照)。
【0007】
ところで、太陽電池を構成する部材のうちで材料コストの大半を占めるのが、シリコンウェハである。そのため、シリコンウェハの薄板化が検討されている。
しかし、シリコンウェハを薄板化した場合、接続用リード線の接合時の加熱プロセスや使用時の温度変化によって、シリコンウェハが破損することがある。これに対処するため、熱膨張の小さい接続用リード線のニーズが高まっている。
【0008】
熱膨張を考慮したリード線の構成例として、リード線をクラッド金属で形成したものがある。このリード線は、体積抵抗率が小さく熱膨張係数が大きい銅の層と、この銅層の両面に体積抵抗率が大きく熱膨張係数の小さいFe−Ni(鉄−ニッケル)合金の層を積層して「銅−インバー−銅」をクラッドした3層構造にし、リード線接合部に要求される応力緩衝の機能とリード線としての強度を備える平角導体としている(例えば、特許文献3参照)。
【0009】
【特許文献1】
特開平11−21660号公報
【特許文献2】
特開2002−263880号公報
【特許文献3】
特開2002−299009号公報
【0010】
【発明が解決しようとする課題】
しかし、従来の平角導体によると、クラッド材を適用した特許文献3の構成では、側面(積層状態が露出する面)の「銅−インバー−銅」接合部が水分に晒されることによって局部電池化し、これによって腐食する恐れがある。したがって、薄板化したシリコンウェハに接続するリード線は、熱膨張が小さく、かつ耐食性に優れる特性を備える必要がある。
【0011】
したがって、本発明の目的は、熱膨張が小さく、耐食性に優れた低熱膨張平角導体を提供することにある。
【0012】
【課題を解決するための手段】
本発明は、上記の目的を達成するため、10×10-6/℃以下の熱膨張係数を有し、断面形状が平角形を成したコア導体と、5.0μΩ・cm以下の体積抵抗率を有し、前記コア導体の外表面に形成される被覆導体とを備えることを特徴とする低熱膨張平角導体を提供する。
【0013】
この構成によれば、コア導体は、シリコンの熱膨張係数と同等以下の熱膨張係数である10×10-6/℃以下の値にしたことにより、薄板化した太陽電池用のシリコンウェハの接続用リード線に用いても、シリコンウェハを破損する恐れはなくなる。そして、被覆導体の体積抵抗率を5.0μΩ・cm以下にしたことで十分な導電性が得られることにより太陽電池の効率低下が防止され、更に、コア導体の外表面に被覆導体が形成されることにより、水分に起因してコア導体の表面に局部電池が発生するのを防止することができる。
【0014】
【発明の実施の形態】
以下、本発明の実施の形態を図面に基づいて説明する。
図1は、本願発明の低熱膨張平角導体を示す。
本発明に係る低熱膨張平角導体1は、コア導体2(断面形状は角形を成している)と被覆導体3による複合平角導体の構造を有している。コア導体2と被覆導体3とは異なる組成であり、被覆導体3はコア導体2の外表面に被覆する如くに形成される。コア導体2の外表面に被覆導体3が設けられることにより、コア導体2の側面に水分が存在しても、局部電池化が生じないようにすることができる。
【0015】
コア導体2には熱膨張係数の小さい金属、具体的には鉄−ニッケル合金が用いられ、その熱膨張係数を10×10-6/℃以下にしている。その理由は、20℃のシリコン(図2のシリコンウェハ11)の熱膨張係数(9.6×10-6/℃)と同等以下にするためである。そして、シリコンウェハとの熱膨張係数の差が小さいもの、具体的には実施例で説明する様に、断面積比(Cu:Fe−36mass%Ni)が2:1のものが最適であり、また、断面積比率(Cu:Fe−36mass%Ni)は、20〜50%とするのが好ましい。特に、好ましくは30〜40%である。
【0016】
また、被覆導体3には、所望の導電特性が得られるように、体積抵抗率の小さい銅、銀、アルミニウム等の金属、又はこれら金属を主成分とする合金を用いる。被覆導体3の体積抵抗率は、具体的には5.0μΩ・cm以下とし、太陽電池の効率が低下しないようにしている。
【0017】
なお、被覆導体3には、その外周面(外表面)の一部又は全体に対し、予め「錫−鉛」はんだめっき、又は「錫−銀−銅」を主成分とする鉛フリーはんだめっきを施すことができる。このようにはんだめっきを用いることにより、シリコンウェハに接続するための作業性が良好になる。
【0018】
以上のように、本発明に係る実施の形態は、コア導体2に熱膨張係数の小さい合金(鉄−ニッケル合金等)を用い、その熱膨張係数を10×10-6/℃以下としたことにより熱膨張を小さくでき、熱膨張に起因するシリコンウェハの破損の発生を防止することができる。更に、被覆導体3に体積抵抗率の小さい金属又は合金(銅、銀、金、アルミニウム、又はそのいずれか1つ以上を含む合金)を用いたことにより、太陽電池の効率を低下させることなく、同時に耐食性を得ることができる。また、被覆導体3は、鉛を含まない金属又は合金を用いているため、環境汚染を招くことがない。
【0019】
【実施例】
次に、本発明の実施例について説明する。
〔実施例1〕
図1に示す構造の低熱膨張平角導体1において、コア導体2にFe−36mass%Niを用い、被覆導体3にCuを用い、表1に示す材料を作製した。なお、比較例(後述する表2、表3も同一値)は、平角導体を銅のみとした場合である。また、参考値(後述する表2、表3も同一値)は、Si及びFe−36mass%Niの熱膨張係数及び体積抵抗率である。
【0020】
【表1】

Figure 2004204256
【0021】
〔実施例2〕
図1に示す構造の複合平角導体において、コア導体2にFe−36mass%Ni、被覆導体3にAgを適用し、表2に示す構成の材料を作製した。
【0022】
【表2】
Figure 2004204256
【0023】
〔実施例3〕
図1に示す構造の複合平角導体において、コア導体2にFe−36mass%Ni、被覆導体3にAlを適用し、表3に示す構成の材料を作製した。
【0024】
【表3】
Figure 2004204256
【0025】
本発明の各実施例によれば、表1〜表3から明らかなように、被覆導体3の材料が代わっても、熱膨張係数は比較例に比べ、断面積比によらず小さい値が得られるが、断面積比が1:1のときに最も良い結果が得られる。また、体積抵抗率は、Cuの比率が高くなるほど小さくなり、断面積比(Cu:Fe−36mass%Ni)が大きくなるほど好結果が得られることがわかる。しかし、シリコンの熱膨張係数と同等以下の熱膨張係数が得られるか否かを考慮すると、断面積比を2:1としたときが最も好ましい結果であることがわかる。
【0026】
上記実施の形態においては、低熱膨張平角導体を太陽電池の接続用リード線に用いる用途を示したが、他の用途、例えば、1GHz以上の高周波信号を伝送するための導体として使用することも可能である。特に、熱膨張により伝送特性が著しく劣化するような無線LAN等への用途に適している。
【0027】
【発明の効果】
以上より明らかなように、本発明の低熱膨張平角導体によれば、10×10-6/℃以下の熱膨張係数を有する平角形のコア導体と、このコア導体の外表面に形成されると共に5.0μΩ・cm以下の体積抵抗率を有する被覆導体とを備える構成にしたので、熱膨張係数が小さく耐蝕性に優れる低熱膨張平角導体を得ることができる。したがって、太陽電池の接続用リード線に用いた場合でも、薄板化されたシリコンウェハを破損する恐れはなくなる。
【図面の簡単な説明】
【図1】本発明の低熱膨張平角導体を示す断面図である。
【図2】太陽電池の概略構成例を示す斜視図である。
【符号の説明】
1 低熱膨張平角導体
2 コア導体
3 被覆導体
10 太陽電池
11 シリコンウェハ
12,13 Agめっき部
14,15 接続用リード線[0001]
TECHNICAL FIELD OF THE INVENTION
The present invention relates to a low-thermal-expansion rectangular conductor, particularly to a low-thermal-expansion rectangular conductor having low thermal expansion, excellent corrosion resistance, and suitable for a lead wire conductor for connecting to a wiring pattern portion of a silicon wafer constituting a solar cell.
[0002]
[Prior art]
A solar cell is configured using a semiconductor chip in which a silicon crystal is grown on a substrate. In general, this type of solar cell employs a configuration in which a connection lead wire is bonded to a predetermined region of a silicon crystal wafer, and power generation output is supplied to a load through the connection lead wire.
[0003]
FIG. 2 shows a configuration example of a solar cell.
A solar cell 10 that generates electric power by photoelectrically converting received sunlight includes a silicon (Si) wafer 11 and an Ag plating portion 12 formed in a predetermined area on the surface of the silicon wafer 11 with an area as small as possible. , 13 are provided. The Ag plating portions 12 and 13 are wiring patterns for taking out a power generation output, and connection lead wires 14 and 15 are connected to each of the Ag plating portions 12 and 13 so as to fall within the range in the width direction. Is done.
[0004]
Normally, solder plating layers for connecting to the Ag plating portions 12 and 13 on the wafer are formed on the outer surfaces (outer peripheral surfaces) of the connection lead wires 14 and 15. As a constituent material of the solder plating layer, a Sn-Pb alloy-based solder that has been used in other electric components has been used. For example, there is a conductor in which a rectangular conductor made of pure copper such as tough pitch copper or oxygen-free copper is used as a conductor (connection lead wire), and a Sn-Pb eutectic solder is used for a solder plating layer thereof (for example, see Patent Document 1). ).
[0005]
Sn-Pb-based solders, which have been widely used, have usefulness characterized by excellent solder wettability, high connection strength, and easy handling while guaranteeing the conductivity and mechanical strength of the lead wires. It is known as a high plating material. Therefore, it is necessary for the solder plating material to replace the Sn-Pb-based material to sufficiently satisfy the above-described various characteristics.
[0006]
However, recently, since there is a concern that Pb may have an adverse effect on the environment, switching to another plating solder containing no Pb is being studied. As a plating material containing no Pb instead of the Sn-Pb-based solder, a Sn-Ag-based, Sn-Bi-based, or Sn-Cu-based solder is considered to be promising. These solders are expected to be used not only as a constituent material of a plating layer for joining a connecting lead wire in a solar cell but also as a connecting element in various electric components. For example, there is a connection lead wire using a copper strip as a conductor and using a free solder having a composition containing Sn as a main component and a predetermined P as a plating layer (for example, see Patent Document 2).
[0007]
By the way, silicon wafers occupy most of the material cost among the members constituting the solar cell. Therefore, thinning of a silicon wafer is being studied.
However, when the silicon wafer is thinned, the silicon wafer may be damaged due to a heating process at the time of joining the connection lead wires or a temperature change at the time of use. In order to cope with this, there is an increasing need for connection lead wires having small thermal expansion.
[0008]
As a configuration example of a lead wire in consideration of thermal expansion, there is a lead wire formed of a clad metal. This lead wire is formed by laminating a copper layer having a small volume resistivity and a large thermal expansion coefficient, and a Fe-Ni (iron-nickel) alloy layer having a large volume resistivity and a small thermal expansion coefficient on both surfaces of the copper layer. To form a three-layer structure in which "copper-invar-copper" is clad to provide a rectangular conductor having a function of buffering stress required for a lead wire joint and the strength as a lead wire (for example, see Patent Document 3).
[0009]
[Patent Document 1]
JP-A-11-21660 [Patent Document 2]
JP 2002-263880 A [Patent Document 3]
JP 2002-29909 A
[Problems to be solved by the invention]
However, according to the conventional rectangular conductor, in the configuration of Patent Document 3 to which the clad material is applied, the “copper-invar-copper” joint on the side surface (the surface where the laminated state is exposed) is exposed to moisture, thereby forming a local battery. , Which can cause corrosion. Therefore, a lead wire connected to a thinned silicon wafer needs to have characteristics of low thermal expansion and excellent corrosion resistance.
[0011]
Therefore, an object of the present invention is to provide a low-thermal-expansion rectangular conductor having small thermal expansion and excellent corrosion resistance.
[0012]
[Means for Solving the Problems]
In order to achieve the above object, the present invention provides a core conductor having a coefficient of thermal expansion of 10 × 10 −6 / ° C. or less and a rectangular cross section, and a volume resistivity of 5.0 μΩ · cm or less. And a covered conductor formed on the outer surface of the core conductor.
[0013]
According to this configuration, the core conductor has a coefficient of thermal expansion equal to or less than 10 × 10 −6 / ° C. which is equal to or less than the coefficient of thermal expansion of silicon, thereby connecting a thinned silicon wafer for a solar cell. Even if it is used for a lead wire for use, there is no risk of damaging the silicon wafer. Further, by setting the volume resistivity of the coated conductor to 5.0 μΩ · cm or less, sufficient conductivity is obtained, thereby preventing the efficiency of the solar cell from lowering. Further, the coated conductor is formed on the outer surface of the core conductor. This can prevent a local battery from being generated on the surface of the core conductor due to moisture.
[0014]
BEST MODE FOR CARRYING OUT THE INVENTION
Hereinafter, embodiments of the present invention will be described with reference to the drawings.
FIG. 1 shows a low thermal expansion rectangular conductor of the present invention.
The low thermal expansion rectangular conductor 1 according to the present invention has a composite rectangular conductor structure including a core conductor 2 (having a rectangular cross section) and a covering conductor 3. The core conductor 2 and the coated conductor 3 have different compositions, and the coated conductor 3 is formed so as to cover the outer surface of the core conductor 2. By providing the covering conductor 3 on the outer surface of the core conductor 2, even if moisture is present on the side surface of the core conductor 2, it is possible to prevent a local battery from being generated.
[0015]
The core conductor 2 is made of a metal having a small coefficient of thermal expansion, specifically, an iron-nickel alloy, and has a coefficient of thermal expansion of 10 × 10 −6 / ° C. or less. The reason is to make the thermal expansion coefficient (9.6 × 10 −6 / ° C.) of silicon at 20 ° C. (silicon wafer 11 in FIG. 2) equal to or less than that. A silicon wafer having a small difference in thermal expansion coefficient from that of a silicon wafer, specifically, a cross-sectional area ratio (Cu: Fe-36 mass% Ni) of 2: 1 is optimal as described in Examples, Further, the cross-sectional area ratio (Cu: Fe-36 mass% Ni) is preferably set to 20 to 50%. In particular, it is preferably 30 to 40%.
[0016]
In addition, a metal such as copper, silver, or aluminum having a small volume resistivity or an alloy containing these metals as a main component is used for the coated conductor 3 so that desired conductive characteristics can be obtained. The volume resistivity of the coated conductor 3 is specifically set to 5.0 μΩ · cm or less so that the efficiency of the solar cell does not decrease.
[0017]
The coated conductor 3 is preliminarily plated with “tin-lead” solder plating or “tin-silver-copper” lead-free solder plating on a part or the entire outer peripheral surface (outer surface) thereof. Can be applied. By using solder plating in this manner, workability for connecting to a silicon wafer is improved.
[0018]
As described above, in the embodiment according to the present invention, the core conductor 2 is made of an alloy having a small coefficient of thermal expansion (such as an iron-nickel alloy) and the coefficient of thermal expansion is set to 10 × 10 −6 / ° C. or less. Thus, thermal expansion can be reduced, and damage to the silicon wafer due to thermal expansion can be prevented. Furthermore, by using a metal or an alloy (copper, silver, gold, aluminum, or an alloy containing at least one of them) having a small volume resistivity for the coated conductor 3, without lowering the efficiency of the solar cell, At the same time, corrosion resistance can be obtained. Further, since the covered conductor 3 is made of a metal or alloy containing no lead, it does not cause environmental pollution.
[0019]
【Example】
Next, examples of the present invention will be described.
[Example 1]
In the low thermal expansion rectangular conductor 1 having the structure shown in FIG. 1, materials shown in Table 1 were produced by using Fe-36 mass% Ni for the core conductor 2 and Cu for the covering conductor 3. In addition, the comparative example (Tables 2 and 3 described later also have the same value) is a case where the rectangular conductor is only copper. Reference values (the same values in Tables 2 and 3 described later) are the thermal expansion coefficient and volume resistivity of Si and Fe-36 mass% Ni.
[0020]
[Table 1]
Figure 2004204256
[0021]
[Example 2]
In the composite rectangular conductor having the structure shown in FIG. 1, Fe-36 mass% Ni was applied to the core conductor 2 and Ag was applied to the coated conductor 3, and materials having the configurations shown in Table 2 were produced.
[0022]
[Table 2]
Figure 2004204256
[0023]
[Example 3]
In the composite rectangular conductor having the structure shown in FIG. 1, Fe-36 mass% Ni was applied to the core conductor 2 and Al was applied to the coated conductor 3, and materials having the configurations shown in Table 3 were produced.
[0024]
[Table 3]
Figure 2004204256
[0025]
According to each embodiment of the present invention, as is clear from Tables 1 to 3, even when the material of the coated conductor 3 is changed, a small value of the thermal expansion coefficient is obtained irrespective of the cross-sectional area ratio as compared with the comparative example. However, the best results are obtained when the cross-sectional area ratio is 1: 1. In addition, it can be seen that the volume resistivity decreases as the Cu ratio increases, and that a better result can be obtained as the cross-sectional area ratio (Cu: Fe-36 mass% Ni) increases. However, considering whether or not a thermal expansion coefficient equal to or less than the thermal expansion coefficient of silicon is obtained, it is understood that the most preferable result is obtained when the cross-sectional area ratio is 2: 1.
[0026]
In the above embodiment, the use of the low-thermal-expansion rectangular conductor for the connection lead wire of the solar cell has been described. However, other uses, such as a conductor for transmitting a high-frequency signal of 1 GHz or more, can be used. It is. In particular, it is suitable for use in wireless LANs and the like in which transmission characteristics are significantly deteriorated due to thermal expansion.
[0027]
【The invention's effect】
As is clear from the above, according to the low thermal expansion rectangular conductor of the present invention, a rectangular core conductor having a thermal expansion coefficient of 10 × 10 −6 / ° C. or less and a rectangular core conductor formed on the outer surface of the core conductor With the configuration including the coated conductor having a volume resistivity of 5.0 μΩ · cm or less, a low thermal expansion rectangular conductor having a small thermal expansion coefficient and excellent corrosion resistance can be obtained. Therefore, even when the thinned silicon wafer is used as a connection lead wire for a solar cell, there is no possibility of damaging the thinned silicon wafer.
[Brief description of the drawings]
FIG. 1 is a cross-sectional view showing a low thermal expansion rectangular conductor of the present invention.
FIG. 2 is a perspective view showing a schematic configuration example of a solar cell.
[Explanation of symbols]
DESCRIPTION OF SYMBOLS 1 Low thermal expansion rectangular conductor 2 Core conductor 3 Coated conductor 10 Solar cell 11 Silicon wafer 12, 13 Ag plating part 14, 15 Lead wire for connection

Claims (4)

10×10-6/℃以下の熱膨張係数を有し、断面形状が平角形を成したコア導体と、
5.0μΩ・cm以下の体積抵抗率を有し、前記コア導体の外表面に形成される被覆導体とを備えることを特徴とする低熱膨張平角導体。
A core conductor having a coefficient of thermal expansion of 10 × 10 −6 / ° C. or less and having a rectangular cross section;
A low thermal expansion rectangular conductor having a volume resistivity of 5.0 μΩ · cm or less, and a coated conductor formed on an outer surface of the core conductor.
前記コア導体は、鉄−ニッケル合金が用いられていることを特徴とする請求項1記載の低熱膨張平角導体。2. The low thermal expansion rectangular conductor according to claim 1, wherein the core conductor is made of an iron-nickel alloy. 前記被覆導体は、銅、銀、金、アルミニウム、又は前記いずれかの金属を主成分とする合金が用いられていることを特徴とする請求項1記載の低熱膨張平角導体。The low thermal expansion rectangular conductor according to claim 1, wherein the covered conductor is made of copper, silver, gold, aluminum, or an alloy containing any one of the above metals as a main component. 前記被覆導体は、その外表面の全体又は一部が、予め錫−鉛はんだ、錫−銀−銅を主成分とする鉛フリーはんだ、又は他の鉛フリーはんだによりめっきされていることを特徴とする請求項1又は2記載の低熱膨張平角導体。The coated conductor is characterized in that the whole or a part of the outer surface thereof is plated in advance with tin-lead solder, lead-free solder containing tin-silver-copper as a main component, or other lead-free solder. The low-thermal-expansion rectangular conductor according to claim 1.
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