JP2004195449A - Treatment method of organic waste or the like and its equipment - Google Patents

Abstract

<P>PROBLEM TO BE SOLVED: To provide a treatment method which does not cause the leakage of odors and scattering of powder in a process and at transport or the like in the treatment of making fishes into fish meals, and its equipment. <P>SOLUTION: As the treatment method, a raw material 7 such as the organic waste is put in a container 2 having a mixing blade 4, the raw material 7 is mixed by the blade 4 while jetting steam 52 inside the container 2, then mixing by the blade 4 is performed while jetting drying air 54 into the container 2 instead of the steam 52 and the raw material 7 is appropriately treated. As treatment equipment, the treatment equipment 1 is constituted of the container 2 having the feed port 21 of the raw material 7 such as the organic waste at least and the blade 4 for mixing the raw material 7 inside the container 2. The appropriate number of steam jetting ports 32 for the steam 52 are provided on a horizontal shaft 3 to which the blade 4 is attached and the appropriate number of the jetting port 24 of the drying air 54 are provided on the upper part of the container 2. <P>COPYRIGHT: (C)2004,JPO&NCIPI

Description

  The present invention relates to a treatment method and apparatus for organic waste and the like.

There is a fish egg as one of the marine products, and this fish egg is sold in the raw state as it is taken out from the fish belly, or it is processed as a different kind of processed fish product by subjecting the extracted egg to further processing. ing. Specific products include salmon roe, casserole and mentaiko, which are marine products that many Japanese prefer.
And the fish body from which the egg has been taken out is unpleasant to eat because a lot of nutrients, that is, the umami of the fish, have been absorbed into the extracted egg, and therefore the fish body from which the egg has been taken out is discarded It is. The fish itself turns into organic waste by being discarded.

Many of the fish bodies that become organic waste are processed into fish meal and reused as feed and fertilizer.
However, a special processing plant is required to process the fish meal, and the conventional configuration of the processing plant includes a crushing process for cutting the raw fish body into small pieces, and loosening the fish body to a certain size. A heating step for boiling with steam, a dehydration step for removing moisture from the loosened fish, a pre-grinding step for increasing the drying efficiency of the dehydrated fish, and a drying step for drying the pre-ground fish meal, It consists of a main crushing step for adjusting the particle size of the fish meal into a finished fish meal.

The apparatus for each process is an independent apparatus, and the apparatuses, that is, the processes are connected by an appropriate conveying means such as a belt conveyor, and one process is completed for the fish that is the raw material. Each time it is conveyed to the next process by a belt conveyor and processed into fish meal while being appropriately processed.
The construction of this processing plant requires a large site for installing equipment for each process. And, maintenance and management of facilities after plant construction, and maintenance and inspection of each device also take cost and labor.Furthermore, since it is a processing form by the plant, the odor and process generated in each process are not affected. Measures such as prevention of leakage and scattering of odors coming out of the processed products must be taken during transportation. Occasionally, raw materials being processed were stagnant between processes, and work efficiency was poor.

In addition, as in the above-described fish meal, other organic wastes are also reused as fertilizers, which are cut waste (vegetables) after cutting fruits and vegetables, ie fruits and vegetables. In this case, 30% of the waste is processed into compost and reused. And this fertilizer conversion also had a problem of odor, and countermeasures were desired.
In the composting process of fruit vegetables, cut waste is transported to a composting processing facility and stored indoors or outdoors, and an appropriate quantity is sequentially processed from there to become compost. However, since odor is generated from cut waste, measures such as prevention of odor leakage and scattering must be taken during storage. Especially in rainy weather, the decay is fast and the odor is strong.

Therefore, measures against odors can be taken as appropriate, but no matter how much odor leakage or scattering prevention measures are taken at treatment plants or storage locations, it is not possible to eliminate the odors that come out during the removal and transportation of cut waste. is there.
From this, the composting process performed using the cut waste of fruits and vegetables as a raw material requires a treatment method for preventing the cut waste from generating odor from the cut waste during storage.
As an improvement measure, there is a method of compressing the height dimension of the housing using a contact sensor. FIG. 2 is an explanatory diagram for illustrating a mounting form of the optical system according to this method, and is a cross-sectional view taken along a plane perpendicular to the main scanning direction. In FIG. 2, 3 is a one-dimensional image sensor, 4 is a rod lens, and 5 is an illumination lamp. However, even in this method, it is necessary to secure a width (W in FIG. 2) that cannot be ignored due to the mounting of the sensor, the rod lens, and the lamp. Even if the distance from the housing side end (Q point in FIG. 2) is shortened by illuminating from one side and moving the point P in the left-right direction, the thickness of the sensor base is required to be at least about 5 mm. There is a method of bending the optical path with an optical mirror or the like, but the housing becomes larger and the adjustment of the focus becomes complicated.

  The present invention has been made in view of the above-described problems, and in order to prevent leakage and scattering of odors that occur during the process and transportation in the process of fish powdering of fish, the fish powdering is not a plant form. An object of the present invention is to provide a processing method that can be performed by the apparatus and the apparatus, and to prevent or suppress odor generated from cut vegetables and fruits to a very low level by the processing method and the processing apparatus. The purpose is to make it.

  The gist of the present invention is that a processing object such as organic waste is put in a container equipped with stirring means, and the processing object is stirred by the stirring means while jetting steam into the container, and then changed to steam. In addition, a method for treating organic waste or the like, wherein the agitation is appropriately performed while blowing a drying gas into the container.

  The apparatus according to the above processing method includes at least a container having an inlet for a processing object such as organic waste, and a stirring means for stirring the processing object in the container. It is a processing apparatus for organic waste or the like characterized in that an appropriate number of gas jets for processing a processing object are provided at appropriate portions of the means.

The processing method and apparatus for organic waste and the like according to the present invention will be described in detail. In addition, organic waste etc. in this specification includes inorganic waste, and the main body of fish that remains after the fish eggs are taken out, and scraps (cut scraps) that remain after cutting fruits, vegetables, etc. is there. In addition, it also includes the original forms of fish internal organs, fish pieces, fruits and vegetables.
A container is a container for processing objects such as organic waste. The shape of the container is not particularly limited as long as the object to be processed in the container can be stirred by the stirring means. Further, in consideration of the form and structure of the stirring means described later, the shape may be set so that stirring can be performed efficiently. Specific shapes include a shape such as a horizontally long or vertically long cube or cylinder, and a shape obtained by curving the lower side of a cube or inverted triangle.

Moreover, you may provide the storage part which stores temporarily the water | moisture content generate | occur | produced when processing a process target object in a container bottom part. The water should be drained out of the container by an appropriate method or structure.
And the insertion port which throws in a processing object should just be provided in the suitable part of a container. For example, it may be provided in the upper part of the container, and the form of the inlet is not particularly limited, and an appropriate opening is provided in a part of the ceiling of the container, or the inlet is used for the container or the ceiling. You may project suitably from a part. Further, all the upper part of the container may be opened and used as an inlet.
The shape of the inlet is not particularly limited as long as the processing object can be input, and may be a circular shape or a square shape. In addition, it is desirable to provide a lid, a hood, or the like at the insertion port in order to prevent odors generated during processing and scattering of processing objects.

Moreover, when taking out the processing object processed in the container, an outlet may be provided at an appropriate portion of the lower part of the container. Moreover, if it is made to take out from an insertion port by a suction means etc., an extraction port does not need to be provided in particular.
Further, the container may be provided with a control valve for adjusting the pressure in the container by the steam or drying gas injected (spouted) into the container when the processing object is processed. In this case, it is desirable to deodorize the odor of the gas in the container escaped from the control valve by an appropriate deodorizing means. Further, instead of the control valve, an appropriate exhaust port may be provided in the container, and the installation site of the exhaust port is not particularly limited, and may be appropriately installed on the upper part of the container. Then, an appropriate deodorizing device or the like may be provided at the exhaust port or a pipe continuing from the exhaust port or the pipe outlet to deodorize the exhaust, or the exhaust may be led to a deodorizing device provided separately to deodorize the odor.

Stirring means is configured to stir a processing target such as organic waste in a container, and is a mechanism portion composed of appropriate members, or has a single casing. You may comprise as an apparatus. And you may enable it to scrape off the process target object of the process on the container surface to the stirring part which stirs the thing to process directly.
The combined form of the stirring means and the container is not particularly limited, and the stirring means and the container are integrally configured, or the stirring means configured as a single device is attached to the container. Also good. In addition, only the stirring portion of the stirring means may be positioned in the container so as to be capable of stirring without directly attaching the stirring means and the container.

Also in the stirring means, as long as the processing object such as organic waste in the container can be stirred, the structure and form are not particularly limited, and the structure is appropriately determined in consideration of the shape of the container. You just have to decide the form.
Specifically, at least a horizontal axis and a blade that can stir the object to be processed may be provided on the horizontal shaft, and the blade may be composed of one or a plurality of blades. The shape of the blade is not particularly limited, and may be a screw shape, a spiral shape, or the like, and may be appropriately attached to the horizontal axis.

And, the desired movement of the processing object in the container during stirring is such that the processing object is sent toward the substantial center of the container, and the blades are attached so that they can be sent as such, It is desirable to have a structure.
As described above, in the configuration in which the object to be processed is stirred so as to move toward the approximate center of the container, the position of the discharge port provided in the container is substantially the same as the position where the objects to be processed are gathered, and substantially below the center It is good to provide in this part.

Appropriate portions of the container or / and the agitation means are provided with an appropriate number of gas jets for processing the object to be processed. As the gas used for the processing, steam and drying gas are used. It is good to process.
The steam is injected (spouted) to increase the temperature of the processing object to facilitate stirring (cut scraps / fish) or to be easily disassembled (fish body) during processing of the processing object. What is necessary is just to set the vapor | steam temperature suitably with a process target object. If it is a fish body, it is sufficient that it can be heated to at least a temperature at which the object to be processed is easily softened, for example, 70 ° C to 80 ° C. Good. And the generation | occurrence | production temperature of a vapor | steam should just be selected suitably in consideration of some temperature changes by the installation site | part of an injection nozzle. For example, what is necessary is just about 100 to 200 degreeC.
The gas for drying is injected (spouted) in order to dehydrate, ie dry, the moisture of the object to be processed, and to treat the object to be processed into a dry matter (cut waste) or powder (fish). . The type of gas is not particularly limited as long as it is harmless and can be used safely. Of course, air may be used. The gas temperature should just be a temperature which can be dried, for example, should just be about 80 to 100 degreeC.

The above-mentioned steam or drying gas may be either normal pressure or high pressure, and the jet power may be jetted at a suitable pressure.
And the generator for generating the gas for vapor or drying may be provided separately from the present processing apparatus, and the generator may be supplied to the receiving port of the present processing apparatus by piping such as a pipe, Or you may incorporate in this processing apparatus.
In addition, an on-off valve for controlling the supply of steam or drying gas may be installed, and the on-off valve is not particularly limited, but may be an electromagnetic valve that is electrically opened and closed.

The steam outlet may be provided in the container or / and the stirring means, but is preferably provided in the stirring means.
The location of the jet outlet of the stirring means is not particularly limited, and an appropriate number of locations may be provided, but as a specific location, a suitable location for increasing the temperature of the object to be treated, for example, It is the site | part which is moving in the process target object in a container for stirring, or the site | part which enters / exits in a process target object.
In the case where the agitating means is composed of at least a horizontal axis and blades provided on the horizontal axis so that the object to be treated can be agitated, an appropriate number of steam outlets are provided around the horizontal axis. Is good. Moreover, you may provide in the single side | surface or both surfaces of a blade | wing, Furthermore, you may provide in both a horizontal axis and a blade | wing.

The drying gas outlet may be provided in the container or / and the stirring means, but is preferably provided in the container.
There are no particular restrictions on the location of the jet outlet of the container, and an appropriate number of locations may be provided. However, specific locations may be provided at the upper location of the container and the jet outlet facing downward. It is desirable to provide it. Of course, you may provide in the ceiling of a container, a side wall, or a bottom part.
And what seals the inside of a container provides the discharge port which discharges the above-mentioned vapor | steam and the gas for drying, and it is desirable to provide the discharge port in the site | part located downstream of the flow of gas. A specific part is preferably the upper part of the container.

Conduction to the vapor or drying gas injection port is conducted by a material that can withstand the temperature of the vapor or drying gas, such as a pipe made of metal, or each wall forming the container, Alternatively, a conduction path may be formed in the horizontal axis of the stirring means or inside the blades, and vapor or drying gas may be passed through the conduction path and guided to the injection port.
When vapor or drying gas is passed through the container or stirring means, the container or stirring means must be made of a material that can withstand the temperature of the steam or drying gas.

And you may make it heat a container with a suitable heating means. The heating means directly heats the container, but its purpose is to heat the object to be processed placed in the container. In other words, it must be configured so that predetermined heat can be applied to the processing object placed in the container.
The heating means is not particularly limited to a heating structure or a heating method as long as it is configured to apply predetermined heat to the processing target in the container. What is necessary is just to decide the structure and method.

Moreover, the heating part of the container is not particularly limited as long as predetermined heat can be applied to the object to be processed in the container, and the entire container or a part of the container may be heated. At least the lower part of the container is heated.
And as a concrete form of a heating structure, a heating method, and a heating part of a container, it is good to arrange a steam pipe in the lower part outside the container so that heat conduction is possible. The steam pipe may be embedded in the container wall. The temperature of the steam is suitably 100 ° C., but is not limited to this temperature as long as there is no problem with heating.
The container may be heated not only by the steam pipe but also by, for example, an electric heater, thermal power, a chemical reaction with minerals / chemicals, or the like.

The processing method and apparatus for organic waste and the like according to the present invention are configured as described above, and the fish after the fish eggs are taken out will be described. The fish is put into the container from the inlet and the inlet is closed. Start the device. By this activation, the steam for heating is jetted into the container, and the fish body is heated and stirred by the stirring means to cause the fish body to be degraded, and the fish body is loosened by the stirring. Moreover, the thing provided with the heating means which heats a container can perform heating to a fish body rapidly.
Next, the steam for heating is stopped, a gas for drying is spouted into the container in place of the steam, and moisture is released from the fish body which is continuously stirred and loosened, and the fish body is dried. It turns into powder.

Moreover, if it demonstrates with cut scraps, such as fruit and vegetables, cut waste will be put in a container from a slot, a slot will be closed, and a device will be started. By this activation, heating steam is ejected into the container, and the cut waste is heated and stirred by the stirring means and softened. Moreover, the thing provided with the heating means which heats a container can perform the heating to cut waste quickly.
Next, the steam for heating is stopped, a gas for drying is ejected into the container in place of the steam, and stirring is continuously performed to remove moisture from the cut waste and dry the cut waste.

    Since the processing method and apparatus for organic waste and the like according to the present invention are configured as described above, the processing of fish meal conventionally performed in the form of a plant can be performed by one apparatus. As a result, the processing facilities can be gathered in a compact manner, and costs for maintenance and management of the processing facilities and maintenance and inspection of the apparatus are reduced. In addition, it saves a lot of electric energy and is economically superior. Furthermore, fish meal processing and the like can be performed fully automatically by predetermined control, leading to labor saving.

  And, when the raw material is put into the device, the device is started, and then taken out from the device, it is processed into fish meal, so the raw material in the middle of processing stagnates between processes unlike the processing performed in the conventional plant form Without this, fish meal can be processed with high efficiency. In addition, regarding odors generated in the process of processing, odor leakage and scattering can be prevented by treating the odors generated by the processing device with a deodorizing device or the like, and the odor controllability is excellent.

In addition, fruit and vegetable cut waste can be treated by the present treatment method and apparatus. That is, before storing the cut waste, it is possible to sterilize the germs adhering to them by treating the cut waste with this apparatus, thereby preventing the progress of decay of the cut waste and generating from the cut waste. Odor can be blocked or kept to a very low level.
Therefore, when cutting waste is stored, it can be stored without implementing measures for preventing odor leakage and scattering, which is excellent in terms of environment and economy.

The processing method and apparatus for organic waste according to the present invention will be described below with reference to the drawings. FIG. 1 is a process chart of fish processing of the processing method according to the present invention.
(A) The figure is the process for loosening the fish body 71 of the raw material 7. FIG. First, the fish body 71 of the raw material 7 is thrown into the processing apparatus 1 from the slot 21, and the lid 22 of the slot 21 is closed. Then, the start switch 11 is turned on and the processing device 1 is started.
By the activation, the steam 52 is sent into the steam pipe 26 and the container 2 is heated, and the steam 52 is ejected from the steam outlet 32 of the horizontal shaft 3 and the fish body 71 in the container 2 is heated. The degrading of the fish body 71 proceeds by the stirring by the blades 4 with the heating of the fish body 71, and the fish body 71 is loosened appropriately by the stirring.
(B) The figure is the process of drying and pulverizing the fish body 71 loosened appropriately. The steam 52 ejected from the steam ejection port 32 of the horizontal shaft 3 is stopped, and the air 54 is ejected from the air ejection port 24 above the container 2. Further, the stirring by the blades 4 is continued while the container 2 is heated by the steam pipe 26. Then, moisture is removed from the fish body 71, and the fish body 71 is dried and turned into powder.
(C) The figure shows a state where the processing of the fish body 71 is completed, the processing apparatus 1 is stopped, and the processed fish meal 8 is taken out from the outlet 23.

FIG. 2 is a process chart of cut waste processing of the processing method according to the present invention.
(A) The figure is a process for softening the cut waste 72 of the raw material 7. FIG. First, the cut waste 72 of the raw material 7 is thrown into the processing apparatus 1 from the charging port 21, and the lid 22 of the charging port 21 is closed. Then, the start switch 11 is turned on and the processing device 1 is started.
Upon activation, the steam 52 is sent into the steam pipe 26 to heat the container 2, and the steam 52 is ejected from the steam outlet 32 of the horizontal shaft 3 to heat the cut waste 72 in the container 2. And the cut waste 72 softens by the stirring by the blade | wing 4 with the heating of the cut waste 72. FIG.
(B) The figure is the process of drying the cut waste 72 softened appropriately. The steam 52 ejected from the steam ejection port 32 of the horizontal shaft 3 is stopped, and the air 54 is ejected from the air ejection port 24 above the container 2. In addition, the stirring by the blades 4 is continued while the container 2 is heated by the steam pipe 26. Then, moisture is removed from the cut waste 72, and the cut waste 72 is dried.
(C) The figure shows that the processing of the cut waste 72 is completed, the processing apparatus 1 is stopped, and the processed dry waste 9 is taken out from the outlet 23.

  FIG. 3 is a partially cutaway side view of the processing apparatus, wherein 1 is a processing apparatus, 11 is a start switch of the processing apparatus 1, 2 is a container for storing raw materials 7 such as organic waste, and 21 is input of the raw materials 7 Mouth, 22 is a lid for preventing leakage of raw materials 7 and odors generated during processing, 23 is an outlet for taking out processed material, and 24 is an air jet for ejecting drying air 54 during the processing. An outlet 26 is a steam pipe through which steam 52 for heating the container 2 passes, and 27 is an exhaust pipe for discharging the raw material 7 and odor generated during processing to the deodorizer.

3 is a horizontal shaft to which blades 4 for stirring the raw material 7 are attached, 31 is a bearing of the horizontal shaft 3, 32 is a steam outlet for ejecting steam 52 for heating the raw material 7 in the course of processing, 34 Is a drive unit for rotating the horizontal shaft 3.
4 is a blade for stirring the raw material 7, 5 is a gas generator for generating or / and blowing a gas such as generation of steam 52 and drying air 54, 51/51 a is a steam delivery pipe for the steam 52, 53 is an air delivery pipe for air 54, 6 is a raw material 7 and a deodorizing device for deodorizing odors generated during processing. Moreover, the arrow in a figure is the direction through which steam 52 / air 54 / odor flows.

  FIG. 4 is a partially cutaway front view of the processing apparatus, wherein 1 is a processing apparatus, 2 is a container, 21 is an inlet, 22 is a lid, 23 is an outlet, 24 is an air outlet, and 26 is a steam pipe. 27 is an exhaust pipe, 3 is a horizontal axis, 32 is a steam outlet, and 4 is a blade. A conduction path 33 for passing the vapor 52 is formed inside the horizontal shaft 3, and the drying air 54 is guided to the air outlet 24 by the conduction path 25.

  FIG. 5 is a plan view of the processing apparatus, that is, the upper part of the processing apparatus 1. 1 is a processing device, 21 is an inlet for raw material 7, 22 is a lid for preventing leakage of raw material 7 and odor generated during processing, 27 is discharging raw material 7 and odor generated during processing to a deodorizing device. It is an exhaust pipe for.

  FIG. 6 is a partially cutaway side view of the horizontal shaft. The horizontal shaft 3 is formed with a conduction path 33 for passing the steam 52 therein, and the steam 52 passes through this conduction path 33 and is a steam outlet. The raw material 7 is heated from the nozzle 32. Reference numeral 4 denotes a stirring blade attached to the horizontal shaft 3.

  FIG. 7 is a partially cutaway side view of a processing apparatus in which steam outlets are provided on the horizontal axis and the blades. The processing apparatus of this figure is a steam outlet 41 for steam 52 on the blades 4 together with the horizontal shaft 3. Is provided.

FIG. 8 is a partially cutaway side view of the blade of the processing apparatus of FIG. 7, and the steam 52 passes from the conduction path 33 in the horizontal shaft 3 through the conduction path 42 formed inside the blade 4, and the steam outlet 41. And the raw material 7 is heated.

Process diagram of fish processing of processing method according to the present invention Process chart of cut waste treatment of treatment method according to the present invention Partial cutaway side view of processing equipment Partial cutaway front view of processing equipment Plan view of processing equipment Side view of part of horizontal axis Partially cutaway side view of processing equipment with steam outlets on horizontal axis and blades 7 is a partially cutaway side view of the blade of the processing apparatus of FIG.

Explanation of symbols

  DESCRIPTION OF SYMBOLS 1-Processing device, 11-Start switch, 2-container, 21-input port, 22-lid, 23-outlet, 24-air outlet, 25-conducting path, 26-steam pipe, 27-exhaust pipe, 3 -Horizontal axis, 31-Bearing, 32-Steam outlet, 33-Conduction path, 34-Drive unit, 4-blade, 41-Steam outlet, 42-Conduction path, 5-Gas generator, 51 / 51a-Steam Delivery pipe, 52-steam, 53-air delivery pipe, 54-air, 6-deodorizing device, 7-raw material, 71-fish body, 72-cut waste, 8-fish meal, 9-dry waste

Claims (16)

  A processing object such as organic waste is placed in a container equipped with stirring means, and the processing object is stirred by stirring means while jetting steam into the container. A method for treating organic waste or the like characterized by stirring appropriately while jetting   2. The method for treating organic waste or the like according to claim 1, wherein the vapor is ejected from an appropriate portion of the container and / or the stirring means.   The method for treating organic waste or the like according to claim 1, wherein the drying gas is ejected from an appropriate portion of the container and / or the stirring means.   2. The method for treating organic waste or the like according to claim 1, wherein the drying gas is jetted downward from an upper part in the container.   The stirring means is composed of at least a horizontal axis and blades provided on the horizontal axis so that the object to be treated can be stirred, and steam or drying gas is ejected from the horizontal shaft and / or the blades. A method for treating organic waste or the like according to claim 1   The method for treating organic waste or the like according to claim 1, wherein the container is heated by an appropriate heating means.   The method for treating organic waste or the like according to claim 6, wherein the heating part is located below the container.   The method for treating organic waste or the like according to claim 1, wherein the processing object is made into a dry body or a dry powder body by continuing the stirring appropriately   It is composed of at least a container having an inlet for a processing object such as organic waste, and a stirring means for stirring the processing object in the container. An apparatus for treating organic waste, etc., characterized in that an appropriate number of gas jets for treating the object are provided.   The stirring means is composed of at least a horizontal axis and blades provided on the horizontal axis so as to stir the object to be processed, and an appropriate number of gas outlets are provided on the horizontal shaft and / or the blades. An apparatus for treating organic waste or the like according to claim 9   11. The processing apparatus for organic waste or the like according to claim 10, wherein the blades are provided so that the processing object can be transferred toward a substantially center of the container.   The gas is steam and a drying gas, the steam is ejected from an ejection port provided in an appropriate part of the stirring means, and the drying gas is ejected from an ejection port provided in an appropriate part of the container. An apparatus for treating organic waste or the like according to claim 9   The apparatus for treating organic waste or the like according to claim 9, wherein the jet port provided at an appropriate part of the container is provided at an upper part of the container with the jet port facing downward.   The apparatus for treating organic waste or the like according to claim 9, wherein the container is provided with appropriate heating means for heating the container.   15. The apparatus for treating organic waste or the like according to claim 14, wherein the heating part is a lower part of the container. The method for treating organic waste or the like according to claim 1 or the apparatus for treating organic waste or the like according to claim 9, wherein the object to be treated is fish or fruit vegetables.

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