JP2004092298A - Hollow waterproofing ventilation plate for building and ventilation structure using hollow waterproofing ventilation plate for building - Google Patents

Abstract

<P>PROBLEM TO BE SOLVED: To provide a hollow waterproofing ventilation plate for building enabling ventilation between an interior and an exterior of a building, capable of preventing a foreign matter from entering the interior from the exterior and capable of preventing plaster or the like for roofing with a flat tile or the like from falling onto an attic space or the like. <P>SOLUTION: The hollow waterproofing ventilation plate for building is secured to part of a building for conducting ventilation between the interior and the exterior of the building. The plate comprises a ventilation member having a rectangular or substantially rectangular cross-section with one end and the other end communicating with each other and an extension section formed by extending an upper plate member of the plate at the one end. <P>COPYRIGHT: (C)2004,JPO

Description

[0001]
TECHNICAL FIELD OF THE INVENTION
The present invention provides a hollow waterproof waterproof ventilation plate for a building, which is attached to a part of a building such as a gabled roof or a ridge, for example, a ridge or the like, and is suitable for ventilating inside and outside the building. Regarding the ventilation structure using the hollow waterproof ventilation plate for a building, in particular, a large amount of ventilation between the inside and outside of the building, such as the back of a hut or a roof ventilation layer, is possible, and moreover, rain from the outside to the indoor side BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 1. Field of the Invention The present invention relates to a hollow waterproof ventilation plate for a building and a ventilation structure using the hollow waterproof ventilation plate for a building, which can prevent foreign matters such as snow, dust, insects, and birds from entering.
[0002]
[Prior art]
Conventionally, in a building such as a general house, a heat insulating material such as polystyrene foam, polyurethane foam, or glass fiber is disposed between an outer wall and an inner wall to improve heat insulation between the outside and the room, thereby improving heating efficiency and the like. It is often configured to increase the cooling efficiency. Therefore, in buildings such as the above-mentioned general houses, the humidity generated in the living space enters the back of the hut, so that the humidity in the back of the hut tends to be high, and there is a possibility that dew condensation or mold may occur on the wall surface of the hut. Had.
[0003]
[Problems to be solved by the invention]
However, especially for gable roofs with flat tiles, it is necessary to apply plaster or clay called roofing clay to building members that support crown tiles that cover the top of the building. Ventilation that prevents plaster, clay, etc. from falling into the back of the hut through the ventilation openings and contaminating the hut, while at the same time allowing a large amount of ventilation between the inside of the hut and the outside of the building No device has been proposed to date.
[0004]
Then, this invention is made in order to solve the above-mentioned problem of the prior art, and aims at improving the ventilation between the inside and outside of a building such as a hut or a roof ventilation layer. And it is possible to reliably prevent foreign substances such as rain, snow, dust, and insects from entering the room from outside, and of course, a gable type using a flat roof tile or the like. For buildings that can be installed easily on roofs and the like without the risk of rain leakage, etc., and that plaster for roofing flat tiles etc. can be prevented from falling to the back of huts, etc. It is an object of the present invention to provide a hollow waterproof ventilation plate and a ventilation structure using the hollow waterproof ventilation plate for a building.
[0005]
[Means for Solving the Problems]
That is, the present invention is a hollow waterproof ventilation plate for a building which is attached to a part of a building and performs ventilation between inside and outside of the building, wherein the hollow waterproof ventilation plate has a rectangular cross section or A ventilating member having a substantially rectangular shape and one side and the other side communicating with each other, and a hollow waterproofing and ventilating plate for a building, comprising an extended portion formed by extending an upper plate member of the ventilation member at one end thereof. is there.
[0006]
Similarly, the present invention provides a hollow waterproof member comprising a ventilating member having a rectangular or substantially rectangular cross-section, one side of which communicates with the other side, and an extended portion formed by extending an upper plate member of the ventilating member at one end thereof. The ventilation plate is configured such that the ventilation member abuts a lower part thereof near a tile member covering the roof top of the building, and the extension portion is fixed to a ridge member supporting the tile member, thereby building the building. It is a ventilation structure using a hollow waterproof ventilation plate for buildings, which is attached to the roof top of the building.
[0007]
The ventilation member used in the hollow waterproof ventilation plate for a building or the ventilation structure using the hollow waterproof ventilation plate for a building according to the present invention is a hollow member having a rectangular or substantially rectangular cross section and having one side communicating with the other side. A three-dimensional fiber filter that can be deformed so as to conform to the cross-sectional shape of the hollow base; at least a part of the hollow base is shielded between one end and the other end of the hollow base; It may be one filled with a three-dimensional fiber filter.
[0008]
Note that, in the present invention, as a result, an extended portion in which the upper plate member is extended at one end thereof may be provided, and the upper plate member and the extended portion of the ventilation member need to be integrally formed. However, it is needless to say that a separate member may be used.
[0009]
BEST MODE FOR CARRYING OUT THE INVENTION
An embodiment of the present invention will be described below with reference to the drawings.
[0010]
FIGS. 1 to 3 show a gable type roof with flat tiles as a building in which a ventilation structure of the present invention is formed by applying a hollow waterproof ventilation plate for a building according to an embodiment of the present invention. FIG.
[0011]
2 and 3, reference numeral 1 denotes a house as a building having a gabled roof with flat tiles. The house 1 is roughly divided into an upper part of a room 3 surrounded by a side wall 2. And a roof 4. As shown in FIG. 1, the roof 4 is attached to the both sides of the purlin 6 arranged in the ridge 5 at regular intervals in a state where the rafters 7 are obliquely inclined. , And a flat roof tile 9 is laid on the surface of a field board 8. The flat tile 9 is fixed to a tile 9a for fixing the tile, which is horizontally struck on the surface of the field board 8. As shown in FIG. 3, the side wall 2 is formed by standing the outer wall 10 and the inner wall 11 so as to face each other with a predetermined distance therebetween. ), A ventilation layer 12 is formed. The ventilation layer 12 communicates with a ventilation hole 13 provided near the floor of the side wall 2 to the back of the hut 14.
[0012]
Further, a ridge vent 15 for exhausting air from the back of the hut 14 to the outside is provided at a predetermined length along the ridge 5 in the ridge 5 of the roof 4. As shown in FIG. 1, the ridge vent 15 is arranged such that the upper end of the base plate 8 that covers the upper part of the rafter 7 is located below the top of the roof 4 by a predetermined length, and It is constituted by forming a gap in the portion.
[0013]
At the top of the roof 4, as shown in FIG. 1, a rafter 40 is disposed in parallel with the ridge 5 of the roof 4 above the ridge vent 15. The rafter 40 is fixed on, for example, a metal leg member 41 erected at the upper part of the base plate 8 on both sides, the lower part having a substantially inverted Y-shaped cross section and the rectangular upper part omitting the upper base. The mounting portion between the rafter 40 and the leg member 41 is coated with clay such as plaster or roofing soil, and is configured to have sufficient weather resistance.
[0014]
Further, a roof tile 42 is disposed on the upper part of the rafter 40 so as to cover the ridge ventilation hole 15, and a hollow for building according to the present invention is provided between the roof tile 42 and the flat roof tile 9. Waterproof ventilation plates 17 are respectively arranged. The above-mentioned hollow waterproof ventilation plate 17 for a building is developed and designed for a roof with a flat tile 9, and has basically the same configuration as the hollow waterproof ventilation plate 17 for a building. As shown in FIG. 3, the thing may be disposed in the nose cover 18 of the roof 4, the drain of the lower base of the side wall 2, etc., in addition to the ridge 5 of the roof 4, or the inside of the side wall 2 in FIG. It may be arranged in.
[0015]
By the way, the hollow waterproof ventilation plate for a building according to this embodiment is a hollow waterproof ventilation plate for a building that is attached to a part of the building and performs ventilation between the inside and outside of the building, The hollow waterproof ventilation plate includes a ventilation member having a rectangular or substantially rectangular cross-section and one side and the other side communicating with each other, and an extended portion formed by extending an upper plate member of the ventilation member at one end thereof. It is a feature.
[0016]
The ventilation structure using the hollow waterproof ventilation plate for a building according to this embodiment includes a ventilation member having a rectangular or substantially rectangular cross section and one side communicating with the other side, and an upper plate of the ventilation member. A hollow waterproof ventilation plate consisting of an extension part extending at one end of the member, the ventilation member abuts its lower part near a tile-shaped member covering the roof top of the building, and the extension part is It is characterized in that the tile-shaped member is fixed to a ridge member that supports the roof member, so that the tile-shaped member is attached to a roof top of a building.
[0017]
That is, as shown in FIG. 1, the building hollow waterproof ventilation plate 17 is provided with a caulking material 43 as a sealing member and a width of, for example, 25 mm × on a flat tile 9 located at the upper end of both slopes of the roof 4. It is mounted on the flat roof tile 9 in a state where it is placed via a packing 44 made of foam sponge or the like having a thickness of about 20 mm. The caulking material 43 and the packing 44 for constructing the hollow waterproof ventilation plate 17 for building on the flat roof tile 9 may be used in any combination. For example, the lower surface of the hollow waterproof ventilation plate 17 for building may be used. The packing 44 may be arranged on the side located below the roof 4, and the caulking material 43 may be arranged on the side located above the roof 4.
[0018]
At this time, the caulking material 43 is applied to the surface of the flat roof tile 9 using a caulking machine, for example, when the hollow waterproof ventilation plate 17 for a building is constructed. It may be adhered to the back surface of the hollow waterproof ventilation plate 17 for buildings.
[0019]
Further, a packing 45 made of, for example, a foam sponge having a width of about 25 mm × a thickness of 20 mm is disposed as a sealing member between the hollow waterproof ventilation plate 17 for buildings and the roof tile 42. The packing 45 may be bonded to the surface of the building hollow waterproof ventilation plate 17 with a double-sided tape or the like in advance. In addition, as the crown tile 42, an angle formed by both inclined portions may be the same as or approximate to the slope of the roof for installing the above-mentioned hollow waterproof ventilation plate 17 for a building. This is preferable in that the amount of the caulking material 43, the packing 44, or the packing 45 used can be reduced, and the construction of the hollow waterproof ventilation plate 17 for a building can be reliably performed.
[0020]
Further, as shown in FIG. 1, the above-mentioned hollow waterproof ventilation plate 17 for a building has an upper plate 19 (upper plate member) long extending toward the upper side of the roof 4. The tip 19b of the installation portion 19a is configured to be fixed to a rafter 40 disposed above the ridge 5 of the roof 4 in parallel with the ridge 5 with a nail 46 or the like. Further, the extending portion 19a of the upper plate 19 is formed to be slightly longer than the actual required size, and can be easily cut at the construction site. The hollow waterproof ventilation plate 17 for buildings can be securely attached. At the same time, the extended portion 19a of the upper plate 19 is formed of a material that can be easily bent and can maintain the shape after bending, for example, a plastic cardboard, so that construction on site can be further performed. It is easy to do.
[0021]
At this time, the so-called stucco or thatched clay is applied also to the nail 46 retaining portion of the building hollow waterproof ventilation plate 17 so as to have sufficient weather resistance. Further, the connection between the crown tiles 42 covering the top of the roof 4 is also coated with clay such as plaster or thatched soil so as to surely prevent leakage or the like. At this time, it is a matter of course that the clay or the like called the plaster or thatched soil may be applied so as to fill all the space formed between the crown tile 42 and the hollow waterproof ventilation plate 17 for buildings. .
[0022]
By the way, in this embodiment, as a main member of the hollow waterproof ventilation plate 17 for a building, a hollow base having a rectangular or substantially rectangular cross section and one side and the other side communicating with each other is adapted to the cross sectional shape of the hollow base. A three-dimensional fiber filter that can be deformed as much as possible, using a ventilation member filled with the three-dimensional fiber filter so that at least a part of the hollow base is shielded between one end and the other end of the hollow base. I have.
[0023]
As shown in FIG. 4, the hollow base 23 forming the ventilation member is formed by a pair of flat upper and lower plates 19 and 20 arranged so as to face each other with a predetermined space therebetween, and left and right side plates 21. In this embodiment, an appropriate number of ribs 22 are formed between the upper plate 19 and the lower plate 20 in order to prevent the hollow base 23 from bending. As shown in FIG. 5, the hollow base 23 constituting the hollow waterproof ventilation plate 17 for a building is made of a pair of flat upper and lower plates 19 and 20 by a synthetic resin such as polypropylene (PP) or acrylic. The left and right side plates 21 and the ribs 22 are integrally formed by injection molding or the like. When fire resistance or other performance is required, even if the hollow substrate 23 is formed of ceramic, aluminum, steel, or the like, it is not integrally formed by injection molding or the like, but is bonded or welded at a construction site or the like. The hollow substrate may be assembled by the means described above, or the side surface may be formed in a trapezoidal shape (for example, a state inclined at 30 degrees from the vertical direction toward the inside).
[0024]
The hollow substrate 23 of the hollow waterproof ventilation plate 17 for a building according to the present invention has, for example, an interval between the upper plate 19 and the lower plate 20 set to 15 mm and an interval between the ribs 22 set to 15 to 21 mm, respectively. It is formed so as to have a predetermined width (for example, about 50 mm) and a length (for example, about 1820 mm), and is cut out and used as needed. Note that the numerical values such as the distance between the upper plate 19 and the lower plate 20 and the distance between the ribs 22 are merely examples, and needless to say, other values may be set.
[0025]
Further, the hollow base 23 is filled with a three-dimensional fine fiber filter 25 at least in a part of the hollow base 23 so as to shield one end and the other end of the hollow base 23. Can be. That is, for example, when the hollow base 23 does not have the ribs 22, it is formed or compressed according to the cross-sectional shape formed by the pair of flat upper and lower plates 19 and 20, and the left and right side plates 21. The three-dimensional fine fiber filter 25 may be filled.
[0026]
In the above case, the three-dimensional fine fiber filter 25 may be filled so as to shield one end and the other end of the hollow base 23, and may be filled entirely between one end and the other end of the hollow base 23. A portion between the other ends may be filled. Further, the three-dimensional fine fiber filter 25 may be simply filled in the hollow base 23, or may be welded or bonded inside the hollow base 23.
[0027]
For example, when the hollow substrate 23 has the ribs 22, as shown in FIG. 6, the upper plate 19, the side wall 20, and the rib 22 of the hollow substrate 23 are cut by a predetermined width W (for example, 15 mm). The notched portion 24 may be provided along a direction orthogonal to the direction in which the hollow base 23 communicates, and the notch 24 may be filled with a three-dimensional fine fiber filter 25. When the hollow base 23 is formed of a synthetic resin such as polypropylene, the notch 24 may be configured so that the upper plate 19 and the ribs 22 are not provided in advance.
[0028]
The three-dimensional fine fiber filter 25 is formed by cutting a part of the notch 24 formed in the hollow substrate 23, which is slightly wider than the width W, by press-fitting into the notch 24 and filling. Due to the elasticity of the notch 25, it can be filled in a fixed state in the notch 24, and if necessary, may be welded or bonded into the notch 24.
[0029]
Further, as shown in FIG. 7, the upper plate 19 of the hollow base 23 of the hollow waterproof ventilation plate 17 for a building of the present invention covers the upper part of the notch 24 filled with the three-dimensional fine fiber filter 25, as shown in FIG. Alternatively, a plate-like member 26 may be provided.
[0030]
In any case, as the three-dimensional fine fiber filter 25, for example, a melted synthetic resin is drawn into water from a thin nozzle to form one of the thread members 27 made of synthetic resin as shown in FIG. The parts are adhered to each other, and are made of a cotton-like material of a three-dimensional nonwoven futon that can be elastically deformed. For example, Saran Lock (registered trademark) manufactured by Asahi Kasei Corporation is used. The three-dimensional fine fiber filter 25 has, for example, a porosity of about 95% and a specific surface area of 600 to 740 m ² / m ^3, and the thickness (denier) and bulk of the thread member 27 made of synthetic resin are used. By changing the density or the porosity, various types can be manufactured, and those having desired characteristics are appropriately selected and used. If fire resistance or other performance is required, the three-dimensional fine fiber filter 25 may be formed of ceramic, aluminum, steel, or the like.
[0031]
On the other hand, in this embodiment, as shown in FIG. 1, the hollow waterproof ventilation plate 17 for a building of the present invention configured as described above is used by being laminated in one layer. Of course, the waterproof ventilation plate 17 may be used in two or more layers as shown in FIG.
[0032]
When a plurality of the building ventilation devices 34 are used and installed continuously over the entire length of the ridge, the building ventilation devices 34 are provided between the building ventilation devices 34 in order to ensure the waterproofness of the seam. On the other hand, it is preferable to fill a caulking material or the like.
[0033]
The plate-like members 19, 20 and the like are, for example, plate-like members having a thickness of about 3 mm (manufactured by Kawakami Sangyo Co., Ltd., trade name "Purapearl"), which are called suction and discharge gulls disclosed in Japanese Patent No. Are used.
[0034]
In the above construction, the hollow waterproof ventilation plate 17 for a building according to this embodiment (that is, the ventilation device 34 for a building) includes the inside of the building such as the back of a shed or the roof ventilation layer and the building as follows. Good ventilation can be provided to the outside, and it is possible to reliably prevent foreign matters such as rain, snow, dust, and insects from entering the building such as the back of the hut or the roof ventilation layer from outside. Of course, it can be installed easily on gable roofs using flat tiles, etc., without the risk of rain leakage, etc. Furthermore, plaster etc. for roofing flat tiles, etc. It is possible to prevent it from falling to the back or the like.
[0035]
In other words, in the hollow waterproof ventilation plate 17 for a building according to this embodiment, all that passes from one side to the other side passes through the three-dimensional fine fiber filter 25. Since the fine fiber filter 25 is formed by three-dimensionally intertwining a metal-based thread member made of a synthetic resin or a fine fiber, there is almost no resistance to the passing air, and there is little resistance to rain, snow and dust. It exhibits the effect of preventing intrusion only against foreign matter.
[0036]
In particular, when foreign matter other than air is rain, a water film is formed by retaining the rain water in the three-dimensional fine fiber filter 25, and thereby it is possible to effectively prevent rain water from entering.
[0037]
In addition, since this type of conventional building ventilator 34 mainly aimed at preventing the infiltration of rainwater by applying the surface tension due to wetting, when foreign matter other than air is snow, almost all In the present invention, the three-dimensional fine fiber filter 25 can surely prevent snow from entering.
[0038]
In addition, foreign substances such as rain, snow, dust, and insects, which are prevented from entering by the three-dimensional fine fiber filter 25, are discharged with the passage of time depending on the wind direction outside the building. The three-dimensional fine fiber filter 25 is not clogged because it dries or dissolves when it hits or the temperature rises.
[0039]
In this embodiment, the upper plate 19 of the hollow base 23 is extended at one end, and the tip 19b of the extending portion 19a of the hollow base 23 supports the crown tile 42 covering the top of the roof 4 of the building. Since it is fixed to the rafters 40, it is not necessary to make holes in the flat roof tiles or the like and attach the hollow waterproof ventilation plate 17 for buildings, and there is a possibility that rain leaks or the like may occur through the holes opened in the flat roof tiles. Absent.
[0040]
Furthermore, since the extending portion 19a of the building hollow waterproof ventilation plate 17 is disposed between the rafter 40 and the flat roof tile 9, the building hollow waterproof ventilation ventilation plate 17 and the crown roof tile 42 are provided. , And between the building hollow waterproof ventilation plate 17 and the flat roof tile 9 with a sealing member made of packings 44 and 45, a caulking material 43, etc. It is possible to reliably prevent the so-called clay or the like from falling from the ridge vent 15.
[0041]
In the above embodiment, as a main member of the hollow waterproof ventilation plate 17 for a building, a hollow base having a rectangular or substantially rectangular cross section and one side communicating with the other side is adapted to a cross section of the hollow base. A ventilating member comprising a three-dimensional fiber filter which can be deformed as much as possible, wherein at least a part of the hollow base is filled with the three-dimensional fiber filter so as to shield one end and the other end of the hollow base. However, the present invention is not limited to this embodiment.
[0042]
That is, the ventilation member used as a main member of the hollow waterproof ventilation plate 17 for a building in the present invention is described in, for example, U.S. Pat. No. 3,949,657 and JP-A-2-272153. It is attached to the roof ridge and is composed of two plate-shaped ridge ventilation members from the room to the outside, and is configured so that the cross-sectional shape thereof has a substantially inverted V-shape, and each ridge ventilation member moves from the upper surface to the lower surface. The ridge cover member, which is formed so as to be tapered and is provided with a number of communicating ventilation holes from one side to the other side in each ridge ventilation member, is processed into appropriate dimensions, and the upper member is appropriately formed. Can be extended and used.
[0043]
Further, the ventilation member used as a main member of the hollow waterproof ventilation plate 17 for buildings in the present invention is provided with through holes communicating with each other as described in, for example, JP-A-2000-34812. The suction / discharge gallery with the cylinders arranged in a staggered manner is appropriately laminated so that the shape of the through hole has at least one inflection point, or such a suction and discharge gallery and a plastic cardboard are appropriately laminated. It is also possible to use a suction / discharge block made up of a plurality of such suction / discharge blocks or a stimulating member having a plurality of such suction / discharge blocks connected to each other by appropriately extending the upper member thereof.
[0044]
That is, the ventilation member used as the main member of the hollow waterproof ventilation plate 17 for buildings in the present invention may be any ventilation member having a rectangular or substantially rectangular cross section and communicating with one side and the other side.
[0045]
【The invention's effect】
As described above, according to the present invention, it is possible to perform good ventilation between the inside and outside of a building, such as a hut or a roof ventilation layer, and also from the outside, rain, snow, dust, or insects. In addition to being able to reliably prevent foreign matter from entering the room, such construction can be easily performed on gable-type roofs using flat tiles, etc., without the risk of rain leaking. And a ventilation structure using the hollow waterproof ventilation plate for buildings that can prevent plaster and the like for roofing flat tiles etc. from dropping into the back of a shed, etc. Can be provided.
[Brief description of the drawings]
FIG. 1 is a sectional configuration diagram showing a house using a hollow waterproof ventilation plate for a building according to an embodiment of the present invention.
FIG. 2 is a schematic perspective view showing a house using a hollow waterproof ventilation plate for a building according to an embodiment of the present invention.
FIG. 3 is a schematic configuration diagram showing a house using a hollow waterproof ventilation plate for a building according to an embodiment of the present invention.
FIG. 4 is a perspective view showing a hollow base of the hollow waterproof ventilation plate for a building according to the embodiment of the present invention.
FIG. 5 is a perspective view showing a base material of a hollow base of the hollow waterproof ventilation plate for a building according to the embodiment of the present invention.
FIG. 6 is a perspective view showing a cutout portion of the hollow base according to the embodiment of the present invention.
FIG. 7 is a perspective view showing a cutout of the hollow waterproof ventilation plate for a building according to the embodiment of the present invention.
FIG. 8 is an external perspective view showing a filter member.
FIG. 9 is a sectional view showing another example of the hollow waterproof ventilation plate for a building according to the embodiment of the present invention.
[Explanation of symbols]
4: roof, 15: ridge vent, 17: hollow waterproof ventilation plate for buildings, 19: upper plate, 19a: extended portion of upper plate, 19b: tip of extended portion, 25: three-dimensional fine fiber filter , 40: rafters.

Claims (4)

A hollow waterproof ventilation plate for a building which is attached to a part of a building and performs ventilation between the inside and outside of the building, wherein the hollow waterproof ventilation plate has a rectangular or substantially rectangular cross section and one side. A hollow waterproof ventilating plate for a building, comprising: a ventilation member communicating with the other side; and an extended portion formed by extending an upper plate member of the ventilation member at one end thereof. The ventilation member includes a hollow base having a rectangular or substantially rectangular cross section and one side and the other side communicating with each other, and a three-dimensional fiber filter that can be deformed to conform to the cross-sectional shape of the hollow base. The hollow waterproof ventilation plate for a building according to claim 1, wherein the three-dimensional fiber filter is filled in a part of the hollow base so as to shield between one end and the other end of the hollow base. A hollow waterproof ventilation plate comprising a ventilation member having a rectangular or substantially rectangular cross section and one side and the other side communicating with each other, and an extended portion formed by extending an upper plate member of the ventilation member at one end thereof, Is attached to the rooftop of the building by abutting the lower part of the vicinity of the roofing member covering the rooftop of the building and fixing the extension to the ridge member supporting the roofing member of the building. A ventilation structure using a hollow waterproof ventilation plate for buildings characterized by the following. The ventilation member includes a hollow base having a rectangular or substantially rectangular cross section and one side and the other side communicating with each other, and a three-dimensional fiber filter that can be deformed to conform to the cross-sectional shape of the hollow base. The ventilation structure using the hollow waterproof ventilation plate for a building according to claim 2, wherein a part of the hollow substrate is filled with the three-dimensional fiber filter so as to shield between one end and the other end of the hollow base.

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