JP2004063261A - Refractory for positive electrode material calcination and its usage - Google Patents

Refractory for positive electrode material calcination and its usage Download PDF

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JP2004063261A
JP2004063261A JP2002219873A JP2002219873A JP2004063261A JP 2004063261 A JP2004063261 A JP 2004063261A JP 2002219873 A JP2002219873 A JP 2002219873A JP 2002219873 A JP2002219873 A JP 2002219873A JP 2004063261 A JP2004063261 A JP 2004063261A
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refractory
positive electrode
lithium
firing
cobalt
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JP3973204B2 (en
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Yukihiro Yabusaki
藪崎 幸広
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Noritake Co Ltd
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Noritake Co Ltd
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    • YGENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02EREDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
    • Y02E60/00Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
    • Y02E60/10Energy storage using batteries

Abstract

<P>PROBLEM TO BE SOLVED: To provide a refractory for positive electrode material calcination that increases corrosion resistance to the positive electrode material of a lithium battery and can improve durability life as a calcination jig. <P>SOLUTION: The refractory is characterized by containing lithium and cobalt. Preferably, the content of lithium is 2-5 wt% and the content of cobalt is 2-5 wt%. It is desirable that molar ratio Li/Co of lithium and cobalt is 8/10 to 10/8. This refractory for positive electrode material calcination can be manufactured by calcining a ceramic material containing a lithium compound and a cobalt compound. <P>COPYRIGHT: (C)2004,JPO

Description

【0001】
【発明の属する技術分野】本発明は、リチウム電池の正極原料を焼成するのに適した正極原料焼成用耐火物に関するものである。
【0002】
【従来の技術】リチウム電池の正極活物質として、リチウムと遷移金属(コバルト、ニッケル、マンガン等の一種又は二種以上)との複合酸化物が知られている。この種の正極活物質は、例えば、酸化リチウム粉末と他の金属酸化物粉末(酸化コバルト粉末等)とを任意の量比で混合した正極原料を匣鉢等の焼成治具に収容し、これを焼成炉により所定温度で焼成して製造される(特開2001−35492号公報等)。得られた活物質(焼結体)は、任意の大きさに粉砕されて電池材料として用いられる。
【0003】
従来、このようなリチウム電池の正極原料を焼成するための耐火物としては、アルミナ、ムライト、コージェライト、アンダリューサイト、コランダム等の汎用耐火物が使用されている。例えば、特開2001−35492号公報の実施例では、比較的安価なムライト−コージェライト系耐火物からなる鞘箱を用いてリチウム二次電池用の正極原料を焼成し、リチウム二次電池用正極活物質を製造している。
【0004】
【発明が解決しようとする課題】しかしながら、従来の耐火物を焼成治具として用いた場合、リチウム電池の正極原料を焼成する際に生じるアルカリ成分等によって当該焼成治具の劣化(腐蝕)が激しく、十分な耐久寿命(表面剥離等により使用不可となるまでの使用回数)が得られ難い。特に、ムライト−コージェライト系耐火物(特許第2582443号公報、特開平7−243771号公報等)から成る焼成治具は、正極原料の焼成による劣化(変色、表面剥離等)が著しく、耐久寿命が短いという問題があった。
【0005】
そこで本発明は、上記問題点を解決すべく創出されたものであり、その目的の一つは、リチウム電池の正極原料を焼成する際に生じるリチウムその他のアルカリ成分等に対する耐蝕性(以下、単に「耐蝕性」という。)を高め、従来の焼成治具よりも耐久性(寿命)が向上した正極原料焼成用耐火物を提供することである。また、他の一つの目的は、そのような耐火物から実質的に構成される焼成治具を提供することである。また、他の一つの目的は、そのような耐火物および焼成治具を製造する方法を提供することである。また、他の一つの目的は、そのような耐火物および焼成治具を用いて、安価に効率よくリチウム電池用正極活物質を製造することである。
【0006】
【課題を解決するための手段、作用及び効果】本発明者らは、リチウム電池の正極原料を焼成するための耐火物として、種々の化合物を配合したサンプルを作成し、リチウム電池の正極原料を焼成したときの耐蝕性の評価を行った。そして、耐火物を製造するための焼成用原料(以下「セラミック原料」という。)には従来配合されなかったリチウム化合物およびコバルト化合物を適量添加したセラミック原料から形成された耐火物では、正極原料焼成時における腐蝕の進行スピードが低下し、当該耐火物の劣化が抑制されることを見出し、本発明を完成するに至った。
【0007】
すなわち、本発明によって提供される耐火物の一つは、リチウム電池の正極原料を焼成するための耐火物であって、リチウムおよびコバルトを含有することを特徴とする。
なお、本明細書において「リチウム電池」とは、負極にリチウムを使用した電池の総称である。例えば、リチウムイオン蓄電池(二次電池)や二酸化マンガンリチウム電池(一次電池)は、本明細書における「リチウム電池」に包含される典型例である。
【0008】
リチウム電池の正極原料としては、リチウム化合物と遷移金属化合物との混合物が用いられる。これらの化合物を反応させることにより、リチウムと遷移金属との複合酸化物(正極活物質)が生成する。本発明の耐火物は、かかる正極原料を焼成して正極活物質を製造するのに適したものである。
すなわち、上記構成の耐火物は、リチウムとコバルトとを両方含有する結果、正極原料を焼成する際に劣化(腐蝕)し難く、耐火物としての耐久寿命が向上する。特にリチウム化合物とコバルト化合物とからなる正極原料(例えば炭酸リチウム又は酸化リチウムと酸化コバルトとの組み合わせ)に対し優れた耐蝕性を示し、耐火物の耐久寿命がきわめて良好になる。
従って、本構成の耐火物を用いると、耐久寿命に優れたリチウム電池正極活物質製造用焼成治具を作製することができる。
【0009】
本発明の正極原料焼成用耐火物として好ましいものの一つは、耐火物(乾燥重量)におけるリチウムの含有率が2〜5質量%であり、コバルトの含有率が2〜5質量%であることを特徴としている。
リチウムおよびコバルトの含有率がそれぞれ2質量%以上5質量%以下(多少の変動はあり得る)であると、特に高い耐蝕性が得られる。
【0010】
本発明の正極原料焼成用耐火物として好ましいものの他の一つは、リチウムとコバルトとのモル比Li/Coが、8/10〜10/8であることを特徴としている。特に好ましいものは、リチウムとコバルトのモル比Li/Coが1に近似する(例えば9/10〜10/9)。かかるモル比で示されるように、リチウムとコバルトが略同量存在することにより特に高い耐蝕性が得られ、効果的にアルカリ腐蝕による劣化を防止することができる。
【0011】
また、リチウム電池の正極原料を焼成するための耐火物として好ましいものは、リチウム化合物およびコバルト化合物を含むセラミック原料を焼成することによって製造され得る。
本発明によって提供される上記の耐火物は、そのセラミック原料にリチウム化合物およびコバルト化合物が含まれ、これらリチウム元素およびコバルト元素の相乗効果によって、リチウム電池の正極原料に対する耐蝕性を向上させることができる。
【0012】
本発明の耐火物として、アルミナ、ムライトおよびコージェライトから成る群から選択される少なくとも一種を主体に構成されているものが提供される。
アルミナは、耐熱性、耐熱衝撃性、耐蝕性等に優れたセラミック材料である。従って、アルミナの含有率が高いと、正極原料に対する耐蝕性がより向上することになり、耐熱性、耐熱衝撃性、耐蝕性等に優れた高品質の正極原料焼成用耐火物が得られる。
一方、ムライトおよびコージェライトは低熱膨張性であるため、耐火物の耐熱衝撃性、耐スポーリング性を向上させることができる。また、ムライトやコージェライトは一般に安価である。このため、ムライト及び/又はコージェライトを主成分とすることにより、正極原料焼成用耐火物を安価に製造することができる。従って、かかる安価で耐久寿命の長い耐火物を用いると、リチウム電池の正極活物質を低コストで効率よく製造することが可能になる。
【0013】
また、本発明は、上記したいずれかの耐火物から実質的に構成された焼成治具を提供する。かかる焼成治具(匣鉢、棚板、支柱、等)は、耐蝕性に優れることからリチウム電池の正極活物質を製造するのに好適に使用することができる。
【0014】
また、本発明は、耐火物の製造方法を提供する。本製造方法は、アルミナ、ムライトおよびコージェライトから成る群から選択される少なくとも一種を主体とし、リチウム化合物およびコバルト化合物を含有するセラミック材料を調製する工程と、該セラミック材料を焼成する工程とを包含する。
この製造方法によると、耐蝕性に優れ、リチウム電池の正極材料を焼成する(即ち正極活物質を製造する)のに好適な耐火物を得ることができる。
【0015】
好ましい本発明の製造方法では、所定のリチウム電池の正極原料を焼成するための耐火物を製造する場合、上記リチウム化合物として該正極原料に含まれるリチウム化合物と実質同一の化合物(典型的には化学組成が同一若しくは相互に近似するものをいう。以下同じ)を使用する。及び/又は、前記コバルト化合物として、該正極原料に含まれるコバルト化合物と実質同一の化合物を使用する。
このように、正極原料に含まれるリチウム化合物及び/又はコバルト化合物と、耐火物製造用セラミック原料に含ませるリチウム化合物及び/又はコバルト化合物とを実質的に一致させることにより、得られる耐火物の当該正極材料(焼成時)に対する耐蝕性をより向上させることができる。
【0016】
また、本発明は、リチウム電池の正極活物質を製造する方法を提供する。この方法は、本発明によって提供されるいずれかの耐火物で実質的に構成された焼成治具を準備する工程と、その焼成治具にリチウム電池用正極原料を収容する工程と、その焼成治具に収容された正極原料を窯炉内で焼成する工程とを包含する。
この方法では、使用する焼成治具が耐蝕性に優れ且つ耐久性が良好であることから、焼成治具に要するコストや焼成治具の交換等のメンテナンスが容易になる。このため、低コストで高効率に所望するリチウム電池用正極活物質を製造することができる。すなわち、正極活物質を大量かつ安価に提供し易くなり、リチウム電池の製造コストを低減することが可能となる。
【0017】
【発明の実施の形態】以下、本発明の好適な実施形態を説明する。なお、本明細書において特に言及している事項(例えば本発明に係る耐火物の物理的及び/又は化学的特徴)以外の事柄であって本発明の実施に必要な事柄(例えば、耐火物を製造するためのセラミック原料を焼成するプロセスに関わる一般的な事項)は、いずれも従来技術に基づく当業者の設計事項として把握され得る。本発明は、本明細書によって開示されている事項と当該分野における技術常識とに基づいて実施することができる。
【0018】
本発明の耐火物は、リチウムおよびコバルトを含有するように調製されたセラミック原料を焼成することによって得ることができる。典型的には、アルミナ、ムライト、コージェライト等のセラミック材料にリチウム化合物およびコバルト化合物を含有させることによりセラミック原料を調製し、それを所定の条件で焼成することによって製造することができる。
上述のとおり、アルミナは耐火物として優れた性能を有するが、アルミナの含有率が高まると比較的コスト高となる。他方、ムライトやコージェライトは、低熱膨張性であるため耐火物の耐熱衝撃性を向上させ得るとともに比較的安価である。このことから、本発明の耐火物を製造するためのセラミック原料の主体たるセラミック材料としては、アルミナとムライト及び/又はコージェライトとを含有するものが好ましい。セラミック原料に占めるこれらセラミックの好ましい含有率は、アルミナ30〜40質量%、ムライト及び/又はコージェライト50〜70質量%である。
【0019】
また、セラミック原料に含ませ得る好ましいリチウム化合物としては、炭酸リチウム、水酸化リチウム、酸化リチウム等が挙げられる。一方、セラミック原料に含ませ得る好ましいコバルト化合物としては、酸化コバルト(CoO、Co、Co)、炭酸コバルト、水酸化コバルト等を用いることができる。
なお、耐火物製造のために使用するリチウム化合物及び/又はコバルト化合物は、当該耐火物を用いて焼成しようとする正極原料と実質同一の化合物であることが好ましい。使用するリチウム化合物及び/又はコバルト化合物の化学組成が、焼成しようとする正極原料に含まれるリチウム化合物及び/又はコバルト化合物の化学組成と同じであることが特に好ましい。
例えば、焼成対象の正極原料が炭酸リチウム(LiCO)と酸化コバルト(CoO、Co又はCo)との混合物である場合には、セラミック原料に加えるリチウム化合物およびコバルト化合物も同様に炭酸リチウムおよび酸化コバルトであるとよい。このように、正極原料に含まれるリチウム化合物及び/又はコバルト化合物と、耐火物を製造するセラミック原料に含まれるリチウム化合物及び/又はコバルト化合物とを一致させることにより、正極原料焼成時におけるリチウムおよびコバルトを含むリチウム複合酸化物(LiCoO等)の耐火物内への浸透を抑制する効果を著しく向上させ得る。
【0020】
本発明の耐火物を製造するためのセラミック原料には、上述した主要成分の他、種々の副成分(無機粉末等)を含有させてもよい。例えば、成形性や焼結性の向上、耐火物の機械的強度(曲げ強度等)や耐熱衝撃性の向上等を図るための従来公知の種々の物質を副成分として含ませ得る。副成分の割合は、適宜設定し得る。
上記副成分の例として、ジルコン、クロミア、酸化ニッケル、酸化銅、酸化チタン等の無機材料が挙げられる。これらのうちの一種または二種以上をセラミック原料に適量配合させることにより、得られる耐火物の特性(耐蝕性、耐熱衝撃性等)をさらに向上させることが可能となる。
例えば、ジルコン(ZrSiO)は、ジルコニアがリチウム含有物質(LiCoO等)に対する濡れ性が低いので、耐火物の組織中へ正極材料由来のリチウム成分が浸透するのを抑制する効果を発揮し得る。また、酸化ニッケルの添加もリチウム成分の浸透抑制に寄与し得る。
【0021】
また、上記副成分の他の例として、粘土(典型的にはカオリン系粘土)が挙げられる。セラミック原料に粘土を含有させることにより、耐火物製造時の成形性等を向上させることができる。また、得られた耐火物がクラックの少ないものとなりやすいので、耐蝕性、耐熱衝撃性等を向上させ得る。セラミック原料に対する粘土の配合量は、セラミック原料の内容に応じて適宜設定され得る。特に限定しないが、セラミック原料に占める粘土の好ましい含有率は、15〜25質量%程度である。粘土の使用量が多すぎると、耐火物(焼成治具)をリチウム成分に曝される条件で使用した場合に、その表面に膨れ等の異常を生じる場合があり、好ましくない。
【0022】
また、本発明の耐火物は、目的の形状に成形されて種々の焼成治具として用いられる。匣鉢、棚板(セッター等)、支柱、タイル等が焼成治具に包含される典型例である。特に正極材料を収容する匣鉢として、本発明の耐火物が好適に用いられる。なお、焼成治具の形状は、特に限定されず、用途に応じて設計される。例えば、箱状、皿状、碗状、有底筒状、すり鉢状等のいずれの形状の匣鉢を製造・使用してもよい。
【0023】
次に、本発明の耐火物から成る焼成治具の製造例につき、図1を用いて説明する。
先ず、リチウム化合物およびコバルト化合物を含むセラミック原料を調製する。この調製工程には、典型的には秤量工程10と混合工程20とが包含される。秤量工程10において、セラミック材料の各々と成形助材、必要に応じてさらに他の添加剤等をそれぞれ秤量しておく。次に、混合工程20において、工程10で秤量した各材料をニーダー、フレットミル等の混合機を用いて例えば8〜10分程度混合する。このとき、適当なタイミングで所定量の水(例えば、セラミック原料100重量部に対して5〜20重量部)を添加するとよい。
【0024】
続いて、上記で調製(調合)されたセラミック原料を焼成する。この焼成工程50には典型的には乾燥工程40が包含される。目的の形状の焼成治具(匣鉢等)を製造する場合にはさらに成形工程30が包含される。
典型的には、成形工程30において、上記混合工程20で得られた調合原料から、例えば成形圧力450kgf/cm(4413N/cm)程度(好ましくは4000〜4500N/cm程度)のフリクションプレス、あるいはロクロ成形等の手段により、所定形状の成形体を作製する。次に、乾燥工程40において、この成形体を例えば常温で15時間程度乾燥させた後、さらに50℃程度(好ましくは40〜70℃)の温度で24時間程度乾燥させる。その後、焼成工程50において、工程40で乾燥された成形体をトンネルキルン等の焼成炉により例えば1450℃(好ましくは1350〜1600℃)で3時間程度焼成する。
【0025】
次に、本発明に係る焼成治具(匣鉢)を用いてリチウム電池の正極活物質を製造する方法の一例を説明する。
この製造方法は、従来公知のリチウム電池用正極活物質、例えば、リチウム−コバルト複合酸化物系(LiCoO等)、リチウム−ニッケル複合酸化物系(LiNiO等)、リチウム−ニッケル−コバルト複合酸化物系(LiNi0.8Co0.2等)、リチウム−マンガン化合物系(LiMnO等)のいずれの組成を有する正極活物質の製造にも適用することができる。
【0026】
まず、これらの活物質組成に対応した組成の金属酸化物粉末、または焼成により金属酸化物となる化合物粉末を含む混合物(正極原料)を匣鉢に収容し、所定の条件で窯炉内で焼成する。この焼成により目的とする複合酸化物(即ち正極活物質)を生成させる。正極原料の好ましい焼成条件は、製造しようとする活物質の組成等によって異なり得るものであり、特に限定するものではないが、典型的には最高焼成温度900〜1500℃で0.5〜6時間程度である。なお、かかる焼成条件自体は、従来と同様であればよく、特に本発明を特徴付けるものではない。
その後、焼成により得られた活物質を匣鉢から取り出し、必要に応じて粉砕処理する。そして、得られた粉砕物(活物質粉末)に有機ビヒクル等を加えてペーストを調製し、金属等からなる集電体の表面に付着(塗布)させることにより、リチウム電池(例えばリチウム二次電池)の電極(正極)とする。
【0027】
【実施例】以下に説明する実施例によって、本発明を更に詳細に説明するが、本発明をかかる実施例に示すものに限定することを意図したものではない。
【0028】
[正極原料焼成用耐火物の製造例]
コージェライト、ムライトおよびアルミナ等を含むセラミック粉末に、粉末状の炭酸リチウムおよび酸化コバルトを添加することによりセラミック原料を調製した。原料配合比を表1に示す。
【0029】
【表1】

Figure 2004063261
【0030】
表1に示す組成のセラミック原料100重量部に対して、14重量部の水と、0.8重量部のリグニン製品(日本製紙株式会社製品「サンエキス(登録商標)」)とを加え、ニーダーにより混練し、成形圧力450kgf/cm(4413N/cm)のフリクションプレスにより、セッター(焼成後の目標寸法:366mm×341mm×15mm厚)、および匣鉢(焼成後の目標寸法:366mm×341×125mm×10〜15mm厚)用の成形体を作製した。
また、ロクロ成形によってロクロ匣鉢(焼成後の目標寸法:350φmm×10〜15mm厚)用の成形体を作製した。
その後、トンネルキルンにより1380℃で3時間焼成して各種形状の耐火物(セッター、匣鉢およびロクロ匣鉢)を得た。
【0031】
[耐蝕性試験]
次に、正極原料焼成用耐火物について耐蝕性試験を行った。
すなわち、この試験に使用する焼成治具として、上述した製造例に準じて5cm角(厚み:約1cm)の板状の試験台(実施例1)を作製した。試験台(実施例1)製造用セラミック原料には、所定量の炭酸リチウムおよび酸化コバルトが添加されている。なお、比較例として、リチウムおよびコバルトを含まないセラミック原料から同様の条件で試験台(比較例1〜5)を作製した。これらセラミック原料の配合比を表2に示す。
【0032】
【表2】
Figure 2004063261
【0033】
次いで、炭酸リチウムと酸化コバルトとの混合物からなる正極原料4gを25φ×7mm程度の円柱形状に成形したものを各試験台に積載し、電気炉にて焼成した。なお、使用した正極材料における炭酸リチウムおよび酸化コバルトの配合比は、重量比(炭酸リチウム/酸化コバルト)で約1/2、モル比(Li/Co)では約1/1とした。
【0034】
図2に示すように、正極原料を以下の(a)〜(c)の温度プログラムで焼成した。すなわち、(a)常温から1100℃まで一定速度で4時間昇温する;(b)1100℃で4時間保持する;(c)1100℃から常温まで炉内冷却する。炉内冷却後、試験台から正極原料を取り除き、試験台の表面の剥離状況を観察した。
かかる耐蝕性試験は、上記(a)〜(c)を1サイクル/日の条件で繰り返し、試験台の状態(耐蝕性)をその都度評価した。なお、各試験台に載せる正極原料は、1サイクル毎に新しいものに更新した。
評価の結果を表3に示す。なお、表3中の「◎」は試験台から焼成体(正極活物質)を良好に除去できたものを示し、「○」は焼成体を除去する際に試験台の表層部分が一緒に剥がれたもの、換言すればリチウム成分等が耐火物の内部に浸透することにより当該耐火物に構造スポーリングを発生させて表面剥がれが起こったものを示し、「△」は試験台に焼成体(正極活物質)が付着したまま残るもの、即ちリチウム成分等の耐火物内部への浸透が著しいものを示している。
【0035】
【表3】
Figure 2004063261
【0036】
表3に示すように、比較例1〜5に係る試験台(焼成治具)は、腐蝕の進行が速く、7〜8サイクル後には焼成体(正極活物質)が試験台に付着して試験台の表層部ごと剥離し易くなっていた。
これに対し、実施例1に係る試験台(焼成治具)では、20サイクルの焼成を繰り返しても、焼成体(正極活物質)の除去が良好であった。また、各試験台について表面の変化を観察したところ、実施例1の試験台は1サイクル後に目立った損傷は見あたらず、表面がわずかに青色に変色する程度であった。10サイクル後には試験台の変色の度合いが幾分大きくなったものの依然目立った損傷は認められなかった。20サイクル後には、試験台の表面にわずかな侵蝕が見られたものの、表層剥離は認められなかった。
以上の結果から、実施例1に係る試験台は、各比較例のものと比較して正極原料に対する耐蝕性が極めて高いことが確認された。
【0037】
以上、本発明の具体例を詳細に説明したが、これらは例示にすぎず、特許請求の範囲を限定するものではない。特許請求の範囲に記載の技術には、以上に例示した具体例を様々に変形、変更したものが含まれる。
また、本明細書に説明した技術要素は、単独であるいは各種の組み合わせによって技術的有用性を発揮するものであり、出願時請求項記載の組み合わせに限定されるものではない。また、本明細書に例示した技術は複数目的を同時に達成するものであり、そのうちの一つの目的を達成すること自体で技術的有用性を持つものである。
【図面の簡単な説明】
【図1】本発明に係る正極原料焼成用耐火物の製造方法を説明するための工程図である。
【図2】本発明に係る正極原料焼成用耐火物の耐蝕性試験の条件を示す温度チャートである。[0001]
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 1. Field of the Invention The present invention relates to a refractory for firing a positive electrode material suitable for firing a positive electrode material of a lithium battery.
[0002]
2. Description of the Related Art As a positive electrode active material of a lithium battery, a composite oxide of lithium and a transition metal (one or more of cobalt, nickel, manganese, etc.) is known. This type of positive electrode active material is, for example, a positive electrode raw material obtained by mixing lithium oxide powder and another metal oxide powder (such as cobalt oxide powder) at an arbitrary ratio, and is accommodated in a firing jig such as a sagger. Is fired at a predetermined temperature in a firing furnace (Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open No. 2001-35492). The obtained active material (sintered body) is pulverized to an arbitrary size and used as a battery material.
[0003]
Conventionally, general-purpose refractories such as alumina, mullite, cordierite, andalusite, and corundum have been used as refractories for firing such a positive electrode material of a lithium battery. For example, in the example of Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open No. 2001-35492, a positive electrode material for a lithium secondary battery is fired using a sheath box made of a relatively inexpensive mullite-cordierite-based refractory to form a positive electrode for a lithium secondary battery. Manufactures active materials.
[0004]
However, when a conventional refractory is used as a firing jig, deterioration (corrosion) of the firing jig due to an alkali component or the like generated when firing a positive electrode material of a lithium battery is severe. It is difficult to obtain a sufficient durability life (the number of times of use until it becomes unusable due to surface peeling, etc.) In particular, a firing jig made of a mullite-cordierite refractory (Japanese Patent No. 2582443, Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open No. Hei 7-243771) has a remarkable deterioration (discoloration, surface peeling, etc.) due to firing of the positive electrode raw material, and has a durable life. There was a problem that was short.
[0005]
Therefore, the present invention has been created to solve the above problems, and one of the objects is to provide corrosion resistance to lithium and other alkali components and the like generated when baking the positive electrode raw material of a lithium battery (hereinafter, simply referred to as “battery”). An object of the present invention is to provide a refractory for firing a positive electrode raw material, which has improved corrosion resistance and has improved durability (lifetime) as compared with a conventional firing jig. Another object is to provide a firing jig substantially composed of such a refractory. Another object is to provide a method of manufacturing such a refractory and a firing jig. Another object is to produce a positive electrode active material for a lithium battery efficiently and inexpensively by using such a refractory and a firing jig.
[0006]
Means for Solving the Problems, Functions and Effects The present inventors have prepared samples containing various compounds as refractories for firing the positive electrode material of the lithium battery, and used the positive electrode material of the lithium battery. The corrosion resistance when fired was evaluated. In the case of a refractory formed of a ceramic material to which a lithium compound and a cobalt compound are added in an appropriate amount, which has not been conventionally blended with a firing material for manufacturing a refractory (hereinafter referred to as a “ceramic material”), a positive electrode material is fired. It has been found that the speed of progress of corrosion at the time is reduced, and the deterioration of the refractory is suppressed, and the present invention has been completed.
[0007]
That is, one of the refractories provided by the present invention is a refractory for firing a positive electrode material of a lithium battery, and is characterized by containing lithium and cobalt.
In this specification, “lithium battery” is a general term for batteries using lithium for the negative electrode. For example, a lithium ion storage battery (secondary battery) and a manganese dioxide lithium battery (primary battery) are typical examples included in the “lithium battery” in this specification.
[0008]
As a positive electrode material for a lithium battery, a mixture of a lithium compound and a transition metal compound is used. By reacting these compounds, a composite oxide (a positive electrode active material) of lithium and a transition metal is generated. The refractory of the present invention is suitable for producing a positive electrode active material by firing such a positive electrode material.
That is, as a result of the refractory having the above-described configuration containing both lithium and cobalt, the refractory hardly deteriorates (corrodes) when the positive electrode raw material is fired, and the durability life as the refractory is improved. In particular, it exhibits excellent corrosion resistance to a positive electrode material (for example, a combination of lithium carbonate or lithium oxide and cobalt oxide) composed of a lithium compound and a cobalt compound, and the durability of the refractory becomes extremely good.
Therefore, by using the refractory having this configuration, a firing jig for producing a lithium battery positive electrode active material having excellent durability life can be manufactured.
[0009]
One of the preferable refractories for firing the positive electrode raw material of the present invention is that the refractory (dry weight) has a lithium content of 2 to 5% by mass and a cobalt content of 2 to 5% by mass. Features.
When the contents of lithium and cobalt are 2% by mass or more and 5% by mass or less, respectively, there may be some variation, particularly high corrosion resistance is obtained.
[0010]
Another preferred refractory for firing the positive electrode raw material of the present invention is characterized in that the molar ratio Li / Co of lithium and cobalt is 8/10 to 10/8. Particularly preferred are those in which the molar ratio Li / Co of lithium and cobalt is close to 1 (for example, 9/10 to 10/9). As shown by such a molar ratio, the presence of substantially the same amount of lithium and cobalt provides particularly high corrosion resistance, and can effectively prevent deterioration due to alkali corrosion.
[0011]
A preferable refractory for firing the positive electrode raw material of the lithium battery can be manufactured by firing a ceramic raw material containing a lithium compound and a cobalt compound.
In the refractory material provided by the present invention, the ceramic material contains a lithium compound and a cobalt compound, and the synergistic effect of the lithium element and the cobalt element can improve the corrosion resistance to the cathode material of the lithium battery. .
[0012]
As the refractory of the present invention, there is provided a refractory mainly composed of at least one selected from the group consisting of alumina, mullite and cordierite.
Alumina is a ceramic material having excellent heat resistance, thermal shock resistance, corrosion resistance, and the like. Therefore, when the content of alumina is high, the corrosion resistance to the positive electrode raw material is further improved, and a high-quality refractory for firing the positive electrode raw material having excellent heat resistance, thermal shock resistance, corrosion resistance, and the like can be obtained.
On the other hand, since mullite and cordierite have low thermal expansion properties, the thermal shock resistance and spalling resistance of the refractory can be improved. Mullite and cordierite are generally inexpensive. Therefore, by using mullite and / or cordierite as a main component, a refractory for firing a positive electrode raw material can be manufactured at low cost. Therefore, by using such an inexpensive refractory having a long durability life, it becomes possible to efficiently produce a positive electrode active material of a lithium battery at low cost.
[0013]
The present invention also provides a firing jig substantially composed of any of the refractories described above. Such firing jigs (saggers, shelves, columns, etc.) can be suitably used for producing a positive electrode active material of a lithium battery because of their excellent corrosion resistance.
[0014]
The present invention also provides a method for producing a refractory. The production method mainly includes at least one selected from the group consisting of alumina, mullite, and cordierite, and includes a step of preparing a ceramic material containing a lithium compound and a cobalt compound, and a step of firing the ceramic material. I do.
According to this manufacturing method, a refractory excellent in corrosion resistance and suitable for firing a positive electrode material of a lithium battery (that is, for manufacturing a positive electrode active material) can be obtained.
[0015]
In the preferred production method of the present invention, when producing a refractory for firing a predetermined cathode material of a lithium battery, a compound substantially identical to the lithium compound contained in the cathode material (typically a chemical compound) is used as the lithium compound. The same or similar to each other; the same applies hereinafter). And / or a compound substantially the same as the cobalt compound contained in the positive electrode material is used as the cobalt compound.
As described above, the lithium compound and / or the cobalt compound contained in the positive electrode material and the lithium compound and / or the cobalt compound contained in the ceramic material for producing a refractory material are substantially matched, so that the refractory material obtained is Corrosion resistance to the positive electrode material (during firing) can be further improved.
[0016]
The present invention also provides a method for manufacturing a positive electrode active material of a lithium battery. This method comprises the steps of providing a firing jig substantially composed of any of the refractories provided by the present invention, accommodating a lithium battery positive electrode material in the firing jig, and firing the firing jig. And firing the positive electrode material contained in the tool in a kiln.
In this method, since the firing jig used has excellent corrosion resistance and good durability, the cost required for the firing jig and maintenance such as replacement of the firing jig are facilitated. Therefore, a desired positive electrode active material for a lithium battery can be manufactured at low cost and with high efficiency. That is, it becomes easy to provide a large amount of the positive electrode active material at low cost, and it is possible to reduce the manufacturing cost of the lithium battery.
[0017]
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS Preferred embodiments of the present invention will be described below. In addition, matters other than matters specifically mentioned in this specification (for example, physical and / or chemical characteristics of the refractory according to the present invention) and necessary for carrying out the present invention (for example, General matters relating to the process of firing the ceramic raw material for manufacturing) can be grasped as design matters of those skilled in the art based on the prior art. The present invention can be implemented based on the matters disclosed in this specification and common technical knowledge in the field.
[0018]
The refractory of the present invention can be obtained by firing a ceramic raw material prepared to contain lithium and cobalt. Typically, a ceramic material such as alumina, mullite, cordierite or the like can be produced by incorporating a lithium compound and a cobalt compound into a ceramic material, followed by firing under predetermined conditions.
As described above, alumina has excellent performance as a refractory, but as the content of alumina increases, the cost becomes relatively high. On the other hand, since mullite and cordierite have low thermal expansion properties, they can improve the thermal shock resistance of refractories and are relatively inexpensive. From this, it is preferable that the ceramic material that is the main ceramic material for producing the refractory of the present invention contains alumina and mullite and / or cordierite. The preferred content of these ceramics in the ceramic raw material is 30 to 40% by mass of alumina, 50 to 70% by mass of mullite and / or cordierite.
[0019]
Preferred lithium compounds that can be included in the ceramic raw material include lithium carbonate, lithium hydroxide, lithium oxide, and the like. On the other hand, as a preferable cobalt compound that can be contained in the ceramic raw material, cobalt oxide (CoO, Co 3 O 4 , Co 2 O 3 ), cobalt carbonate, cobalt hydroxide, or the like can be used.
In addition, it is preferable that the lithium compound and / or the cobalt compound used for the manufacture of the refractory are substantially the same as the positive electrode material to be fired using the refractory. It is particularly preferable that the chemical composition of the lithium compound and / or cobalt compound used is the same as the chemical composition of the lithium compound and / or cobalt compound contained in the positive electrode material to be fired.
For example, when the positive electrode material to be fired is a mixture of lithium carbonate (Li 2 CO 3 ) and cobalt oxide (CoO, Co 3 O 4 or Co 2 O 3 ), a lithium compound and a cobalt compound added to the ceramic material Is also preferably lithium carbonate and cobalt oxide. As described above, by matching the lithium compound and / or the cobalt compound contained in the positive electrode raw material with the lithium compound and / or the cobalt compound contained in the ceramic raw material for producing the refractory, lithium and cobalt during firing of the positive electrode material Can significantly improve the effect of suppressing the penetration of lithium composite oxides (such as LiCoO 2 ) into the refractory.
[0020]
The ceramic raw material for producing the refractory of the present invention may contain various auxiliary components (such as inorganic powders) in addition to the main components described above. For example, conventionally known various substances for improving the moldability and sinterability, the mechanical strength (bending strength, etc.) and the thermal shock resistance of the refractory can be contained as subcomponents. The proportion of the accessory component can be set as appropriate.
Examples of the subcomponent include inorganic materials such as zircon, chromia, nickel oxide, copper oxide, and titanium oxide. By mixing one or two or more of these in a ceramic material in an appropriate amount, it is possible to further improve the properties (corrosion resistance, thermal shock resistance, etc.) of the obtained refractory.
For example, zircon (ZrSiO 4 ) has a low wettability of zirconia to a lithium-containing substance (LiCoO 2 or the like), and therefore can exert an effect of suppressing penetration of a lithium component derived from a positive electrode material into a refractory structure. . Further, addition of nickel oxide can also contribute to suppression of penetration of lithium components.
[0021]
Another example of the accessory component is clay (typically, kaolin-based clay). By including the clay in the ceramic raw material, moldability and the like during the production of refractories can be improved. In addition, since the obtained refractory tends to have less cracks, corrosion resistance, thermal shock resistance and the like can be improved. The mixing amount of the clay with respect to the ceramic raw material can be appropriately set according to the content of the ceramic raw material. Although not particularly limited, a preferable content of the clay in the ceramic raw material is about 15 to 25% by mass. If the amount of the clay is too large, when the refractory (firing jig) is used under the condition of being exposed to the lithium component, abnormalities such as swelling may occur on the surface thereof, which is not preferable.
[0022]
Further, the refractory of the present invention is formed into a desired shape and used as various firing jigs. Saggers, shelves (setters and the like), columns, tiles, and the like are typical examples included in the firing jig. In particular, the refractory of the present invention is suitably used as a sagger storing the positive electrode material. The shape of the firing jig is not particularly limited, and is designed according to the application. For example, a sagger having any shape such as a box shape, a dish shape, a bowl shape, a bottomed cylindrical shape, and a mortar shape may be manufactured and used.
[0023]
Next, an example of manufacturing a firing jig made of the refractory of the present invention will be described with reference to FIG.
First, a ceramic raw material containing a lithium compound and a cobalt compound is prepared. This preparation step typically includes a weighing step 10 and a mixing step 20. In the weighing step 10, each of the ceramic materials, the forming aid, and, if necessary, other additives are weighed. Next, in the mixing step 20, the respective materials weighed in the step 10 are mixed by using a mixer such as a kneader or a fret mill for about 8 to 10 minutes, for example. At this time, a predetermined amount of water (for example, 5 to 20 parts by weight based on 100 parts by weight of the ceramic raw material) may be added at an appropriate timing.
[0024]
Subsequently, the ceramic material prepared (mixed) is fired. This firing step 50 typically includes a drying step 40. When a firing jig (such as a sagger) having a desired shape is manufactured, a forming step 30 is further included.
Typically, friction press in the molding process 30, from the formulation material obtained in the mixing step 20, for example, a molding pressure 450kgf / cm 2 (4413N / cm 2) approximately (preferably 4000~4500N / cm 2 or so) Alternatively, a molded body having a predetermined shape is produced by means such as wheel molding. Next, in a drying step 40, the formed body is dried, for example, at normal temperature for about 15 hours, and further dried at a temperature of about 50 ° C (preferably 40 to 70 ° C) for about 24 hours. Thereafter, in a firing step 50, the molded body dried in the step 40 is fired in a firing furnace such as a tunnel kiln at, for example, 1450 ° C (preferably 1350 to 1600 ° C) for about 3 hours.
[0025]
Next, an example of a method for producing a positive electrode active material of a lithium battery using the firing jig (sagger) according to the present invention will be described.
This production method includes a conventionally known positive electrode active material for a lithium battery, for example, a lithium-cobalt composite oxide (such as LiCoO 2 ), a lithium-nickel composite oxide (such as LiNiO 2 ), and a lithium-nickel-cobalt composite oxide. The present invention can be applied to the production of a positive electrode active material having any of a composition (eg, LiNi 0.8 Co 0.2 O 2 ) and a lithium-manganese compound (eg, LiMnO 2 ).
[0026]
First, a metal oxide powder having a composition corresponding to these active material compositions, or a mixture (a cathode raw material) containing a compound powder that becomes a metal oxide by firing is placed in a sagger and fired in a kiln under predetermined conditions. I do. By this firing, a target composite oxide (that is, a positive electrode active material) is generated. Preferred firing conditions for the positive electrode raw material may vary depending on the composition of the active material to be produced and the like, and are not particularly limited. Typically, the maximum firing temperature is 900 to 1500 ° C. for 0.5 to 6 hours. It is about. The firing conditions may be the same as those in the related art, and do not particularly characterize the present invention.
Thereafter, the active material obtained by firing is taken out of the sagger and crushed if necessary. Then, an organic vehicle or the like is added to the obtained pulverized material (active material powder) to prepare a paste, and the paste is attached (applied) to the surface of a current collector made of a metal or the like, thereby obtaining a lithium battery (for example, a lithium secondary battery). ) Electrode (positive electrode).
[0027]
The present invention will be described in more detail with reference to the following examples, but it is not intended to limit the present invention to those shown in the examples.
[0028]
[Production example of refractory for firing positive electrode material]
Ceramic raw materials were prepared by adding powdered lithium carbonate and cobalt oxide to a ceramic powder containing cordierite, mullite, alumina and the like. Table 1 shows the raw material mixing ratio.
[0029]
[Table 1]
Figure 2004063261
[0030]
To 100 parts by weight of the ceramic raw material having the composition shown in Table 1, 14 parts by weight of water and 0.8 part by weight of a lignin product ("Sun Extract (registered trademark)" manufactured by Nippon Paper Industries Co., Ltd.) were added, and a kneader was added. By a friction press with a molding pressure of 450 kgf / cm 2 (4413 N / cm 2 ), and a setter (target size after firing: 366 mm × 341 mm × 15 mm thickness) and a sagger (target size after firing: 366 mm × 341). × 125 mm × 10 to 15 mm thick).
In addition, a molded product for a potter's mortar (target size after firing: 350 mm × 10 to 15 mm thick) was produced by potter's wheel molding.
Then, it was baked at 1380 ° C. for 3 hours using a tunnel kiln to obtain refractories of various shapes (setters, saggers and potter's swords).
[0031]
[Corrosion resistance test]
Next, a corrosion resistance test was performed on the refractory for firing the positive electrode raw material.
That is, as a firing jig used in this test, a 5 cm square (thickness: about 1 cm) plate-shaped test table (Example 1) was manufactured according to the above-described production example. Test Bench (Example 1) A predetermined amount of lithium carbonate and cobalt oxide were added to the ceramic raw material for production. As a comparative example, test tables (Comparative Examples 1 to 5) were produced from ceramic raw materials containing no lithium and cobalt under the same conditions. Table 2 shows the mixing ratio of these ceramic raw materials.
[0032]
[Table 2]
Figure 2004063261
[0033]
Next, 4 g of the positive electrode raw material made of a mixture of lithium carbonate and cobalt oxide was formed into a cylindrical shape of about 25 φ × 7 mm, loaded on each test table, and fired in an electric furnace. The mixing ratio of lithium carbonate and cobalt oxide in the used positive electrode material was about 1/2 in weight ratio (lithium carbonate / cobalt oxide) and about 1/1 in molar ratio (Li / Co).
[0034]
As shown in FIG. 2, the positive electrode raw material was fired by the following temperature programs (a) to (c). That is, (a) the temperature is raised from room temperature to 1100 ° C. at a constant rate for 4 hours; (b) the temperature is maintained at 1100 ° C. for 4 hours; (c) the furnace is cooled from 1100 ° C. to room temperature. After cooling in the furnace, the positive electrode material was removed from the test table, and the state of peeling of the surface of the test table was observed.
In the corrosion resistance test, the above (a) to (c) were repeated under the condition of one cycle / day, and the state of the test table (corrosion resistance) was evaluated each time. The positive electrode material placed on each test bench was updated to a new one every cycle.
Table 3 shows the results of the evaluation. In Table 3, “◎” indicates that the fired body (positive electrode active material) was successfully removed from the test table, and “○” indicates that the surface layer of the test table was peeled off when removing the fired body. In other words, when the lithium component etc. permeated into the refractory, it caused structural spalling of the refractory and the surface was peeled off. The active material remains as it is, that is, a material in which a lithium component or the like has remarkably penetrated into the refractory.
[0035]
[Table 3]
Figure 2004063261
[0036]
As shown in Table 3, in the test tables (firing jigs) according to Comparative Examples 1 to 5, the corrosion progressed quickly, and after 7 to 8 cycles, the fired bodies (positive electrode active materials) adhered to the test tables and tested. The entire surface layer of the table was easily peeled off.
On the other hand, in the test stand (sintering jig) according to Example 1, the removal of the sintered body (positive electrode active material) was good even when the sintering was repeated for 20 cycles. In addition, when the surface of each test table was observed for change, the test table of Example 1 did not show any noticeable damage after one cycle, and the surface slightly discolored to blue. After 10 cycles, the discoloration of the test bench was somewhat increased, but no noticeable damage was still observed. After 20 cycles, slight erosion was observed on the surface of the test table, but no surface delamination was observed.
From the above results, it was confirmed that the test table according to Example 1 had extremely high corrosion resistance to the positive electrode material as compared with those of the comparative examples.
[0037]
As mentioned above, although the specific example of this invention was demonstrated in detail, these are only illustrations and do not limit a claim. The technology described in the claims includes various modifications and alterations of the specific examples illustrated above.
Further, the technical elements described in the present specification exhibit technical usefulness alone or in various combinations, and are not limited to the combinations described in the claims at the time of filing. Further, the technology exemplified in the present specification achieves a plurality of objects at the same time, and has technical utility by achieving one of the objects.
[Brief description of the drawings]
FIG. 1 is a process chart for explaining a method for producing a refractory for firing a positive electrode raw material according to the present invention.
FIG. 2 is a temperature chart showing conditions of a corrosion resistance test of a refractory for firing a positive electrode raw material according to the present invention.

Claims (10)

リチウム電池の正極原料を焼成するための耐火物であって、
リチウムおよびコバルトを含有する、耐火物。
A refractory for firing a positive electrode material of a lithium battery,
Refractory containing lithium and cobalt.
リチウムの含有率が2〜5質量%であり、且つ、コバルトの含有率が2〜5質量%である、請求項1に記載の耐火物。The refractory according to claim 1, wherein the content of lithium is 2 to 5% by mass and the content of cobalt is 2 to 5% by mass. リチウムとコバルトとのモル比Li/Coが、8/10〜10/8である、請求項2に記載の耐火物。The refractory according to claim 2, wherein the molar ratio Li / Co of lithium and cobalt is 8/10 to 10/8. リチウム電池の正極原料を焼成するための耐火物であって、
リチウム化合物およびコバルト化合物を含むセラミック原料を焼成することによって製造された耐火物。
A refractory for firing a positive electrode material of a lithium battery,
A refractory manufactured by firing a ceramic raw material containing a lithium compound and a cobalt compound.
アルミナ、ムライトおよびコージェライトから成る群から選択される少なくとも一種を主体に構成されている、請求項1〜4のいずれかに記載の耐火物。The refractory according to any one of claims 1 to 4, mainly comprising at least one selected from the group consisting of alumina, mullite and cordierite. 請求項1〜5のいずれかに記載の耐火物で実質的に構成された、リチウム電池の正極原料を焼成するための焼成治具。A firing jig for firing a positive electrode material of a lithium battery, substantially comprising the refractory according to any one of claims 1 to 5. リチウム電池の正極活物質を製造する方法であって、
請求項1〜5のいずれかに記載の耐火物で実質的に構成された焼成治具を準備する工程と、
前記焼成治具にリチウム電池用正極原料を収容する工程と、
前記焼成治具に収容された正極原料を窯炉内で焼成する工程と、
を包含する、リチウム電池用正極活物質製造方法。
A method for producing a positive electrode active material of a lithium battery,
A step of preparing a firing jig substantially composed of the refractory according to any one of claims 1 to 5,
A step of accommodating a positive electrode material for a lithium battery in the firing jig;
Firing the positive electrode material contained in the firing jig in a kiln;
A method for producing a positive electrode active material for a lithium battery, comprising:
耐火物を製造する方法であって、
アルミナ、ムライトおよびコージェライトから成る群から選択される少なくとも一種を主体とし、リチウム化合物およびコバルト化合物を含有するセラミック原料を調製する工程と、
該セラミック原料を焼成する工程と、
を包含する、耐火物の製造方法。
A method of manufacturing a refractory,
Alumina, based on at least one selected from the group consisting of mullite and cordierite, a step of preparing a ceramic raw material containing a lithium compound and a cobalt compound,
Firing the ceramic raw material,
A method for producing a refractory, comprising:
前記耐火物はリチウム電池の正極原料を焼成するためのものであり、
前記リチウム化合物として、該正極原料に含まれるリチウム化合物と実質同一の化合物を使用する、請求項8に記載の製造方法。
The refractory is for firing the cathode material of the lithium battery,
The method according to claim 8, wherein a compound substantially the same as the lithium compound contained in the positive electrode material is used as the lithium compound.
前記耐火物はリチウム電池の正極原料を焼成するためのものであり、
前記コバルト化合物として、該正極原料に含まれるコバルト化合物と実質同一の化合物を使用する、請求項8に記載の製造方法。
The refractory is for firing the cathode material of the lithium battery,
The method according to claim 8, wherein the cobalt compound is substantially the same as the cobalt compound contained in the cathode material.
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