JP2004028633A - Separation method of americium and curium, and heavy rare earth element - Google Patents

Separation method of americium and curium, and heavy rare earth element Download PDF

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JP2004028633A
JP2004028633A JP2002181749A JP2002181749A JP2004028633A JP 2004028633 A JP2004028633 A JP 2004028633A JP 2002181749 A JP2002181749 A JP 2002181749A JP 2002181749 A JP2002181749 A JP 2002181749A JP 2004028633 A JP2004028633 A JP 2004028633A
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rare earth
heavy rare
earth elements
adsorbent
solid adsorbent
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JP3889322B2 (en
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Etsushu Kuraoka
倉岡 悦周
Mikiro Kumagai
熊谷 幹郎
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Institute of Research and Innovation
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    • YGENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02EREDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
    • Y02E30/00Energy generation of nuclear origin
    • Y02E30/30Nuclear fission reactors
    • YGENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02WCLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO WASTEWATER TREATMENT OR WASTE MANAGEMENT
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Abstract

<P>PROBLEM TO BE SOLVED: To provide a method for efficiently and economically separating heavy rare earth elements contained in solution including Am and Cm recovered from high level radioactive waste liquid with a known process. <P>SOLUTION: Radioactive waste liquid containing separation object elements such as Am, Cm and heavy rare earth elements is contacted to solid adsorbent containing D2EHPA, part of or whole separation object element in radioactive waste liquid is adsorbed in solid adsorbent, the solid adsorbent is contacted to acid solution and Am, Cm and heavy rare earth elements are eluded in turn out of the solid adsorbent. <P>COPYRIGHT: (C)2004,JPO

Description

【0001】
【発明の属する技術分野】
この発明は、放射性廃液からアメリシウム(Am)およびキュリウム(Cm)と重希土類元素とを別個に分離する方法に関するものである。
【0002】
【従来の技術】
希土類元素とは、元素番号57〜71までの15個のランタニド元素と、元素番号21のスカンジウム(Sc)および元素番号39のイットリウム(Y)の総称である。重希土類元素とは、一般的に元素番号63〜71の原子量が比較的大きいランタニド元素およびこれらのランタニド元素と類似な化学的性質を有するイットリウムの元素群を指す。これ以外の希土類元素、即ち元素番号57〜62のランタニド元素とScを軽希土類元素と呼ぶ。なお、これらは必ずしも厳密的な科学性を有する絶対的な定義ではなく、また教科書等によっても若干違う定義が記述されている場合がある。本発明に関して、便宜上上述した定義を用いることとする。
【0003】
一般に、アメリシウム(Am)、キュリウム(Cm)、ジルコニウム(Zr)、モリブデン(Mo)、パラジウム(Pd)および希土類元素等の元素は、例えば原子力関連施設において使用済核燃料の再処理工程や核物質の製造・解体工程等で発生する高レベル放射性廃棄物由来の廃液中に含まれている。
【0004】
原子力施設から発生する高レベル放射性廃棄物とは、原子力発電所からの使用済燃料を再処理して有用なウラン(U)やプルトニウム(Pu)を回収する際に発生する核分裂生成物と超ウラン元素(原子番号92以降の放射性元素)を主とする放射性廃棄物をいう。再処理からは主として液体状で発生する。現在工業的に行われているピューレックス法と呼ばれる使用済み燃料の再処理プロセスでは、使用済み燃料を硝酸で溶解した後、リン酸トリブチル(以下、TBPという)を抽出剤として用いる溶媒抽出法によりUやPuを抽出分離して回収している。燃料溶解液中に含まれる種々の核分裂生成物や超ウラン元素は抽出残液に残り、この抽出残液は高レベル放射性廃液として発生する。また、使用済み燃料を溶解する工程や燃料溶解残渣を処理する工程においても、上述のような高レベル放射性廃液が発生している。さらに、海外の一部の機関ではUやPu等の核物質の製造生産、または核物質の解体利用においても、上述のような高レベル放射性廃液が発生している。
【0005】
なお、上述のような高レベル放射性廃液は、硝酸回収工程や蒸発濃縮工程を経て、最終的にガラス固化体の形態に加工してから地層深部に貯蔵する処分計画が現在進行中である。
【0006】
高レベル放射性廃液には、上述の再処理プロセスで完全に回収されなかった少量のU、Puのほかに、セシウム(Cs)等のアルカリ金属元素、ストロンチウム(Sr)やバリウム(Ba)等のアルカリ土類金属元素、ネオジム(Nd)やセリウム(Ce)、プロメチウム(Pm)、イットリウム(Y)等の希土類元素、ネプツニウム(Np)、アメリシウム(Am)、キュリウム(Cm)等のマイナーアクチニド元素、パラジウム(Pd)、ロジウム(Rh)、ルテニウム(Ru)等の白金族元素、ジルコニウム(Zr)やモリブデン(Mo)、ニオブ(Nb)、テクネチウム(Tc)等の約40元素の様々な核種が共存している。高レベル放射性廃液中に含まれる種々の元素をその放射能レベルや寿命、発熱性等の性質によって幾つかの元素グループに分離し(群分離)、それぞれ合理的な処理処分を講ずることは、廃棄物処分の経済性および効率性の向上、環境負荷の低減、資源の有効利用等の観点から極めて重要である。
【0007】
特に、高レベル放射性廃液中から半減期が数百年ないし1万年以上に及ぶ長寿命核種を持つAm、Cm等のマイナーアクチニドの分離回収技術の確立は、長期にわたる環境への放射性負荷の低減、廃棄物地層処分の経済性および効率性の向上に貢献して有益であることから、急務である。
【0008】
近年、世界各国では、高レベル放射性廃液中からAmおよびCm等のマイナーアクチニドを分離回収し、原子炉や加速器で安定核種または短寿命核種に変換する所謂「分離変換」の技術開発が精力的に進められている。しかし、現状においては、高レベル放射性廃液からAmおよびCm等のマイナーアクチニドを分離回収する有効な方法は未だ確立されていない。特に、高レベル放射性廃液中におけるAmおよびCmと希土類元素とは互いに類似の原子構造および化学的性質を示すため、相互分離が極めて困難である。これまでに高レベル放射性廃液からAmおよびCmを分離回収する目的で、抽出剤を用いる溶媒抽出法が中心に、種々の分離方法に関する研究開発が精力的に行われてきたが、十分に効率性と経済性を有する分離回収法がまだ開発されておらず、工業規模で実用化に至っていないのが現状である。
【0009】
溶媒抽出法の代表的なものとしては、公知のTRUEX法が挙げられる。TRUEX法は、ドデカン等の炭化水素溶剤に、octyl(phenyl)−N,N−diisobutylcarbamoylmethylphosphineoxide(オクチル(フェニル)−N,N−ジイソブチルカルバモイルメチルホスフィンオキシド。以下、CMPOという)とTBP混合溶媒を溶解して有機溶媒とし、高レベル放射性廃液にこの有機溶媒(以下、CMPO−TBP混合溶媒または単に有機相ともいう)を接触させて、AmおよびCmを抽出分離する方法である。即ち、TRUEX法によれば、CMPO−TBP混合溶媒中にAmやCm等の三価アクチニド元素が抽出され、一方、高レベル放射性廃液中の大部分の金属元素が抽出されずに水相中に残留する。しかしながら、CMPO−TBP混合溶媒による三価希土類元素の抽出性は、三価アクチニド元素と類似しているため、希土類元素もAmやCmと共に抽出されて、相互分離は不可能であった。
【0010】
また、近年高レベル放射性廃液中の三価アクチニドと希土類元素との分離を図るために、CMPO−TBP混合溶媒とジエチレントリアミン五酢酸(以下、DTPAという)等のアミノポリ酢酸系錯化剤との組み合わせを用いる新しい溶媒抽出法が提案されている(特開平9−80194号公報参照、以下、この発明の方法をSETFICSプロセスと呼ぶ)。このSETFICSプロセスでは、まず高レベル放射性廃液とCMPO−TBP混合溶媒とを接触させ、廃液中の三価アクチニドと希土類元素を一緒にCMPO−TBP混合溶媒中に抽出した後、硝酸ナトリウム(NaNO)などの塩析剤を有機相に添加して有機相中の硝酸を洗浄除去し、続いて三価アクチニドと錯形成能力が強いDTPAと前記塩析剤を含有する溶液を加えて三価アクチニドを有機相から水相中に逆抽出させ、希土類元素を有機相中に残して分離させる。この方法によれば、高レベル放射性廃液から三価アクチニドおよび希土類元素を良好に分離でき、また三価アクチニドと大部分の希土類元素(主として軽希土類元素)を良好に相互分離できる。
【0011】
一方、三価の重希土類元素とDTPAとの錯形成能力は三価アクチニドのそれとほぼ同等であるため、DTPAと前記塩析剤を含有する溶液を加えたとき、重希土類元素の大部分はアクチニドと共に水相中に逆抽出されることになる。即ち、この方法では三価アクチニドと大部分の重希土類元素との相互分離が不可能であった。
【0012】
また、本発明者らは高レベル放射性廃液からのAmやCm等の種々の元素を分離回収するために、CMPO等を含有する固体吸着剤による分離回収法を特許出願している(特願2002−180390、以下、この方法をMARECプロセスと呼ぶ)。このMARECプロセスは、CMPO等を含有する固体吸着剤による吸着工程およびDTPA等の数種の溶離剤による溶離工程の組み合わせにより、高レベル放射性廃液中に含まれる種々の元素の分離回収を行うものである。MARECプロセスでは、高レベル放射性廃液からAmやCm、希土類元素のみならず、Zr−Mo、Pdを分離回収することもできる。一方、MARECプロセスで回収されるAmとCmを含有する製品溶液中には、前記重希土類元素の大部分も混入している。
【0013】
高レベル放射性廃液中に含まれる重希土類元素の含有率は、元々の原子炉で使用される燃料の組成や燃焼度等に依存するが、通常のウラン燃料やウランとプルトニウムの混合酸化物燃料を使用する原子炉の使用済み燃料中に含まれる重希土類元素の重量は全希土類元素の重量の5〜10%程度である。即ち、軽希土類元素の重量は重希土類元素のそれに比べて圧倒的に多い。一方、前述したように、高レベル放射性廃液中から回収されたAmやCmを原子炉や加速器で安定核種または短寿命核種に変換させる「核変換」計画が進められている。「核変換」を行うとき、AmやCmに希土類元素が同伴すると、中性子毒(希土類元素による中性子吸収)になって核変換特性に悪影響を及ぼすことになる。従って、「核変換」を十分有効に行うためには、AmやCmから希土類元素を高度に分離除去することが急務である。
【0014】
しかしながら、前述したように三価のアクチニドと希土類元素、特に重希土類元素とは互いに類似な化学的特性を示すため、高度分離が極めて困難である。前記MARECプロセスやSETFICSプロセスにおいても、AmやCmと大部分の重希土類元素は相互分離できなかった。
【0015】
【発明が解決しようとする課題】
以上のように、使用済核燃料の再処理工程や核物質の生産または解体利用で発生する高レベル放射性廃液からAm、Cmを分離回収する従来の方法では、これらの元素と重希土類元素を有効にかつ経済的に相互分離できないため、「分離変換」技術の開発に支障を来すおそれがあるという課題があった。
【0016】
この発明は上記のような課題を解決するためになされたもので、高レベル放射性廃液からMARECプロセスやSETFICSプロセスにより回収されたAmやCmの製品溶液中に含まれている重希土類元素を効率的かつ経済的に分離する方法を得ることを目的とする。
【0017】
【課題を解決するための手段】
この発明に係るアメリシウムおよびキュリウムと重希土類元素との分離方法は、アメリシウム、キュリウムおよび重希土類元素等の分離対象元素を含有する放射性廃液を、リン酸ジ(2−エチルヘキシル)を含有する固体吸着剤と接触させ、前記放射性廃液中の分離対象元素の一部または全部を前記固体吸着剤に吸着させる吸着工程と、前記固体吸着剤を酸溶液に接触させ、前記固体吸着剤からアメリシウム、キュリウムおよび重希土類元素を順次溶出させる溶離工程とを備えたものである。
【0018】
この発明に係るアメリシウムおよびキュリウムと重希土類元素との分離方法は、リン酸ジ(2−エチルヘキシル)を含有する固体吸着剤として、多孔性シリカ担体粒子に有機高分子ポリマーを担持した複合担体に、リン酸ジ(2−エチルヘキシル)を担持した固体吸着剤を用いたものである。
【0019】
この発明に係るアメリシウムおよびキュリウムと重希土類元素との分離方法は、リン酸ジ(2−エチルヘキシル)を含有する固体吸着剤として、表面活性剤により表面親水化処理を施した固体吸着剤を用いたものである。
【0020】
この発明に係るアメリシウムおよびキュリウムと重希土類元素との分離回収方法の構成概要を各工程に分けて、さらに詳細に説明する。図1はAmおよびCmと重希土類元素との分離方法の構成概要を示す工程図である。
【0021】
1.吸着工程
使用済核燃料の再処理工程や核物質の製造・解体工程等で発生する高レベル放射性廃液は通常1〜6mol/l程度の硝酸を含む硝酸酸性溶液である。これは前記MARECプロセスやSETFICSプロセス、または他の分離回収プロセスによる元素(群)分離工程を経た後、Am、Cmおよび重希土類元素等の分離対象元素を含む硝酸酸性溶液(以下、単に処理液ともいう)が得られる。これは通常酸濃度が約1mol/l以下の硝酸酸性水溶液である。これをそのまま処理液として処理することができ、場合によって蒸発等の濃縮工程を経てから処理することもできる。なお、処理液中の硝酸濃度が約1mol/lを超える場合、これを公知の希釈法や中和法もしくは脱硝法により処理液中の硝酸濃度を約1mol/l以下、好ましくは約0.5mol/l以下(後述)に調整しておく。
【0022】
なお、一般的ではないが、処理液は硝酸酸性ではなく、塩酸酸性や硫酸酸性または弗酸酸性である場合もある。上述した本発明の方法は、硝酸酸性溶液に限らず、塩酸や硫酸または弗酸酸性溶液に対して同様に処理することができる。この場合、調整液や溶離液として硝酸の代わりに塩酸や硫酸または弗酸を用いること以外、硝酸酸性溶液における元素の分離操作とすべて同様である。以下、便宜上硝酸酸性溶液を例にして説明する。
【0023】
本発明では、まず処理液を吸着剤と接触させることにより、処理液中のAm、Cmおよび重希土類元素の一部または全部を吸着剤に吸着させる。
【0024】
吸着剤としては、他の吸着剤よりもAmおよびCmと重希土類元素との分離性能に優れたリン酸ジ(2−エチルヘキシル)(分子式:C1635P、以下D2EHPAという)を含有する固体吸着剤(以下、D2EHPA吸着剤という)が用いられる。このような吸着剤としては、D2EHPA試薬を市販の多孔性有機高分子ポリマービーズ(例えば、アンバライトXAD−4やXAD−7)の細孔内に含浸担持させて作ることは可能である。
【0025】
しかし、溶液から固体吸着剤へのイオンの吸着速度および固体吸着剤から水相溶液へのイオンの溶離速度は、固体吸着剤内におけるイオンの拡散速度によって支配される。公知の有機高分子ポリマービーズの細孔内に含浸担持した固体吸着剤は、溶液中の元素イオンに対する吸着速度および固体吸着剤からのイオンの溶離速度が遅く、分離操作の効率が悪い欠点があった。吸着剤粒子の粒径を小さくすれば、吸着と溶離速度を向上させることは可能であるが、その反面、ポリマーが水相中で膨潤する特性を有するため、カラム式による分離操作を行うとき通液時の圧力損失が著しく増大することになる。圧力損失の増加はカラム分離操作の安全性を低下させ、特に本発明のような放射性廃液を処理する場合、安全操作は最も重要な課題である。
【0026】
このような課題を解決するため、本発明者らは鋭意検討を重ねた結果、多孔性シリカ担体粒子に有機高分子ポリマーを担持した複合担体にD2EHPAを含浸担持した新規吸着剤を開発した。この吸着剤は粒径数十〜数百ミクロン程度の球状多孔質シリカ粒子の孔内にスチレン・ジビニルベンゼン系やアクリル系等の多孔性高分子ポリマーを重合させて得られたシリカ/ポリマー複合担体に、D2EHPAを含浸させて作製したものである。これらのシリカ/ポリマー複合担体担持型吸着剤は、ポリマー材がシリカの孔内に担持されているため、水相溶液におけるポリマーの膨潤が効果的に抑制され、通液時の圧力損失が公知の有機高分子ポリマービーズに担持したD2EHPA吸着剤に比べて著しく小さい。また、DD2EHPAを含有するポリマー部は粒径が小さいシリカ粒子内に分散担持されているため、遥かに速い吸着と溶離速度を有する。
【0027】
一方、D2EHPAの分子に疎水性が比較的強い長鎖のアルキル基を有するため、上記有機高分子ポリマービーズやシリカ/ポリマー複合担体に担持したD2EHPA吸着剤は強い疎水性を示して水相溶液において浮上しやすく沈降性が悪いため、カラム内での充填特性が悪く、分離操作を円滑に行えない。そこで、本発明者らは鋭意検討を重ねた結果、D2EHPA吸着剤を表面活性剤により表面親水化処理を施すことによって、カラム内でのD2EHPA吸着剤の充填特性が改善されることを見出した。
【0028】
表面活性剤は分子の一端に親水性の極性基を、他端に疎水性の非極性基を持っている。D2EHPA吸着剤の表面において、表面活性剤の非極性基が疎水結合という化学作用を通してD2EHPAの疎水基と結合し、極性基が外側に向かっているためD2EHPA吸着剤の表面に親水性が賦与されることになる。一方、D2EHPA吸着剤の金属イオンに対する吸着作用はD2EHPAの長鎖アルキル基(疎水基)ではなく、反対側のリン酸基によるものである。したがって、表面活性剤による疎水処理を施してもその吸着性能がほとんど影響されないことが認められた。表面活性剤の種類は多種多様であるが、非極性基として長鎖アルキル基やアルキルベンゼン基、極性基として硫酸基、スルホン酸基、カルボン酸基などの陰イオン基、またはアミン基やアンモニウム基などの陽イオン基を持つものは、いずれも好ましく利用することができる。なお、表面処理の方法として、例えば表面活性基を含む希薄な水溶液中にD2EHPA吸着剤を入れて混合・振蕩させた後、濾過等により溶液から吸着剤を分離すれば容易に行うことができる。
【0029】
D2EHPAは有機リン酸化合物であり、各種抽出剤の中で希土類元素同士に対し最も優れた分離性能を有する希土類分離用の抽出剤として知られている。しかしながら、AmやCmに対する抽出性能は一部の希土類元素と類似しているため、AmやCmと希土類元素との有効な分離は望めないとされてきた。本発明者らは、種々濃度の酸溶液中において、三価アクチニドと希土類元素に対するD2EHPA吸着剤の吸着性能を鋭意調べた結果、AmやCmと重希土類元素との間で吸着性に顕著な差異があることを見出した。
【0030】
硝酸溶液中におけるAmと代表的な希土類元素の吸着分配係数と溶液中の硝酸濃度との関係について測定した結果の一例を表1に示す。なお、D2EHPA吸着剤は、粒径50μm、孔径0.6μmの多孔性シリカ粒子内にスチレン・ジビニルベンゼンを共重合させてシリカ/ポリマー複合担体を調製した後、市販のD2EHPA試薬(東京化成)をジクロロメタン溶剤に溶解した液をシリカ/ポリマー複合担体に滲み込ませ、上記ジクロロメタン溶剤を蒸発除去して得られたものである。なお、得られたD2EHPA吸着剤を次のような方法により表面親水化処理を施した。吸着剤を0.5重量%のドデシル硫酸ナトリウム(CH(CH11OSONa)水溶液中に入れて1時間程振蕩させた後、濾過により吸着剤を溶液から分離した。なお、吸着剤には1g担体あたり0.5gのD2EHPAが担持されている。
【表1】

Figure 2004028633
【0031】
なお、表1中の吸着分配係数は、吸着平衡時における吸着剤中の金属イオン濃度と溶液中に残されている金属イオン濃度との比率として定義されている。吸着分配係数の値が大きいほど、吸着性が強いことを意味する。
【0032】
表1より、各元素の吸着分配係数は硝酸濃度の低下に伴って増加するが、Amおよび軽希土類元素のCeに比べ、EuとGdといった重希土類元素の吸着分配係数増加の度合いが著しく大きいことが分かる。硝酸濃度が0.5mol/l以下では、EuやGdとAmやCeとの分離係数(分配係数の比)は10〜35程度の大きな値を示している。一方、同表よりAmとCeはほぼ同様な分配係数の値を示すことが認められ、従ってAmの吸脱着挙動はCeで模擬できる。なお、Amより原子番号が1つ上のCmの吸着性は、同様に軽希土類元素に類似し、原子排列上PrやNdと極めて類似することが推定できる。従って、表1の測定結果から、AmやCmおよび重希土類元素を含有する約1mol/l以下(好ましくは0.5mol/l以下)の希硝酸溶液において、D2EHPA吸着剤により重希土類元素を優先的に吸着させることや、またD2EHPA吸着剤に吸着したAmやCmを重希土類元素より優先的に溶離させることが可能であると考えられる。
【0033】
なお、吸着剤中のD2EHPAの含有量は特に限定するものではなく、担体1gあたり0.1〜1g程度が好適である。本発明者らは、吸着剤中のD2EHPAの含有量が高いほどAm、Cmおよび希土類元素などの吸着容量は増加するが、吸着や溶離(脱着とも言う)速度は低下することが認められた。また、吸着温度も特に限定することもなく、通常工業的に容易に実現できる室温から80℃程度の範囲でよい。なお、温度を上げることによって吸着および溶離速度をある程度促進することが可能である。
【0034】
吸着操作には公知のカラム式またはバッチ式を好ましく利用することができるが、カラム式による多段クロマト分離操作は、より効果的に成分の分離が実現できる。カラム式では、吸着剤をカラムに詰めて処理液を通液し、溶液中の吸着性元素を吸着剤に吸着させる。バッチ式では、容器中に処理液および吸着剤を入れて撹拌または振蕩し、溶液中の吸着性元素を吸着剤に吸着させる。
【0035】
2.洗浄・溶離工程
上記吸着工程において吸着されなかった(または弱く吸着した)AmやCmを洗い出すために、吸着剤の隙間等を処理液とほぼ同濃度の希硝酸溶液で洗浄処理する。
【0036】
続いて、吸着剤に濃度1〜6mol/lの硝酸溶液を溶離剤として接触させることにより、吸着工程において吸着されたAm、Cmおよび重希土類元素を選択的に溶離させて相互分離を行う。表1に示したように、硝酸濃度の増大により各元素の分配係数が急激に低減するため、吸着剤から溶出する。このとき、Am、Cm、重希土類元素(元素番号が小さいものから順番に、但しYは最後に)の順番で溶出する。なお、図1に示したように、溶離において濃度が異なる2種類以上の硝酸溶液を低濃度のものから高濃度のものへ順次供給することにより、各元素の分離性能をさらに向上させることができる。CmとAmとの分離係数は2〜3程度であり、分離条件によっては一部のCmがAmと同伴して溶出することが予想される。一方、分離条件を精密に制御、例えばD2EHPA充填カラムによるクロマト分離の場合、カラムの長さを増やしたり、溶離剤としての硝酸濃度を細かく変化させたり、あるいは供液流速を遅くしたりして、AmとCmの分離度を高めることは十分可能である。なお、溶離剤として使用する硝酸溶液の濃度が高いほど、吸着された元素がより迅速に溶離されるが、6mol/l以上の濃厚な硝酸溶液では、酸化腐食性が強くなり吸着剤の劣化や配管・容器の腐食が顕著になるおそれがある。
【0037】
上記の溶離操作は吸着工程で記載したカラム式およびバッチ式と同様な方法で行うことができ、とくに、カラム式では各元素の分離度を高めるための多段クロマト分離操作は容易に実現できる。溶離操作の温度も吸着工程と同様に工業的に容易に実現する室温から80℃程度の範囲でよい。
【0038】
【発明の実施の形態】
以下、この発明の実施の一形態を説明する。
実施の形態1.
この実施の形態1は、高レベル放射性廃液に対し前記MARECプロセスないし他のプロセスによる元素(群)分離を行って得られたAm、Cmおよび重希土類元素等を含む溶液を模擬した処理液に対してこの発明を適用したAmおよびCmと重希土類元素との分離試験の一例であり、その分離試験をその手順に従って説明する。
【0039】
(1)処理液調製工程
処理液中に含まれる代表的な元素として、Ce(Amの模擬元素)、Nd(Cmの模擬元素)、Eu、Gdの各硝酸塩を、表2に示す組成に従って0.1mol/lの硝酸水溶液に溶解して、分離試験用の処理液(Am、Cmおよび重希土類元素等の模擬溶液)を得た。なお、以下の分離試験でカラムに導入した処理液の総量は30cmである。
【表2】
Figure 2004028633
【0040】
(2)カラム準備工程
上記処理液中のCe、Nd、Eu、Gdの吸着および溶離・回収はカラム式で行った。カラムとしては内径1cm、長さ100cmのジャケット付きガラスカラムを用い、このカラム中に、表1に示した試験の場合と同様に表面親水化処理を施したシリカ/ポリマー複合担体担持型D2EHPA吸着剤をスラリー状にして加圧充填した。ジャケットに温度25℃に調整した恒温水を循環させ、試験完了まで25℃に保温した。次に、上記カラムの上端より送液ポンプにより0.1mol/lの硝酸300cmを流速5cm/minで送液し、吸着剤のコンディショニングを行った。
【0041】
(3)吸着工程
上記カラムの上端より、送液ポンプにより流速1cm/minで上記処理液を供給して、吸着剤へのCe、Nd、Eu、Gdの吸着を行った。
【0042】
(4)洗浄工程
続いて、上記カラムに濃度0.1mol/lの硝酸水溶液30cmを上記と同様な操作により流速1cm/minで通液して、吸着剤の隙間およびカラム内壁の洗浄を行った。
【0043】
(5)溶離工程1
次いで、濃度1.0mol/lの硝酸水溶液20cmを上記と同様な操作により流速1cm/minでカラムに供給した。
【0044】
(6)溶離工程2
次いで、濃度2.0mol/lの硝酸水溶液20cmを上記と同様な操作により流速1cm/minでカラムに供給した。
【0045】
(7)溶離工程3
次いで、濃度3.0mol/lの硝酸水溶液30cmを上記と同様な操作により流速1cm/minでカラムに供給した。
【0046】
(8)採取・分析
カラムに通液した期間にカラム下端から流出した溶液を、フラクションコレクターにより約5cmずつ採取してゆき、各フラクション採取液中の金属濃度をICP (誘導結合高周波プラズマ)発光分析により定量分析した。その結果を表3に示す。
【表3】
Figure 2004028633
【0047】
表3から明らかなように、上記吸着工程でカラムに供給された処理液中のCe、Nd、Eu、Gdは全量吸着剤に吸着され、後に供給された溶離液(濃度1〜3mol/lの各硝酸溶液)とともに順次流出してきたことが分かる。同表より、CeとNdはカラム流出液の前半に同伴し、EuとGdはカラム流出液の後半に同伴して、CeおよびNdはEuおよびGdと良好に分離されたことがわかる。
【0048】
なお、前述したように、硝酸溶液における吸着挙動の類似性から、Am、Cmの分離挙動をそれぞれ軽希土類元素のCe、Ndを用いて模擬できることが分かる。
【0049】
以上のように、この実施の形態1によれば、吸着剤としてシリカ/ポリマー複合担体担持型のD2EHPA吸着剤を用いるように構成したので、Am、Cmおよび重希土類元素等を含む放射性溶液からAmおよびCmを重希土類元素が混入しない状態で効率よく分離回収できるという効果がある。
【0050】
この実施の形態1では、吸着剤として表面親水化処理を施したD2EHPA吸着剤を用いるように構成したので、カラム内での充填特性を改善して分離プロセスの操作性および効率性の向上を図ることができるという効果がある。
【0051】
【発明の効果】
以上説明したように、この発明によれば、Am、Cmおよび重希土類元素等の分離対象元素を含有する放射性廃液を、D2EHPAを含有する固体吸着剤と接触させ、前記放射性廃液中の分離対象元素の一部または全部を前記固体吸着剤に吸着させる吸着工程と、前記固体吸着剤を酸溶液に接触させ、前記固体吸着剤からAm、Cmおよび重希土類元素を順次溶出させる溶離工程とを備えるように構成したので、吸着および溶離工程においてAm、Cmおよび重希土類元素をこれらの順番で溶出させ、AmおよびCmと重希土類元素とを効率よく分離することができるという効果がある。従って、この発明は、高レベル放射性廃液からAm、Cmを分離回収する従来の方法では全く解決できなかったAmおよびCmと重希土類元素との相互分離の課題を解決し、核燃料サイクル事業における「分離変換」技術の発展の一助となることが期待できる。
【0052】
この発明によれば、他の吸着剤よりもAmやCmと重希土類元素との分離性能に優れ、吸着と溶離速度が速く、また充填カラム内での圧損が小さいシリカ/ポリマー複合担体担持型のD2EHPA吸着剤を用いるように構成したので、AmおよびCmと重希土類元素とを選択的に吸着・溶離させて効率よく分離することができるという効果がある。従って、分離プロセスの効率性、経済性および安全性の向上を図ることができるという効果がある。
【0053】
この発明によれば、D2EHPAを含有する固体吸着剤として、表面活性剤により表面親水化処理を施した固体吸着剤を用いるように構成したので、分離プロセスの操作性および効率性の向上が図れるという効果がある。
【0054】
この発明によれば、D2EHPAを、ドデカン等の炭化水素希釈剤で希釈することがなく、TBP等の付加的な有機溶媒を使用せずに、固体吸着剤として使用するように構成したので、処理工程で後処理が困難な放射性有機廃液の発生量を著しく低減できるという効果がある。
【0055】
この発明によれば、処理工程において金属塩やアンモニウムを含有する塩類を使用しないように構成したので、処理処分が困難な高塩濃度放射性廃液の発生を避けることができるという効果がある。
【図面の簡単な説明】
【図1】Am、Cmおよび重希土類元素等を含有する放射性廃液からAmおよびCmと重希土類元素との分離方法の構成概要を示す工程図である。[0001]
TECHNICAL FIELD OF THE INVENTION
The present invention relates to a method for separately separating americium (Am) and curium (Cm) from heavy radioactive liquid waste and heavy rare earth elements.
[0002]
[Prior art]
The rare earth element is a general term for 15 lanthanide elements with element numbers 57 to 71, scandium (Sc) with element number 21 and yttrium (Y) with element number 39. The heavy rare earth element generally refers to a lanthanide element having a relatively large atomic weight of element numbers 63 to 71 and a group of yttrium elements having chemical properties similar to these lanthanide elements. Other rare earth elements, that is, lanthanide elements with element numbers 57 to 62 and Sc are called light rare earth elements. Note that these are not necessarily absolute definitions having strict scientific properties, and that textbooks and the like may describe slightly different definitions. For the present invention, the above definitions will be used for convenience.
[0003]
In general, elements such as americium (Am), curium (Cm), zirconium (Zr), molybdenum (Mo), palladium (Pd), and rare earth elements are used in, for example, the reprocessing step of spent nuclear fuel in nuclear facilities and the nuclear material. It is contained in waste liquid derived from high-level radioactive waste generated in manufacturing and dismantling processes.
[0004]
High-level radioactive waste generated from nuclear facilities includes fission products and transuranium generated when spent fuel from nuclear power plants is reprocessed to recover useful uranium (U) and plutonium (Pu). It refers to radioactive waste mainly composed of elements (radioactive elements with atomic number 92 or later). It occurs mainly in liquid form from reprocessing. In the reprocessing process of spent fuel called the Purex method, which is currently being carried out industrially, a spent fuel is dissolved in nitric acid and then a solvent extraction method using tributyl phosphate (hereinafter referred to as TBP) as an extracting agent. U and Pu are extracted and separated and collected. Various fission products and transuranium elements contained in the fuel solution remain in the extraction residue, and the extraction residue is generated as high-level radioactive liquid waste. Also, in the step of dissolving spent fuel and the step of treating fuel dissolution residue, high-level radioactive liquid waste as described above is generated. In addition, some overseas institutions generate high-level radioactive liquid waste as described above in the production and production of nuclear materials such as U and Pu, or in the dismantling and utilization of nuclear materials.
[0005]
It is to be noted that a disposal plan in which the above-mentioned high-level radioactive liquid waste is finally processed into a vitrified form through a nitric acid recovery step and an evaporative concentration step and then stored in a deep part of the formation is currently in progress.
[0006]
The high-level radioactive liquid waste includes, in addition to a small amount of U and Pu not completely recovered by the above-described reprocessing process, alkali metal elements such as cesium (Cs) and alkali metals such as strontium (Sr) and barium (Ba). Earth metal elements, rare earth elements such as neodymium (Nd), cerium (Ce), promethium (Pm), yttrium (Y), minor actinide elements such as neptunium (Np), americium (Am), curium (Cm), and palladium Various nuclides of about 40 elements such as platinum group elements such as (Pd), rhodium (Rh) and ruthenium (Ru), and about 40 elements such as zirconium (Zr), molybdenum (Mo), niobium (Nb) and technetium (Tc) coexist. ing. Various elements contained in high-level radioactive liquid waste are separated into several element groups (group separation) according to their radioactivity level, life span, and properties such as heat build-up. It is extremely important from the viewpoint of improving the economics and efficiency of material disposal, reducing the environmental load, and effectively using resources.
[0007]
In particular, the establishment of separation and recovery technology for minor actinides such as Am and Cm, which have long-lived nuclides with high half-lives ranging from several hundred years to 10,000 years or more from high-level radioactive liquid waste, has been required to reduce the radioactive load on the environment for a long time. It is urgently necessary to contribute to the improvement of the economics and efficiency of geological disposal of waste.
[0008]
In recent years, various countries around the world have been vigorously pursuing the technology of so-called “separation and conversion” in which minor actinides such as Am and Cm are separated and recovered from high-level radioactive effluents and converted into stable or short-lived nuclides in reactors and accelerators. Is underway. However, at present, an effective method for separating and recovering minor actinides such as Am and Cm from high-level radioactive liquid waste has not yet been established. In particular, since Am and Cm and the rare earth element in the high-level radioactive waste liquid show similar atomic structures and chemical properties to each other, it is extremely difficult to separate them from each other. Until now, research and development on various separation methods have been energetically conducted with the aim of separating and recovering Am and Cm from high-level radioactive liquid waste, mainly in solvent extraction methods using extractants. At present, a separation and recovery method having economical efficiency has not yet been developed, and has not yet been put to practical use on an industrial scale.
[0009]
A typical example of the solvent extraction method is a known TRUEX method. In the TRUEX method, octyl (phenyl) -N, N-diisobutylcarbamoylmethylphosphineoxide (octyl (phenyl) -N, N-diisobutylcarbamoylmethylphosphine oxide; hereinafter referred to as a mixed solvent of CMPO) is dissolved in a hydrocarbon solvent such as dodecane. A high-level radioactive liquid waste is brought into contact with this organic solvent (hereinafter also referred to as a mixed solvent of CMPO-TBP or simply an organic phase) to extract and separate Am and Cm. That is, according to the TRUEX method, trivalent actinide elements such as Am and Cm are extracted into the CMPO-TBP mixed solvent, while most of the metal elements in the high-level radioactive waste liquid are not extracted but into the aqueous phase. Remains. However, since the extractability of the trivalent rare earth element by the mixed solvent of CMPO-TBP is similar to the trivalent actinide element, the rare earth element was also extracted together with Am and Cm, and mutual separation was impossible.
[0010]
In recent years, in order to separate trivalent actinides and rare earth elements in high-level radioactive waste liquid, a combination of a mixed solvent of CMPO-TBP and an aminopolyacetic acid complexing agent such as diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid (hereinafter referred to as DTPA) has been used. A new solvent extraction method to be used has been proposed (see Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open No. 9-80194; hereinafter, the method of the present invention is referred to as a SETFICS process). In this SETFICS process, first, a high-level radioactive waste liquid is brought into contact with a mixed solvent of CMPO-TBP, and trivalent actinide and a rare earth element in the waste liquid are extracted together in a mixed solvent of CMPO-TBP, and then sodium nitrate (NaNO 3 ). A salting-out agent such as is added to the organic phase to wash and remove nitric acid in the organic phase. Subsequently, a solution containing DTPA, which has a strong ability to form a complex with trivalent actinide, and a solution containing the salting-out agent is added to remove trivalent actinide. The organic phase is back-extracted into the aqueous phase and the rare earth elements are separated leaving the organic phase. According to this method, the trivalent actinide and the rare earth element can be satisfactorily separated from the high-level radioactive liquid waste, and the trivalent actinide and most of the rare earth elements (mainly light rare earth elements) can be satisfactorily separated from each other.
[0011]
On the other hand, since the complexing ability between trivalent heavy rare earth element and DTPA is almost the same as that of trivalent actinide, when a solution containing DTPA and the above salting-out agent is added, most of the heavy rare earth element is actinide. At the same time, it is back-extracted into the aqueous phase. That is, this method cannot separate the trivalent actinide from most of the heavy rare earth elements.
[0012]
In addition, the present inventors filed a patent application for a separation and recovery method using a solid adsorbent containing CMPO and the like in order to separate and recover various elements such as Am and Cm from a high-level radioactive waste liquid (Japanese Patent Application No. 2002). -180390, hereinafter this method is referred to as the MAREC process). The MAREC process separates and recovers various elements contained in high-level radioactive waste liquid by a combination of an adsorption step using a solid adsorbent containing CMPO and the like and an elution step using several kinds of eluents such as DTPA. is there. In the MAREC process, not only Am, Cm and rare earth elements but also Zr-Mo and Pd can be separated and recovered from high-level radioactive liquid waste. On the other hand, most of the heavy rare earth elements are mixed in the product solution containing Am and Cm recovered in the MAREC process.
[0013]
The content of heavy rare earth elements contained in high-level radioactive liquid waste depends on the composition and burnup of the fuel used in the original nuclear reactor, but it is difficult to use ordinary uranium fuel or mixed oxide fuel of uranium and plutonium. The weight of heavy rare earth elements contained in the spent fuel of the nuclear reactor used is about 5 to 10% of the weight of all rare earth elements. That is, the weight of the light rare earth element is much larger than that of the heavy rare earth element. On the other hand, as described above, a “nuclear transmutation” plan for converting Am or Cm recovered from high-level radioactive waste liquid into stable nuclides or short-lived nuclides in a nuclear reactor or accelerator is under way. When performing "transmutation", if a rare earth element accompanies Am or Cm, it becomes a neutron poison (neutron absorption by the rare earth element) and adversely affects the transmutation characteristics. Therefore, in order to perform “transmutation” sufficiently effectively, it is urgently necessary to highly separate and remove rare earth elements from Am and Cm.
[0014]
However, as described above, trivalent actinides and rare earth elements, particularly heavy rare earth elements, exhibit chemical properties similar to each other, and thus it is extremely difficult to perform high-level separation. Also in the MAREC process and the SETFICS process, Am and Cm and most heavy rare earth elements could not be separated from each other.
[0015]
[Problems to be solved by the invention]
As described above, in the conventional method of separating and recovering Am and Cm from the high-level radioactive waste liquid generated in the reprocessing step of spent nuclear fuel and the production or dismantling of nuclear material, these elements and heavy rare earth elements can be effectively used. In addition, since they cannot be separated economically, there is a problem that the development of the “separation conversion” technology may be hindered.
[0016]
The present invention has been made in order to solve the above problems, and efficiently removes heavy rare earth elements contained in a product solution of Am or Cm recovered from a high-level radioactive waste liquid by a MAREC process or a SETFICS process. It is intended to obtain a method for separating economically.
[0017]
[Means for Solving the Problems]
The method for separating americium and curium from heavy rare earth elements according to the present invention comprises the steps of: converting a radioactive waste liquid containing elements to be separated such as americium, curium and heavy rare earth elements into a solid adsorbent containing di (2-ethylhexyl) phosphate; Contacting the solid adsorbent with the solid adsorbent, and contacting the solid adsorbent with an acid solution to remove americium, curium and heavy water from the solid adsorbent. An elution step of sequentially eluting the rare earth elements.
[0018]
The method for separating americium and curium from heavy rare earth elements according to the present invention is characterized in that, as a solid adsorbent containing di (2-ethylhexyl) phosphate, a composite carrier in which porous silica carrier particles carry an organic polymer is used. This uses a solid adsorbent supporting di (2-ethylhexyl) phosphate.
[0019]
The method for separating americium and curium from heavy rare earth elements according to the present invention uses a solid adsorbent that has been subjected to a surface hydrophilization treatment with a surfactant as a solid adsorbent containing di (2-ethylhexyl) phosphate. Things.
[0020]
The outline of the structure of the method for separating and recovering americium and curium from heavy rare earth elements according to the present invention will be described in more detail by dividing into respective steps. FIG. 1 is a process diagram showing an outline of the configuration of a method for separating Am and Cm from heavy rare earth elements.
[0021]
1. Adsorption Step The high-level radioactive liquid waste generated in the reprocessing step of spent nuclear fuel or the production / disassembly step of nuclear material is usually a nitric acid solution containing about 1 to 6 mol / l of nitric acid. This is because after passing through an element (group) separation step by the MAREC process, the SETFICS process, or another separation and recovery process, a nitric acid solution containing an element to be separated such as Am, Cm, or a heavy rare earth element (hereinafter, simply referred to as a treatment liquid). Is obtained. This is usually an aqueous solution of a nitric acid having an acid concentration of about 1 mol / l or less. This can be processed as a processing liquid as it is, and in some cases, can be processed after a concentration step such as evaporation. When the nitric acid concentration in the treatment liquid exceeds about 1 mol / l, the nitric acid concentration in the treatment liquid is reduced to about 1 mol / l or less, preferably about 0.5 mol, by a known dilution method, neutralization method or denitration method. / L or less (described later).
[0022]
Although not common, the treatment liquid may not be acidic with nitric acid, but may be acidic with hydrochloric acid, sulfuric acid, or hydrofluoric acid. The above-mentioned method of the present invention can be similarly applied to not only a nitric acid acidic solution but also a hydrochloric acid, a sulfuric acid or a hydrofluoric acid acidic solution. In this case, except for using hydrochloric acid, sulfuric acid, or hydrofluoric acid instead of nitric acid as the adjusting solution or the eluent, the operation for separating elements in the nitric acid acidic solution is all the same. Hereinafter, a description will be given using a nitric acid acidic solution as an example for convenience.
[0023]
In the present invention, first, a part or all of Am, Cm and heavy rare earth elements in the treatment liquid are adsorbed by the adsorbent by bringing the treatment liquid into contact with the adsorbent.
[0024]
As the adsorbent, di (2-ethylhexyl) phosphate (molecular formula: C 16 H 35 O 4 P, hereinafter referred to as D2EHPA) which is superior in separation performance of Am and Cm and heavy rare earth elements as compared with other adsorbents is contained. Solid adsorbent (hereinafter, referred to as D2EHPA adsorbent) is used. Such an adsorbent can be prepared by impregnating and supporting a D2EHPA reagent in the pores of commercially available porous organic polymer beads (for example, Amberlite XAD-4 or XAD-7).
[0025]
However, the rate of ion adsorption from the solution to the solid adsorbent and the rate of ion elution from the solid adsorbent to the aqueous phase solution are governed by the rate of ion diffusion within the solid adsorbent. The solid adsorbent impregnated and supported in the pores of the known organic polymer beads has a disadvantage that the adsorption speed for elemental ions in the solution and the elution speed of ions from the solid adsorbent are slow, and the efficiency of the separation operation is poor. Was. It is possible to improve the adsorption and elution speed by reducing the particle size of the adsorbent particles, but on the other hand, since the polymer has the property of swelling in the aqueous phase, it is generally used when performing column-based separation operations. The pressure loss in liquid will increase significantly. The increase in pressure loss reduces the safety of the column separation operation, and especially when treating a radioactive waste liquid as in the present invention, the safety operation is the most important issue.
[0026]
In order to solve such problems, the present inventors have conducted intensive studies and, as a result, have developed a novel adsorbent in which D2EHPA is impregnated and supported on a composite carrier in which porous silica carrier particles carry an organic polymer. This adsorbent is a silica / polymer composite carrier obtained by polymerizing a porous high molecular polymer such as styrene / divinylbenzene or acrylic in the pores of spherical porous silica particles having a particle size of several tens to several hundreds of microns. Was impregnated with D2EHPA. In these silica / polymer composite carrier-supported adsorbents, since the polymer material is supported in the pores of the silica, the swelling of the polymer in the aqueous phase solution is effectively suppressed, and the pressure loss during passage is known. It is significantly smaller than the D2EHPA adsorbent supported on organic polymer beads. Further, since the polymer portion containing DD2EHPA is dispersed and supported in silica particles having a small particle diameter, it has a much faster adsorption and elution speed.
[0027]
On the other hand, since the D2EHPA molecule has a long-chain alkyl group having relatively strong hydrophobicity in the molecule, the D2EHPA adsorbent supported on the organic polymer beads and the silica / polymer composite carrier exhibits strong hydrophobicity, and thus is difficult to be used in an aqueous phase solution. Since it is easy to float and has poor sedimentation, the packing characteristics in the column are poor, and the separation operation cannot be performed smoothly. Therefore, the present inventors have made intensive studies, and as a result, have found that the filling property of the D2EHPA adsorbent in the column is improved by subjecting the D2EHPA adsorbent to a surface hydrophilic treatment with a surfactant.
[0028]
Surfactants have a hydrophilic polar group at one end of the molecule and a hydrophobic non-polar group at the other end. On the surface of the D2EHPA adsorbent, the non-polar group of the surfactant binds to the hydrophobic group of D2EHPA through a chemical action called a hydrophobic bond, and since the polar group faces outward, hydrophilicity is imparted to the surface of the D2EHPA adsorbent. Will be. On the other hand, the adsorption action of D2EHPA adsorbent on metal ions is not due to the long-chain alkyl group (hydrophobic group) of D2EHPA but to the phosphate group on the opposite side. Therefore, it was recognized that even if the hydrophobic treatment with the surfactant was performed, the adsorption performance was hardly affected. There are many types of surfactants, but long-chain alkyl groups and alkylbenzene groups as non-polar groups, sulfate groups, sulfonic acid groups, carboxylic acid groups and other anionic groups as polar groups, or amine groups and ammonium groups. Any of those having a cationic group can be preferably used. The surface treatment can be easily performed by, for example, putting a D2EHPA adsorbent in a dilute aqueous solution containing a surface active group, mixing and shaking, and separating the adsorbent from the solution by filtration or the like.
[0029]
D2EHPA is an organic phosphoric acid compound, and is known as an extractant for rare earth separation having the best separation performance between rare earth elements among various extractants. However, since the extraction performance for Am and Cm is similar to some rare earth elements, it has been said that effective separation between Am and Cm and the rare earth element cannot be expected. The present inventors have conducted intensive studies on the adsorption performance of D2EHPA adsorbents for trivalent actinides and rare earth elements in acid solutions of various concentrations, and found that there is a remarkable difference in the adsorbability between Am and Cm and heavy rare earth elements. I found that there is.
[0030]
Table 1 shows an example of the measurement results of the relationship between the adsorption partition coefficient of Am and a typical rare earth element in a nitric acid solution and the nitric acid concentration in the solution. The D2EHPA adsorbent was prepared by copolymerizing styrene / divinylbenzene in porous silica particles having a particle diameter of 50 μm and a pore diameter of 0.6 μm to prepare a silica / polymer composite carrier, and then using a commercially available D2EHPA reagent (Tokyo Kasei). It is obtained by infiltrating a solution dissolved in a dichloromethane solvent into a silica / polymer composite carrier and evaporating and removing the dichloromethane solvent. The obtained D2EHPA adsorbent was subjected to a surface hydrophilization treatment by the following method. The adsorbent was placed in a 0.5% by weight aqueous solution of sodium dodecyl sulfate (CH 3 (CH 2 ) 11 OSO 3 Na), shaken for about 1 hour, and then the adsorbent was separated from the solution by filtration. The adsorbent carries 0.5 g of D2EHPA per 1 g of carrier.
[Table 1]
Figure 2004028633
[0031]
The adsorption partition coefficient in Table 1 is defined as the ratio between the concentration of metal ions in the adsorbent at the time of adsorption equilibrium and the concentration of metal ions remaining in the solution. The larger the value of the adsorption distribution coefficient, the stronger the adsorptivity.
[0032]
From Table 1, it can be seen that the adsorption partition coefficient of each element increases as the nitric acid concentration decreases, but the degree of increase in the adsorption partition coefficient of heavy rare earth elements such as Eu and Gd is significantly greater than that of Ce and light rare earth elements Ce. I understand. When the nitric acid concentration is 0.5 mol / l or less, the separation coefficient (partition coefficient ratio) between Eu or Gd and Am or Ce shows a large value of about 10 to 35. On the other hand, it can be seen from the table that Am and Ce exhibit almost the same value of the distribution coefficient, and therefore the adsorption / desorption behavior of Am can be simulated by Ce. It should be noted that the adsorptivity of Cm, whose atomic number is one higher than that of Am, is also similar to light rare earth elements, and can be presumed to be extremely similar to Pr and Nd in atomic arrangement. Therefore, from the measurement results in Table 1, the heavy rare earth element is preferentially removed by the D2EHPA adsorbent in a dilute nitric acid solution of about 1 mol / l or less (preferably 0.5 mol / l or less) containing Am, Cm, and heavy rare earth element. It is thought that it is possible to make Am and Cm adsorbed to the D2EHPA adsorbent preferentially eluted from heavy rare earth elements.
[0033]
The content of D2EHPA in the adsorbent is not particularly limited, and is preferably about 0.1 to 1 g per 1 g of the carrier. The present inventors have found that the higher the content of D2EHPA in the adsorbent, the higher the adsorption capacity of Am, Cm and rare earth elements, but the lower the rate of adsorption and elution (also called desorption). Also, the adsorption temperature is not particularly limited, and may be in the range of room temperature to about 80 ° C. which can be easily industrially realized. It should be noted that increasing the temperature can accelerate the adsorption and elution rates to some extent.
[0034]
For the adsorption operation, a known column type or batch type can be preferably used, but the multistage chromatographic separation operation by the column type can realize more effective separation of components. In the column type, an adsorbent is packed in a column, a treatment liquid is passed through, and the adsorbent element in the solution is adsorbed by the adsorbent. In the batch method, the treatment liquid and the adsorbent are placed in a container and stirred or shaken to adsorb the adsorbable elements in the solution to the adsorbent.
[0035]
2. Washing / Eluting Step In order to wash out Am and Cm not adsorbed (or weakly adsorbed) in the above adsorbing step, the gaps between the adsorbents are washed with a dilute nitric acid solution having substantially the same concentration as the treatment liquid.
[0036]
Subsequently, by bringing a nitric acid solution having a concentration of 1 to 6 mol / l into contact with the adsorbent as an eluent, Am, Cm and heavy rare earth elements adsorbed in the adsorption step are selectively eluted to perform mutual separation. As shown in Table 1, since the distribution coefficient of each element sharply decreases as the nitric acid concentration increases, the element elutes from the adsorbent. At this time, elution is performed in the order of Am, Cm, and heavy rare earth elements (in order of the element number is small, but Y is last). As shown in FIG. 1, the separation performance of each element can be further improved by sequentially supplying two or more types of nitric acid solutions having different concentrations in the elution from the lower concentration to the higher concentration. . The separation coefficient between Cm and Am is about 2-3, and it is expected that some Cm will elute together with Am depending on the separation conditions. On the other hand, the separation conditions are precisely controlled, for example, in the case of chromatographic separation using a column packed with D2EHPA, the length of the column is increased, the concentration of nitric acid as an eluent is finely changed, or the flow rate of the liquid is reduced. It is sufficiently possible to increase the degree of separation between Am and Cm. In addition, the higher the concentration of the nitric acid solution used as the eluent, the faster the adsorbed element is eluted. However, in the case of a concentrated nitric acid solution of 6 mol / l or more, the oxidative corrosiveness becomes strong and the adsorbent deteriorates and Corrosion of piping and containers may be significant.
[0037]
The above-mentioned elution operation can be performed by the same method as the column type and batch type described in the adsorption step. In particular, in the column type, a multistage chromatographic separation operation for increasing the degree of separation of each element can be easily realized. The temperature of the elution operation may be in the range of room temperature to about 80 ° C., which is industrially easily realized as in the case of the adsorption step.
[0038]
BEST MODE FOR CARRYING OUT THE INVENTION
Hereinafter, an embodiment of the present invention will be described.
Embodiment 1 FIG.
The first embodiment is directed to a treatment solution simulating a solution containing Am, Cm, a heavy rare earth element, and the like obtained by performing element (group) separation by the MAREC process or another process on a high-level radioactive waste solution. 1 is an example of a separation test of Am and Cm and heavy rare earth elements to which the present invention is applied, and the separation test will be described according to the procedure.
[0039]
(1) Treatment liquid preparation step As a typical element contained in the treatment liquid, each nitrate of Ce (a simulated element of Am), Nd (a simulated element of Cm), Eu, and Gd is added according to the composition shown in Table 2. Dissolved in a 0.1 mol / l aqueous solution of nitric acid to obtain a treatment solution (simulated solution of Am, Cm, heavy rare earth element, etc.) for a separation test. The total amount of the processing solution introduced into the column in the following separation test was 30 cm 3 .
[Table 2]
Figure 2004028633
[0040]
(2) Column Preparation Step The adsorption, elution and recovery of Ce, Nd, Eu, and Gd in the above-mentioned processing solution were performed by a column method. As a column, a jacketed glass column having an inner diameter of 1 cm and a length of 100 cm was used, and a silica / polymer composite carrier-supported D2EHPA adsorbent having a surface hydrophilized in the same manner as in the test shown in Table 1 was used in this column. Was made into a slurry and filled under pressure. Constant temperature water adjusted to a temperature of 25 ° C. was circulated through the jacket and kept at 25 ° C. until the test was completed. Next, 300 cm 3 of 0.1 mol / l nitric acid was sent from the upper end of the column by a liquid sending pump at a flow rate of 5 cm 3 / min to condition the adsorbent.
[0041]
(3) Adsorption step The above treatment liquid was supplied from the upper end of the column by a liquid sending pump at a flow rate of 1 cm 3 / min, and Ce, Nd, Eu, and Gd were adsorbed on the adsorbent.
[0042]
(4) Washing Step Subsequently, 30 cm 3 of a 0.1 mol / l nitric acid aqueous solution was passed through the column at a flow rate of 1 cm 3 / min by the same operation as above to wash the gap between the adsorbents and the inner wall of the column. went.
[0043]
(5) Elution step 1
Next, 20 cm 3 of a nitric acid aqueous solution having a concentration of 1.0 mol / l was supplied to the column at a flow rate of 1 cm 3 / min by the same operation as above.
[0044]
(6) Elution step 2
Next, 20 cm 3 of a 2.0 mol / l nitric acid aqueous solution was supplied to the column at a flow rate of 1 cm 3 / min by the same operation as above.
[0045]
(7) Elution step 3
Subsequently, 30 cm 3 of a nitric acid aqueous solution having a concentration of 3.0 mol / l was supplied to the column at a flow rate of 1 cm 3 / min by the same operation as described above.
[0046]
(8) was flowing out from the column bottom to the period of time that passed through the sampling and analytical column solution, Yuki was taken by about 5 cm 3 by a fraction collector, a metal concentration ICP (inductively coupled plasma) of each fraction collected liquid emission Quantitative analysis was performed by analysis. Table 3 shows the results.
[Table 3]
Figure 2004028633
[0047]
As is clear from Table 3, the total amount of Ce, Nd, Eu and Gd in the processing solution supplied to the column in the above-mentioned adsorption step is adsorbed by the adsorbent, and the eluent (concentration of 1 to 3 mol / l) supplied later is supplied. It can be seen that they sequentially flowed out along with each nitric acid solution). The table shows that Ce and Nd were entrained in the first half of the column effluent, Eu and Gd were entrained in the second half of the column effluent, and Ce and Nd were well separated from Eu and Gd.
[0048]
As described above, it can be seen from the similarity of the adsorption behavior in the nitric acid solution that the separation behavior of Am and Cm can be simulated using the light rare earth elements Ce and Nd, respectively.
[0049]
As described above, according to the first embodiment, the silica / polymer composite carrier-carrying type D2EHPA adsorbent is used as the adsorbent, so that Am, Cm, a radioactive solution containing heavy rare earth elements, etc. And Cm can be efficiently separated and recovered without heavy rare earth elements.
[0050]
In the first embodiment, since the D2EHPA adsorbent having been subjected to the surface hydrophilization treatment is used as the adsorbent, the packing characteristics in the column are improved to improve the operability and efficiency of the separation process. There is an effect that can be.
[0051]
【The invention's effect】
As described above, according to the present invention, a radioactive waste liquid containing an element to be separated such as Am, Cm and heavy rare earth element is brought into contact with a solid adsorbent containing D2EHPA, and the element to be separated in the radioactive waste liquid is contacted. And an elution step of contacting the solid adsorbent with an acid solution to sequentially elute Am, Cm and heavy rare earth elements from the solid adsorbent. Since Am, Cm and heavy rare earth elements are eluted in this order in the adsorption and elution steps, there is an effect that Am and Cm can be efficiently separated from heavy rare earth elements. Therefore, the present invention solves the problem of mutual separation of Am and Cm from heavy rare earth elements, which could not be solved at all by the conventional method of separating and recovering Am and Cm from high-level radioactive liquid waste, and has developed “separation” in the nuclear fuel cycle business. It can be expected to help the development of "transformation" technology.
[0052]
ADVANTAGE OF THE INVENTION According to this invention, the separation performance of Am or Cm and a heavy rare earth element is excellent compared with other adsorbents, the adsorption and elution speed are fast, and the pressure loss in the packed column is small. Since the D2EHPA adsorbent is used, there is an effect that Am and Cm and heavy rare earth elements can be selectively adsorbed and eluted to efficiently separate them. Therefore, there is an effect that the efficiency, economy and safety of the separation process can be improved.
[0053]
According to the present invention, the solid adsorbent that has been subjected to a surface hydrophilization treatment with a surfactant is used as the solid adsorbent containing D2EHPA, so that the operability and efficiency of the separation process can be improved. effective.
[0054]
According to the present invention, D2EHPA is configured to be used as a solid adsorbent without being diluted with a hydrocarbon diluent such as dodecane and without using an additional organic solvent such as TBP. This has the effect of significantly reducing the amount of radioactive organic waste liquid that is difficult to post-treat in the process.
[0055]
According to the present invention, since the metal salt or the salt containing ammonium is not used in the treatment step, there is an effect that generation of a high salt concentration radioactive waste liquid which is difficult to treat and dispose can be avoided.
[Brief description of the drawings]
FIG. 1 is a process diagram showing an outline of a configuration of a method for separating Am, Cm and heavy rare earth elements from a radioactive waste liquid containing Am, Cm, heavy rare earth elements and the like.

Claims (3)

アメリシウム、キュリウムおよび重希土類元素等の分離対象元素を含有する放射性廃液を、リン酸ジ(2−エチルヘキシル)を含有する固体吸着剤と接触させ、前記放射性廃液中の分離対象元素の一部または全部を前記固体吸着剤に吸着させる吸着工程と、前記固体吸着剤を酸溶液に接触させ、前記固体吸着剤からアメリシウム、キュリウムおよび重希土類元素を順次溶出させる溶離工程とを備えたアメリシウムおよびキュリウムと重希土類元素との分離方法。A radioactive waste liquid containing an element to be separated such as americium, curium and heavy rare earth element is brought into contact with a solid adsorbent containing di (2-ethylhexyl) phosphate, and a part or all of the element to be separated in the radioactive waste liquid And an elution step of bringing the solid adsorbent into contact with an acid solution and sequentially eluting americium, curium and heavy rare earth elements from the solid adsorbent. Separation method from rare earth elements. リン酸ジ(2−エチルヘキシル)を含有する固体吸着剤は、多孔性シリカ担体粒子に有機高分子ポリマーを担持した複合担体に、リン酸ジ(2−エチルヘキシル)を担持した固体吸着剤であることを特徴とする請求項1記載のアメリシウムおよびキュリウムと重希土類元素との分離方法。The solid adsorbent containing di (2-ethylhexyl) phosphate is a solid adsorbent in which di (2-ethylhexyl) phosphate is supported on a composite carrier in which organic polymer is supported on porous silica carrier particles. The method for separating americium and curium from heavy rare earth elements according to claim 1, characterized in that: リン酸ジ(2−エチルヘキシル)を含有する固体吸着剤は、表面活性剤により表面親水化処理を施した固体吸着剤であることを特徴とする請求項1記載のアメリシウムおよびキュリウムと重希土類元素との分離方法。The solid adsorbent containing di (2-ethylhexyl) phosphate is a solid adsorbent that has been subjected to a surface hydrophilization treatment with a surfactant, and the americium and curium and heavy rare earth element according to claim 1, Separation method.
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JP2014514433A (en) * 2011-02-22 2014-06-19 独立行政法人物質・材料研究機構 Extraction and separation method and extraction and separation means for lanthanoid element or actinoid element
WO2012115273A1 (en) * 2011-02-22 2012-08-30 National Institute For Materials Science Method for extraction and separation of lanthanoid elements and actinoid elements, and means for extraction and separation of lanthanoid elements and actinoid elements
JP2013166129A (en) * 2012-02-16 2013-08-29 National Institute Of Advanced Industrial Science & Technology Objective metal ion adsorbent and method for producing the same
JP2014148738A (en) * 2013-02-01 2014-08-21 Kankyo Joka Kenkyusho:Kk Method of separating and recovering rare earth elements and acid from solution containing rare earth elements
JP2017106802A (en) * 2015-12-09 2017-06-15 住友金属鉱山株式会社 Method for quantifying phosphorous extraction agent
JP2018123373A (en) * 2017-01-31 2018-08-09 国立研究開発法人日本原子力研究開発機構 Selective separation method of metal element and separation unit
JP2019098214A (en) * 2017-11-29 2019-06-24 東洋製罐グループホールディングス株式会社 Complex and method for producing the same
JP7034435B2 (en) 2017-11-29 2022-03-14 東洋製罐グループホールディングス株式会社 Complex and method for producing the complex.
JP2020034282A (en) * 2018-08-27 2020-03-05 株式会社東芝 Neutron supply apparatus and neutron supply method
JP7074615B2 (en) 2018-08-27 2022-05-24 株式会社東芝 Neutron supply device and neutron supply method

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