JP2003131406A - Organic photoreceptor, method for manufacturing the same, image forming method, image forming apparatus and process cartridge - Google Patents

Abstract

PROBLEM TO BE SOLVED: To provide an organic photoreceptor which has good potential stability and does not generate image defects such as black spots and voids and to provide a method for manufacturing the organic photoreceptor, an image forming method using the organic photoreceptor, an image forming apparatus and a process cartridge. SOLUTION: In the organic photoreceptor obtained by stacking an electric charge generation layer and an electric charge transfer layer on an electrically conductive substrate, the dielectric constant (ε) of the electric charge transfer layer at 20 Hz frequency is <=3.4 and the dielectric loss (Tanδ) of the electric charge transfer layer at 1 kHz frequency is 0.001-0.03.

Description

Detailed Description of the Invention

[0001]

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 1. Field of the Invention The present invention relates to a method for producing an organic photoconductor (hereinafter also simply referred to as a photoconductor) used in the field of copying machines and printers, an organic photoconductor, and an image forming method using the organic photoconductor. , An image forming apparatus, and a process cartridge.

[0002]

2. Description of the Related Art Electrophotographic photoreceptors are Se, arsenic, arsenic /
The main body has moved from an inorganic photoreceptor such as Se alloy, CdS, and ZnO to an organic photoreceptor having excellent advantages such as pollution and easiness of manufacturing, and organic photoreceptors using various materials have been developed.

In recent years, function-separated type photoconductors in which different materials are responsible for charge generation and charge transport functions have become the mainstream. Among them, a laminated organic photoconductor in which a charge generation layer and a charge transport layer are laminated. Is widely used.

In addition, focusing on the electrophotographic process, latent image forming methods are roughly classified into analog image forming using a halogen lamp as a light source and digital image forming using an LED or a laser as a light source. Recently, a digital latent image forming method is rapidly becoming the mainstream as a printer for a hard copy of a personal computer, and also in an ordinary copying machine because of the ease of image processing and the ease of development to a multi-function peripheral.

In digital image formation, a laser, particularly a semiconductor laser or an LED, is used as a light source when writing image information converted into a digital electric signal on a photoreceptor as an electrostatic latent image.

In digital writing, the writing speed is slow because the exposure beam diameter is small. Therefore, a combination with reversal development is mainly used as a developing method for the exposed portion, but as a problem peculiar to the image forming method using the reversal development, toner is originally formed on a portion where an image is to be formed as a white background portion. It is known that a black spot is generated due to a local defect of the photoconductor, which is a phenomenon in which the toner adheres to cause fog.

In order to solve these problems, a technique using an intermediate layer for an organic photoconductor has been developed. For example, an electrophotographic photosensitive member is known in which an intermediate layer is provided between a conductive support and a photosensitive layer, and titanium oxide particles are dispersed in a resin in the intermediate layer. Further, a technique of an intermediate layer containing titanium oxide subjected to surface treatment is also known. For example,
JP-A-4-303846, iron oxide and titanium oxide surface-treated with tungsten oxide, JP-A-9-96916, titanium oxide surface-treated with an amino group-containing coupling agent, JP-A-9-258469, organosilicon. Titanium oxide surface-treated with a compound, titanium oxide surface-treated with methyl hydrogen polysiloxane of JP-A-8-328283, metal oxide of JP-A-11-344826, or dendritic surface-treated with an organic compound Organic photoreceptors having an intermediate layer using titanium oxide have been proposed.

However, even if these techniques are used, in a severe environment such as high temperature and high humidity, the prevention of black spots is still insufficient, or the residual potential and the exposed portion potential increase with repeated use. Occurs, and there is a problem that an image density is not sufficiently obtained.

Further, if the insulating property of the intermediate layer is increased and black spots are reduced in order to prevent free carriers from the conductive support to the photosensitive layer, an image called "white spot", which is the opposite of black spots, is produced. Problems have been found to be prone to defects.
This white spot refers to a dot or linear image defect that is not developed into a halftone or black solid image of reversal development. This phenomenon does not cause the charge to disappear in the image-exposed portion when a latent image is formed on the organic photoconductor. It seems that a minute portion is generated, and is considered to be a phenomenon opposite to that of the black dot. Further, this white spot is likely to occur when an image is formed with a developer using a polymerized toner that faithfully reproduces a high-definition dot image. That is, when forming an image using this polymerized toner, a white image is likely to occur in a black image or a halftone image, and the image quality deteriorates, which is not a problem in the past. As described above, in an image forming apparatus using an organic photoconductor, conflicting image defects such as black spots on a white background and white voids on a black background or halftone occur, and development of an organic photoconductor that solves both of these image defects Is needed.

[0010]

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION In view of the above-mentioned problems of the prior art, the present invention provides a black spot with good potential stability.
An object is to provide an organic photoconductor that does not cause image defects such as white spots, a method for manufacturing the same, an image forming method using the organic photoconductor, an image forming apparatus, and a process cartridge.

[0011]

DISCLOSURE OF THE INVENTION As a result of repeated studies to solve the above problems, the present inventors have found that the object of the present invention can be achieved by taking one of the following constitutions. .

1. In an organic photoreceptor having a charge generation layer and a charge transport layer laminated on a conductive support, the charge transport layer has a dielectric constant (ε) of 3.4 or less at a frequency of 20 Hz and a dielectric loss (Tan δ) of 0 at a frequency of 1 kHz. .00
An organic photoconductor characterized in that it is 1 to 0.03.

2. 2. The organophotoreceptor as described in 1 above, wherein the charge transport layer is formed by using a coating liquid containing at least one solvent having a dielectric constant (ε) (ε at a frequency of 20 Hz) of 9.5 or less. .

3. The residual solvent of the charge transport layer is 3000
p. p. m. 1 or 2 above, characterized in that
The organic photoconductor according to item 1.

4. In a method for producing an organic photoreceptor in which a charge generation layer and a charge transport layer are laminated on a conductive support, the charge transport layer comprises at least one solvent having a dielectric constant (ε) (ε at 20 Hz) of 9.5 or less. The residual solvent is removed by coating and drying using the contained coating liquid so that the dielectric constant (ε) at a frequency of 20 Hz is 3.4 or less and the dielectric loss (Tan δ) at a frequency of 1 kHz is 0.001 to 0.03. A method for producing an organic photoconductor, comprising:

5. An electrostatic latent image is formed on the organic photoconductor according to any one of the items 1 to 3, and the electrostatic latent image has a variation coefficient of a shape factor of toner particles of 16% or less, An image forming method comprising developing with a developer using a toner having a number variation coefficient of 27% or less.

6. The electrostatic latent image is formed on the organic photoconductor according to any one of the items 1 to 3, and 65% by number of toner particles having a shape factor of 1.0 to 1.6 are formed on the electrostatic latent image. An image forming method comprising developing with a developer using the toner contained above.

7. The shape factor range is 1.2 to 1.6
7. The image forming method as described in 6 above, wherein

8. The electrostatic latent image is formed on the organic photoconductor according to any one of 1 to 3 above, and the electrostatic latent image is formed by a developer using a toner containing 50% by number or more of toner particles having no corners. An image forming method comprising developing.

9. The number average particle diameter of the toner is 3 to 8 μ.
9. The image forming method according to any one of 5 to 8 above, wherein m is m.

10. The particle size of the toner particles is D (μm)
Where the natural logarithm InD is plotted on the horizontal axis and the horizontal axis is divided into a plurality of classes at 0.23 intervals, and the relative frequency of toner particles included in the most frequent class in the histogram showing the number-based particle size distribution (m ₁ ) And the relative frequency (m ₂ ) of the toner particles included in the next most frequent class, the sum (M) is 70% or more.
9. The image forming method according to any one of 9 above.

11. An image forming apparatus using the image forming method described in any one of 5 to 10 above.

12. The organic photoreceptor described in 1 to 3,
At least one of a charging unit, an image exposing unit, a developing unit, and a cleaning unit is integrally combined, and the process cartridge is configured so that it can be freely taken in and out of the image forming apparatus.

The present invention will be described in more detail. In the present invention, the organic photoreceptor means an electrophotographic photoreceptor constituted by giving an organic compound either one of the charge generation function and the charge transport function, which is essential for the construction of the electrophotographic photoreceptor, It includes all known organic electrophotographic photoconductors such as a photoconductor composed of a known organic charge generating substance or an organic charge transporting substance, and a photoconductor comprising a polymer complex having a charge generating function and a charge transporting function.

The layer structure of the organic photoreceptor of the present invention is a layer structure in which a charge generation layer and a charge transport layer are provided in this order on a conductive support. In addition to this, an intermediate layer (undercoat layer or the like) may be provided between the conductive support and the charge generation layer. When the hole transporting charge transport material is used, the above layer structure is generally an organic photoreceptor for negative charging, but the present invention will be described on the basis of this layer structure.

The surface layer of the organic photoreceptor of the present invention is a charge transport layer. The present invention is characterized in that the charge transport layer has a dielectric constant (ε) of 3.4 or less at a frequency of 20 Hz and a dielectric loss (Tan δ) of 0.001 to 0.03 at a frequency of 1 kHz. Since the charge transport layer of the surface layer has this dielectric property, it suppresses the adhesion of external additives that tend to adhere when developing the latent image on the photoconductor and prevents toner filming caused by this adhesion. However, a blank image defect can be prevented. When the dielectric constant (ε) is larger than 3.4, and even when Tan δ is larger than 0.03, the external additive and the like are easily attached. On the other hand, when Tan δ is smaller than 0.001, the residual potential increases due to repeated image formation on the photoconductor, and the image density during reversal development tends to decrease.

The dielectric constant (ε) and the dielectric loss (Tan)
δ) can be measured as follows.

The dielectric constant (ε) and the dielectric loss (Tan δ) are measured by a capacitance meter 4284A (made by Yokogawa Hewlett Packard) or 4280A (made by Yokogawa Hewlett Packard). In the present invention, a capacitance meter 4282A is used and a personal computer is connected to it.

In the present invention, when the charge transport layer is produced, it is preferable to use a solvent having a dielectric constant (ε) of 9.5 or less as a main solvent as a coating solvent. That is, it is preferable that 50% by mass or more, preferably 80% by mass or more, and more preferably all of the solvents are composed of a solvent having a dielectric constant (ε) of 8.0% or less. It is considered that a certain amount of the coating solvent remains in the charge transport layer after the organic photoreceptor is dried, which is one of the causes of the occurrence of white spots. In particular, when a solvent having a dielectric constant (ε) of more than 9.5 is used, white spots occur more frequently. The cause of this is not clear, but if a solvent with a large dielectric constant (ε) is present on the surface of the photoconductor, the electric charge in the vicinity does not disappear and it becomes the nucleus of toner filming, and white spots occur in this vicinity. To be

Examples of the solvent having a dielectric constant (ε) of 9.5 or less include cis-decalin, dioxane, p-cymene, carbon tetrachloride, p-xylene, benzene, tetrachloroethylene, m-xylene, toluene and isopropyl. Benzene, tert-butylbenzene, p-dichlorobenzene, ethylbenzene, triethylamine, styrene,
Naphthalene, thiophene, n-propyl ether, isopropyl ether, benzyl salicylate, bromoform, trichloroacetic acid, chloroform, p-toluidine,
m-dichlorobenzene, 1-chloronaphthalene, brombenzene, fluorobenzene, chlorobenzene, o-toluidine, 1,3-dioxolane, tetrahydrofuran, n-butyl chloride, n-propyl bromide, n-iodide Examples include propyl, allyl chloride, ethyl salicylate, quinoline, methylene chloride and the like.

The present invention is not limited to these, but more preferable solvents include dioxane, toluene,
1,3-dioxolane, tetrahydrofuran, methylene chloride and the like can be mentioned. Further, these solvents can be used alone or as a mixed solvent of two or more kinds so that the dielectric constant (ε) is 9.5 or less.

Further, in addition to using these solvents, the residual solvent in the photoreceptor after coating the charge transport layer is adjusted to 3000 p. p.
m. In the following case, it becomes easy to adjust the dielectric constant (ε) and Tan δ within the above range. The residual solvent was 3000 p.
p. m. In the following, it is necessary to dry the photoconductor at a temperature around the boiling point of the solvent used during the production of the photoconductor for a sufficient time. For the above reason, the residual solvent concentration is 3000 p.s. p. m. The following is preferable, but 10-3000 p.s.p.
p. m. Is preferred. The residual solvent can be measured by a method well known to those skilled in the art, such as a gas chromatography method.

In order to set the dielectric properties of the charge transport layer within the above range, it is important to select the constituent materials used in the charge transport layer other than the above solvent, that is, the materials such as the binder and the charge transport compound. . Materials other than the solvent preferably used for the charge transport layer of the present invention will be described below.

Examples of the resin used for the binder include polystyrene, acrylic resin, methacrylic resin,
Vinyl chloride resin, polyvinyl butyral resin, epoxy resin, polyurethane resin, phenol resin, polyester resin, alkyd resin, polycarbonate resin, silicone resin, melamine resin, and copolymer resin containing two or more of repeating units of these resins. Etc.

As the charge transporting compound, a triphenylamine derivative, a hydrazone derivative, a styryl compound, a benzidine compound, a butadiene compound or the like can be used.

The ratio of the binder resin to the charge transport material is preferably 10 to 200 parts by mass with respect to 100 parts by mass of the binder resin. Also, the thickness of the charge transport layer is 10 to 40 μm.
m is preferred. The charge transport layer may have a two-layer structure to achieve the surface physical properties of the invention. That is, the lower charge transport layer may have a layer structure that places importance on electrostatic characteristics, and the upper charge transport layer may have a layer structure that places importance on surface physical properties.

Next, the constitution of the organic photoreceptor of the present invention other than the charge transport layer will be described. Conductive Support As the conductive support used in the photoreceptor of the present invention, either a sheet shape or a cylindrical shape may be used, but in order to design the image forming apparatus compactly, the cylindrical conductive support is used. Is preferred.

The cylindrical conductive support of the present invention means a cylindrical support required to form an image endlessly by rotating, and has a straightness of 0.1 mm or less and a shake of 0.1 mm or less. Conductive supports in the range are preferred. When the circularity and the shake range are exceeded, good image formation becomes difficult.

As the conductive material, a metal drum of aluminum, nickel or the like, a plastic drum on which aluminum, tin oxide, indium oxide or the like is deposited, or a paper / plastic drum coated with a conductive substance can be used. It is preferable that the conductive support has a specific resistance of 10 ³ Ωcm or less at room temperature.

The conductive support used in the present invention may have a surface on which a sealed alumite film is formed. The alumite treatment is usually carried out in an acidic bath of chromic acid, sulfuric acid, oxalic acid, phosphoric acid, boric acid, sulfamic acid, etc., but anodizing treatment in sulfuric acid gives the most preferable result. In the case of anodizing treatment in sulfuric acid, it is preferable that the sulfuric acid concentration is 100 to 200 g / L, the aluminum ion concentration is 1 to 10 g / L, the liquid temperature is about 20 ° C., and the applied voltage is about 20 V. It is not limited. The average thickness of the anodized film is usually 2
It is preferably 0 μm or less, and particularly preferably 10 μm or less.

Intermediate Layer In the present invention, an intermediate layer having a barrier function can be provided between the conductive support and the photosensitive layer.

In the present invention, an intermediate layer (lower layer) is provided between the support and the photosensitive layer in order to improve the adhesion between the conductive support and the photosensitive layer or prevent charge injection from the support. (Including a pulling layer) can also be provided. Examples of the material of the intermediate layer include a polyamide resin, a vinyl chloride resin, a vinyl acetate resin, and a copolymer resin containing two or more of repeating units of these resins. Among these undercoat resins, a polyamide resin is preferable as a resin that can reduce the increase in residual potential due to repeated use. The thickness of the intermediate layer using these resins is 0.01 to 0.5 μm.
Is preferred.

The intermediate layer most preferably used in the present invention is an intermediate layer using a curable metal resin obtained by thermosetting an organic metal compound such as a silane coupling agent or a titanium coupling agent. The film thickness of the intermediate layer using the curable metal resin is preferably 0.1 to 2 μm.

Charge Generating Layer The charge generating layer contains a charge generating substance (CGM). If necessary, a binder resin and other additives may be contained as other substances.

As the charge generating substance (CGM), a known charge generating substance (CGM) can be used. For example, a phthalocyanine pigment, an azo pigment, a perylene pigment, an azurenium pigment or the like can be used. Among these, CGM that can minimize the increase in residual potential with repeated use
Has a steric structure and a potential structure capable of forming a stable aggregation structure among a plurality of molecules, and specific examples thereof include a phthalocyanine pigment and a perylene pigment CGM having a specific crystal structure. For example, the Bragg angle 2θ with respect to Cu-Kα rays
CGMs such as titanyl phthalocyanine having a maximum peak at 27.2 ° and benzimidazole perylene having a maximum peak at 22.4 at 27.2 have almost no deterioration due to repeated use, and the residual potential increase can be reduced.

When a binder is used as a CGM dispersion medium in the charge generation layer, a known resin can be used as the binder, but the most preferable resin is formal resin, butyral resin, silicone resin, silicone modified butyral resin, phenoxy resin. Resin etc. are mentioned. The ratio of the binder resin to the charge generating substance is preferably 20 to 600 parts by mass with respect to 100 parts by mass of the binder resin. By using these resins, the increase in residual potential due to repeated use can be minimized. The thickness of the charge generation layer is preferably 0.01 μm to 2 μm.

Examples of the solvent or dispersion medium used for forming the intermediate layer, charge generation layer and the like of the present invention include n-butylamine, diethylamine, ethylenediamine, isopropanolamine, triethanolamine, triethylenediamine, N, N-dimethyl. Formamide, acetone,
Methyl ethyl ketone, methyl isopropyl ketone, cyclohexanone, benzene, toluene, xylene, chloroform, dichloromethane, 1,2-dichloroethane,
1,2-dichloropropane, 1,1,2-trichloroethane, 1,1,1-trichloroethane, trichloroethylene, tetrachloroethane, tetrahydrofuran, dioxolane, dioxane, methanol, ethanol, butanol, isopropanol, ethyl acetate, butyl acetate,
Examples thereof include dimethyl sulfoxide and methyl cellosolve. The present invention is not limited to these, but dichloromethane, 1,2-dichloroethane, methyl ethyl ketone and the like are preferably used. Further, these solvents can be used alone or as a mixed solvent of two or more kinds.

Next, as a coating processing method for producing the electrophotographic photosensitive member of the present invention, dip coating, spray coating,
A coating method such as circular amount control type coating is used, but the coating process on the upper layer side of the photosensitive layer does not dissolve the lower layer film as much as possible, and in order to achieve uniform coating process, spray coating or circular amount control type ( A circular slide hopper type is a typical example. It is preferable to use a coating processing method such as coating. For the protective layer of the present invention, it is most preferable to use the circular amount regulating type coating processing method. The circular amount control type coating is described in detail, for example, in JP-A-58-189061.

Further, the organic photoreceptor of the present invention has a remarkable effect of improving white spots which are likely to occur when an image is formed with a developer using a polymerized toner. The polymerized toner preferably used in the present invention will be described below.

The toner used in the present invention is preferably a polymerized toner in which the particle size distribution of individual toner particles and the shape are relatively uniform. Here, the polymerized toner means a toner obtained by forming a resin of a binder for a toner and forming a toner shape by polymerizing a raw material monomer of the binder resin and subsequent chemical treatment. More specifically, suspension polymerization,
It means a toner obtained through a polymerization reaction such as emulsion polymerization and, if necessary, a fusion process of particles performed after the polymerization reaction.

The polymerized toner used in the image forming method of the present invention is preferably a toner having a specific shape. The polymerized toner that can be preferably used in the present invention will be described below.

In the digital image forming method for developing a dot image, it is preferable to use a toner having a small variation in shape factor and particle size distribution for development in order to enhance the sharpness of the image and obtain a good image. That is, a toner having a smaller variation can more accurately reproduce a fine dot image and is less likely to cause filming that causes image defects such as black spots.

As a result of examination from the above viewpoints, by using a toner in which the variation coefficient of the shape factor of the toner is 16% or less and the number variation coefficient of the number particle size distribution of the toner is 27% or less, It has been found that it is possible to form a high-quality image over a long period of time with excellent cleaning properties and fine line reproducibility.

Preferred polymerized toners applicable to the present invention are toner particles having a shape factor in the range of 1.2 to 1.6 of 65% by number or more, and a variation coefficient of the shape factor of 1.
To use a toner that is 6% or less. It has been found that even if such a polymerized toner is used, excellent cleaning performance is exhibited in the present invention.

By using toner particles having no corners of 50% by number or more and controlling the number variation coefficient in the number particle size distribution to be 27% or less, excellent cleaning property and fine line reproducibility and high quality are obtained. The image quality can be formed over a long period of time.

The shape factor of the toner of the present invention is represented by the following formula and represents the degree of roundness of toner particles.

Shape factor = ((maximum diameter / 2) ² × π) / projected area Here, the maximum diameter is the parallel line when a projected image of toner particles on a plane is sandwiched by two parallel lines. Refers to the width of the particles at which the interval is maximum. The projected area means the area of the projected image of the toner particles on the plane.

In the present invention, this shape factor is determined by taking a photograph of the toner particles magnified 2000 times with a scanning electron microscope, and then, based on the photograph, "SCANNING" is used.
It was measured by analyzing a photographic image using "IMAGE ANALYZER" (manufactured by JEOL Ltd.). At this time, the shape factor of the present invention was measured by the above calculation formula using 100 toner particles.

The preferred polymerized toner of the present invention is that the number of toner particles having a shape factor in the range of 1.2 to 1.6 is 65% by number or more, and more preferably 7
It is 0% by number or more.

When the number of toner particles having the shape factor in the range of 1.2 to 1.6 is 65% by number or more, the triboelectrification property in the developer conveying member becomes more uniform, and the excessively charged toner is obtained. Is not accumulated and the toner is more easily exchanged than on the surface of the developer transport member, so that problems such as development ghost are less likely to occur. Further, the toner particles are less likely to be crushed, the contamination of the charging member is reduced, and the charging property of the toner is stabilized.

The method of controlling the shape factor is not particularly limited. For example, a method of spraying toner particles in a hot air stream, a method of repeatedly applying mechanical energy by impact force in a gas phase in a gas phase, or a method of adding a toner to a solvent that does not dissolve toner to give a swirling flow, etc. To prepare a toner having a shape factor of 1.2 to 1.6, and add it to a normal toner so as to be within the range of the present invention. Also, controlling the overall shape at the stage of preparing a so-called polymerization toner,
There is a method in which a toner having a shape factor of 1.0 to 1.6 or 1.2 to 1.6 is similarly added to an ordinary toner to prepare the toner.

The variation coefficient of the shape factor of the polymerized toner preferably used in the present invention is calculated from the following formula.

Coefficient of variation = [S / K] × 100 (%) [In the formula, S represents the standard deviation of the shape factor of 100 toner particles, and K represents the average value of the shape factor. The variation coefficient of the shape factor is 16% or less, preferably 14% or less. When the variation coefficient of the shape factor is 16% or less, the voids of the transferred toner layer are reduced, the fixability is improved, and the offset is less likely to occur. In addition, the charge amount distribution becomes sharp and the image quality is improved.

In order to uniformly control the shape factor of the toner and the variation coefficient of the shape factor without extremely lot-to-lot variation, the toner is formed in the steps of polymerizing, fusing and controlling the shape of resin particles (polymer particles). An appropriate process end time may be determined while monitoring the characteristics of certain toner particles (colored particles).

Monitoring means that a measuring device is installed in-line and the process conditions are controlled based on the measurement result. That is, in the case of a polymerization toner in which measurement of a shape or the like is incorporated inline, for example, a resin toner is formed by associating or fusing resin particles in an aqueous medium, the shape and the particle size are measured while performing sequential sampling in the steps such as fusing. Is measured, and the reaction is stopped when the desired shape is obtained.

The monitoring method is not particularly limited, but a flow type particle image analyzer FPIA-
2000 (manufactured by Toa Medical Electronics Co., Ltd.) can be used. This device is suitable because the shape can be monitored by performing image processing in real time while passing the sample liquid. That is, a pump or the like is used from the reaction field to constantly monitor and measure the shape and the like, and the reaction is stopped when the desired shape or the like is obtained.

The number particle size distribution and the number variation coefficient of the toner are measured with a Coulter Counter TA-II or Coulter Multisizer (manufactured by Coulter Co.). In the present invention, a Coulter Multisizer was used, and an interface (manufactured by Nikkaki Co., Ltd.) for outputting the particle size distribution and a personal computer were connected and used.
The aperture used in the Coulter Multisizer was 100 μm, and the volume and number of toner particles of 2 μm or more were measured to calculate the particle size distribution and average particle size. The number particle size distribution represents the relative frequency of the toner particles with respect to the particle size, and the number average particle size represents the median diameter in the number particle size distribution.

The number variation coefficient in the number particle size distribution of toner is calculated from the following equation. Number variation coefficient = [S / Dn] × 100 (%) [In the formula, S represents the standard deviation in the number particle size distribution, and D
n indicates a number average particle diameter (μm). The toner number variation coefficient is 27% or less, preferably 25% or less. When the number variation coefficient is 27% or less, the voids of the transferred toner layer are reduced, the fixing property is improved, and the offset hardly occurs. Further, the charge amount distribution becomes sharp, the transfer efficiency is improved, and the image quality is improved.

The method of controlling the number variation coefficient is not particularly limited. For example, a method of classifying toner particles by wind force can be used, but classification in a liquid is effective for reducing the number variation coefficient. As a method of classifying in this liquid, there is a method of controlling the number of revolutions and separately collecting and preparing toner particles according to the difference in sedimentation speed caused by the difference in toner particle diameter.

Particularly when the toner is produced by the suspension polymerization method, the classification operation is indispensable in order to keep the number variation coefficient in the number particle size distribution at 27% or less. In the suspension polymerization method,
Before the polymerization, it is necessary to disperse the polymerizable monomer into an oil droplet having a desired size as a toner in an aqueous medium. That is, the large oil droplets of the polymerizable monomer are repeatedly mechanically sheared by a homomixer or a homogenizer to reduce the oil droplets to the size of toner particles. In the method of different shearing, the number particle size distribution of the obtained oil droplets becomes wide, and therefore,
The toner obtained by polymerizing this also has a wide particle size distribution. For this reason, classification operation is essential.

The toner particles having no corners are toner particles having substantially no protrusions where electric charges are concentrated or protrusions that are easily worn by stress, that is, as shown in FIG. 1 (a). In addition, when the major axis of the toner particles T is L, a circle C having a radius (L / 10) is in contact with the peripheral line of the toner particles T at one point, and when the inside is rolled, the circle C When the toner does not substantially protrude outside the toner T, it is referred to as “cornerless toner particles”. The term “when substantially not protruding” means a case where there is one or less protrusions with protruding circles. Also, "long diameter of toner particles"
The term "means the width of a particle in which the distance between the parallel lines is maximum when the projected image of the toner particle on the plane is sandwiched by two parallel lines. Note that FIGS. 1B and 1C show projected images of toner particles having corners, respectively.

The cornerless toner was measured as follows. First, an enlarged photograph of toner particles is taken with a scanning electron microscope and further enlarged to obtain a photographic image at 15,000 times. Then, the presence or absence of the above-mentioned corner is measured for this photographic image. This measurement was performed on 100 toner particles.

In the toner of the present invention, the proportion of toner particles having no corners is 50% by number or more, preferably 70% by number or more. When the ratio of toner particles without corners is 50% by number or more, generation of fine particles is less likely to occur due to stress with the developer conveying member,
It is possible to prevent the presence of toner with excessive adhesion to the surface of the developer transport member, suppress contamination of the developer transport member, and make the charge amount sharp. Further, the toner particles that are easily worn or broken and the toner particles having a portion where the electric charge is concentrated are reduced, the charge amount distribution becomes sharp, the chargeability becomes stable, and good image quality can be formed for a long time.

The method for obtaining the toner without corners is not particularly limited. For example, as described above as a method of controlling the shape factor, a method of spraying toner particles in a hot air flow, a method of repeatedly applying mechanical energy due to impact force in a gas phase, or a method of dissolving toner It can be obtained by adding it to a solvent that does not contain it and imparting a swirling flow.

Further, in the polymerization toner formed by associating or fusing resin particles, the surface of the fused particles has many irregularities at the step of stopping the fusion, and the surface is not smooth. The toner having no corners can be obtained by appropriately adjusting the conditions such as the temperature, the rotation speed of the stirring blade, and the stirring time. These conditions vary depending on the physical properties of the resin particles, but for example, by setting the glass transition temperature of the resin particles or higher to a higher rotation speed, the surface becomes smooth and toner without corners can be formed.

The particle diameter of the toner of the present invention is preferably 3 to 8 μm in number average particle diameter. When the toner particles are formed by a polymerization method, this particle size can be controlled by the concentration of the aggregating agent, the amount of the organic solvent added, the fusing time, and the composition of the polymer itself.

By having the number average particle diameter of 3 to 8 μm, it is possible to reduce the presence of excessively adherent toner or toner having low adherence to the developer conveying member in the fixing step and to improve the developability. It can be stabilized for a long period of time, the transfer efficiency is improved, the halftone image quality is improved, and the image quality of fine lines, dots, etc. is improved.

As the polymerized toner preferably used in the present invention, when the particle diameter of the toner particles is D (μm), the natural logarithm lnD is plotted on the horizontal axis, and the horizontal axis is divided into a plurality of classes at intervals of 0.23. in histogram showing the particle size distribution of number criteria, the relative frequency of the toner particles contained in the modal class (m _1), the relative frequency of the toner particles contained in the following frequent the rank of the modal class (m ₂ ) And (M) is 7
The toner is preferably 0% or more.

When the sum (M) of the relative frequency (m ₁ ) and the relative frequency (m ₂ ) is 70% or more, the dispersion of the particle size distribution of the toner particles becomes narrow, so that the toner is used in the image forming process. By using it, the occurrence of selective development can be reliably suppressed.

In the present invention, the histogram showing the number-based particle size distribution has a natural logarithm lnD (D: particle size of individual toner particles) in a plurality of classes (0 to 0) at intervals of 0.23.
0.23: 0.23 to 0.46: 0.46 to 0.69:
0.69 to 0.92: 0.92 to 1.15: 1.15
1.38: 1.38 to 1.61: 1.61 to 1.84:
1.84-2.07: 2.07-2.30: 2.30-
2.53: 2.53 to 2.76 ...), which is a histogram showing a number-based particle size distribution, and the histogram shows particle size data of a sample measured by a Coulter Multisizer according to the following conditions. Is transferred to a computer via an I / O unit and is created by the particle size distribution analysis program in the computer.

[Measurement Conditions] (1) Aperture: 100 μm (2) Sample Preparation Method: Electrolyte Solution [ISOTON R-1
1 (manufactured by Coulter Scientific Japan)
An appropriate amount of a surfactant (neutral detergent) is added to 50 to 100 ml and stirred, and 10 to 20 mg of a measurement sample is added thereto. This system is prepared by subjecting it to an ultrasonic disperser for 1 minute.

Among the methods for controlling the shape factor, the polymerized toner is preferable as a simple manufacturing method and the surface uniformity is superior to the pulverized toner.

The toner of the present invention is obtained by emulsion polymerization of a monomer in a suspension polymerization method or in a liquid containing an emulsion containing necessary additives.
It can be manufactured by a method in which finely divided polymer particles are produced, and thereafter, an organic solvent, an aggregating agent and the like are added and associated. At the time of association, a method of preparing by mixing with a dispersion liquid such as a release agent or a colorant necessary for the constitution of the toner to allow association, or dispersing a toner constituent component such as a release agent or a colorant in a monomer Then, a method of emulsion polymerization may be used. Here, the association means that a plurality of resin particles and colorant particles are fused.

The aqueous medium referred to in the present invention means one containing at least 50% by mass of water.

That is, various constituent materials such as a colorant and, if necessary, a release agent, a charge control agent, and a polymerization initiator are added to the polymerizable monomer, and a homogenizer, a sand mill, a sand grinder, and an ultrasonic dispersion are added. Various constituent materials are dissolved or dispersed in the polymerizable monomer by a machine or the like. The polymerizable monomer in which these various constituent materials are dissolved or dispersed is dispersed in an oil droplet having a desired size as a toner in a water-based medium containing a dispersion stabilizer by using a homomixer or a homogenizer. Then, the stirring mechanism is transferred to a reaction device which is a stirring blade described later and heated to allow the polymerization reaction to proceed. After the completion of the reaction, the dispersion stabilizer is removed, filtered, washed, and dried to prepare a toner.

Further, as a method for producing the toner of the present invention, a method of preparing resin particles by associating or fusing them in an aqueous medium can be mentioned. This method is not particularly limited, but for example, JP-A-5-26
The methods shown in JP-A-5252, JP-A-6-329947 and JP-A-9-15904 can be mentioned. That is, a method of associating a plurality of resin particles and dispersed particles of a constituent material such as a colorant, or a plurality of fine particles composed of a resin and a colorant, in particular, after dispersing these in water with an emulsifier, the critical aggregation concentration At the same time as salting out by adding the aggregating agent above, while gradually growing the particle size while forming fused particles by heat fusion above the glass transition temperature of the polymer itself formed, the target particle size and After that, a large amount of water is added to stop the particle size growth, and the surface of the particles is smoothed while heating and stirring to control the shape, and the particles are heated and dried in a fluid state in a water-containing state. Can be formed. Here, an organic solvent that is infinitely soluble in water may be added simultaneously with the coagulant.

The polymerizable monomer used for the resin is, for example, styrene, o-methylstyrene or m.
-Methylstyrene, p-methylstyrene, α-methylstyrene, p-chlorostyrene, 3,4-dichlorostyrene, p-phenylstyrene, p-ethylstyrene, 2,
Styrenes such as 4-dimethylstyrene, p-tert-butylstyrene, pn-hexylstyrene, pn-octylstyrene, pn-nonylstyrene, pn-decylstyrene, pn-dodecylstyrene. Alternatively, styrene derivative, methyl methacrylate, ethyl methacrylate, n-butyl methacrylate, isopropyl methacrylate, isobutyl methacrylate, t-butyl methacrylate, n-octyl methacrylate, 2-ethylhexyl methacrylate, stearyl methacrylate, methacrylic acid. Methacrylic acid ester derivatives such as lauryl, phenyl methacrylate, diethylaminoethyl methacrylate, dimethylaminoethyl methacrylate, methyl acrylate, ethyl acrylate, isopropyl acrylate, n acrylate
-Butyl, t-butyl acrylate, isobutyl acrylate, n-octyl acrylate, 2-ethylhexyl acrylate, stearyl acrylate, lauryl acrylate,
Acrylic ester derivative such as phenyl acrylate,
Olefins such as ethylene, propylene and isobutylene, vinyl chlorides such as vinyl chloride, vinylidene chloride, vinyl bromide, vinyl fluoride and vinylidene fluoride, vinyl propionate, vinyl acetate and vinyl benzoate. Vinyl ethers such as vinyl methyl ether and vinyl ethyl ether, vinyl ketones such as vinyl methyl ketone, vinyl ethyl ketone and vinyl hexyl ketone, N-vinyl compounds such as N-vinyl carbazole, N-vinyl indole and N-vinyl pyrrolidone, vinyl There are vinyl compounds such as naphthalene and vinyl pyridine, and acrylic acid or methacrylic acid derivatives such as acrylonitrile, methacrylonitrile and acrylamide. These vinyl monomers can be used alone or in combination.

Further, it is more preferable to use a combination of those having an ionic dissociative group as the polymerizable monomer constituting the resin. For example, those having a substituent such as a carboxyl group, a sulfonic acid group, and a phosphoric acid group as a constituent group of the monomer, and specifically, acrylic acid, methacrylic acid,
Maleic acid, itaconic acid, cinnamic acid, fumaric acid, maleic acid monoalkyl ester, itaconic acid monoalkyl ester, styrenesulfonic acid, allylsulfosuccinic acid, 2-acrylamido-2-methylpropanesulfonic acid, acid phosphooxyethyl Methacrylate,
3-chloro-2-acid phosphooxypropyl methacrylate and the like can be mentioned.

Further, divinylbenzene, ethylene glycol dimethacrylate, ethylene glycol diacrylate, diethylene glycol dimethacrylate, diethylene glycol diacrylate, triethylene glycol dimethacrylate, triethylene glycol diacrylate, neopentyl glycol dimethacrylate,
It is also possible to use a polyfunctional vinyl such as neopentyl glycol diacrylate to form a resin having a crosslinked structure.

These polymerizable monomers can be polymerized by using a radical polymerization initiator. In this case, an oil-soluble polymerization initiator can be used in the suspension polymerization method. Examples of the oil-soluble polymerization initiator include 2,2'-azobis-
(2,4-dimethylvaleronitrile), 2,2'-azobisisobutyronitrile, 1,1'-azobis (cyclohexane-1-carbonitrile), 2,2'-azobis-4-methoxy-2, Azo-based or diazo-based polymerization initiators such as 4-dimethylvaleronitrile and azobisisobutyronitrile, benzoyl peroxide, methyl ethyl ketone peroxide, diisopropyl peroxycarbonate, cumene hydroperoxide, t-butyl hydroperoxide, di-t -Butyl peroxide, dicumyl peroxide, 2,4-dichlorobenzoyl peroxide, lauroyl peroxide, 2,2-bis- (4,4-t-butylperoxycyclohexyl)
Examples thereof include peroxide polymerization initiators such as propane and tris- (t-butylperoxy) triazine, and polymer initiators having a peroxide in the side chain.

When the emulsion polymerization method is used, a water-soluble radical polymerization initiator can be used. Examples of the water-soluble polymerization initiator include persulfates such as potassium persulfate and ammonium persulfate, azobisaminodipropane acetic acid salts, azobiscyanovaleric acid and its salts, and hydrogen peroxide.

Examples of the dispersion stabilizer include tricalcium phosphate, magnesium phosphate, zinc phosphate, aluminum phosphate, calcium carbonate, magnesium carbonate, calcium hydroxide, magnesium hydroxide, aluminum hydroxide, calcium metasilicate, calcium sulfate. , Barium sulfate,
Examples thereof include bentonite, silica and alumina. Furthermore, polyvinyl alcohol, gelatin, methyl cellulose, sodium dodecylbenzene sulfonate, ethylene oxide adduct, higher alcohol sodium sulfate, and the like which are commonly used as surfactants can be used as the dispersion stabilizer.

The resin excellent in the present invention preferably has a glass transition point of 20 to 90 ° C. and a softening point of 8
It is preferably 0 to 220 ° C. The glass transition point is measured by a differential calorimetric method, and the softening point can be measured by a Koka type flow tester. Furthermore, these resins have a number average molecular weight (Mn) of 10 as measured by gel permeation chromatography.
00-100,000, 200 in weight average molecular weight (Mw)
It is preferably 0 to 1,000,000. Furthermore, as the molecular weight distribution, Mw / Mn is 1.5 to 100, and particularly 1.8.
The thing of -70 is preferable.

The aggregating agent used is not particularly limited, but one selected from metal salts is preferably used. Specifically, monovalent metals such as salts of alkali metals such as sodium, potassium and lithium, divalent metals such as alkaline earth metal salts such as calcium and magnesium, divalent metals such as manganese and copper. Salt of
Examples thereof include salts of trivalent metals such as iron and aluminum, and specific salts include sodium chloride, potassium chloride, lithium chloride, calcium chloride, zinc chloride, copper sulfate, magnesium sulfate, manganese sulfate and the like. You can
These may be used in combination.

It is preferable to add these coagulants at a critical coagulation concentration or higher. This critical coagulation concentration is an index relating to the stability of the aqueous dispersion, and indicates the concentration at which coagulation occurs when a coagulant is added. This critical aggregation concentration is
It greatly changes depending on the emulsified component and the dispersant itself. For example, Seizo Okamura et al., "Polymer Chemistry 1"
7, 601 (1960) edited by The Society of Polymer Science, Ltd., etc., and a detailed critical aggregation concentration can be obtained. As another method, a desired salt is added to the target particle dispersion at different concentrations, the ζ (zeta) potential of the dispersion is measured, and the salt concentration at which this value changes is determined as the critical aggregation concentration. You can also ask.

The amount of the aggregating agent added may be a critical coagulation concentration or higher, but is preferably 1.2 times the critical coagulation concentration or higher.
It is more preferable to add 1.5 times or more.

An infinitely soluble solvent means a solvent infinitely soluble in water, and a solvent which does not dissolve the resin formed in the present invention is selected as this solvent.
Specifically, methanol, ethanol, propanol,
Examples thereof include alcohols such as isopropanol, t-butanol, methoxyethanol, butoxyethanol, nitriles such as acetonitrile, and ethers such as dioxane. Particularly, ethanol, propanol and isopropanol are preferable.

The amount of the solvent that dissolves infinitely is 1 to 100% by volume with respect to the polymer-containing dispersion liquid to which the coagulant is added.
Is preferred.

In order to make the shape uniform, it is preferable to prepare colored particles, and after filtering, slurry in which 10% by weight or more of water is present is fluidized and dried. Those having a polar group in the polymer are preferred. It is considered that the reason for this is that since the existing water exerts an effect of swelling the existing water to some extent with respect to the polymer having the polar group, the homogenization of the shape is particularly likely to occur.

The toner of the present invention contains at least a resin and a colorant, but if necessary, it may contain a releasing agent which is a fixing property improving agent, a charge control agent and the like. Further, an external additive composed of inorganic fine particles, organic fine particles or the like may be added to the toner particles containing the resin and the colorant as main components.

The colorant used in the toner of the present invention may be any carbon black, magnetic substance, dye, pigment or the like. Examples of carbon black include channel black, furnace black, acetylene black,
Thermal black, lamp black, etc. are used. Ferromagnetic metals such as iron, nickel, and cobalt as magnetic materials,
Alloys containing these metals, compounds of ferromagnetic metals such as ferrite and magnetite, alloys containing no ferromagnetic metals but exhibiting ferromagnetism by heat treatment, such as manganese-copper-
Aluminum, manganese-copper-tin, and other types of alloys called Heusler alloys, chromium dioxide, and the like can be used.

As the dye, C.I. I. Solvent Red 1, 49, 52, 58, 63, 111, 1
22, C.I. I. Solvent Yellow 19, 44, 7
7, ibid 79, ibid 81, ibid 82, ibid 93, ibid 98, ibid 10
3, 104, 112, 162, C.I. I. Solvent Blue 25, 36, 60, 70, 93, 9
5 and the like can be used, and a mixture thereof can also be used. As the pigment, C.I. I. Pigment Red 5,
48: 1, 53: 1, 57: 1, 122, 1
39, 144, 149, 166, 177, 1
78, ibid. 222, C.I. I. Pigment Orange 31, the same 43, C.I. I. Pigment Yellow 14, Same 17 and Same 9
3, 94, 138, C.I. I. Pigment Green 7, C.I. I. Pigment Blue 15: 3, 60 and the like, and a mixture thereof can also be used. The number average primary particle size varies depending on the type, but is generally about 10
About 200 nm is preferable.

The colorant may be added by adding the polymer particles prepared by the emulsion polymerization method at the stage of aggregating by adding an aggregating agent to color the polymer or by polymerizing the monomer. It is possible to use a method in which a coloring agent is added and polymerized to obtain colored particles. When the colorant is added at the stage of preparing the polymer, it is preferable that the surface is treated with a coupling agent or the like so as not to hinder radical polymerizability.

Further, low molecular weight polypropylene (number average molecular weight = 1500 to 9000) or low molecular weight polyethylene as a fixing property improving agent may be added.

Similarly, various charge control agents are known,
Moreover, the thing which can be disperse | distributed in water can be used. Specifically, nigrosine dyes, metal salts of naphthenic acid or higher fatty acids, alkoxylated amines,
Examples thereof include secondary ammonium salt compounds, azo-based metal complexes, salicylic acid metal salts or metal complexes thereof.

The particles of these charge control agents and fixability improvers have a number average primary particle diameter of 10 to 50 in a dispersed state.
It is preferably about 0 nm.

A suspension polymerization method toner in which a toner component such as a colorant or the like is dispersed or dissolved in a so-called polymerizable monomer is suspended in an aqueous medium and then polymerized to obtain a toner is subjected to a polymerization reaction. The shape of the toner particles can be controlled by controlling the flow of the medium in the reaction vessel. That is, when a large number of toner particles having a shape factor of 1.2 or more are formed, the flow of the medium in the reaction vessel is made turbulent, and the polymerization proceeds to exist in the aqueous medium in a suspended state. When the oil droplets gradually become polymerized and become soft particles, the particles collide with each other to promote coalescence of the particles, and particles with an irregular shape are obtained. . When spherical toner particles having a shape factor of less than 1.2 are formed, spherical particles can be obtained by avoiding collision of particles by making the flow of the medium in the reaction vessel a laminar flow. By this method, the distribution of toner shape can be controlled within the range of the present invention.

The reaction device for polymerized toner preferably used in the present invention will be described below. First, a reaction apparatus preferably used for producing a polymerized toner will be described.
2 and 3 are a perspective view and a cross-sectional view showing an example of a polymerized toner reaction device, respectively. In the reactor shown in FIGS. 2 and 3, a rotating shaft 3j is vertically provided at the center of a vertical cylindrical stirring tank 2j having a heat exchange jacket 1j mounted on the outer periphery thereof, and stirring is performed on the rotating shaft 3j. A lower stirring blade 40j arranged near the bottom surface of the tank 2j and a stirring blade 50j arranged further above are provided. The upper-stage stirring blade 50j is arranged at an intersection angle α preceding the lower-stage stirring blade 40j in the rotational direction.
In the case of producing the toner of the present invention, the crossing angle α is 9
It is preferably less than 0 degree (°). The lower limit of the intersection angle α is not particularly limited, but is preferably about 5 ° or more, and more preferably 10 ° or more. When three-stage stirring blades are provided, the intersecting angle α between adjacent stirring blades is preferably less than 90 degrees.

With this structure, the medium is first stirred by the stirring blade 50j arranged in the upper stage, and a downward flow is formed. Then, the stirring blade 40j arranged in the lower stage accelerates the flow formed by the stirring blade 50j in the upper stage further downward, and the stirring blade 50j
It is presumed that a downward flow is also formed by itself, and the flow accelerates and progresses as a whole. As a result, a basin having a large shear stress formed as a turbulent flow is formed, and it is presumed that the shape of the obtained toner particles can be controlled.

2 and 3, the arrow indicates the direction of rotation, 7j is an upper material charging port, 8j is a lower material charging port, and 9j is a turbulent flow forming member for making stirring effective.

Here, the shape of the stirring blade is not particularly limited, but it has a rectangular plate shape, a blade with a cutout, a central portion with one or more holes, a so-called slit. Things etc. can be used. Specific examples of these are shown in FIG. Stirring blade 5 shown in FIG.
a has no central hole, the stirring blade 5b shown in FIG. 6B has a large central hole 6b in the center, and the stirring blade 5c shown in FIG. 6C has a horizontally long central hole 6c (slit). ), The stirring blade 5d shown in FIG.
There is a (slit). Further, in the case of providing a three-stage stirring blade, even if the middle hole portion formed in the upper stirring blade and the middle hole portion formed in the lower stirring blade are different, they may be the same. It may be.

The gap between the upper and lower stirring blades having the above-mentioned structure is not particularly limited, but it is preferable that there is a gap at least between the stirring blades. The reason for this is not clear, but it is considered that the stirring efficiency is improved because the flow of the medium is formed through the gap. However, the gap has a width of 0.5 to 50%, preferably a width of 1 to 30% with respect to the liquid surface height in a stationary state.

The size of the stirring blade is not particularly limited, but the total height of all stirring blades is 50% to 100%, preferably 60% to 50% of the liquid surface height in a stationary state. 95
%.

On the other hand, in the case of a polymerized toner in which resin particles are associated or fused with each other in an aqueous medium, by controlling the flow and temperature distribution of the medium in the reaction vessel at the fusion stage, the shape after fusion is further improved. By controlling the heating temperature, stirring rotation number, and time in the control step, the shape distribution and shape of the entire toner can be arbitrarily changed.

That is, in the case of a polymerization toner in which resin particles are associated or fused, the flow in the reaction device is laminar flow,
By using a stirring blade and a stirring tank that can make the internal temperature distribution uniform, by controlling the temperature, rotation speed, and time in the fusion process and shape control process, the desired shape factor and uniform A toner having a shape distribution can be formed. The reason for this is that when fusion is performed in a laminar flow-forming place, strong stress is not applied to particles (association or agglomerated particles) in which aggregation and fusion are progressing, and in a laminar flow in which the flow is accelerated, It is presumed that, as a result of the uniform temperature distribution in the stirring tank, the shape distribution of the fused particles becomes uniform. Furthermore, heating in the subsequent shape control process,
By stirring, the fused particles gradually become spherical and the shape of the toner particles can be arbitrarily controlled.

As the stirring tank used in the production of the polymerization method toner in which the resin particles are associated or fused, the same one as in the suspension polymerization method can be used. In this case, it is necessary not to provide an obstacle such as a baffle plate that forms a turbulent flow in the stirring tank.

The shape of this stirring blade is not particularly limited as long as it forms a laminar flow and does not form a turbulent flow. However, it may have a continuous surface such as a rectangular plate shown in FIG. 4 (c). What is formed is preferable, and may have a curved surface.

Further, in the toner used in the present invention, the effect can be more enhanced by adding fine particles such as inorganic fine particles and organic fine particles as an external additive.
The reason for this is presumed to be that the embedding and detachment of the external additive can be effectively suppressed, and the effect is remarkable.

As the inorganic fine particles, it is preferable to use inorganic oxide particles such as silica, titania, and alumina. Further, these inorganic fine particles are subjected to a hydrophobic treatment with a silane coupling agent or a titanium coupling agent. preferable. The degree of hydrophobic treatment is not particularly limited, but methanol wettability of 40 to 95 is preferable. Methanol wettability is an evaluation of wettability with respect to methanol. In this method, 50 ml of distilled water placed in a beaker with an internal volume of 200 ml was charged with inorganic fine particles to be measured in an amount of 0.
Weigh 2 g and add. Methanol is dripped slowly from a buret whose tip is dipped in the liquid, with slow stirring until the whole inorganic fine particles become wet. When the amount of methanol required to completely wet the inorganic fine particles is a (ml), the degree of hydrophobicity is calculated by the following formula.

Hydrophobicity = (a / (a + 50)) × 100 The addition amount of this external additive is 0.1 to 5% in the toner.
It is 0% by mass, preferably 0.5 to 4.0% by mass. Further, various external additives may be used in combination.

A fatty acid metal salt may be added as an external additive to the toner used in the present invention. Fatty acids and metal salts thereof include undecyl acid, lauric acid, tridecyl acid, dodecyl acid, myristic acid, palmitic acid, pentadecyl acid, stearic acid, heptadecyl acid, arachidic acid, montanic acid, oleic acid, linoleic acid, arachidonic acid, etc. And long-chain fatty acids thereof, and examples of the metal salt thereof include salts with metals such as zinc, iron, magnesium, aluminum, calcium, sodium and lithium. In the present invention, zinc stearate is particularly preferable. << Developer >> The toner used in the present invention may be a one-component developer or a two-component developer, but is preferably a two-component developer.

When used as a one-component developer, there is a method of using the toner as it is as a non-magnetic one-component developer, but normally, the toner particles contain magnetic particles of about 0.1 to 5 .mu.m. Used as a developer. As a method of containing it, it is common to incorporate it in the non-spherical particles in the same manner as the colorant.

Further, it can be used as a two-component developer by mixing with a carrier. In this case, conventionally known materials such as metals such as iron, ferrite and magnetite, alloys of these metals with metals such as aluminum and lead are used as the magnetic particles of the carrier. Ferrite particles are particularly preferable. The volume average particle diameter of the magnetic particles is 15
˜100 μm, more preferably 25 to 60 μm.

The volume average particle diameter of the carrier is typically measured by a laser diffraction type particle size distribution measuring apparatus “HELOS” (sympatic (SYMP)
(Made by ATEC)).

The carrier is preferably one in which magnetic particles are further coated with a resin, or a so-called resin dispersion type carrier in which magnetic particles are dispersed in a resin. The resin composition for coating is not particularly limited, but for example, an olefin resin, a styrene resin, a styrene / acrylic resin, a silicone resin, an ester resin, a fluorine-containing polymer resin, or the like is used. The resin for forming the resin-dispersed carrier is not particularly limited, and known ones can be used, and for example, styrene acrylic resin, polyester resin, fluorine resin, phenol resin, etc. can be used. it can.

The two-component developer is prepared by mixing the toner and the carrier. The toner is mixed in a toner concentration of 2 to 10% by mass based on the developer.

The developing method according to the present invention is not particularly limited. Even in the contact development method in which development is performed in a state where the surface of the photoconductor and the developer layer are in contact with each other in the development area, the photoconductor and the developer layer are kept in the non-contact state in the development area, and an alternating electric field, etc. A non-contact developing method in which toner is caused to fly in the gap between the surface of the photoconductor and the developer layer by the action to develop the toner may be used.

FIG. 5 is a sectional view of an image forming apparatus as an example of the image forming method of the present invention. In FIG. 5, reference numeral 50 denotes a photosensitive drum (photosensitive member) which is an image bearing member, and is a photosensitive member in which an organic photosensitive layer is coated on the drum, and the resin layer of the present invention is coated thereon, which is grounded. It is driven and rotated clockwise. 52
Is a charging device (charging means) of the scorotron, which gives uniform charging to the peripheral surface of the photosensitive drum 50 by corona discharge. Prior to the charging by the charger 52, in order to eliminate the history of the photosensitive member in the pre-image formation, the pre-charging pre-exposure unit 51 using a light emitting diode or the like may be used to remove the charge on the peripheral surface of the photosensitive member.

After uniformly charging the photosensitive member, an image exposing device (image exposing means) 53 performs image exposure based on an image signal. The image exposure device 53 in this figure uses a laser diode (not shown) as an exposure light source. Rotating polygon mirror 53
1, the light whose optical path is bent by the reflection mirror 532 through the f.theta. Lens, etc., scans the photosensitive drum to form an electrostatic latent image.

Here, the reversal development of the present invention is a developing step in which the surface of the photoconductor is uniformly charged by the charger 52 and an image-exposed region, that is, an exposed portion potential (exposed portion region) of the photosensitive member is developed. (Means) is an image forming method for visualizing. On the other hand, the unexposed portion potential is not developed by the developing bias potential applied to the developing sleeve 541.

The electrostatic latent image is then developed by a developing device (developing means).
It is developed at 54. A developing device 54 containing a developer composed of toner and carrier is provided on the periphery of the photosensitive drum 50, and development is performed by a developing sleeve 541 that contains a magnet and holds the developer and rotates. The inside of the developing device 54 is composed of developer agitating / conveying members 544 and 543, a conveying amount regulating member 542, and the like, and the developer is agitated and conveyed to be supplied to the developing sleeve. Controlled by member 542. The amount of the developer conveyed varies depending on the linear velocity of the electrophotographic photosensitive member and the specific gravity of the developer, but is generally 20 to 200 m.
It is in the range of g / cm ² .

The developer is, for example, a carrier having a core of ferrite coated with an insulating resin, a colorant such as carbon black containing the above styrene acrylic resin as a main material, a charge control agent, and the low molecular weight of the present invention. The toner is formed by externally adding silica, titanium oxide, or the like to colored particles made of polyolefin. The developer is transported to the developing area with its layer thickness regulated by the transport amount regulating member, and development is performed. At this time, normally, the photosensitive drum 50
Development is performed by applying a DC bias voltage and an AC bias voltage between the developing sleeve 541 and the developing sleeve 541 as necessary. Further, the developer is developed in a state of being in contact with or non-contacting with the photoreceptor. To measure the potential of the photoconductor, use the potential sensor 547 shown in FIG.
As shown in FIG.

After the image formation, the recording paper P is fed to the transfer area by the rotation operation of the paper feed roller 57 when the transfer timing is adjusted.

In the transfer area, the toner on the photoconductor is transferred onto the recording paper P which has been fed by the transfer electrode (transfer means) 58 which gives a charge having a polarity opposite to that of the toner.

Next, the recording paper P is separated by the separation electrode (separation means) 5
9, the charge is removed, and the toner is separated from the peripheral surface of the photosensitive drum 50 and conveyed to a fixing device (fixing means) 60. The heat roller 601 and the pressure roller 602 heat and pressurize the toner to fuse the toner, and then the paper discharge roller 61. It is discharged to the outside of the device via. The transfer electrode 58 and the separation electrode 59 are withdrawn from the peripheral surface of the photoconductor drum 50 after the recording paper P has passed and are prepared for the next toner image formation.

On the other hand, the photosensitive drum 50 after separating the recording paper P removes and cleans the residual toner by pressing the blade 621 of the cleaning device (cleaning means) 62.
The pre-charging pre-exposure unit 51 again removes electricity and the charger 52 charges, and the next image forming process starts.

Reference numeral 70 denotes a detachable process cartridge in which a photoconductor, a charging device, a transfer device, a separator and a cleaning device are integrated.

The image forming method and the image forming apparatus of the present invention are generally applied to electrophotographic apparatuses such as electrophotographic copying machines, laser printers, LED printers and liquid crystal shutter type printers. It can also be widely applied to devices such as light printing, plate making, and facsimile.

[0139]

The present invention will be described in detail below with reference to examples, but the embodiments of the present invention are not limited thereto. In addition, "part" in a sentence represents a "mass part."

The following photoconductors were produced as the photoconductors used in the present invention. Preparation of Photoreceptors 1-7 Photoreceptors 1-7 were prepared as follows. <Undercoat layer> Titanium chelate compound (TC-750 manufactured by Matsumoto Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd.) 30 g Silane coupling agent (KBM-503 manufactured by Shin-Etsu Chemical Co., Ltd.) 17 g 2-Propanol 150 ml Cylindrical conductive support having a diameter of 100 mm using the above coating solution. It was applied on top of it to give a film thickness of 0.5 μm. <Charge Generation Layer> Y-type titanyl phthalocyanine (titanyl phthalocyanine having a maximum peak at 27.2 degrees of Bragg angle 2θ (± 0.2) in Cu-Kα characteristic X-ray diffraction spectrum measurement) 60 g Silicone-modified butyral resin (X -40-1211M: manufactured by Shin-Etsu Chemical Co., Ltd.) 700 g 2-butanone 2000 ml was mixed and dispersed for 10 hours using a sand mill to prepare a charge generation layer coating liquid. This coating solution was applied onto the undercoat layer by a dip coating method to form a charge generation layer having a thickness of 0.2 μm. <Charge Transport Layer> Charge transport material (N- (4-methylphenyl) -N- {4- (β-phenylstyryl) phenyl} -p-toluidine) 225 g Polycarbonate having the following structure (viscosity average molecular weight 30,000) 300 g Antioxidant (Exemplified Compound 1-3) 6 g Solvent 2000 ml was mixed and dissolved to prepare a charge transport layer coating liquid. This coating solution was applied onto the charge generation layer by a dip coating method to form a charge transport layer having a dry film thickness of 25 μm.

However, the kinds of solvents and the drying conditions were changed to 7 kinds as shown in Table 1, each charge transport layer coating solution was applied onto the charge generating layer, and then dried to prepare photoconductors 1 to 7. The residual solvent concentration of each photoconductor after coating and drying is also shown in Table 1.

The residual solvent concentration was measured by a gas chromatography method.

[0143]

[Table 1]

Polymerized toners used in the evaluations below were prepared. Production of Toners T1 and T2 (Example of Emulsion Polymerization Method) 0.90 kg of sodium n-dodecyl sulfate and 10.0 L of pure water are put and dissolved by stirring. To this solution, 1.20 kg of Regal 330R (Carbon Black manufactured by Cabot Corporation) was gradually added, and after well stirring for 1 hour, the mixture was continuously dispersed for 20 hours using a sand grinder (medium type disperser). This is designated as "colorant dispersion liquid 1". In addition, a solution composed of 0.055 kg of sodium dodecylbenzenesulfonate and 4.0 L of ion-exchanged water was used as "anionic surfactant solution A".
And

0.014 kg of nonylphenol polyethylene oxide adduct of 0.014 kg and ion-exchanged water of 4.0 L
The solution consisting of is referred to as "Nonionic surfactant solution B".
223.8 g of potassium persulfate, 12.0 L of ion-exchanged water
The solution dissolved in was designated as "initiator solution C".

In a 100 L GL (glass lining) reaction kettle equipped with a temperature sensor, a cooling pipe, and a nitrogen introducing device, W
AX emulsion (polypropylene emulsion having a number average molecular weight of 3000: number average primary particle size = 120 nm / solid content concentration = 29.9%) 3.41 kg and "anionic surfactant solution A" and the total amount and "nonionic surfactant solution B" Add the whole amount and start stirring. Next, deionized water 4
Add 4.0 L.

Heating was started, and when the liquid temperature reached 75 ° C., the entire amount of “initiator solution C” was added dropwise. Then, while controlling the liquid temperature to 75 ° C ± 1 ° C, styrene 1
2.1 kg, n-butyl acrylate 2.88 kg, methacrylic acid 1.04 kg and t-dodecyl mercaptan 54
8 g and is added dropwise. After the dropping was completed, the liquid temperature was raised to 80 ° C. ± 1 ° C., and the mixture was heated and stirred for 6 hours. Then, the liquid temperature is cooled to 40 ° C. or lower, stirring is stopped, and the mixture is filtered with a pole filter to obtain “latex-A”.

The resin particles in Latex-A had a glass transition temperature of 57 ° C., a softening point of 121 ° C., a molecular weight distribution of weight average molecular weight = 127,000, and a weight average particle diameter of 12.
It was 0 nm.

A solution prepared by dissolving 0.055 kg of sodium dodecylbenzenesulfonate in 4.0 L of ion-exchanged pure water is referred to as "anionic surfactant solution D". Also,
A solution in which 0.014 kg of a 10-mol addition product of nonylphenol polyethylene oxide is dissolved in 4.0 L of ion-exchanged water is referred to as “nonionic surfactant solution E”.

Potassium persulfate (manufactured by Kanto Chemical Co., Inc.) 200.
A solution prepared by dissolving 7 g in 12.0 L of ion-exchanged water is referred to as "initiator solution F".

In a 100 L GL reaction kettle equipped with a temperature sensor, a cooling tube, a nitrogen introducing device, and a comb-shaped baffle, a WAX emulsion (polypropylene emulsion having a number average molecular weight of 3000: number average primary particle diameter = 120 nm / solid content concentration 29.9). %) 3.41 kg, the total amount of “anionic surfactant solution D” and the total amount of “nonionic surfactant solution E” are added, and stirring is started. Next, ion-exchanged water 44.0L
Throw in. When heating is started and the liquid temperature reaches 70 ° C., “initiator solution F” is added. Then, a solution prepared by previously mixing 11.0 kg of styrene, 4.00 kg of n-butyl acrylate, 1.04 kg of methacrylic acid and 9.02 g of t-dodecyl mercaptan was added dropwise. After the dropping was completed, the liquid temperature was controlled at 72 ° C. ± 2 ° C., and the mixture was heated and stirred for 6 hours. Furthermore, the liquid temperature was raised to 80 ° C. ± 2 ° C., and the mixture was heated and stirred for 12 hours. The liquid temperature is cooled to 40 ° C. or lower and stirring is stopped. After filtering with a pole filter, this filtrate was designated as "latex-B".

The resin particles in Latex-B had a glass transition temperature of 58 ° C., a softening point of 132 ° C., a molecular weight distribution of weight average molecular weight = 245,000 and a weight average particle diameter of 11
It was 0 nm.

Sodium chloride as salting out agent 5.36k
A solution prepared by dissolving g in 20.0 L of ion-exchanged water is referred to as “sodium chloride solution G”.

A solution prepared by dissolving 1.00 g of a fluorine-based nonionic surfactant in 1.00 L of ion-exchanged water is referred to as "nonionic surfactant solution H".

100 L of S equipped with a temperature sensor, a cooling pipe, a nitrogen introducing device, and a particle size and shape monitoring device.
In the US reactor (reactor having the configuration shown in FIG. 2, the crossing angle α is 20 °), the latex-A = 20.
0 kg, latex-B = 5.2 kg, colorant dispersion 1 = 0.4 kg, and ion-exchanged water 20.0 L are added and stirred. Then, the mixture was heated to 40 ° C., sodium chloride solution G, 6.00 kg of isopropanol (manufactured by Kanto Chemical Co., Inc.),
The nonionic surfactant solution H is added in this order. Then, after leaving for 10 minutes, the temperature rise is started and the liquid temperature becomes 85
The temperature is raised to 60 ° C. in 60 minutes, and heated and stirred at 85 ± 2 ° C. for 0.5 to 3 hours to grow the particle size while salting out / fusing. Next, 2.1 L of pure water is added to stop grain size growth.

The salting-out prepared in the above was carried out in a 5 L reaction vessel (a reactor having the structure shown in FIG. 2, a crossing angle α was 20 °) equipped with a temperature sensor, a cooling tube, and a particle size and shape monitoring device. / Add 5.0 kg of fused particle dispersion,
The shape was controlled by heating and stirring at a liquid temperature of 85 ° C. ± 2 ° C. for 0.5 to 15 hours. Then, the temperature is cooled to 40 ° C. or lower and stirring is stopped. Next, using a centrifuge, classification is performed in the liquid by a centrifugal sedimentation method, and the mixture is filtered through a sieve having an opening of 45 μm to obtain the filtrate as an association liquid. Then, using Nutsche,
Wet cake-like non-spherical particles were collected from the association liquid by filtration. Then, it was washed with ion-exchanged water.

The non-spherical particles were dried at a suction temperature of 60 ° C. using a flash jet dryer, and then at a temperature of 60 ° C. using a fluidized bed dryer. To 100 parts by mass of the obtained colored particles, 1 part by mass of silica fine particles and 0.1 part by mass of zinc stearate were externally added and mixed by a Henschel mixer to obtain a toner by an emulsion polymerization association method as shown in the table below. In the monitoring of the salting out / fusion step and the shape control step, the variation coefficient of the shape and the shape coefficient is controlled by controlling the stirring rotation speed and the heating time, and further the particle size and the particle size distribution are determined by the in-liquid classification. The toner T1 and the toner T2 shown in Table 2 were obtained by adjusting the coefficient of variation.

Production of Toner T3 (Example of Suspension Polymerization Method) Styrene = 165 g, n-butyl acrylate = 35
g, carbon black = 10 g, di-t-butylsalicylic acid metal compound = 2 g, styrene-methacrylic acid copolymer = 8 g, paraffin wax (mp = 70 ° C.) = 20
g was heated to 60 ° C. and uniformly dissolved and dispersed at 12000 rpm with a TK homomixer (manufactured by Tokushu Kika Kogyo Co., Ltd.),
As a polymerization initiator, 2,2'-azobis (2,4-
Valeronitrile) = 10 g was added and dissolved to prepare a polymerizable monomer composition. Then, 710 g of deionized water
To the TK, add 450 g of 0.1M sodium phosphate solution,
1. While stirring at 13000 rpm with a homomixer.
68 g of 0 M calcium chloride was gradually added to prepare a suspension in which tricalcium phosphate was dispersed. The above polymerizable monomer composition was added to this suspension and the mixture was mixed with a TK homomixer.
The polymerizable monomer composition was granulated by stirring at 0000 rpm for 20 minutes. Then, using a reaction device (intersection angle α is 45 °) having a structure of a stirring blade as shown in FIG.
The reaction was carried out at ˜95 ° C. for 5 to 15 hours. Dissolve and remove tricalcium phosphate with hydrochloric acid, then use a centrifuge to remove
The liquid was classified in the liquid by the centrifugal sedimentation method, and then filtered, washed and dried. To 100 parts by mass of the obtained colored particles,
1 part by mass of silica fine particles and 0.1 part by mass of zinc stearate were externally added and mixed by a Henschel mixer to obtain a toner by a suspension polymerization method.

By monitoring at the time of the polymerization and controlling the liquid temperature, the number of stirring revolutions, and the heating time, the variation coefficient of the shape and the shape factor is controlled, and further, the variation in the particle size and the particle size distribution is controlled by the in-liquid classification. The coefficient was adjusted to obtain Toner T3 shown in Table 2 below.

[0160]

[Table 2]

Preparation of Developer Preparation of Developer 1 0.4 parts of hydrophobic silica particles (R805: manufactured by Nippon Aerosil Co., Ltd.) having an average particle diameter of 12 nm as external additives, and titania particles ( T805: manufactured by Nippon Aerosil Co., Ltd.) was mixed and mixed with a Henschel mixer at room temperature at a peripheral speed of a stirring blade of 40 (m / sec) for 10 minutes to obtain a negatively chargeable toner. The adhesion rate of this toner was 45%.

A developer 1 having a toner concentration of 5% was prepared by mixing the above toner with a ferrite carrier coated with a silicone resin and having a volume average particle diameter of 60 μm.

Preparation of Developers 2 and 3 A developer 2 was prepared in the same manner except that the toner T2 was used instead of the toner T1 in the preparation of the developer 1.
A developer 3 was prepared in the same manner except that the toner T3 was used instead of the toner T1.

The following evaluations were carried out using the above-mentioned photoreceptor and developer. Evaluation Method of Dielectric Properties (Dielectric Constant (ε), Dielectric Loss (tan δ)) Dielectric properties were measured using a capacitance meter 4284A.

As the measurement sample, a sample was used in which the charge transport layer was formed on a peelable polyethylene terephthalate under the same conditions as in the preparation of the above-mentioned photoreceptor, and then the charge transport layer was peeled off.

Image Evaluation Method A combination of the above-mentioned photoreceptors and developers as shown in Table 3 is basically used, and a Konica 7050 digital copying machine (corona charging, laser exposure, reversal development) manufactured by Konica Corporation having the image forming process shown in FIG. , Electrostatic transfer, nail separation, and cleaning blade are included), and image density, halftone white spot, cleaning property, and black spot are evaluated. For the evaluation, an original image in which a character image with a pixel ratio of 7%, a halftone photographic image, a solid white image, and a solid black image are equally divided into quarters respectively is used under normal temperature and normal humidity (24
C., 60% RH) A4 copying experiment was continuously performed on 10,000 sheets. However, before the above evaluation was started, setting powder was sprinkled on the photoconductor and the cleaning blade in order to blend the photoconductor and the cleaning blade, and the photoconductor was rotated for 1 minute. The evaluation results are shown in Table 3.

Image Density (Measured by RD-918 manufactured by Macbeth Co., measured with relative reflection density with the reflection density of the paper set to "0". Evaluated on the initial image and after copying 10,000 sheets.) : Black solid image is 1.2 or more ◯: Black solid image is less than 1.2 to 1.0 ×: Black solid image is less than 1.0 White void (evaluated by halftone images of all 10,000 copies) White For evaluation of omission, white omission with a major axis of 0.4 mm or more is A4.
It was judged based on how many pieces there were per sheet. The blank major axis can be measured with a microscope equipped with a video printer. The criteria for evaluation of blank areas are as shown below.

∘: 0.4 mm or more white spot frequency: All copied images 3 / A4 or less: Good ○: 0.4 mm or more white spot frequency: 4 / A4 or more, 1
0 / A4 or less occurred 1 or more: No problem in practical use ×: 0.4 mm or more white spot frequency: 11 / A4 or more occurred 1 or more: Practical problem Black spots (total of 10,000 sheets) Evaluation with solid white image of copy) Black spots are evaluated as A4 when the black spot with a major axis of 0.4 mm or more.
It was judged based on how many pieces there were per sheet. The major axis of the black spot can be measured with a microscope equipped with a video printer. The criteria for black spot evaluation are as shown below.

⊚: Black spot frequency of 0.4 mm or more: All copied images are 3 pieces / A4 or less: Good ◯: Black spot frequency of 0.4 mm or more: 4 pieces / A4 or more, 1
0 or more / A4 or less occurred on 1 sheet or more: no problem in practical use x: 0.4 mm or more black spot frequency: 11 / A4 or more occurred on 1 sheet or more: practically problematic Cleaning property (photosensitive after completion of 10,000 copies Visually observe the occurrence of toner filming on the body) ○: No toner filming occurred ×: Toner filming occurred

[0170]

[Table 3]

From Table 3, the photoconductors 1 to 4 having the dielectric constant (ε) and the dielectric loss (tan δ) within the range of the present invention were free from white spots and black spots, and a good electrophotographic image was obtained. However, the dielectric constant (ε) and the dielectric loss (ta
Photoreceptors 5 to 7 having nδ) out of the range of the present invention have white spots, and the photoreceptors 6 and 7 also have poor cleaning properties, which clearly shows the effect of the present invention.

[0172]

As is clear from the above examples, by using the photoconductor of the present invention, it is possible to prevent the image defect which is likely to occur during the reversal development and in which white voids and black dots are contradictory.
A good electrophotographic image can be obtained.

[Brief description of drawings]

FIG. 1A is an explanatory diagram showing a projected image of toner particles without corners, and FIGS. 1B and 1C are explanatory diagrams showing projected images of toner particles with corners.

FIG. 2 is a perspective view showing an example of a polymerized toner reaction device.

FIG. 3 is a cross-sectional view showing an example of a polymerized toner reaction device.

FIG. 4 is a schematic view showing a specific example of the shape of a stirring blade.

FIG. 5 is a sectional view of an image forming apparatus as an example of an image forming method of the present invention.

[Explanation of symbols]

50 photoconductor drum (or photoconductor) 51 Pre-charge exposure unit 52 Charger 53 Image exposure device 54 Developer 541 Development sleeve 543,544 developer stirring and conveying member 547 potential sensor 57 Paper Feed Roller 58 transfer electrode 59 Separation electrode (separator) 60 fixing device 61 Paper ejection roller 62 cleaning device 70 Process cartridge

Claims (12)

[Claims] 1. An organic photoreceptor having a charge generating layer and a charge transport layer laminated on a conductive support, wherein the charge transport layer has a dielectric constant (ε) of 3.4 or less at a frequency of 20 Hz and a dielectric loss at a frequency of 1 kHz. (Tan δ) is 0.001
An organic photoconductor characterized in that it is ˜0.03. 2. The charge transport layer is formed using a coating liquid containing at least one solvent having a dielectric constant (ε) (ε at a frequency of 20 Hz) of 9.5 or less. The organic photoconductor according to item 1. 3. The residual solvent in the charge transport layer is 3000.
p. p. m. The organophotoreceptor according to claim 1 or 2, wherein: 4. A method for producing an organic photoreceptor in which a charge generation layer and a charge transport layer are laminated on a conductive support, wherein the charge transport layer has a dielectric constant (ε) (ε at 20 Hz) of 9.5 or less. Coated and dried using a coating liquid containing at least one solvent,
A dielectric constant (ε) at a frequency of 20 Hz is 3.4 or less, and a dielectric loss (Tan δ) at a frequency of 1 kHz is 0.00.
A method for producing an organic photoreceptor, which comprises removing the residual solvent so as to have a concentration of 1 to 0.03. 5. An electrostatic latent image is formed on the organic photoconductor according to claim 1, wherein the electrostatic latent image has a variation coefficient of the shape factor of toner particles of 16% or less. And an image forming method comprising developing with a developer using a toner having a number variation coefficient in the number particle size distribution of 27% or less. 6. An electrostatic latent image is formed on the organic photoconductor according to claim 1, and the electrostatic latent image has a shape factor of 1.0 to 1.6. An image forming method comprising developing with a developer using a toner containing 65% by number or more of toner particles. 7. The image forming method according to claim 6, wherein the range of the shape factor is 1.2 to 1.6. 8. A toner comprising an electrostatic latent image formed on the organic photoconductor according to claim 1, the toner containing 50% by number or more of toner particles having no corners. An image forming method comprising developing with a developer using. 9. The number average particle diameter of the toner is 3 to 8 μm.
The image forming method according to any one of claims 5 to 8, wherein 10. When the particle diameter of the toner particles is D (μm), the natural logarithm lnD is plotted on the horizontal axis, and the horizontal axis shows a number-based particle size distribution divided into a plurality of classes at 0.23 intervals. The sum (M) of the relative frequency (m ₁ ) of the toner particles included in the most frequent class in the histogram and the relative frequency (m ₂ ) of the toner particles included in the next most frequent class is 70. % Or more, 6.
10. The image forming method according to any one of items 9 to 9. 11. An image forming apparatus using the image forming method according to any one of claims 5 to 10. 12. The organic photoconductor according to claim 1,
At least one of a charging unit, an image exposing unit, a developing unit, and a cleaning unit is integrally combined, and the process cartridge is configured so that it can be freely taken in and out of the image forming apparatus.