JP2001260202A - Method and apparatus for producing resin sheet - Google Patents

Abstract

PROBLEM TO BE SOLVED: To provide a method for molding a resin sheet excellent in thickness uniformity efficiently while improving productivity and an apparatus for the method. SOLUTION: In the method in which a molten resin is extruded from a slit die 1 into a shape of sheet in gaseous atmosphere, the molten resin sheet S is made to be in contacted with the surface of a moving cooling medium 2 through an electrostatic contact biasing means 3, at least the water content of the gaseous atmosphere of the means 3 is controlled at 30-588 g/m3. More preferably, the temperature of the gaseous atmosphere is controlled at 30-350 deg.C.

Description

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

[0001]

The present invention relates to a method and an apparatus for manufacturing a resin sheet, and more particularly, to a method and an apparatus for manufacturing a resin sheet having excellent thickness uniformity while improving productivity.

[0002]

2. Description of the Related Art Generally, resin sheets such as resin films are
It is manufactured by extruding a molten resin into a sheet shape from a slit die, cooling and solidifying the molten resin on the surface of a moving cooling medium such as a cooling drum, and then stretching it uniaxially or biaxially. The resin sheet manufactured in this way is used for a very large number of applications, such as electric component materials such as capacitors, magnetic materials such as magnetic recording tapes and packaging materials,
In any application, the thickness is required to be uniform.

[0003] In order to reduce the thickness unevenness of the resin sheet, it is important to enhance the molding accuracy of the molten resin sheet from the time when the molten resin is extruded into a sheet shape from a slit die until it is cooled and solidified on the surface of the moving cooling medium. It is supposed to be.
However, there is a phenomenon that as the molding speed is increased in order to improve productivity, the molding accuracy of the molten resin sheet is deteriorated because the adhesive force to the surface of the cooling medium is reduced, and the thickness unevenness is increased. In particular, if the molding speed rises excessively, air will be trapped between the molten resin sheet and the surface of the cooling medium, causing unacceptable surface defects on the product sheet.

Conventionally, as a countermeasure against the above-mentioned problem, when a molten resin sheet discharged from a slit die is cooled and solidified on the surface of a cooling medium, a linear, blade-like or needle-like shape is formed on the upper surface near the landing of the molten resin sheet. There is known an electrostatic application method in which the electrodes are arranged so as to traverse the electrodes, static electricity is applied to the molten resin sheet by the electrodes, and the electrostatic force is applied to the surface of the cooling medium to improve the adhesion.

According to this electrostatic application method, it is possible to reduce the thickness unevenness of the resin sheet up to a certain molding speed, but when the molding speed exceeds a certain molding speed, it becomes impossible and there is a limit. For example, if the applied voltage is increased to increase the adhesion between the molten resin sheet and the surface of the cooling medium and the speed is further increased, or if the electrode is brought closer to the molten resin sheet, the air layer between the electrode and the molten resin sheet is increased. This is because spark discharge occurs due to dielectric breakdown, which may damage the molten resin sheet and the surface of the cooling medium.

[0006]

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION It is an object of the present invention to provide a resin sheet capable of solving the above-mentioned conventional problems and improving the productivity while efficiently forming a resin sheet having excellent thickness uniformity. It is to provide a manufacturing method and an apparatus.

[0007]

According to the present invention, there is provided a resin sheet manufacturing method for extruding a molten resin into a gas atmosphere from a slit die in a gaseous atmosphere, and pressing the molten resin by electrostatic adhesion urging means. In the method for producing a resin sheet which is brought into close contact with the surface of a moving cooling medium via a carrier, at least the water content of the gas atmosphere of the electrostatic contact urging means is set to 30 to
It is characterized in that it is controlled within the range of 588 g / m ³ . More preferably, the temperature of the gas atmosphere is 30
The temperature is controlled in the range of -350 ° C.

As described above, by maintaining the water content of the gas atmosphere of the electrostatic contact urging means, specifically, the gas atmosphere of the electrode for performing the electrostatic contact urging in the range of ³⁰ to 588 g / m ³ , Since the atmosphere around the electrodes is activated by water molecules, the electrostatic force applied to the molten resin sheet per unit time can be increased even when the same applied voltage is applied. Due to the increase in the electrostatic force, the adhesive force between the molten resin sheet and the surface of the cooling medium increases, and the molding speed can be increased by the increased amount without causing thickness unevenness.
In addition, since the gas atmosphere of the above-mentioned water content makes it difficult for spark discharge to occur from the electrodes even when the applied electrostatic voltage is increased or the electrodes are brought closer to the molten resin sheet, high quality without discharge marks on the surface of the resin sheet. Can be manufactured.

Although the apparatus for carrying out the above-mentioned production method is not particularly limited, the molten resin is extruded into a gas atmosphere from a slit die in a sheet form, and the molten resin is moved and cooled through an electrostatic contact urging means. In the apparatus for manufacturing a resin sheet that is brought into close contact with the surface of a medium, a gas supply unit that supplies a gas containing moisture toward at least the electrostatic contact urging unit and a control unit for a supply amount of the gas containing moisture are provided. It is good to use the device.

[0010]

BEST MODE FOR CARRYING OUT THE INVENTION In the present invention, a thermoplastic resin is preferable as a resin used as a raw material of a resin sheet. For example, polyethylenes such as polyethylene terephthalate, polyethylene isophthalate, polybutylene terephthalate and copolymers thereof, polyethylene,
Examples thereof include polyolefins such as polypropylene and copolymers thereof, and polyamides such as nylon 6, nylon 66, nylon 12, and copolymers thereof. Among them, polyesters are preferable, and polyethylene terephthalate is particularly preferable. Of course, additives such as an antistatic agent, a weathering agent, a lubricant, and a pigment may be added to these resin materials.

In the method for producing a resin sheet according to the present invention, the raw material resin is melted, extruded as a molten resin sheet from a slit die into a gas atmosphere, and the molten resin sheet is landed on the surface of a moving cooling medium to be cooled and solidified. and when,
The molten resin sheet is brought into close contact with the surface of the moving cooling medium via electrostatic contact urging means. The unstretched resin sheet cooled and solidified on the surface of the moving cooling medium is usually continuously sent to a stretching step, where it is stretched in the longitudinal or transverse direction uniaxially or biaxially sequentially or simultaneously into a stretched resin sheet. .

According to the present invention, at least the step of extruding the molten resin from the slit die until the molten resin is brought into close contact with the surface of the moving cooling medium, the method comprises the steps of: 30-588 g /
m ³ , preferably in the range of 100 to 380 g / m ³ . More preferably, the temperature of the gas atmosphere including the electrostatic contact urging means (electrode) is 30 to 350.
° C, preferably in the range of 100 to 300 ° C.

As described above, the gas atmosphere around the electrostatic contact urging means is activated by water molecules, so that the electrostatic force per unit time of the molten resin sheet by the electrostatic contact urging means is increased, and In this case, the molding speed at which molding can be performed without causing thickness unevenness can be increased. In addition, by the gas atmosphere of the above water content, even if the electrostatic applied voltage is increased or the electrode is brought closer to the resin sheet,
Spark discharge is less likely to be generated from the electrode, and a high-quality resin sheet having few discharge marks on the surface of the resin sheet can be manufactured.

In the present invention, it is preferable that the moisture content and the temperature of the gas atmosphere as described above be the same in the gas atmosphere surrounding the molten resin discharge port of the slit die. That is, the gas atmosphere in the vicinity of the molten resin discharge port of the slit die has a water content of 30 to 588 g / m ³ , preferably 10
It is preferable to control so as to be 0 to 380 g / m ³ . More preferably, the temperature of the gas atmosphere is 30 to 3
The temperature is set to 50 ° C, preferably 100 to 300 ° C.

When the gas atmosphere near the molten resin discharge port of the slit die is controlled to the above-mentioned water content, additives contained in the raw material resin and a product obtained by thermally decomposing a part of the resin are discharged from the molten resin discharge port of the die lip. It is possible to suppress the occurrence of so-called eye frays, which adhere to and accumulate on portions (tip portions). As a result, the cycle for cleaning the tip of the die lip can be extended, which can contribute to an improvement in productivity.

The activation of the gas atmosphere, the effect of preventing discharge, and the effect of suppressing the die lip by the amount of water described above cannot be obtained if the amount of water is less than 30 g / m ³ . However, if the amount of water is more than 588 g / m ³ , such a large amount of water is difficult to obtain unless the pressure of the gaseous atmosphere is higher than the atmospheric pressure. Is complicated. In addition, the thickness unevenness of the molten resin sheet may be deteriorated.

The temperature of the gaseous atmosphere when the water content is in the above range is 30 to 350 ° C., preferably 100 to 3 ° C.
The temperature is preferably set to 00 ° C. By controlling the temperature within the above range in accordance with the amount of water in the gaseous atmosphere, it is possible to prevent dew condensation on the surrounding molding apparatus and the like. In particular, if the temperature is lower than 30 ° C., dew condensation is likely to occur in peripheral equipment, which may adversely affect the molten resin sheet and the like. When the temperature is higher than 350 ° C., the quality of the molten resin is deteriorated.

It is more preferable that the above-mentioned water content and temperature be kept within 20%, preferably within 5%, over time.

The gas atmosphere having the above-mentioned water content and temperature can be formed by locally supplying a gas from a gas supply device to an electrostatic contact urging means and / or a molten resin discharge port of a slit die. preferable. It is also preferable to prevent the surface of the molten resin sheet from being rapidly cooled by supplying gas. The gas to be supplied is not particularly limited as long as a desired amount of water and temperature can be obtained.For example, a gas containing water vapor or fine water droplets can be used. Good to use.

The gas supply speed is preferably 0.01 to 2 m / sec, and more preferably 0.1 to 2 m / sec. If the supply speed is lower than 0.01 m / sec, it becomes difficult to control the amount of water in the gas atmosphere to a desired range. In addition, 2m /
If the supply speed is higher than 2 seconds, the molten resin sheet vibrates due to the wind pressure of the supply gas, which causes uneven thickness.

The gas supply device includes a gas supply unit that blows toward the molten resin discharge port of the slit die and / or the electrostatic contact urging unit and / or a molten resin discharge port of the slit die. Control means for detecting at least one of the peripheral moisture content, temperature and supply speed (gas flow rate), and controlling the peripheral moisture content and temperature within a predetermined range based on the detected value. Good thing.

The shape of the gas supply means may be, for example, a box shape, a tube shape, or the like. The supply port is a slit, a set of multiple round holes,
Alternatively, it may be made of a porous metal or the like. Although the size and shape of the supply port are free, it is preferable that the supply port be capable of spraying the supply gas substantially uniformly in the width direction of the resin sheet (the longitudinal direction of the slit die). It is preferable that the gas supply range is equal to or slightly narrower than the width of the resin sheet, so that dew condensation on the moving cooling medium (drawing drum) and peripheral devices can be prevented. More preferably, the width of the supply port can be changed according to the width of the molten resin sheet.

The position at which the gas supply means is arranged is not particularly limited. For example, the gas supply means is preferably located behind the electrode (on the opposite side of the resin sheet across the electrode) and below. By disposing at such a position, the molten resin sheet between the die lip and the take-up drum can be prevented from vibrating due to the blown gas. As another position, the molten resin sheet may be supplied from both ends, or may be supplied from the rear of the molten resin sheet. Also, the gas atmosphere may be stabilized by surrounding the area from the die lip to the take-up drum including the electrodes with a partition wall, or by additionally providing a means for sucking gas.

The slit die for discharging molten resin used in the present invention is not particularly limited as long as it has a slit-shaped discharge port in the longitudinal direction. For example, a die having a slit, such as a T die, a coat hanger die, and a fish tail die, can be used.

The moving cooling medium for cooling and solidifying the molten resin sheet is not particularly limited as long as it can continuously receive the molten resin sheet and cool and solidify it. For example, a take-up drum (cooling drum), a take-up belt (cooling belt) and the like can be used, but a take-up drum is particularly preferably used.

As the electrostatic contact urging means for electrostatically adhering the molten resin sheet to the surface of the moving cooling medium, an electrostatic application method using a linear, blade-like or needle-like electrode is applied. At least one of the electrodes is disposed so as to cross the upper surface side of the molten resin sheet that lands on the surface of the moving cooling medium. As a material of the electrode, a conductive metal, carbon, or the like can be used. Metals include stainless steel, titanium, beryllium copper, palladium, permalloy,
Examples thereof include tantalum, gold, platinum, silver, copper, brass, iron, tin, aluminum, nickel, zinc, molybdenum, and tungsten. FIG. 1 and FIG. 2 exemplify a main part of an apparatus used in the method for producing a resin sheet of the present invention.

In FIG. 1 and FIG.
Has a slit-shaped die lip 1a at the lower end, extrudes the molten resin sheet S from the die lip 1a, and cools and solidifies the molten resin sheet S on the surface of the take-up drum 2 which is a moving cooling medium to form an unstretched resin sheet. While the take-up drum 2 rotates in the direction of the arrow, the molten resin sheet S is brought into close contact with the surface thereof, and is cooled and solidified while moving in the same direction. The unstretched resin sheet cooled and solidified by the take-up drum 2 is successively sent to a stretching step (not shown), where it is stretched uniaxially or biaxially in the vertical or horizontal direction, sequentially or simultaneously, and formed into a stretched resin sheet. .

The molten resin sheet S landed on the take-up drum 2
A linear electrode 3 for applying static electricity is arranged on the upper surface side so as to cross the molten resin sheet S in the width direction (to be substantially parallel to the longitudinal direction of the slit). A DC voltage of several kV to several tens kV is applied to the electrode 3 from a power supply (not shown) so that the molten resin sheet S is electrostatically adhered to the surface of the take-up drum 2. Both ends of the electrode 3 are covered with insulating materials 4 and 4, and the insulating materials 4 and 4 are provided so as to slightly overlap both ends in the width direction of the molten resin sheet S, so that the take-up drum 2 is separated from the electrode 3. Avoid spark discharge.

The gas blower 6 and the sensor 7 are arranged on the opposite side of the electrode 3 from the molten resin sheet S. The sensor 7 detects the amount of water, the temperature, and the flow velocity of the atmosphere formed around the electrode 3 and around the die lip 1 a by the gas blown out from the gas blower 6, and sends the detected amount to the controller 8. The gas blowing device 6, the sensor 7, and the controller 8 constitute a gas supply device 5. That is, in the gas supply device 5, the gas blown out from the gas blower 6 by the controller 8 based on the detection value of the sensor 7 is supplied to the periphery of the electrode 3 and the die lip 1.
The water content of the atmosphere in the vicinity of a is 30 to 588 g /
The calculation is performed so that m ³ and the temperature become 30 to 350 ° C.

As the sensor 7, for detecting the amount of water in the gaseous atmosphere, for example, a sensor using a limiting current type oxygen sensor using a zirconia solid electrolyte is used. Further, for detecting the temperature of the gas atmosphere and the flow rate of the supplied gas, for example, a measuring instrument having a sensor unit and an arithmetic function unit is used. These sensors 7 are arranged at a plurality of points (ten points in the figure) at equal intervals in the width direction of the molten resin sheet so that the distribution of each can be detected.

The gas blower 6 is formed in a box shape from metal.
A heating cartridge heater is installed on the surface and inside thereof, a rectifying plate that allows gas distribution to be adjusted inside is installed, and a slit-shaped hole is provided in the outlet. Steam is supplied to the gas blower 6 from a pipe (not shown), and the steam is controlled to a desired moisture content and temperature by the gas blower 6 based on a control signal of the controller 8.
The air is supplied from the outlet toward the periphery of the electrode 3 and the periphery of the die lip 1a.

[0032]

EXAMPLES Examples and comparative examples of the present invention will be described below. The meanings of the evaluations used in these examples and comparative examples are as follows.

[Upper limit speed] The upper limit of the drum rotation speed at which air entrapment occurs when the adhesion between the molten resin sheet and the surface of the take-up drum is insufficient.

[Thickness unevenness] This is a fluctuation value when measuring the thickness of the unstretched sheet on the take-up drum at a longitudinal length of 1 m when the rotational speed of the take-up drum is 40 m / min and 60 m / min, respectively. It was expressed by the following equation.

Variation (%) = ｛(maximum thickness−minimum thickness)
/ Average thickness｝ × 100 [Others] The water content of the gas atmosphere was measured using a ceramic humidity sensor made by Nippon Tokuhyo Co., Ltd. using a high-temperature humidity detector. The temperature of the gas atmosphere and the flow rate of the supplied gas were measured using a high-temperature anemomaster manufactured by Kanomax Japan. These sensors are located between the slit die and the take-up drum, and 10 m above the electrostatic application electrode.
m, 10 points were arranged at equal intervals in the width direction (the longitudinal direction of the die slit) at a position of 5 mm in front (direction approaching the molten resin). The values of the steam moisture content, the temperature, and the flow rate are average values of these 10 points.

Example 1 Orthochlorophenol melt intrinsic viscosity at 25 ° C. is 0.6
The polyethylene terephthalate of No. 15 was melted at 280 ° C. and extruded using the manufacturing apparatus of FIGS. 1 and 2 set as described below to produce a resin sheet having an average thickness of 0.1 mm.

At this time, the upper limit speed of the take-up drum, the thickness unevenness of the resin sheet obtained at a rotation speed of 40 m / min and 60 m / min, and the flow to the electrostatic application electrode at a drum rotation speed of 40 m / min. When the current value was measured,
The results in Table 1 were obtained.

Die lip: width = 400 mm, slit gap = 2.5 mm Distance between die lip and take-up drum = 30 mm Electrostatic application electrode: stainless steel wire, diameter 100 μm, applied DC voltage = 10 kV Gas supply device: stainless steel rectangular solid (400 mm) × 50
mm × 10 mm) Slit-shaped outlet (slit gap 2 mm) Distance between gas supply device and electrostatic application electrode = 35 mm Supply gas: water vapor Moisture content of gas atmosphere (near electrode): 366 g / m ³ Temperature of gas atmosphere (electrode (Near): 250 ° C. Flow rate of supply gas: 0.1 m / sec Example 2 A resin sheet having an average thickness of 0.1 mm was produced in the same manner as in Example 1 except that the following points were changed.

The upper limit speed of the take-up drum and the rotation speed of 40 m
Table 1 shows the thickness unevenness of the resin sheet obtained at 60 m / min and 60 m / min, respectively, and the current value flowing to the electrostatic application electrode at a drum rotation speed of 40 m / min.

Applied DC voltage = 9.8 kV Water content in gas atmosphere (near the electrode): 96 g / m ³ Example 3 The same conditions as in Example 1 were used except that the following points were changed, and the average thickness was 0. A 1 mm resin sheet was produced.

The upper limit speed of the take-up drum and the rotation speed of 40 m
Table 1 shows the thickness unevenness of the resin sheet obtained at 60 m / min and 60 m / min, respectively, and the current value flowing to the electrostatic application electrode at a drum rotation speed of 40 m / min.

Applied DC voltage = 9.8 kV Water content in gaseous atmosphere: 31 g / m ³ Comparative Example 1 A resin having an average thickness of 0.1 mm was obtained in the same manner as in Example 1 except that the following points were changed. A sheet was manufactured.

The upper limit speed of the take-up drum and the rotation speed of 40 m
Table 1 shows the thickness unevenness of the resin sheet obtained at 60 m / min and 60 m / min, respectively, and the current value flowing to the electrostatic application electrode at a drum rotation speed of 40 m / min.

DC applied voltage = 9.4 kV Gas supply device: None Supply gas: None Water content of gas atmosphere (near the electrode): 23 g / m ³ Comparative Example 2 In Example 1, the following points were changed. Under the same conditions, a resin sheet having an average thickness of 0.1 mm was similarly manufactured.

The upper limit speed of the take-up drum and the rotation speed of 40 m
Table 1 shows the thickness unevenness of the resin sheet obtained at 60 m / min and 60 m / min, respectively, and the current value flowing to the electrostatic application electrode at a drum rotation speed of 40 m / min.

DC applied voltage = 8.0 kV Gas supply device: None Supply gas: None Water content in gas atmosphere: 23 g / m ³ Comparative Example 3 The same conditions as in Example 1 were used except that the following points were changed. Similarly, a resin sheet having an average thickness of 0.1 mm was produced.

The upper limit speed of the take-up drum and the rotation speed of 40 m
Table 1 shows the thickness unevenness of the resin sheet obtained at 60 m / min and 60 m / min, respectively, and the current value flowing to the electrostatic application electrode at a drum rotation speed of 40 m / min.

DC applied voltage = 10 kV Gas supply device: None Supply gas: None Water content in gas atmosphere: 23 g / m ³

[0049]

[Table 1]

As is apparent from Table 1, according to the present invention (Examples 1 to 3), the adhesion between the molten resin sheet and the take-up drum is improved, and the upper limit speed is increased, so that high-speed production becomes possible. It is understood that a resin sheet having extremely excellent thickness uniformity can be obtained. In addition, it can be seen that even when the applied voltage is increased or the take-up drum speed is increased, spark discharge from the electrostatic application electrode is hardly generated.

[0051]

As described above, according to the present invention,
By setting the water content of the gas atmosphere including the electrostatic contact urging means (electrode) to ³⁰ to 588 g / m ³ , the atmosphere around the electrode is activated by water molecules, and the molten resin is applied even when the same applied voltage is applied. The electrostatic force applied to the sheet per unit time can be increased, and the increase in the electrostatic force increases the adhesive force between the molten resin sheet and the surface of the cooling medium, and increases the molding speed by the increased amount without causing thickness unevenness. be able to. In addition, the gas atmosphere having the above-mentioned water content makes it difficult for spark discharge to be generated from the electrodes even when the applied electrostatic voltage is increased, and makes it possible to manufacture a high-quality resin sheet having no discharge marks on the surface of the resin sheet.

[Brief description of the drawings]

FIG. 1 is a schematic side view showing a main part of an apparatus to which a method for manufacturing a resin sheet of the present invention is applied.

FIG. 2 is a schematic front view of the apparatus of FIG.

[Explanation of symbols]

 DESCRIPTION OF SYMBOLS 1 Slit die 1a Die lip 2 Take-off drum (moving cooling medium) 3 Electrode (electrostatic contact urging means) 4 Insulating material 5 Gas supply device (gas supply means) 6 Gas blower 7 Detection sensor 8 Controller S Melted resin sheet

 ──────────────────────────────────────────────────続 き Continued on the front page (72) Inventor Hidetoshi Okagi 1-1-1, Sonoyama, Otsu City, Shiga Prefecture F-term in the Shiga Plant of Toray Industries (reference) 4F207 AA24 KA01 KE06 KK66 KK77 KM06 KM16 KW50 4F210 AA24 AG01 QC01 QC05 QD19 QG01 QG18

Claims (10)

[Claims] 1. A method for producing a resin sheet wherein a molten resin is extruded into a gaseous atmosphere from a slit die in a gaseous state and the molten resin is brought into close contact with the surface of a moving cooling medium via electrostatic contact urging means. A method for producing a resin sheet, wherein the amount of water in a gas atmosphere of an electrostatic contact urging means is controlled within a range of ³⁰ to 588 g / m ³ . 2. The temperature of the gas atmosphere is 30 to 350 ° C.
The method for producing a resin sheet according to claim 1, wherein the control is performed in the following manner. 3. The resin according to claim 1, wherein the water content of the gas atmosphere at the discharge port of the slit die is controlled in the range of ³⁰ to 588 g / m ³ together with the gas atmosphere of the electrostatic contact urging means. Sheet manufacturing method. 4. The method for producing a resin sheet according to claim 1, wherein a gas containing water is supplied to said electrostatic contact urging means and / or a discharge port of said slit die. 5. The supply rate of the gas containing water is 0.0
The method for producing a resin sheet according to claim 4, wherein the control is performed in a range of 1 to 2 m / sec. 6. The method for producing a resin sheet according to claim 1, wherein the resin sheet cooled and solidified on the moving cooling medium is sequentially or simultaneously stretched in a uniaxial direction or a biaxial direction. 7. A resin sheet manufacturing apparatus in which a molten resin is extruded from a slit die into a gas atmosphere into a gaseous atmosphere and the molten resin is brought into close contact with a surface of a moving cooling medium via electrostatic contact urging means. An apparatus for manufacturing a resin sheet, comprising: gas supply means for supplying a gas containing water to electrostatic adhesion urging means; and control means for controlling the supply amount of the gas. 8. The resin sheet according to claim 7, wherein the gas supply means and the control means are means for controlling at least a water content of a gas atmosphere of the electrostatic contact urging means to 30 to 588 g / m ³ . manufacturing device. 9. The resin sheet manufacturing apparatus according to claim 8, wherein the gas supply means and the control means are means for controlling at least a temperature of a gas atmosphere of the electrostatic contact urging means to 30 to 350 ° C. 10. A resin sheet produced by the production method according to any one of claims 1 to 6 or the production apparatus according to any one of claims 7 to 9.