JP2000081723A - Toner, image forming method and device unit - Google Patents

Abstract

PROBLEM TO BE SOLVED: To obtain a toner which does not cause the increase of fog, the occurrence of cleaning defects and the lowering of transfer efficiency even in use over a long period of time and prevents the lowering of image density and the occurrence of image irregularity even in an environment at low humidity. SOLUTION: The toner has at least toner particles and an additive. The toner particles have 4-9 μm wt. average particle diameter. The additive has 1st superfine hydrophobic silica particles having 100-350 m2/g BET specific surface area treated with a silane, 2nd fine hydrophobic silica particles having 15-80 m2/g BET specific surface area treated with a silicone oil and fine alumina particles having 50-150 m2/g BET specific surface area.

Description

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

[0001]

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 1. Field of the Invention The present invention relates to a toner used in a recording method utilizing an electrophotographic method, an electrostatic recording method, and a toner jet recording method. For more information,
The present invention, after forming a toner image on the electrostatic latent image carrier in advance,
The present invention relates to a toner for developing an electrostatic image used in a copying machine, a printer, and a facsimile, which forms an image by transferring the image onto a transfer material, an image forming method using the toner, and an apparatus unit.

[0002]

2. Description of the Related Art In a toner used in an electrophotographic method, an electrostatic recording method and a toner jet recording method, the purpose is to obtain good developability, cleaning property and transfer property by adjusting the chargeability and fluidity of the toner. It is generally known that inorganic particles having a small particle diameter are externally added to colored particles (toner particles).

However, the toner to which such small-sized inorganic fine particles are externally added is, for example, subjected to stress with a carrier when used as a two-component developer and development when used as a one-component developer. Due to the stress from the agent application blade and the developer supply roller, or the collision between the inner wall of the developing device, the stirring blade, and the toner, the toner used for a long time may have a state in which small-sized inorganic fine particles are embedded in the surface. Has been confirmed.

In order to reduce the burial of the inorganic fine particles having a small particle diameter, Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open Nos. Hei 4-204751 and Hei 5-34 have been disclosed.
As disclosed in JP-A-6682, JP-A-6-313980, JP-A-6-332235 and JP-A-7-92724, a method in which large-sized inorganic fine particles are used in combination is effective.

[0005] The addition of large-diameter inorganic fine particles produces a so-called spacer effect, and the toner surface to which the small-diameter inorganic fine particles adhere adheres to the carrier, the developer coating blade, the developer supply roller, the inner wall of the developing device, the stirring blade, and other components. Prevents direct contact with toner, etc., and reduces stress. Thereby, the burial of the inorganic fine particles having a small particle diameter is suppressed, and the life of the toner is extended.

Furthermore, in order to connect the spacer effect, it is preferable to use silica as the large-diameter inorganic fine particles. This is for the following reasons. Large-diameter inorganic fine particles have relatively weak electrostatic adhesion to the toner surface as compared with small-diameter inorganic fine particles. For this reason, the large-diameter inorganic fine particles are easily released from the surface of the toner, and are consumed and reduced in development or the like, and the spacer effect tends not to last long. Here, silica has a large charge amount among the inorganic powders and has a large adhesive force to the toner surface, so that separation is suppressed, and a spacer effect can be connected.

However, as described above, a toner obtained by externally adding a small particle size inorganic fine particle and a large particle size silica to a toner tends to have an excessively high chargeability in a low humidity environment, and to cause so-called charge-up. Some aspects are inferior in stability.

On the other hand, Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open No. Hei 7-104501 discloses that hydrophobic silica having a thickness of 15 to 20 nm is used as an external additive.
A toner using hydrophobic silica or alumina of 3 nm or less has been proposed. However, in this toner, although excellent environmental characteristics can be obtained in a two-component developer using a carrier, in a non-magnetic one-component developer, 15 to 20 nm of hydrophobic silica is liberated from the toner surface to cause the spacer effect. As a result, sufficient performance was not obtained, silica was buried in the toner surface, fog increased, cleaning failure occurred, and transfer efficiency decreased. In addition, sufficient performance was not obtained with respect to environmental characteristics, and a decrease in image density due to charge-up and image unevenness were observed. This is presumably because in non-magnetic one-component development, mechanical stress from the blade serving as a charging member is greater than in two-component development.

[0009]

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION An object of the present invention is to provide a toner, an image forming method and an apparatus unit using the toner, which solve the above-mentioned problems.

An object of the present invention is to prevent the occurrence of fogging, poor cleaning, and a decrease in transfer efficiency even when used for a long period of time, and to prevent a decrease in image density and image unevenness even in a low humidity environment. An object of the present invention is to provide a toner, and an image forming method and an apparatus unit using the toner.

[0011]

The above object is achieved by the following constitution of the present invention.

The present invention provides a toner having at least toner particles and an external additive, wherein the toner particles have a weight average particle size of 4 to 9 μm, and the external additive is treated with (i) silane. In addition, the BET specific surface area is 100 to 350 m ² / g
A first small-particle-diameter hydrophobic silica fine particle (A), and (ii)
BET specific surface area of 15 treated with silicone oil
A ^second large-particle-diameter hydrophobic silica fine particle (B) having a BET specific surface area of 50 to 150 m ^{2 to} 80 m ² / g;
² / g of alumina fine particles (C).

According to the present invention, there is provided a toner having at least toner particles and an external additive, wherein the toner particles have a weight average particle diameter of 4 to 9 μm, and the external additive is treated with (i) silane. In addition, a first small-particle-diameter hydrophobic silica fine particle (A) having a 50% primary particle diameter of 5 to 20 nm and (ii) a 50% primary particle particle diameter of 3
A second large-diameter hydrophobic silica fine particle (B) having a particle size of 0 to 150 nm, and (iii) a BET specific surface area of 50 to 150 m.
² / g of alumina fine particles (C).

The present invention provides an electrostatic latent image forming step of forming an electrostatic latent image on a latent image holding member; and a developing step of developing the electrostatic latent image formed on the latent image holding member with toner; In the image forming method, in the developing step, toner is supplied to the developer carrier by a developer supply roller contacted with the developer carrier, and the thickness of the developer layer abutted on the surface of the developer carrier is adjusted. The regulating member regulates the toner layer thickness,
The electrostatic latent image is developed with toner of a toner layer having a regulated thickness supported by the developer carrier, and the toner has at least toner particles and an external additive. Has a weight average particle diameter of 4 to 9 μm, and the external additive is (i) a first small-particle-diameter hydrophobic silica fine particle having a BET specific surface area of 100 to 350 m ² / g treated with silane ( A), (ii) second large hydrophobic silica fine particles having a BET specific surface area of 15 to 80 m ² / g treated with silicone oil (B), and (iii) a BET specific surface area of 50 to 150 m ² / g of alumina fine particles (C).

The present invention provides an electrostatic latent image forming step of forming an electrostatic latent image on a latent image holding member; and a developing step of developing the electrostatic latent image formed on the latent image holding member with toner; In the image forming method, in the developing step, toner is supplied to the developer carrier by a developer supply roller contacted with the developer carrier, and the thickness of the developer layer abutted on the surface of the developer carrier is adjusted. The regulating member regulates the toner layer thickness,
The electrostatic latent image is developed with toner of a toner layer having a regulated thickness supported by the developer carrier, and the toner has at least toner particles and an external additive. Has a weight average particle size of 4 to 9 μm, and the external additive is (i) 50% of primary particles treated with silane.
(A) a first small-particle-diameter hydrophobic silica fine particle having a particle diameter of 5 to 20 nm; and (ii) a second large-particle diameter having a 50% primary particle diameter of 30 to 150 nm treated with silicone oil. The present invention relates to an image forming method comprising: hydrophobic silica fine particles (B); and (iii) alumina fine particles (C) having a BET specific surface area of 50 to 150 cm ² / g.

According to the present invention, there is provided an apparatus unit detachably mounted on an image forming apparatus main body.
A toner; a developing container for containing the toner; a developer carrying member for carrying the toner contained in the developing container and transporting the toner to a developing area;
The toner has at least toner particles and an external additive. The toner particles have a weight average particle diameter of 4 to 9 μm, and the external additive is (i) a silane-treated BET specific surface area of 10 μm.
0 to 350 cm ² / g of the first small particle size hydrophobic silica fine particles (A), and (ii) treated with silicone oil,
A second large particle径疎aqueous silica fine particles having a BET specific surface area of 15~80cm ² / g (B), that it has a (iii) BET specific surface area of 50 to 150 cm ² / g alumina particles (C) The present invention relates to a characteristic device unit.

According to the present invention, there is provided an apparatus unit detachably mounted on an image forming apparatus main body.
A toner; a developing container for containing the toner; a developer carrying member for carrying the toner contained in the developing container and transporting the toner to a developing area;
It has at least toner particles and an external additive. The toner particles have a weight average particle diameter of 4 to 9 μm, and the external additive is (i) 50% of primary particles treated with silane. A first hydrophobic fine silica particle (A) having a diameter of 5 to 20 nm; and (ii) a second large hydrophobic particle having a 50% primary particle diameter of 30 to 150 nm treated with silicone oil. And (iii) alumina fine particles (C) having a BET specific surface area of 50 to 150 m ² / g.

[0018]

BEST MODE FOR CARRYING OUT THE INVENTION As a result of intensive studies made by the present inventors, two types of hydrophobic silica fine particles having a specific BET specific surface area subjected to a specific treatment and alumina having a specific BET specific surface area have been obtained. By using a toner having fine particles,
Alternatively, by using a toner having two kinds of hydrophobic silica fine powder having a particle diameter of 50% of specific primary particles subjected to a specific treatment and alumina fine particles having a specific BET specific surface area, long-term use is possible. No increase in fog, no cleaning failure, and no reduction in transfer efficiency were observed, and it was found that an image free from image density reduction and image unevenness was obtained even in a low humidity environment.

B obtained by treating the surface of silica fine particles with silane
ET specific surface area of 100 to 350 m ² / g, preferably 1
50-300 m ² / g small-particle-diameter hydrophobic silica fine particles (A), or small-particle-diameter hydrophobic silica fine particles (A) in which the surface of 50% of primary particles is 5-20 nm in silane-treated surface. When used as an external additive of a toner, it is possible to adjust the chargeability and the fluidity of the toner to give good developability, cleaning property and transferability.

BET of small particle size hydrophobic silica fine particles (A)
When the specific surface area exceeds 350 m ² / g, or when the 50% particle size of the primary particles is less than 5 nm, the toner particles are buried in minute irregularities on the surface of the toner particles, and the chargeability and fluidity can be sufficiently adjusted. Not preferred. When the BET specific surface area of the small particle size hydrophobic silica fine particles (A) is less than 100 m ² / g, or when the 50% particle size of the primary particles exceeds 20 nm, sufficient fluidity cannot be provided to the toner. Therefore, it is not preferable.

The silane for treating the surface of the fine silica particles is preferably alkoxysilane, silazane or chlorosilane, and more preferably disilazane. When treated with a silane coupling agent, a titanium coupling agent, or silicone oil, sufficient fluidity cannot be imparted to the toner, which is not preferable.

The amount of these silanes to be treated is as follows:
The amount is preferably 5 to 25 parts by weight, more preferably 8 to 20 parts by weight, per 100 parts by weight. At this time, the water wettability of the hydrophobic silica fine particles (A) having a small particle diameter is preferably 70% or more. If the water wettability is less than 70%, a sufficient charge amount cannot be obtained in a high humidity environment.

The large-diameter hydrophobic silica fine particles (B) have a BET specific surface area of 1
Hydrophobic silica fine particles having a particle size of 5 to 80 m ² / g, preferably 20 to 60 m ² / g, or silica fine particles having 50% of primary particles having a particle size of 30 to 150 nm treated with silicone oil Is used.

BET of large-diameter hydrophobic fine silica particles (A)
When the specific surface area exceeds 80 m ² / g, or when the 50% particle size of the primary particles is less than 30 nm, the spacer effect expected by the addition of the large particle silica fine particles (B) is not seen, which is not preferable. . BET of large silica particle (B)
When the specific surface area is less than 15 m ² / g, release from the surface of the toner particles increases, which is not preferable.

In the present invention, it is necessary to use silica as the large-sized hydrophobic inorganic fine particles (B).
When inorganic fine particles other than silica, for example, titanium oxide, alumina, tin oxide, zinc oxide, magnesium oxide or strontium titanate are used, the liberation from the surface of the toner particles increases, which is not preferable.

The large-particle-diameter hydrophobic silica fine particles (B) used in the present invention are surface-treated with silicone oil to prevent the large-particle-diameter hydrophobic silica fine powder from being released from the toner particle surfaces. it can. If the treatment is simply performed with a material other than silicone oil (for example, alkoxysilane, silazane or a coupling agent), the release of large-sized hydrophobic silica fine particles (B) from the surface of toner particles increases, which is not preferable.

As the silicone oil for treating the surface of the large-diameter silica fine particles (B), dimethyl silicone oil, methylphenyl silicone oil or methyl hydrogen silicone oil can be used, and dimethyl silicone oil is particularly preferred. Further, the viscosity of the silicone oil at 25 ° C. is preferably 100 cSt or less.

The preferred treatment amount of the silicone oil is preferably 2 to 20 parts by weight, more preferably 5 to 15 parts by weight, per 100 parts by weight of the silica fine particles.
At this time, the water wettability of the large-diameter hydrophobic silica fine particles is 80%.
% Or more is preferable. If the water wettability is less than 80%,
In a high-humidity environment, the adhesion to the toner particle surface is weakened, and the toner particles are easily released.

The amount (a) of the small-particle-diameter hydrophobic silica fine particles (A) added to the toner is preferably 0.3 to 2.5 parts by weight, more preferably 0.1 to 2.5 parts by weight, based on 100 parts by weight of the toner particles.
The content is preferably 5 to 2.0 parts by weight. When the amount (a) of the small-particle-diameter hydrophobic fine silica particles (A) is less than 0.3 parts by weight, it is difficult to obtain sufficient fluidity. Excess silica that cannot be adhered to the photoconductor is generated, and filming of the photoconductor and contamination of the sleeve are likely to occur. The addition amount (b) of the large-particle-diameter hydrophobic fine silica particles (B) to the toner is preferably 0.05 to 1.5 parts by weight, more preferably 0.1 to 1.5 parts by weight, based on 100 parts by weight of the toner particles. It is preferably 1.0 part by weight. If the addition amount (b) of the large-particle-diameter hydrophobic silica fine powder is less than 0.05 part by weight, a sufficient spacer effect cannot be obtained, and
If the amount exceeds the weight part, excess silica that cannot be completely adhered to the surface of the toner particles is generated, so that filming of the photoconductor and contamination of the sleeve are easily caused.

As described above, the hydrophobic silica fine particles (B) having a large particle diameter can be prevented from being released from the surface of the toner particles by selecting the BET specific surface area and the surface treatment. The triboelectric charge of the hydrophobic silica fine particles (B) is preferably -60 to -100 mC / kg.
Even when the BET specific surface area is the same, the triboelectric charge when no silicone oil is used as the treating agent is -30 to -50 m
C / kg, and the high absolute value of the triboelectric charge amount is considered to be effectively preventing the toner from being released from the surface of the toner particles.

When the triboelectric charge amount of the large-sized hydrophobic silica fine particles (B) is less than -60 mC / kg and the absolute value is small, the large-sized hydrophobic silica fine particles (B) from the surface of the toner particles are reduced. Release easily occurs, and -100 mC /
If the absolute value is smaller than kg and the absolute value is larger, the hydrophobic silica fine particles having a large particle diameter are electrostatically aggregated with each other, and it is difficult to uniformly adhere to the surface of the toner particles.

The triboelectric charge of the hydrophobic silica fine powder (A) having a small particle diameter is preferably -40 to -150 mC / kg.

If the triboelectric charge of the small-sized hydrophobic silica fine particles (A) is less than -40 mC / kg and the absolute value is small, when stress is applied to the toner particles,
Easily detached from toner particle surface, -150 mC / k
If the absolute value is smaller than g and the absolute value is larger, the toner particles are likely to be charged up in a low humidity environment.

Further, in the present invention, as an external additive of the toner, in addition to the above two kinds of silica fine particles, alumina fine particles (C) having a BET specific surface area of 50 to 150 m ² / g.
By using, it is possible to suppress charge-up of the toner particularly in a low humidity environment.

If the BET specific surface area of the alumina fine particles (C) is less than 50 m ² / g, the alumina fine particles (C) cannot uniformly coat the surface of the toner particles with a sufficient density. The image density decreases and image unevenness occurs due to the charge-up. When the BET specific surface area of the alumina fine particles (C) exceeds 150 m ² / g, the alumina fine particles (C) cover the large-diameter hydrophobic silica fine particles (B) and hinder the adhesion to the toner particle surfaces. Absent.

The triboelectric charge of the alumina fine particles (C) is:
Preferably −30 to +20 mC / g, more preferably −
It is effective that the amount is 10 to +10 mC / g in that charge-up of the toner is suppressed.

The triboelectric charge of the alumina fine particles (C) is-
When the absolute value is less than 30 mC / g and the absolute value is large, it is difficult to suppress the charge-up of the toner in a low humidity environment. Electrostatic aggregation occurs with the fine particles (A) and the large-diameter hydrophobic silica fine particles (B).

The amount (c) of the alumina fine particles (C) added to the toner is preferably 0.01 to 2.0 parts by weight, more preferably 0.03 to 2.0 parts by weight, based on 100 parts by weight of the toner particles.
It is preferably 1.5 parts by weight.

When the added amount (c) of the alumina fine particles (C) is less than 0.01 part by weight, it is difficult to suppress the charge-up of the toner in a low humidity environment. In a high humidity environment, the toner cannot have a sufficient charge amount in a high humidity environment, and fog is likely to occur.

In the present invention, the added amount (a) of the small-sized hydrophobic silica fine particles (A), the added amount (b) of the large-sized hydrophobic silica fine particles (B) used as the external additive, and the alumina fine particles The ratio of (C) to the amount of addition (c) is preferably as follows: a: b: c = 1: 0.10-0.65: 0.05-0.
50, more preferably the following relationship: a: b: c = 1: 0.15-0.45: 0.05-0.
40 should be satisfied.

Addition amount (b) of large-diameter silica fine particles (B)
Is less than 0.10, the spacer effect is not sufficiently effective, so that the image density tends to decrease due to durability and fogging tends to occur. It is easy to occur.

When the addition amount (c) of the alumina fine particles (C) is less than 0.05, the toner is charged up in a low humidity environment, and the image density is easily reduced and fogging is likely to occur. In such a case, the charge amount of the toner is reduced in a high humidity environment, so that fog is likely to increase.

Although the addition of the fine alumina particles (C) provides excellent characteristics in a low humidity environment as described above, the alumina fine particles (C) must be added in order to further reduce the difference in characteristics from those in a high humidity environment.
It is further preferred that the water wettability of the bead is 30% or less. Alumina fine particles having water wettability of 30% or less (C)
By using, it is possible to prevent charge-up in a low-humidity environment with a smaller amount of addition, and at the same time, it is possible to suppress a decrease in charging characteristics under a high-humidity environment. Can be prevented.

The amount (c ₁ ) of the alumina fine particles (C) having a water wettability of more than 30% to the toner is as follows.
It is preferably 0.05 to 2.0 parts by weight, more preferably 0.07 to 1.5 parts by weight, based on 00 parts by weight, and alumina fine particles (C) having a water wettability of 30% or less. When the toner is used, the charge of the toner can be appropriately leaked with a small addition amount. Therefore, the addition amount (c ₂ ) to the toner is preferably 0.01 to 1 with respect to 100 parts by weight of the toner particles. 0.0 parts by weight, more preferably 0.03 to 0.7 parts by weight.

Therefore, the addition amount (a) of the above-mentioned small silica particle (A), the addition amount (b) of the large silica particle (B) and the addition amount (c) of the alumina fine particle (C) are described above. Regarding the ratio, the water wettability of alumina fine particles (C) is 30%
The preferable ratio is different between the addition amount (c ₁ ) when the amount exceeds 30% and the addition amount (c ₂ ) when the amount is 30% or less. Specifically, when the alumina fine particles (C) have a water wettability of more than 30%, the following relationship is preferably used: a: b: c ₁ = 1: 0.10 to 0.65: 0.20
0.50, and more preferably the following relationship: a: b: c ₁ = 1: 0.15 to 0.45: 0.30
0.40, and when the alumina fine particles (c) have a water wettability of 30% or less, preferably the following relationship: a: b: c ₂ = 1: 0.10 to 0.65: 0 .05-
0.35 is more preferably satisfied, and more preferably the following relationship: a: b: c ₂ = 1: 0.15-0.45: 0.05-
0.25 should be satisfied.

In the present invention, the measurement of the BET specific surface area of the fine particles is carried out by adsorbing nitrogen gas on the sample surface using a specific surface area measuring device Autosoap 1 (manufactured by Yuasa Ionics).
Calculated using the BET multipoint method.

In the present invention, the measurement of the 50% particle size of the primary silica fine particles was performed using a transmission electron microscope. The photographing magnification is 150,000 times, and the photographed image is stretched 4 times, and the particle size of the primary particles is measured. Measured on 100 samples, 50% value of primary particles 50
% Particle size.

The measurement of the tribo of the external additive fine particles in the present invention is as follows.

The mixture of the external additive fine particles and the carrier is 50 m
Place in a 1-volume polyethylene bottle and shake by hand for about 5 minutes. Here, the carrier is a ferrite carrier coated with silicon (400 mesh pass product), and the weight ratio of the external additive fine particles to the carrier is 2:98.

Next, in FIG. 3, a mixture W ₀ (g: about 0.5 to 1.5 g) is put in a metal measuring container 32 having a 500-mesh screen 33 at the bottom, and a metal lid 3 is placed.
Do 4. At this time, the weight of the entire measurement container 32 is weighed and W
₁ (g). Next, in the suction device 31 (at least the portion in contact with the measurement container 32 is insulative), the air is suctioned from the suction port 37 and the air volume control valve 36 is adjusted to reduce the pressure of the vacuum gauge 35 to 2.
450 hpa. In this state, suction is performed sufficiently, preferably for 2 minutes, to remove the external additive fine particles by suction.

At this time, the tribo-Q (mC
/ Kg) is defined as follows with 100% correction.

[0052]

[Outside 1] [V (volts): potential of electrometer 39, C (μF): 38
, W ₂ (g): weight of the measuring container after suction, T: particle / carrier ratio]

In the present invention, the method for measuring the water wettability of the fine particles is as follows.

A 1.0 g sample is placed in a 200 ml separating funnel, and 100 ml of ion-exchanged water is added. The separating funnel is set in a turbuler shaker mixer (manufactured by Shinmaru Enterprises) and dispersed at 90 rpm for 10 minutes. Remove the separatory funnel and allow to stand for 10 minutes, then withdraw 20-30 ml, and use a spectrophotometer UV
-210 (manufactured by Shimadzu Corporation) is sorted into a 10 mm cell.
Using ion-exchanged water as a blank, the turbidity of the aqueous layer was set at
The measured value at this time is defined as water wettability.

In the present invention, the weight average particle diameter of the toner particles is preferably 4 to 9 μm, and more preferably 5.5 to 8.8 μm. If the weight average particle diameter of the toner particles is less than 4 μm, unevenness of image formation and fogging suppression due to non-uniform charging are deteriorated, and if it is more than 9 μm, suppression of toner scattering of fine lines is unfavorably deteriorated.

In the present invention, the weight average particle size of the toner is Coulter Counter TA-II type (manufactured by Coulter Inc.).
Is connected to an interface (manufactured by Nikkaki) for outputting the number distribution and volume distribution and a PC9801 personal computer (manufactured by NEC), and a 1% NaCl aqueous solution is prepared using primary-grade sodium chloride as an electrolytic solution. For example,
ISOTON R-II (manufactured by Coulter Scientific Japan) can be used. As a measuring method, 0.1 to 5 ml of a surfactant, preferably an alkylbenzene sulfonate, is added as a dispersant to 100 to 150 ml of the electric field aqueous solution, and 2 to 20 mg of a measurement sample is further added. The electrolytic solution in which the sample is suspended is subjected to dispersion treatment for about 1 to 3 minutes with an ultrasonic disperser, and the above-mentioned Coulter counter TA-I is used.
A volume distribution and a number distribution were calculated by measuring the volume and the number of toner particles having a particle size of 2 μm or more by using a 100 μm aperture as an aperture according to type I. Then, the volume-based weight average particle diameter (D) determined from the volume distribution according to the present invention
4: The median value of each channel is set as a representative value of the channel).

The channels are 2.00 to 2.52
less than 2.5 μm; less than 2.52 to 3.17 μm;
4. less than 4.00 μm; 4.00 to less than 5.04 μm;
04 to less than 6.35 μm; 6.35 to less than 8.00 μm; 8.00 to less than 10.08 μm; 10.08 to 1
2.70 μm or less; 12.70 to less than 16.00 μm;
16.00 to less than 20.20 μm; 20.20 to 25.
Less than 40 μm; 25.40 to less than 32.00 μm; 3
13 channels of 2.00 to less than 40.30 μm are used.

In the present invention, the toner preferably has an average circularity measured by a flow type particle image distribution device of 0.950 to 1.000, more preferably 0.95.
0 to 0.990, more preferably 0.960 to 0.9
It is better to be 85. When the average circularity is less than 0.950, image unevenness and fogging are likely to be suppressed due to non-uniform charging, and when it exceeds 0.990, the cleaning property tends to decrease.

The average circularity in the present invention is used as a simple method for quantitatively expressing the shape of a particle. In the present invention, the average circularity is measured using an electronic flow particle image analyzer FPIA-1000 for Toa Medical. Is performed, the circularity of the measured particles is determined by the following equation, and the value obtained by dividing the sum of the measured circularities of all the particles by the total number of particles is defined as the average circularity.

[0060]

[Outside 2]

The average circularity was measured using a flow-type particle image measurement device (FPIA-1000) manufactured by Toa Medical Electronics Co., Ltd. as a flow-type particle image measurement device. About 0.02 g of the toner for measuring the average circularity is weighed, and ion-exchanged water (about 10 ml,
(20 ° C.). As means for dispersing, an ultrasonic dispersing machine UH-5 manufactured by SMT Co., Ltd.
0 (the vibrator is a 5φ titanium alloy chip) was used. The dispersion time is 5 hours or more, and at this time, the temperature of the dispersion medium is 40 ° C.
It cooled appropriately so that it might not become above. 0.60 μm or more and 159.21 μm using the above-mentioned flow type particle image measurement device.
Of 1,000 or more particles having a circle equivalent diameter are measured, and the circularity distribution is measured.

The outline of the measurement is described in the catalog of FPIA-1000 (June 1995 edition) issued by Toa Medical Electronics Co., Ltd., the operation manual of the measuring apparatus, and Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open No. Hei 8-1364.
No. 39, which is as follows.

The sample dispersion liquid is passed through a flow path (spread along the flow direction) of a flat and flat transparent flow cell (thickness: about 200 μm). The strobe and the CCD camera are mounted on the flow cell so as to be positioned on opposite sides of the flow cell so as to form an optical path that intersects with the thickness of the flow cell. While the sample dispersion is flowing, strobe light is irradiated at 1/30 second intervals to obtain an image of the particles flowing through the flow cell, so that each particle has a range parallel to the flow cell 2
Photographed as a two-dimensional image. The diameter of a circle having the same area is calculated as the equivalent circle diameter from the area of the two-dimensional image of each particle.

The circularity of each particle is calculated from the projected area of the two-dimensional image of each particle and the perimeter of the projected image using the above-described circularity calculation formula.

The measuring device “F” used in the present invention
After calculating the circularity of each particle, the PIA-1000 calculates the average circularity, and divides the circularity from 0.4 to 1.0 into 61 classes by the obtained circularity, A calculation method of calculating the average circularity using the center value and frequency of the division point is used. However, the error between the value of the average circularity calculated by this calculation method and the value of the average circularity calculated by the above-described calculation formula that directly uses the circularity of each particle is extremely small, and is substantially small. It is negligible, and the present invention uses the above-described concept of the calculation formula that directly uses the circularity of each particle for data handling reasons such as shortening the calculation time and simplifying the calculation formula. Alternatively, such a calculation method partially modified may be used.

The method for producing the toner particles of the present invention is not particularly limited. However, in order to make the average circularity of the toner 0.950 or more, preferably 0.950 to 0.990, a suspension polymerization method and a mechanical method may be used. It is preferable to produce the toner particles by a pulverization method or a sphering treatment, and a suspension polymerization method is particularly preferable.

Hereinafter, a method for producing toner particles in the suspension polymerization method will be described.

First, a low softening point substance is contained in a polymerizable monomer.
A polar resin, a colorant, a charge control agent, a polymerization initiator and other additives are added, and a monomer system uniformly dissolved or dispersed by a homogenizer or an ultrasonic disperser is added to an aqueous phase containing a dispersion stabilizer. The mixture is dispersed by a conventional stirrer or a mixer such as a homomixer or a homogenizer. At this time, the stirring speed and the time are preferably adjusted so that the monomer droplets have a desired size of the developer particles, and the granulation is performed. Thereafter, stirring may be performed to such an extent that the state of the particles is maintained and the sedimentation of the particles is prevented by the action of the dispersion stabilizer. The polymerization temperature is preferably set to 40 ° C. or higher, generally 50 to 90 ° C. The temperature may be raised in the latter half of the polymerization reaction, and further, in order to remove unreacted polymerizable monomers, by-products and the like which cause odor at the time of fixing the developer, in the latter half of the reaction or at the end of the reaction, Part of the aqueous medium may be distilled off. After completion of the reaction, the generated developer particles are collected by washing, filtration, and dried. In the suspension polymerization method, it is generally preferable to use 300 to 3000 parts by weight of water as a dispersion medium with respect to 100 parts by weight of the monomer system.

The particle size distribution and the particle size of the toner particles can be controlled by changing the type and amount of the hardly water-soluble inorganic salt or the dispersing agent which acts as a protective colloid, or by changing the mechanical device conditions, such as the peripheral speed of the rotor. By controlling the stirring conditions such as the number of passes and the shape of the stirring blade, and the shape of the container or the solid concentration in the aqueous solution, the predetermined colored particles of the present invention can be obtained.

The polymerizable monomer used in the present invention includes styrene, o- (m-, p-)-methylstyrene,
styrene-based monomers such as m (p-)-ethylenestyrene;
Methyl (meth) acrylate, propyl (meth) acrylate, butyl (meth) acrylate, octyl (meth) acrylate, dodecyl (meth) acrylate, stearyl (meth) acrylate, behenyl (meth) acrylate, ( (Meth) acrylate monomers such as 2-ethylhexyl (meth) acrylate, dimethylaminoethyl (meth) acrylate, and diethylaminoethyl (meth) acrylate; butadiene, isoprene, cyclohexene, (meth) acrylonitrile, and acrylic acid Ene monomers such as amides are preferably used.

As the polar resin to be added at the time of polymerization, a copolymer of styrene (meth) acrylic acid, a maleic acid copolymer, a polyester copolymer, and an epoxy resin are preferably used.

As the low softening point substance used in the present invention, paraffin wax, polyolefin wax, Fischer-Tropsch wax, amide wax, higher fatty acid, ester wax and derivatives thereof, or graft / block compounds thereof are preferably used. Can be

As the colorant used in the toner particles of the present invention, carbon black as a black colorant, and those toned to black using the following yellow / magenta / cyan colorants are used.

Examples of the yellow colorant include condensed azo compounds, isoindolinone compounds, anthraquinone compounds,
A compound represented by an azo metal complex, a methine compound or an allylamide compound is used. Specifically, C.I. I.
Pigment Yellow 12, 13, 14, 15, 17, 6
2, 74, 83, 93, 94, 95, 109, 110,
111, 128, 129, 147, 168 and 180 are preferably used.

As the magenta coloring agent, a condensed azo compound, diketopyrrolopyrrole compound, anthraquinone, quinacridone compound, basic dye lake compound, naphthol compound, benzimidazole compound, thioindigo compound or perylene compound is used. Specifically, C.I.
I. Pigment Red 2, 3, 5, 6, 7, 23, 4
8: 2, 48: 3, 48: 4, 57: 1, 81: 1, 1
22, 144, 146, 166, 169, 177, 18
4, 185, 202, 206, 220, 221, 254
Is particularly preferred.

As the cyan coloring agent, a copper phthalocyanine compound and its derivative, an anthraquinone compound or a basic dye lake compound can be used. Specifically, C.I. I. Pigment Blue 1, 7, 15, 15: 1, 15: 2, 1
5: 3, 15: 4, 60, 62, 66 can be particularly preferably used.

These colorants are added in an amount of about 1 to 20 parts by weight based on 100 parts by weight of the polymerizable monomer. When a magnetic material is used as a black colorant, unlike other colorants, 40 to 100 parts by weight of the polymerizable monomer is used.
Used by adding 150 parts by weight.

The charge control agents used in the present invention include:
Although a known agent can be used, a charge control agent having no polymerization inhibitory property and having no solubilized substance in an aqueous system is particularly preferable. Specific compounds include salicylic acid, naphthoic acid, dicarboxylic acids, metal compounds of their derivatives, sulfonic acids, high molecular compounds having carboxylic acids in their side chains, boron compounds, urea compounds, silicon compounds, calixarene as negative compounds. And the like, and a quaternary ammonium salt, a high molecular weight compound having the quaternary ammonium salt in a side chain, a guanidine compound, an imidazole compound and the like are preferably used. The charge control agent is preferably used in an amount of 0.5 to 10 parts by weight based on 100 parts by weight of the polymerizable monomer.

Examples of the polymerization initiator used in the present invention include 2,2'-azobis- (2,4-dimethylvaleronitrile), 2,2'-azobisisobutylnitrile,
1,1'-azobis (cyclohexane-1-carbonitrile), 2,2'-azobis-4-methoxy-2,4-
Azo polymerization initiators such as dimethylvaleronitrile and azobisisobutylnitrile; benzoyl peroxide, methyl ethyl ketone peroxide, diisopropyl peroxycarbonate, cumene hydroxy peroxide;
A peroxide-based polymerization initiator such as 2,4-dichlorobenzoyl peroxide and lauroyl peroxide is used.

The amount of the polymerizable initiator varies depending on the desired degree of polymerization, but generally ranges from 0.5 to 0.5% based on the monomer.
20% by weight is used. The type of polymerization initiator is
Although it differs slightly depending on the polymerization method, it may be used alone or in combination with reference to the 10-hour half-life temperature.

Examples of the dispersant used when utilizing suspension polymerization include inorganic oxides such as tricalcium phosphate, magnesium phosphate, aluminum phosphate, zinc phosphate, calcium carbonate, magnesium carbonate, and calcium hydroxide. , Magnesium hydroxide, aluminum hydroxide, calcium metasilicate, calcium sulfate, barium sulfate, bentonite, silica, alumina, magnetic material and ferrite. As the organic compound, for example, polyvinyl alcohol, gelatin, methylcellulose, methylhydroxypropylcellulose, ethylcellulose, sodium salt of carboxymethylcellulose, starch and the like are used by being dispersed in an aqueous phase.

It is preferable to use 0.2 to 2.0 parts by weight of these dispersants based on 100 parts by weight of the polymerizable monomer.

As these dispersants, commercially available ones may be used as they are, but in order to obtain finely dispersed particles having a uniform particle size, the inorganic compound is formed under high-speed stirring in a dispersion medium. You can also get. For example, in the case of calcium phosphate, a dispersant suitable for a suspension polymerization method can be obtained by mixing an aqueous solution of sodium phosphate and an aqueous solution of calcium chloride under high-speed stirring.

In order to refine these dispersants, 0.00
A surfactant may be used in an amount of 1 to 0.1 part by weight. Specifically, commercially available nonionic, anionic and cationic surfactants can be used, for example, sodium dodecyl sulfate, sodium tetradecyl sulfate, sodium pentadecyl sulfate, sodium octyl sulfate, sodium oleate,
Sodium laurate, potassium stearate and calcium oleate are preferably used.

Next, a method for producing toner particles in the pulverization method will be described.

The binder resin used for the toner particles of the present invention includes polystyrene, poly-α-methylstyrene,
Styrene-propylene copolymer, styrene-butadiene copolymer, styrene-vinyl chloride copolymer, styrene-
Vinyl acetate copolymer, styrene-acrylic acid ester copolymer, styrene-methacrylic acrylic copolymer, vinyl chloride resin, polyester resin, epoxy resin, phenol resin, polyurethane resin, etc. can be used alone or in combination, Among them, styrene-acryl, styrene-
Methacrylic copolymer resins and polyester resins are preferred.

As the coloring agent used in the present invention, known coloring agents can be used, for example, carbon black;
I. Pigment Red 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7,
8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16,
17, 18, 19, 21, 22, 23, 30, 31, 3
2, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 48, 49, 5,
0, 51, 52, 53, 54, 55, 57, 58, 6
0, 63, 64, 68, 81, 83, 87, 88, 8
9, 90, 112, 114, 122, 123, 163,
202, 206, 207, 209; I. Pigment Violet 19; I. Bio red 1,2,1
0, 13, 15, 23, 29, 35; I. Solvent Red 1, 3, 8, 23, 24, 25, 27, 30,
49, 81, 82, 83, 84, 100, 109, 12
1; I. Disperse Red 9; I. Solvent violet 8, 13, 14, 21, 27; I.
Oil-soluble dyes such as Disperse Violet 1, C.I. I.
Basic Red 1, 2, 9, 12, 13, 14, 1
5, 17, 18, 22, 23, 24, 27, 29, 3,
2, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40;
I. Basic violet 1, 3, 7, 10, 14,
Basic dyes such as 15, 21, 25, 26, 27, 28; I. Pigment Blue 2, 3, 15, 16, 1
7; I. Bat blue 6; I. Acid Blue 45; I. Pigment Yellow 1, 2, 3, 4,
5, 6, 7, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 1,
6, 17, 23, 65, 73, 83; I. Bat Yellow 1, 3, 20 and the like, and these can be used alone or in combination.

The amount of the colorant used is 0.1 to 60 parts by weight, preferably 0.5 to 50 parts by weight, based on 100 parts by weight of the binder resin.

Examples of the positive charge control agent to be added when the toner particles of the present invention are controlled to have a positive charge include a nigrosine dye; a modified product of a fatty acid metal salt; and tributylbenzidyl ammonium-1-hydroxy-4-naphtho. Sulfonates, quaternary ammonium salts such as tetrabutylammonium tetrafluoroborate, and onium salts such as phosphonium salts, which are analogs thereof, and their lake pigments; triphenylmethane dyes and these lake pigments (as a lake-forming agent) Include phosphotungstic acid, phosphomolybdic acid, phosphotungsten molybdic acid, tannic acid, lauric acid, gallic acid, ferricyanide and ferrocyanide); amine and polyamine compounds; metal salts of higher fatty acids; acetylacetone metal Complex; dibutyltin oxy Id, dioctyl tin oxide, diorganotin oxides such as dicyclohexyl tin oxide; dibutyl tin borate, dioctyl tin borate include diorgano tin borate such as dicyclohexylamine cis tin borate. An organometallic complex or a chelate compound is effective as a negative charge control agent to be added when controlling the toner particles to be negatively charged.Specifically, a monoazo metal complex, an acetylacetone metal complex, an aromatic hydroxycarboxylic acid, Examples include aromatic dicarboxylic acid-based metal complexes, aromatic hydroxycarboxylic acids, aromatic mono- and polycarboxylic acids and their metal salts, anhydrides, esters thereof, and phenol derivatives such as bisphenols. The amount used is 0.1 to 15 parts by weight, preferably 0.5 to 10 parts by weight, based on 100 parts by weight of the binder resin.

A releasing agent can be added to the toner particles of the present invention, if necessary. For example, low molecular weight polyethylene, low molecular weight polypropylene, paraffin wax,
Aliphatic hydrocarbon waxes such as Fischer-Tropsch wax or oxides thereof; waxes mainly containing fatty acid esters such as carnauba wax and montanic acid ester wax, or those obtained by deoxidizing some or all of them; palmitic acid, stearin Saturated linear fatty acids such as acid and montanic acid; unsaturated fatty acids such as brandinic acid, eleostearic acid, and vinaric acid; such as stearyl alcohol, aralkyl alcohol, behenyl alcohol, carnaubyl alcohol, seryl alcohol, and melisyl alcohol Saturated alcohols; polyhydric alcohols such as sorbitol; fatty acid amides such as linoleic acid amide; saturated fatty acid bisamides such as methylenebisstearic acid amide; unsaturated fatty acids such as ethylenebisoleic acid amide Amides; aromatic bisamides such as N, N'-distearylisophthalamide; fatty acid metal salts such as zinc stearate; and aliphatic hydrocarbon waxes grafted with vinyl monomers such as styrene. Waxes; partial esterified products of fatty acids such as behenic acid monoglyceride and polyhydric alcohols; and methyl esterified compounds having hydroxyl groups obtained by hydrogenation of vegetable oils and fats. The addition amount is 0.1 to 20 parts by weight, preferably 0.5 to 10 parts by weight, based on 100 parts by weight of the binder resin.

Next, the binder resin, release agent, charge control agent, and colorant are sufficiently mixed by a mixer such as a Henschel mixer or a ball mill, and then mixed with a heat kneader such as a heating roll, a kneader, or an extruder. The charge control agent and the colorant are dispersed or dissolved in the resin mixed with each other by melt-kneading, and after cooling and solidification, the mixture is mechanically pulverized to a desired particle size and further classified to sharpen the particle size distribution. I do. Alternatively, a finely pulverized product obtained by colliding with a target under a jet stream after cooling and solidifying is formed into a sphere by thermal or mechanical impact.

As a method for externally adding small-particle-diameter hydrophobic silica fine particles, large-particle-diameter hydrophobic silica fine particles and alumina fine particles to the toner particles obtained by the above method, a high-speed stirring mixer such as a Henschel mixer is used. , Peripheral speed 20-50m
A method of stirring at about / s to cause adhesion is used.

The toner of the present invention exerts its effects in any image forming method, and particularly exerts its effects to the maximum in the methods described below.

That is, by using a one-component developing apparatus having a developer application member provided with a developer application blade as a developer layer thickness regulating member and a developer supply roller as a developer application member, a developer carrier is formed on a latent image holding member. This is an image forming method of developing the formed electrostatic latent image with toner. The toner is fed onto a developer carrier by a developer supply roller, and is thinly coated by the developer application blade, and is charged at this time. The toner is not further developed and is stripped off from the developer carrier by the toner developer supply roller remaining on the developer carrier. This method enables uniform charging by thinning, so that an excellent image with less fogging can be obtained.However, compared to other developing methods, for example, the two-component developing method, the toner is subjected to a large stress, so that the toner is deteriorated. There is also a problem that the toner life is shortened quickly. Since the toner of the present invention is strong against such stress and has a long service life,
Even when used in this developing method, excellent effects are exhibited.

Next, the above-described developing method will be described with reference to FIG.

The developing device 70 carries a developing container 71 containing a non-magnetic one-component developer 76 as a non-magnetic toner, a one-component non-magnetic developer 76 contained in the developing container 71, and a developing area. Developer carrier 72 for conveying to
A supply roller 73 for supplying a one-component non-magnetic developer onto the developer carrier; an elastic blade 74 as a developer layer thickness regulating member for regulating the thickness of the developer layer on the developer carrier; A stirring member 75 for stirring the one-component non-magnetic developer 76 in the container 71 is provided.

Reference numeral 69 denotes a latent image holding member for holding an electrostatic latent image. The latent image is formed by an electrophotographic process means or an electrostatic recording means (not shown). Reference numeral 72 denotes a developing sleeve as a developer carrier, which is formed of a non-magnetic sleeve made of aluminum or stainless steel.

The developing sleeve may be a crude tube of aluminum or stainless steel as it is, but preferably the surface is uniformly roughened by spraying with glass beads, or the surface is mirror-finished. Those coated with resin are preferred. Above all, the method of coating the sleeve surface with resin is to adjust the sleeve surface roughness and conductivity by dispersing various particles in the resin,
Since it is easy to impart lubricity to the sleeve surface, it is preferably used.

The resin used to coat the surface of the sleeve and the various particles added to the resin are not particularly limited. Examples of the resin include a styrene resin, a vinyl resin, a polyether sulfone resin, and a polycarbonate resin. Thermoplastic resins such as polyphenylene oxide resin, polyamide resin, fluorine resin, cellulose resin, acrylic resin; epoxy resin, polyester resin, alkyd resin, phenol resin, melamine resin,
Thermal or photocurable resins such as polyurethane resins, urea resins, silicone resins and polyimide resins are preferably used.

The various particles to be added include PMMA, acrylic resin, polybutadiene resin, polystyrene resin, polyethylene, polypropylene, polybutadiene, or a copolymer thereof, benzoguanamine resin, phenol resin, polyamide resin, nylon, fluorine resin, and silicone resin. Resin particles such as epoxy resin, polyester resin; furnace black, lamp black, thermal black, acetylene black, carbon black such as channel black; titanium oxide, tin oxide, zinc oxide, molybdenum oxide, potassium titanate, antimony oxide and Metal oxides such as indium oxide; aluminum;
Metals such as copper, silver and nickel, inorganic fillers such as graphite, metal fibers and carbon fibers are preferably used.

The one-component non-magnetic developer 76 is contained in the developing container 71.
And is supplied onto the developer carrier 72 by a supply roller 73. The supply roller 73 is made of a foam material such as a polyurethane foam, rotates at a relative speed that is not 0 in a forward or reverse direction with respect to the developer carrier, and supplies the developer and develops the developer on the developer carrier 72. The subsequent developer (undeveloped developer) is also stripped. The one-component non-magnetic developer supplied onto the developer carrier 72 is supplied to an elastic blade 74 as a developer layer thickness regulating member.
Is applied uniformly and in a thin layer.

The contact pressure between the elastic coating blade and the developer carrier is 0.3 to 2 as a linear pressure in the developing sleeve generatrix direction.
5 kg / m, preferably 0.5 to 12 kg / m is effective. When the contact pressure is less than 0.3 kg / m, it is difficult to uniformly apply the one-component non-magnetic developer, and the charge amount distribution of the one-component non-magnetic developer becomes broad, which causes fogging and scattering. When the contact pressure exceeds 25 kg / m, a large pressure is applied to the one-component non-magnetic developer, and the one-component non-magnetic developer is deteriorated. Absent. It is not preferable because a large torque is required to drive the developer carrier. That is, by adjusting the contact pressure to 0.3 to 25 kg / m, it becomes possible to effectively loosen the aggregation of the one-component non-magnetic developer using the toner of the present invention. It is possible to instantaneously raise the charge amount of the non-magnetic developer.

As the elastic blade, silicone rubber,
Rubber elastics such as urethane rubber and NBR; elastomers such as polyethylene terephthalate and polyamide; metal elastics such as stainless steel, steel and phosphor bronze can be used, and even composites thereof can be used. Preferably, a rubber material such as urethane or silicone, or various elastomers such as polyamide elastomer is provided by injection molding on a metal plate of SUS or phosphor bronze having spring elasticity.

In this non-magnetic one-component developing method, in a system in which a one-component non-magnetic developer is thinly coated on the developing sleeve by a blade, the one-component non-magnetic developer on the developing sleeve is required to obtain a sufficient image density. It is preferable that the thickness of the non-magnetic developer layer is smaller than the opposing gap α between the developing sleeve and the latent image holding member, and an alternating electric field is applied to this gap. That is, by the bias power supply shown in FIG.
Transfer of the one-component non-magnetic developer from the developing sleeve to the latent image holding member by applying an alternating electric field or a developing bias in which a DC electric field is superimposed on the alternating electric field between the second image forming member and the latent image holding member 69. , And a high-quality image can be obtained.

In the present invention, the gap α between the latent image holder and the developer carrier is set, for example, to 50 to 500 μm, and the layer thickness of the developer layer carried on the developer carrier is, for example, 40 μm. It is preferable to set the thickness to 400 μm.

The developing sleeve is 100
It is rotated at a peripheral speed of ~ 200%. The alternating bias voltage is
0.1 kV or more at peak to peak, preferably 0.1 kV.
It is good to use at 2 to 3.0 kV, more preferably 0.3 to 2.0 kV. The alternating bias frequency is 1.0-5.
It is used at 0 kHz, preferably at 1.0 to 3.0 kHz, and more preferably at 1.5 to 3.0 kHz. As the alternating bias waveform, a waveform such as a rectangular wave, a sine wave, a sawtooth wave, and a triangular wave can be applied. In addition, asymmetrical AC biases with different positive and negative voltages and times can be used. It is also preferable to superimpose a DC bias.

Next, the apparatus unit of the present invention will be described with reference to FIG.

The apparatus unit of the present invention is detachably mounted on an image forming apparatus main body (for example, a copying machine, a laser beam printer, and a facsimile machine).

In the embodiment shown in FIG. 1, the device unit is the developing device 70, and the developing device 70 is detachably mounted on the main body of the image forming apparatus.

Therefore, as an apparatus unit, the developer 7
6, developing container 71, developer carrier 72, supply roller 7
3. The apparatus unit includes the developer layer thickness regulating member 74 and the stirring member 75, but the apparatus unit of the present invention only needs to include at least the developer 76, the developing container 71, and the developer carrier 72.

Further, the apparatus unit may integrally include at least one member selected from the group consisting of a latent image holding member, a cleaning member and a charging member.

When the image forming method of the present invention is applied to a facsimile printer, the light image exposure L is an exposure for printing received data. FIG. 2 is a block diagram showing an example of this case.

The controller 91 controls the image reading section 90 and the printer 99. The whole controller 91 is CP
It is controlled by U97. The read data from the image reading unit is transmitted to the partner station through the transmission circuit 93. Data received from the partner station is sent to the printer 99 through the receiving circuit 92. Predetermined image data is stored in the image memory. The printer controller 98 is the printer 9
9 is controlled. 94 is a telephone.

An image received from the line 95 (image information from a remote terminal connected via the line) is demodulated by the receiving circuit 92, and then the CPU 97 performs a decoding process on the image information and sequentially performs image decoding on the image memory 96. Is stored in When at least one page of images is stored in the memory 96,
The image of the page is recorded. The CPU 97 has a memory 9
6 to read out one page of image information and send the combined one page of image information to the printer controller 98. The printer controller 98 receives 1
When the image information of the page is received, the printer 99 is controlled to record the image information of the page.

Note that the CPU 97 is receiving the next page during recording by the printer 99.

As described above, image reception and recording are performed.

[0117]

The present invention will be described in more detail with reference to the following Examples and Comparative Examples. In addition, all "parts" mean parts by weight.

Example 1 710 parts of ion-exchanged water and 0.1 mol / L of Na ₃ P were placed in a 2-liter four-necked flask equipped with a high-speed stirrer TK-Homomixer.
480 parts of an O ₄ aqueous solution was added, the rotation speed of the homomixer was adjusted to 14,000, and the mixture was heated to 63 ° C. Here, 62 parts of a 1.0 mol / liter CaCl ₂ aqueous solution is gradually added, and a fine hardly water-soluble dispersant Ca ₃ (PO
₄ ) An aqueous medium containing ₂ was prepared.

On the other hand, the dispersoid system includes: 165 parts of a styrene monomer, 35 parts of a butyl acrylate monomer, I. Pigment Blue 15: 3 12 parts ・ Salicylic acid metal compound 2 parts

Next, after dispersing the above materials for 3 hours using an attritor, the following components were added to the obtained mixture, and further dispersed for 2 hours using an attritor to prepare a dispersoid system.・ Saturated polyester (acid value 12, peak molecular weight 14000) 22 parts ・ Ester wax 16 parts

Next, after adding 8 parts of 2,2'-azobis (2,4-dimethylvaleronitrile), which is a polymerization initiator, to the above-mentioned dispersoid system, it was charged into the above-mentioned dispersion medium,
Granulated at 000 rpm for 15 minutes. Then, the high-speed stirrer was replaced with a propeller stirrer, and polymerized at 50 rpm for 5 hours.
Further, the internal temperature was raised to 80 ° C., and polymerization was performed for 5 hours. After completion of the polymerization, the slurry was cooled, and dilute hydrochloric acid was added to remove the dispersant. Further, the particles were washed with water, dried and classified to obtain toner particles having a weight average diameter of 7.0 μm.

Next, with respect to 100 parts of the toner particles,
Small particle size hydrophobic silica fine particles (silica A-1: BET specific surface area: 280 m ² / g, water: 100 parts of silica having a particle diameter of about 7 nm of 50% of primary particles, treated with 14 parts of hexamethyldisilazane) 78% wettability, tribo-charge -98
mC / kg) 0.9 part and 50% particle size of primary particles
100 parts of silica with dimethyl silicone oil (5
(0 cSt 25 ° C.) Large particle size hydrophobic silica fine particles (silica B-1: BET specific surface area 3) obtained by surface treatment with 12 parts
1 m ² / g, water wettability 92%, triboelectric charge -83 mC
/ Kg) 0.4 part and 90% particle size of primary particles about 15 nm
Isobutyltrimethoxysilane 1 in 100 parts of alumina
Alumina fine particles obtained by surface treatment with 0 parts (alumina C-1: BET specific surface area 85 m ² / g, water wettability 55
%, Triboelectric charge amount -28 mC / kg) was externally added using a Henschel mixer FM10B to obtain a toner.
The average circularity of the obtained toner was 0.971.

Using the obtained toner as a one-component developer (1), a commercially available Canon LBP-2030 was used in a remodeled machine as shown in FIG. 4 and evaluated by the method described later.

As shown in FIG. 4, the modified machine of LBP-2030 has a black developing unit 4Bk, a yellow developing unit 4Y, a magenta developing unit 4M, and a cyan developing unit 4 as developing units.
As C, the primary transfer is performed on the intermediate transfer drum 5 using the rotary units 4 to which the developing devices 70 of the non-magnetic one-component developing system using the non-magnetic one-component developing agent shown in FIG. The multi-toner images of the respective color toners are collectively secondarily transferred onto the recording material P and then heat-fixed to the recording material P, and the fixing device 3 is also modified to the following configuration.

As the fixing roller 3a of the fixing device 3, an aluminum core shaft covered with two types of layers was used. A high temperature vulcanized silicone rubber (HTV silicone rubber) was used as an elastic layer in the lower layer. The thickness of the elastic layer is 2.1 mm,
The rubber hardness was 3 ° (JIS-A). For the upper layer, a release layer made of tetrafluoroethylene-perfluoroalkylvinyl ether copolymer (PFA) thinned by spray coating was used. The thickness of the thin film is 20μ
m.

Similarly to the fixing roller 3a, the pressure roller 3b of the fixing device 3 also has a lower silicone rubber elastic layer
The structure is covered with an upper fluororesin release layer.
Thickness and physical properties were used.

The nip width of the fixing section was 9.5 mm, the fixing pressure was 2.00 × 10 ⁵ Pa, and the surface temperature of the fixing roller during standby was set at 180 ° C. The fixing oil application mechanism was removed.

The intermediate transfer drum 5 used was an aluminum cylinder having a surface layer coated with a mixture of NBR and epichlorohydrin rubber to a thickness of 5 mm as an elastic layer.

160 g of the one-component developer (1) was added to the cyan developing device 4C of the modified LBP-2030.
After filling, a commercially available CLC paper A4 (available from a Canon sales company, landfill: 81.4 g / m ² ) as a recording material P was set on the tray 7, and a continuous paper passing test was performed under the following conditions.

Charging conditions: A DC voltage of -600 V and an AC voltage having a sine wave of 1150 Hz and an AC voltage of 2 kVpp were superimposed on the charging roller 2 from a power source (not shown). By applying a voltage to the charging roller 2,
The photosensitive drum 1 made of an insulator was charged uniformly by moving the charge by discharging.

Latent image forming conditions: A uniformly charged photosensitive drum 1 was irradiated with laser light E and exposed to form an electrostatic latent image. The laser beam intensity was set so that the surface potential of the exposed portion became -150V.

Developing conditions: A DC voltage of -350 V and an AC voltage having a sine wave of 2250 Hz and an amplitude of 1.8 kVpp superimposed thereon were applied to the cyan developing device 4C in FIG. 4, and the developing sleeve and the photosensitive drum were applied. 1, an alternating electric field was formed, and toner was caused to fly to perform development.

Primary transfer conditions: A DC voltage of +300 V was applied as a primary transfer bias voltage to the aluminum drum 5a in order to primarily transfer the toner image formed on the photosensitive drum 1 by the developing device 4C to the intermediate transfer member 5. .

Secondary transfer conditions: A DC voltage of +1950 V was applied as a secondary transfer bias to the transfer means 8 in order to secondary-transfer the toner image primarily transferred on the intermediate transfer member 5 onto the recording material P.

[Evaluation Method] A pattern with an image ratio of 6% (A4) is continuously printed in each environment of image density of 30 ° C./80% RH and 15 ° C./5% RH. 5
A solid black pattern is printed on the 0th, 2,000th, and 5,000th sheets, and the density of a portion 3 cm from the leading edge of the paper is measured (average of three points at the center and both ends). The density was measured with a reflection densitometer RD918 (manufactured by Macbeth).

Image Unevenness A pattern with an image ratio of 6% (A4) is continuously printed in each environment of 30 ° C./80% RH and 15 ° C./5% RH. 5
On the 0th, 2,000th, and 5,000th sheets, 10 continuous solid black patterns were printed, and 3
The densities of the cm part and the part 15 cm from the tip are measured with a reflection densitometer RD918 (manufactured by Macbeth) (average of three points at the center and both ends). Image unevenness is evaluated by calculating the density difference between these two points.

A pattern with an image ratio of 6% (A4) is continuously printed in each environment of fog density of 30 ° C./80% RH and 15 ° C./5% RH. 5
Image ratio 2 for the 0th, 2,000th and 5,000th sheets
After printing 50 continuous% patterns, one solid white pattern is printed. The reflectance of this print and the unused paper were measured, and the difference was defined as the fog density.

Table 1 shows the evaluation results.

<Example 2> 100 parts of polyester resin 7 parts of carbon black 3 parts of low molecular weight polyethylene 4 parts of chromium di-t-butylsalicylate complex

The above components were mixed using a Henschel mixer, melt-kneaded with a twin-screw extruder, coarsely pulverized with a hammer mill, finely pulverized with a jet mill, and classified to classify a toner having a weight average diameter of 8.8 μm. Particles were obtained.

Next, with respect to 100 parts of the toner particles,
Small particle size hydrophobic silica fine particles (silica A-2: BET) obtained by surface-treating 100 parts of silica having a particle diameter of about 12 nm of 50% of primary particles with 11 parts of isobutyltrimethoxysilane.
Specific surface area 125 m ² / g, water wettability 93%, triboelectric charge -115 mC / kg) 1.2 parts, 50% of primary particles
Large-particle hydrophobic silica fine particles (silica B-2: BET) obtained by surface-treating 100 parts of silica having a particle diameter of about 30 nm with 15 parts of dimethyl silicone oil (50 cSt, 25 ° C.)
Specific surface area 75 m ² / g), water wettability 90%, triboelectric charge amount -95 mC / kg) 0.5 part, 50% of primary particles 100 parts alumina having a particle diameter of about 20 nm and 15 parts isobutyltrimethoxysilane on the surface Alumina fine particles obtained by the treatment (alumina C-2: BET specific surface area: 60 m ² / g, water wettability: 70%, triboelectric charge: −17 mC / kg) 0.5
Was externally added with a Henschel mixer FM10B. The average circularity of the toner was 0.938. The obtained toner was evaluated in the same manner as in Example 1. Table 1 shows the evaluation results.
Shown in

Example 3 100 parts of styrene acrylic resin 10 parts of carbon black 4 parts of low molecular weight polypropylene 4 parts of chromium di-t-butylsalicylate complex

The above components were mixed using a Henschel mixer, melted and kneaded with a twin-screw extruder, coarsely ground with a hammer mill, finely ground with a Kryptron (manufactured by Kawasaki Heavy Industries), and classified to obtain a weight average diameter. As a result, 6.0 μm toner particles were obtained.

Next, with respect to 100 parts of the toner particles,
Small particle size hydrophobic silica fine particles (silica A-3: BET specific surface area: 160 m ² / g, water: 100 parts of silica having a particle size of about 10 nm of 50% of primary particles and 13 parts of hexamethyldisilazane). 82% wettability, tribo charge -1
(07 mC / kg), and 1.3 parts of 50% primary particles of silica having a particle size of about 40 nm and 100 parts of silica treated with 13 parts of dimethyl silicone oil (50 cSt at 25 ° C.). Silica B-3: BET specific surface area 55 m ² / g, water wettability 88%, triboelectricity -9
8 mC / kg) 0.4 part, 50% particle size of primary particles
5 nm alumina fine particles (alumina C-3: BET specific surface area 100 m ² / g, water wettability 21%, tribo charge amount−
5.3 mC / kg) 0.1 part with Henschel mixer F
Externally added at M10B. The average circularity of the toner is 0.9.
46. The obtained toner was evaluated in the same manner as in Example 1. Table 1 shows the evaluation results.

<Examples 4 to 6> The C.I.
I. Pigment Blue 15: 3 and C.I. I. Pigment Red 122, C.I. I. Pigment Yellow 17 and 12 parts of carbon black, respectively, in the same manner as in Example 1, except that magenta toner particles having a weight average diameter of 6.5 μm and a weight average diameter of 7.2 were used.
μm yellow toner particles and black toner particles having a weight average diameter of 5.5 μm were obtained.

Next, for 100 parts of the toner particles of each color, 1.0 part of the silica A-1 used in Example 1 and 100 parts of silica having a particle diameter of 50 nm of 50% of the primary particles were added to dimethyl silicone oil ( Large particle size hydrophobic silica fine particles (silica B) obtained by surface treatment with 10 parts of 50 cSt at 25 ° C.
-4: BET specific surface area 43 m ² / g, water wettability 85%,
0.2 g of triboelectric charge amount-71 mC / kg) and 50% of primary particles and alumina fine particles having a particle size of about 12 nm (alumina C
-4: BET specific surface area 145 m ² / g, water wettability 10
%, Triboelectric charge amount -7.8 mC / kg) 0.08 part,
A magenta toner (Example 49, a yellow toner (Example 5), and a black toner (Example 6) were obtained by external addition using a Henschel mixer FM10B. 0.978, yellow was 0.962, and black was 0.983. The obtained toner was evaluated in the same manner as in Example 1. The evaluation results are shown in Table 1.

Example 7 Alumina C used in Example 1
A toner was obtained in the same manner as in Example 1, except that 0.3 parts of the alumina C-4 used in Examples 4 to 6 was used instead of -1. The obtained toner was evaluated in the same manner as in Example 1. Table 1 shows the evaluation results.

Example 8 The toner particles used in Example 2 were mixed with a hybridizer (manufactured by Nara Machinery Co., Ltd.).
Under the conditions of a processing temperature of 55 ° C. and a peripheral speed of the stirring blade of 50 m / sec, a spheroidizing treatment was carried out to obtain toner particles having a weight average particle diameter of 8.6 μm.

Using the obtained toner particles, silica A-2, silica B-2 and alumina C were obtained in the same manner as in Example 2.
-2 was externally added to obtain a toner. The average circularity of the obtained toner was 0.955. The obtained toner was used in Example 1.
The evaluation was performed in the same manner as described above. Table 1 shows the evaluation results.

<Comparative Example 1> Hydrophobic silica fine particles (R974: manufactured by Nippon Aerosil Co., Ltd., 50% of primary particles, about 12 nm) were used for 100 parts of the toner particles used in Example 1.
Dimethyldichlorosilane treatment, BET specific surface area 183m
² / g, water wettability 43%, triboelectric charge -73 mC / k
g) 1.3 parts and a hydrophobic silica (R972: manufactured by Nippon Aerosil Co., Ltd., dimethyldichlorosilane treatment, BET specific surface area: 115 m ² / g;
Water wettability 45%, triboelectric charge -65 mC / kg)
4 parts, 50% of primary particles and hydrophobic alumina fine particles having a particle size of about 15 nm (RFY-C: manufactured by Nippon Aerosil Co., Ltd., BET
Specific surface area 80 m ² / g, water wettability, triboelectric charge -12
mC / kg) 0.1 part with Henschel mixer FM10
B was added externally to obtain a toner. The average circularity of the obtained toner was 0.971. The obtained toner was used in Example 1.
The evaluation was performed in the same manner as described above. Table 1 shows the evaluation results.

<Comparative Example 2> To the toner particles 100 used in Example 1, silica A was used without using alumina C-1.
-1 and 1.1 parts of silica B-1 were externally added using a Henschel mixer FM10B to obtain a toner. The average circularity of the obtained toner was 0.971. The obtained toner was evaluated in the same manner as in Example 1. Table 11 shows the evaluation results.

<Comparative Example 3> Instead of alumina C-3, 100% of the toner particles used in Example 3 were replaced with alumina fine particles having a 50% primary particle size of about 5 nm (alumina C).
-5: BET specific surface area 230 m ² / g, water wettability 5%,
A toner was obtained in the same manner as in Example 3, except that 0.2 part of triboelectric charge (-33 mC / kg) was used. The average circularity of the obtained toner was 0.946. The obtained toner was evaluated in the same manner as in Example 1. Table 1 shows the evaluation results.

<Comparative Example 4> Instead of the hydrophobic silica R-972 used in Comparative Example 1, the 50% particle size of the primary particles was about 19 n.
dimethyl silicone oil (50 parts)
hydrophobic silica fine particles (silica B-5: BET specific surface area 95 m ² /
g, water wettability 65%, triboelectric charge -92 mC / kg)
A toner was obtained in the same manner as in Comparative Example 1, except that 0.4 part was used. The average circularity of the obtained toner is 0.97.
It was one. The obtained toner was evaluated in the same manner as in Example 1. Table 1 shows the evaluation results.

<Comparative Example 5> The silica A-
0.9 part of silica B-1 and alumina C-
0.7 was added externally using a Henschel mixer FM10B to obtain a toner. The average circularity of the obtained toner was 0.971. The obtained toner was evaluated in the same manner as in Example 1. Table 1 shows the evaluation results.

<Comparative Example 6> Silica B-
1 without using 1.2 parts of silica A-1 and alumina C-
The toner was obtained by externally adding 0.4 part of 1 to a Henschel mixer FM10B. The average circularity of the obtained toner was 0.971. The obtained toner was evaluated in the same manner as in Example 1. Table 1 shows the evaluation results.

<Comparative Example 7> The silica B- used in Example 3
3 in place of dimethyl silicone oil (50 cSt)
Hydrophobic silica fine particles (silica B-6: BET specific surface area: 13 m ² / g, water wettability: 63%, triboelectric charge: -4.8 mC / kg) obtained by surface treatment with 5 parts of 0.4 parts at 25 ° C) 0.4
A toner was obtained in the same manner as in Example 3, except for using some parts. The average circularity of the obtained toner was 0.946. The obtained toner was evaluated in the same manner as in Example 1. Table 1 shows the evaluation results.

Comparative Example 8 The silica A- used in Example 3
In place of 3, hydrophobic silica fine particles (silica A-4: BET specific surface area 86 m ² / g) obtained by surface-treating 100 parts of silica having a particle diameter of about 23 nm of 50% of primary particles with 7 parts of hexamethyldisilazane. , Water wettability 75%, triboelectric charge
A toner was obtained in the same manner as in Example 3, except that 1.3 parts of 70 mC / kg) was used. The average circularity of the obtained toner was 0.946. The obtained toner was evaluated in the same manner as in Example 1. Table 1 shows the evaluation results.

[0158]

[Table 1]

Example 9 The cyan toner produced in Example 1, the magenta toner produced in Example 4, the yellow toner produced in Example 5, and the black toner used in Example 6 were prepared as shown in FIG. The cyan developing of the modified LBP-2030 used in Example 1 in which the developing device 70 of the one-component developing system is mounted as a black developing device 4BK, a yellow developing device 4Y, a magenta developing device 4M and a cyan developing device 4C shown in FIG. The developing device 4C, the magenta developing device 4M, the yellow developing device 4Y, and the black developing device 4BK were each filled with 160 g, and a commercially available CLC paper A4 was set as a recording material P on the tray 7, and a full-color image was formed. No defective, fogging, poor cleaning or toner scattering, clear image with sufficiently high image density and excellent gradation Obtained.

[0160]

As described above, according to the present invention,
No increase in fog, no poor cleaning, and no reduction in transfer efficiency are observed even after long-term use, and a high-quality image free from image density reduction and image unevenness can be obtained even in a low humidity environment.

[Brief description of the drawings]

FIG. 1 is an explanatory diagram of a developing device used in a non-magnetic one-component developing method using a toner of the present invention.

FIG. 2 is a block diagram when the image forming apparatus of the present invention is applied to a printer of a facsimile machine.

FIG. 3 is an explanatory view of an apparatus for measuring a tribo of hydrophobic silica fine particles having a large particle diameter according to the present invention.

FIG. 4 is an explanatory diagram of an image forming apparatus capable of performing an image forming method using the toner of the present invention.

[Explanation of symbols]

 Reference Signs List 1 photosensitive drum (latent image carrier) 2 charging roller 3 core metal (intermediate transfer member) 4 (4Y, 4M, 4C, 4Bk) developing device 5 intermediate transfer member 6 cleaning mechanism 7 tray 8 transfer unit 9 fixing device 9a Fixing roller 9b Pressure roller L Light source device E Laser beam 69 Latent image carrier 70 Developing device 71 Developing container 72 Developing sleeve (Developer carrier) 73 Supply roller 74 Elastic blade (Developer layer thickness regulating member) 75 Stirring member 76 Non-magnetic one-component developer

Claims (140)

[Claims] 1. A toner having at least toner particles and an external additive, wherein the toner particles have a weight average particle diameter of 4 to 9 μm, and the external additive is treated with (i) silane. A first small-particle-diameter hydrophobic silica fine particle (A) having a BET specific surface area of 100 to 350 m ² / g, and (ii) a ^second BET specific surface area of 15 to 80 m ² / g treated with silicone oil. Large-particle hydrophobic silica fine particles (B), and (iii) alumina fine particles (B) having a BET specific surface area of 50 to 150 m ² / g.
And a toner comprising: 2. The 50% particle size of the primary particles of the small-sized hydrophobic silica fine particles (A) is 5 to 20 nm, and the 50% particle size of primary particles of the large-sized hydrophobic silica fine particles (B). Is 30
The toner according to claim 1, wherein the thickness is from 150 to 150 nm. 3. The small particle size hydrophobic silica fine particles (A) B
The toner according to claim 1, wherein the ET specific surface area is 150 to 300 m ² / g. 4. The toner according to claim 1, wherein the small particle size hydrophobic silica fine particles (A) have a triboelectric charge of -40 to -150 mC / kg. 5. The small-particle-diameter hydrophobic silica fine particles (A)
5. The method according to claim 1, wherein the silane is treated with 5 to 25 parts by weight based on 100 parts by weight of the silica fine particles.
The toner according to any one of the above. 6. The toner according to claim 1, wherein the hydrophobic silica fine particles (A) have a water wettability of 70% or more. 7. B of said large-particle-diameter hydrophobic silica fine particles (B)
The toner according to any one of claims 1 to 6 ET specific surface area, characterized in that a 20~60m ² / g. 8. The toner according to claim 1, wherein the large particle size hydrophobic silica fine particles (B) have a triboelectric charge of -60 to -100 mC / kg. 9. The large-diameter hydrophobic silica fine particles (B)
The toner according to any one of claims 1 to 8, wherein the toner is treated with 2 to 20 parts by weight of silicone oil based on 100 parts by weight of silica fine particles. 10. The method according to claim 1, wherein the hydrophobic silica fine particles (B) have a water wettability of 80% or more.
10. The toner according to any one of claims 1 to 9. 11. The toner according to claim 1, wherein said alumina fine particles (C) have a triboelectric charge of -30 to +20 mC / kg. 12. The toner according to claim 1, wherein the alumina fine particles (C) have a water wettability of 30% or less. 13. The amount (a) of the hydrophobic fine silica particles (A) added to the toner is from 0.3 to 2.5 parts by weight based on 100 parts by weight of the toner particles. The amount (b) of the hydrophobic silica fine particles (B) added to the toner is 0.05 to 1.5 parts by weight based on 100 parts by weight of the toner particles. Quantity (c)
Is 0.01 to 2.0 with respect to 100 parts by weight of the toner particles.
The toner according to any one of claims 1 to 12, wherein the amount is part by weight. 14. The amount (a) of the hydrophobic silica fine particles (A) added to the toner, the amount (b) of the hydrophobic silica fine particles (B) added to the toner, and the alumina fine particles. The amount (c) of the toner (C) added to the toner has the following relationship: a: b: c = 1: 0.10-0.65: 0.05-0.
The toner according to claim 13, which satisfies the following condition: 50. 15. The small-particle-diameter hydrophobic silica fine particles (A), wherein the alumina fine particles (C) have a water wettability of more than 30%.
(A) is 0.3 to 2.5 parts by weight based on 100 parts by weight of the toner particles, and the amount (b) of the hydrophobic silica fine particles (B) added to the toner is 100 parts by weight. ) Is 0.05 to 1.5 parts by weight with respect to 100 parts by weight of the toner particles, and the amount (c1) of the alumina fine particles (C) having a water wettability of more than 30% to the toner particles is 10
13. The toner according to claim 1, wherein the amount is 0.05 to 2.0 parts by weight based on 0 part by weight. 16. The amount (a) of the small-sized hydrophobic silica fine particles (A) added to the toner, the amount (b) of the large-sized hydrophobic silica fine particles (B) added to the toner, and the water wetting. 30%
The addition amount (c1) of the larger alumina fine particles (C) to the toner is as follows: a: b: c1 = 1: 0.10 to 0.65: 0.20
The toner according to claim 15, wherein the toner satisfies 0.50. 17. The fine silica particles (A) having a water wettability of 30% or less for the fine alumina particles (C).
(A) is 0.3 to 2.5 parts by weight based on 100 parts by weight of the toner particles, and the amount (b) of the hydrophobic silica fine particles (B) added to the toner is 100 parts by weight. ) Is 0.05 to 1.5 parts by weight based on 100 parts by weight of the toner particles, and the fine alumina particles (C) having a water wettability of 30% or less.
13. The toner according to claim 1, wherein the amount (c2) of the toner added to the toner is 0.01 to 1.0 part by weight based on 100 parts by weight of the toner particles. 18. The amount (a) of the hydrophobic silica fine particles (A) added to the toner, the amount (b) of the hydrophobic silica fine particles (B) added to the toner, and the water wetting. 30%
Addition amount of the following alumina fine particles (C) to toner (c
2) The following relationship a: b: c2 = 1: 0.10 to 0.65: 0.05 to
The toner according to claim 17, wherein the toner satisfies 0.35. 19. The toner particles having a weight average particle size of 5.5.
20. The method according to claim 1, wherein the thickness is from about 8.8 .mu.m.
The toner according to any one of the above. 20. The toner has an average circularity measured by a flow type particle image analyzer of 0.950 to 1.00.
The toner according to any one of claims 1 to 19, wherein 0. 21. The toner has an average circularity measured by a flow type particle image analyzer of 0.950 to 0.99.
The toner according to any one of claims 1 to 19, wherein 0. 22. The toner has an average circularity measured by a flow type particle image analyzer of 0.960 to 0.98.
20. The toner according to claim 1, wherein 23. The toner is obtained by mixing the toner particles, the small-sized hydrophobic silica fine particles (A), the large-sized hydrophobic silica fine particles (B) and the alumina fine particles (C) using a mixer. 23. The toner according to claim 1, wherein the toner is manufactured by the following method. 24. A toner having at least toner particles and an external additive, wherein the toner particles have a weight average particle size of 4 to 9 μm, and the external additive is treated with (i) silane. Primary particle 5
A first hydrophobic fine silica particle (A) having a 0% particle size of 5 to 20 nm; and (ii) a second large hydrophobic particle having a 50% primary particle size of 30 to 150 nm treated with silicone oil. Hydrophobic silica fine particles (B) and (iii) BET
A toner characterized by having alumina fine particles (C) having a specific surface area of 50 to 150 m ² / g. 25. The small-particle-diameter hydrophobic silica fine particles (A) have a BET specific surface area of 100 to 350 m ² / g, and the large-particle-diameter hydrophobic silica fine particles (B) have a BET specific surface area of 15
25. The toner according to claim 24, wherein the amount is from about 80 m < ² > / g. 26. The toner according to claim 24, wherein the hydrophobic silica fine particles (A) have a BET specific surface area of 150 to 300 m ² / g. 27. The toner according to claim 24, wherein the small particle size hydrophobic silica fine particles (A) have a triboelectric charge of -40 to -150 mC / kg. 28. The small-particle-diameter hydrophobic fine silica particles (A)
25. The method according to claim 24, wherein the silane is treated with 5 to 25 parts by weight of silane based on 100 parts by weight of the silica fine particles.
28. The toner according to any one of the above items. 29. The small-particle-diameter hydrophobic silica fine particles (A) have a water wettability of 70% or more.
29. The toner according to any one of 4 to 28. 30. The toner according to claim 24, wherein the hydrophobic silica fine particles (B) have a BET specific surface area of 20 to 60 m 2 / g. 31. The toner according to claim 24, wherein the large particle size hydrophobic silica fine particles (B) have a triboelectric charge of −60 to −100 mC / kg. 32. The large-particle-diameter hydrophobic silica fine particles (B)
The toner according to any one of claims 24 to 31, wherein the toner is treated with 2 to 20 parts by weight of silicone oil based on 100 parts by weight of silica fine particles. 33. The large-diameter hydrophobic silica fine particles (B) have a water wettability of 80% or more.
33. The toner according to any one of 4 to 32. 34. The toner according to claim 24, wherein the triboelectric charge of the alumina fine particles (C) is -30 to +20 mC / kg. 35. The alumina fine particles (C) having a water wettability of 30% or less.
The toner according to any one of the above. 36. The amount (a) of the small-particle-diameter hydrophobic silica fine particles (A) added to the toner is from 0.3 to 2.5 parts by weight based on 100 parts by weight of the toner particles. The amount (b) of the hydrophobic silica fine particles (B) added to the toner is 0.05 to 1.5 parts by weight based on 100 parts by weight of the toner particles. Quantity (c)
Is 0.01 to 2.0 with respect to 100 parts by weight of the toner particles.
The toner according to any one of claims 24 to 35, wherein the amount is part by weight. 37. The addition amount (a) of the small particle size hydrophobic silica fine particles (A) to the toner, the addition amount (b) of the large particle size hydrophobic silica fine particles (B) to the toner, and the alumina fine particles. The amount (c) of the toner (C) added to the toner has the following relationship: a: b: c = 1: 0.10-0.65: 0.05-0.
The toner according to claim 36, wherein the toner satisfies the following condition: 50. 38. The small-particle-diameter hydrophobic silica fine particles (A), wherein the alumina fine particles (C) have a water wettability of more than 30%.
(A) is 0.3 to 2.5 parts by weight based on 100 parts by weight of the toner particles, and the amount (b) of the hydrophobic silica fine particles (B) added to the toner is 100 parts by weight. ) Is 0.05 to 1.5 parts by weight with respect to 100 parts by weight of the toner particles, and the amount (c1) of the alumina fine particles (C) having a water wettability of more than 30% to the toner particles is 10
The toner according to any one of claims 24 to 35, wherein the amount is 0.05 to 2.0 parts by weight based on 0 part by weight. 39. An amount (a) of the hydrophobic silica fine particles (A) added to the toner, an amount (b) of the hydrophobic silica fine particles (B) added to the toner, and water wetting. 30%
The addition amount (c1) of the larger alumina fine particles (C) to the toner is as follows: a: b: c1 = 1: 0.10 to 0.65: 0.20
The toner according to claim 38, wherein 0.50 is satisfied. 40. The alumina fine particles (C) having a water wettability of 30% or less, and the small-sized hydrophobic silica fine particles (A).
(A) is 0.3 to 2.5 parts by weight based on 100 parts by weight of the toner particles, and the amount (b) of the hydrophobic silica fine particles (B) added to the toner is 100 parts by weight. ) Is 0.05 to 1.5 parts by weight based on 100 parts by weight of the toner particles, and the fine alumina particles (C) having a water wettability of 30% or less.
36. The toner according to claim 24, wherein the amount (c2) of the toner added to the toner is 0.01 to 1.0 part by weight based on 100 parts by weight of the toner particles. 41. The amount (a) of the hydrophobic silica fine particles (A) added to the toner, the amount (b) of the hydrophobic silica fine particles (B) added to the toner, and the water wetting. 30%
Addition amount of the following alumina fine particles (C) to toner (c
2) The following relationship a: b: c2 = 1: 0.10 to 0.65: 0.05 to
41. The toner according to claim 40, wherein 0.35 is satisfied. 42. The weight average particle size of the toner particles is 5.5.
The thickness is within a range of from 8.8 to 8.8 m.
2. The toner according to any one of 1. 43. The toner has an average circularity measured by a flow type particle image analyzer of 0.950 to 1.00.
43. The toner according to any one of claims 24 to 42, wherein 0. 44. The toner has an average circularity measured by a flow type particle image analyzer of 0.950 to 0.99.
43. The toner according to any one of claims 24 to 42, wherein 0. 45. The toner has an average circularity measured by a flow type particle image analyzer of 0.960 to 0.98.
The toner according to any one of claims 24 to 42, wherein the toner number is 5. 46. The toner is obtained by mixing the toner particles, the small-sized hydrophobic silica fine particles (A), the large-sized hydrophobic silica fine particles (B), and the alumina fine particles (C) using a mixer. The toner according to any one of claims 24 to 45, wherein the toner is manufactured by the following method. 47. An electrostatic latent image forming step of forming an electrostatic latent image on a latent image holding member; and a developing step of developing the electrostatic latent image formed on the latent image holding member with toner In the image forming method, in the developing step, toner is supplied to the developer carrier by a developer supply roller that is in contact with the developer carrier,
The layer thickness of the toner is regulated by a developer layer thickness regulating member abutting on the surface of the developer carrier, and the electrostatic latent is controlled by the toner of the toner layer having the regulated thickness carried on the developer carrier. Developing the image, the toner has at least toner particles and an external additive, the toner particles have a weight average particle size of 4 to 9 μm, and the external additive is treated with (i) silane. are, BET specific surface area of the first small径疎aqueous silica fine particles ^{100~350m 2 / g (a),} (ii) treated with silicone oil, BET specific surface area of 15~80m ² / g A second large-particle-diameter hydrophobic silica fine particle (B); and (iii) an alumina fine particle (C) having a BET specific surface area of 50 to 150 m ² / g.
An image forming method comprising: 48. The small particle size hydrophobic silica fine particles (A) have a 50% particle size of primary particles of 5 to 20 nm, and the large particle size hydrophobic silica fine particles (B) have a 50% particle size of primary particles. Is 3
The image forming method according to claim 47, wherein the thickness is from 0 to 150 nm. 49. The method according to claim 47, wherein the hydrophobic silica fine particles (A) have a BET specific surface area of 150 to 300 m ² / g. 50. The image forming method according to claim 47, wherein the small particle size hydrophobic silica fine particles (A) have a triboelectric charge of -40 to -150 mC / kg. 51. The small-particle-diameter hydrophobic silica fine particles (A)
48. The composition according to claim 47, wherein said silane is treated with 5 to 25 parts by weight of silane based on 100 parts by weight of silica fine particles.
50. The image forming method according to any one of the above items. 52. The small-particle-diameter hydrophobic fine silica particles (A) have a water wettability of 70% or more.
52. The image forming method according to any one of 7 to 51. 53. The image forming method according to claim 47, wherein the hydrophobic fine silica particles (B) have a BET specific surface area of 20 to 60 m ² / g. 54. The image forming method according to claim 47, wherein the large particle size hydrophobic silica fine particles (B) have a triboelectric charge of -60 to -100 mC / kg. 55. The large-particle-diameter hydrophobic fine silica particles (B)
The image forming method according to any one of claims 47 to 54, wherein the toner is treated with 2 to 20 parts by weight of silicone oil based on 100 parts by weight of silica fine particles. 56. The large-particle-diameter hydrophobic fine silica particles (B) have a water wettability of 80% or more.
The image forming method according to any one of Items 7 to 55. 57. The image forming method according to claim 47, wherein the triboelectric charge of the alumina fine particles (C) is -30 to +20 mC / kg. 58. The alumina fine particles (C) having a water wettability of 30% or less.
The image forming method according to any one of the above. 59. The amount (a) of the small-particle-diameter hydrophobic silica fine particles (A) added to the toner is 0.3 to 2.5 parts by weight based on 100 parts by weight of the toner particles. The amount (b) of the hydrophobic silica fine particles (B) added to the toner is 0.05 to 1.5 parts by weight based on 100 parts by weight of the toner particles. Quantity (c)
Is 0.01 to 2.0 with respect to 100 parts by weight of the toner particles.
The image forming method according to any one of claims 47 to 58, wherein the amount is part by weight. 60. The addition amount (a) of the small particle size hydrophobic silica fine particles (A) to the toner, the addition amount (b) of the large particle size hydrophobic silica fine particles (B) to the toner, and the alumina fine particles. The amount (c) of the toner (C) added to the toner has the following relationship: a: b: c = 1: 0.10-0.65: 0.05-0.
The image forming method according to claim 59, wherein the image forming method satisfies the following condition: 61. The small-particle-diameter hydrophobic silica fine particles (A) wherein the alumina fine particles (C) have a water wettability of more than 30%.
(A) is 0.3 to 2.5 parts by weight based on 100 parts by weight of the toner particles, and the amount (b) of the hydrophobic silica fine particles (B) added to the toner is 100 parts by weight. ) Is 0.05 to 1.5 parts by weight with respect to 100 parts by weight of the toner particles, and the amount (c1) of the alumina fine particles (C) having a water wettability of more than 30% to the toner particles is 10
The image forming method according to any one of claims 47 to 58, wherein the amount is 0.05 to 2.0 parts by weight based on 0 part by weight. 62. The amount (a) of the hydrophobic silica fine particles (A) added to the toner, the amount (b) of the hydrophobic silica fine particles (B) added to the toner, and the water wetting. 30%
The addition amount (c1) of the larger alumina fine particles (C) to the toner is as follows: a: b: c1 = 1: 0.10 to 0.65: 0.20
The image forming method according to claim 61, wherein 0.50 is satisfied. 63. The small-particle-diameter hydrophobic silica fine particles (A), wherein the alumina fine particles (C) have a water wettability of 30% or less.
(A) is 0.3 to 2.5 parts by weight based on 100 parts by weight of the toner particles, and the amount (b) of the hydrophobic silica fine particles (B) added to the toner is 100 parts by weight. ) Is 0.05 to 1.5 parts by weight based on 100 parts by weight of the toner particles, and the fine alumina particles (C) having a water wettability of 30% or less.
59. The image forming method according to claim 47, wherein the amount (c2) of the toner added to the toner is 0.01 to 1.0 part by weight based on 100 parts by weight of the toner particles. 64. The addition amount (a) of the small-particle-diameter hydrophobic silica fine particles (A) to the toner, the addition amount (b) of the large-particle-diameter hydrophobic silica fine particles (B) to the toner, and the water wetting. 30%
Addition amount of the following alumina fine particles (C) to toner (c
2) The following relationship a: b: c2 = 1: 0.10 to 0.65: 0.05 to
The image forming method according to claim 63, wherein 0.35 is satisfied. 65. The toner particles having a weight average particle size of 5.5.
47 to 6.8 [mu] m.
5. The image forming method according to any one of 4. 66. The toner has an average circularity measured by a flow type particle image analyzer of 0.950 to 1.00.
The image forming method according to any one of claims 47 to 65, wherein 0 is set. 67. The toner has an average circularity measured by a flow type particle image analyzer of 0.950 to 0.99.
The image forming method according to any one of claims 47 to 65, wherein 0 is set. 68. The toner has an average circularity measured by a flow type particle image analyzer of 0.960 to 0.98.
The image forming method according to claim 47, wherein the number is 5. 69. The toner is obtained by mixing the toner particles, the small-sized hydrophobic silica fine particles (A), the large-sized hydrophobic silica fine particles (B) and the alumina fine particles (C) using a mixer. The image forming method according to any one of claims 47 to 98, wherein the image forming method is manufactured by performing the following. 70. An electrostatic latent image forming step of forming an electrostatic latent image on the latent image holding member; and a developing step of developing the electrostatic latent image formed on the latent image holding member with toner In the image forming method, in the developing step, toner is supplied to the developer carrier by a developer supply roller that is in contact with the developer carrier,
The layer thickness of the toner is regulated by a developer layer thickness regulating member abutting on the surface of the developer carrier, and the electrostatic latent is controlled by the toner of the toner layer having the regulated thickness carried on the developer carrier. Developing the image, the toner has at least toner particles and an external additive, the toner particles have a weight average particle size of 4 to 9 μm, and the external additive is treated with (i) silane. 5 of the primary particles
A first hydrophobic fine silica particle (A) having a 0% particle size of 5 to 20 nm; and (ii) a second large hydrophobic particle having a 50% primary particle size of 30 to 150 nm treated with silicone oil. Hydrophobic silica fine particles (B) and (iii) BET
An image forming method comprising: alumina fine particles (C) having a specific surface area of 50 to 150 m ² / g. 71. The BET specific surface area of the small-sized hydrophobic silica fine particles (A) is 100 to 350 m ² / g, and the BET specific surface area of the large-sized hydrophobic silica fine particles (B) is 15
The image forming method according to claim 70, characterized in that ~80m is ² / g. 72. The image forming method according to claim 70, wherein the hydrophobic silica fine particles (A) have a BET specific surface area of 150 to 300 m ² / g. 73. The image forming method according to claim 70, wherein the small particle size hydrophobic silica fine particles (A) have a triboelectric charge of -40 to -150 mC / kg. 74. The small-particle-diameter hydrophobic silica fine particles (A)
70. The method of claim 70, wherein the silane is treated with 5 to 25 parts by weight of silane based on 100 parts by weight of the silica fine particles.
74. The image forming method according to any one of the above items. 75. The small-particle-diameter hydrophobic silica fine particles (A) have a water wettability of 70% or more.
75. The image forming method according to any one of 0 to 74. 76. The image forming method according to claim 70, wherein the large-diameter hydrophobic fine silica particles (B) have a BET specific surface area of 20 to 60 m ² / g. 77. The image forming method according to claim 70, wherein the large particle size hydrophobic silica fine particles (B) have a triboelectric charge of -60 to -100 mC / kg. 78. The large-particle-diameter hydrophobic silica fine particles (B)
The image forming method according to any one of claims 70 to 77, wherein the toner is treated with 2 to 20 parts by weight of silicone oil based on 100 parts by weight of silica fine particles. 79. The large silica particles (B) having a water wettability of 80% or more.
The image forming method according to any one of Items 0 to 78. 80. The image forming method according to claim 70, wherein said alumina fine particles (C) have a triboelectric charge of -30 to +20 mC / kg. 81. The alumina fine particles (C) have a water wettability of 30% or less.
The image forming method according to any one of the above. 82. The amount (a) of the hydrophobic silica fine particles (A) added to the toner is 0.3 to 2.5 parts by weight based on 100 parts by weight of the toner particles. The amount (b) of the hydrophobic silica fine particles (B) added to the toner is 0.05 to 1.5 parts by weight based on 100 parts by weight of the toner particles. Quantity (c)
Is 0.01 to 2.0 with respect to 100 parts by weight of the toner particles.
The image forming method according to any one of claims 70 to 81, wherein the amount is part by weight. 83. The addition amount (a) of the small particle size hydrophobic silica fine particles (A) to the toner, the addition amount (b) of the large particle size hydrophobic silica fine particles (B) to the toner, and the alumina fine particles. The amount (c) of the toner (C) added to the toner has the following relationship: a: b: c = 1: 0.10-0.65: 0.05-0.
The image forming method according to claim 82, wherein the following formula is satisfied. 84. The small-particle-diameter hydrophobic fine silica particles (A), wherein the fine alumina particles (C) have a water wettability of more than 30%.
(A) is 0.3 to 2.5 parts by weight based on 100 parts by weight of the toner particles, and the amount (b) of the hydrophobic silica fine particles (B) added to the toner is 100 parts by weight. ) Is 0.05 to 1.5 parts by weight with respect to 100 parts by weight of the toner particles, and the amount (c1) of the alumina fine particles (C) having a water wettability of more than 30% to the toner particles is 10
The image forming method according to any one of claims 70 to 81, wherein the amount is 0.05 to 2.0 parts by weight with respect to 0 parts by weight. 85. The amount (a) of the small-sized hydrophobic silica fine particles (A) added to the toner, the added amount (b) of the large-sized hydrophobic silica fine particles (B) to the toner, and the water wetting. 30%
The addition amount (c1) of the larger alumina fine particles (C) to the toner is as follows: a: b: c1 = 1: 0.10 to 0.65: 0.20
The image forming method according to claim 84, wherein 0.50 is satisfied. 86. The alumina fine particles (C) have a water wettability of 30% or less, and the small-sized hydrophobic silica fine particles (A)
(A) is 0.3 to 2.5 parts by weight based on 100 parts by weight of the toner particles, and the amount (b) of the hydrophobic silica fine particles (B) added to the toner is 100 parts by weight. ) Is 0.05 to 1.5 parts by weight based on 100 parts by weight of the toner particles, and the fine alumina particles (C) having a water wettability of 30% or less.
The image forming method according to any one of claims 70 to 81, wherein the amount (c2) of the toner added to the toner is 0.01 to 1.0 part by weight based on 100 parts by weight of the toner particles. 87. The addition amount (a) of the small particle size hydrophobic silica fine particles (A) to the toner, the addition amount (b) of the large particle size hydrophobic silica fine particles (B) to the toner, and the water wetting. 30%
Addition amount of the following alumina fine particles (C) to toner (c
2) The following relationship a: b: c2 = 1: 0.10 to 0.65: 0.05 to
The image forming method according to claim 86, wherein 0.35 is satisfied. 88. The toner particles have a weight average particle size of 5.5.
70 to 8.8 [mu] m.
8. The image forming method according to any one of 7. 89. The toner has an average circularity measured by a flow type particle image analyzer of 0.950 to 1.00.
90. The image forming method according to claim 70, wherein the value is 0. 90. The toner has an average circularity measured by a flow type particle image analyzer of 0.950 to 0.99.
The image forming method according to any one of claims 70 to 88, wherein 0 is set. 91. The toner has an average circularity of 0.960 to 0.98 measured by a flow type particle image analyzer.
90. The image forming method according to claim 70, wherein the number is 5. 92. The toner is obtained by mixing the toner particles, the small-sized hydrophobic silica fine particles (A), the large-sized hydrophobic silica fine particles (B) and the alumina fine particles (C) using a mixer. The image forming method according to any one of claims 70 to 91, wherein the image forming method is manufactured by performing the following. 93. An apparatus unit detachably mounted on an image forming apparatus main body, the apparatus unit comprising: a toner; a developing container for storing the toner; and a toner container for storing the toner contained in the developing container. And a developer carrier for transporting the toner to the developing area, wherein the toner has at least toner particles and an external additive, and the toner particles have a weight average particle diameter of 4 to 9 μm. The external additive is treated with (i) a first hydrophobic silica fine particle (A) having a BET specific surface area of 100 to 350 m ² / g treated with silane, and (ii) a silicone oil. and, a second large径疎aqueous silica fine particles having a BET specific surface area of 15~80m ² / g and (B), (iii) fine alumina particles having a BET specific surface area of 50~150m ² / g (C)
And a device unit comprising: 94. The 50% particle size of the primary particles of the small-sized hydrophobic silica fine particles (A) is 5 to 20 nm, and the 50% particle size of the primary particles of the large-sized hydrophobic silica fine particles (B). Is 3
The device unit according to claim 93, wherein the thickness is from 0 to 150 nm. 95. The apparatus unit according to claim 93, wherein the hydrophobic silica fine particles (A) have a BET specific surface area of 150 to 300 m ² / g. 96. The apparatus unit according to any one of claims 93 to 95, wherein the small particle size hydrophobic silica fine particles (A) have a triboelectric charge of -40 to -150 mC / kg. 97. The small-particle-diameter hydrophobic fine silica particles (A)
Is treated with 5 to 25 parts by weight of silane based on 100 parts by weight of silica fine particles.
98. The device unit according to any one of items 96 to 96. 98. The small particle size hydrophobic silica fine particles (A) have a water wettability of 70% or more.
97. The device unit according to any of items 3 to 97. 99. The apparatus unit according to claim 93, wherein the large-diameter hydrophobic fine silica particles (B) have a BET specific surface area of 20 to 60 m ² / g. 100. The large-diameter hydrophobic silica fine particles (B)
The apparatus unit according to any one of claims 93 to 99, wherein the triboelectric charge of the device unit is -60 to -100 mC / g. 101. The large-diameter hydrophobic silica fine particles (B)
The apparatus unit according to any one of claims 93 to 100, wherein the device is treated with 2 to 20 parts by weight of silicone oil based on 100 parts by weight of silica fine particles. 102. The large-particle-diameter hydrophobic silica fine particles (B)
The device unit according to any one of claims 93 to 101, wherein the water unit has a water wettability of 80% or more. 103. The apparatus unit according to claim 93, wherein the triboelectric charge of said alumina fine particles (C) is -30 to +20 mC / kg. 104. The alumina fine particles (C) have a water wettability of 30% or less.
03. The device unit according to any one of Items 03. 105. The small-particle-diameter hydrophobic silica fine particles (A)
(A) is 0.3 to 2.5 parts by weight based on 100 parts by weight of the toner particles, and the amount (b) of the hydrophobic silica fine particles (B) added to the toner is 100 parts by weight. ) Is 0.05 to 1.5 parts by weight with respect to 100 parts by weight of the toner particles, and the amount (c) of the alumina fine particles (C) added to the toner is 0. 01 ~
93. The composition according to claim 93, wherein the amount is 2.0 parts by weight.
04. The apparatus unit according to any one of the above. 106. The small-particle-diameter hydrophobic silica fine particles (A)
The amount of (a) added to the toner, the amount (b) of the large-particle-diameter hydrophobic silica fine particles (B) added to the toner, and the amount (c) of the alumina fine particles (C) added to the toner are as follows. a: b: c = 1: 0.10-0.65: 0.05-0.
The apparatus unit according to claim 105, wherein the following is satisfied. 107. The alumina fine particles (C) have a water wettability of more than 30%, and the small particle size hydrophobic silica fine particles (A) are added to the toner in an amount (a) based on 100 parts by weight of the toner particles. 0.3 ~
2.5 parts by weight, and the amount (b) of the large-particle-diameter hydrophobic fine silica particles (B) added to the toner is 100 parts by weight.
The amount (c1) of the alumina fine particles (C) having a water wettability of more than 30% to the toner is 0.05 to 1.5 parts by weight with respect to 100 parts by weight of the toner particles. 93 to 0.05 to 2.0 parts by weight
105. The device unit according to any one of claims to 104. 108. The small-particle-diameter hydrophobic silica fine particles (A)
(A) to the toner, (b) the amount of the large-sized hydrophobic silica fine particles (B) to the toner, and 30
% (C1) of the alumina fine particles (C) larger than 1% to the toner is as follows: a: b: c1 = 1: 0.10 to 0.65: 0.20
108. The apparatus unit according to claim 107, wherein 0.50 is satisfied. 109. The alumina fine particles (C) have a water wettability of 30% or less, and the small particle size hydrophobic silica fine particles (A) are added to the toner in an amount (a) of toner particles 100
0.3 to 2.5 parts by weight based on parts by weight, and the amount of the large-particle-diameter hydrophobic fine silica particles (B) added to the toner (b)
Is 0.05 to 1.5 with respect to 100 parts by weight of the toner particles.
The amount (c2) of the alumina fine particles (C) having a water wettability of 30% or less to the toner is 1 part by weight.
The apparatus unit according to any one of claims 93 to 104, wherein the amount is 0.01 to 1.0 part by weight relative to 00 parts by weight. 110. The small-particle-diameter hydrophobic silica fine particles (A)
(A) to the toner, (b) the amount of the large-sized hydrophobic silica fine particles (B) to the toner, and 30
% Or less of the alumina fine particles (C) to the toner (c
2) The following relationship a: b: c2 = 1: 0.10 to 0.65: 0.05 to
The apparatus unit according to claim 109, wherein 0.35 is satisfied. 111. The toner particles have a weight average particle size of 5.
The device unit according to any one of claims 93 to 110, wherein the thickness is 5 to 8.8 µm. 112. The toner has an average circularity measured by a flow type particle image analyzer of 0.950 to 1.0.
The apparatus unit according to any one of claims 93 to 111, wherein 00 is 00. 113. The toner has an average circularity measured by a flow type particle image analyzer of 0.950 to 0.9.
The apparatus unit according to any one of claims 93 to 111, wherein the apparatus unit is 90. 114. The toner has an average circularity measured by a flow type particle image analyzer of 0.960 to 0.9.
The apparatus unit according to any one of claims 93 to 111, wherein the number is 85. 115. The toner is obtained by mixing the toner particles, the small-sized hydrophobic silica fine particles (A), the large-sized hydrophobic silica fine particles (B) and the alumina fine particles (C) using a mixer. The apparatus unit according to any one of claims 97 to 114, wherein the apparatus unit is manufactured by: 116. The apparatus unit, wherein: (i) a developer supply roller for supplying a toner to the surface of the developer carrier; and (ii) a developer supply roller for supplying toner to the surface of the developer carrier. The apparatus unit according to any one of claims 93 to 115, further comprising an elastic blade as a developer layer thickness regulating member for regulating a layer thickness of the toner formed in the toner. 117. An apparatus unit detachably mounted on an image forming apparatus main body, the apparatus unit comprising: a toner; a developing container for storing the toner; and a toner container for storing the toner contained in the developing container. And a developer carrying member for transporting the developer to the developing area.
At least toner particles and an external additive, wherein the toner particles have a weight average particle diameter of 4 to 9 μm, and the external additive comprises (i) a silane-treated primary particle
A first hydrophobic fine silica particle (A) having a 0% particle size of 5 to 20 nm; and (ii) a second large hydrophobic particle having a 50% primary particle size of 30 to 150 nm treated with silicone oil. Hydrophobic silica fine particles (B) and (iii) BET
An apparatus unit comprising: alumina fine particles (C) having a specific surface area of 50 to 150 m ² / g. 118. The small-particle-diameter hydrophobic silica fine particles (A)
Has a BET specific surface area of 100 to 350 m ² / g, and the large-diameter hydrophobic fine silica particles (B) have a BET specific surface area of 1
117. The pressure is from ^{5 to} 80 m < ² > / g.
An apparatus unit according to item 1. 119. The small-particle-diameter hydrophobic silica fine particles (A)
Apparatus unit according to claim 117 or 118 BET specific surface area of characterized in that it is a 150 to 300 m ² / g. 120. The small-particle-diameter hydrophobic silica fine particles (A)
120. The apparatus unit according to any one of claims 117 to 119, wherein the triboelectric charge of the device is -40 to -150 mC / kg. 121. The small-particle-diameter hydrophobic silica fine particles (A)
Is treated with 5 to 25 parts by weight of silane with respect to 100 parts by weight of silica fine particles.
The device unit according to any one of 7 to 120. 122. The small-particle-diameter hydrophobic silica fine particles (A)
The apparatus unit according to any one of claims 117 to 121, wherein the water unit has a water wettability of 70% or more. 123. The large-diameter hydrophobic silica fine particles (B)
Apparatus unit according to any of claims 117 to 122 BET specific surface area of which being a 20~60m ² / g. 124. The large-particle-diameter hydrophobic silica fine particles (B)
123. The apparatus unit according to any one of claims 117 to 123, wherein the triboelectric charge amount is −60 to −100 mC / kg. 125. The large-diameter hydrophobic fine silica particles (B)
125. The apparatus unit according to any one of claims 117 to 124, wherein the device unit is treated with 2 to 20 parts by weight of silicone oil based on 100 parts by weight of silica fine particles. 126. The large-diameter hydrophobic silica fine particles (B)
The apparatus unit according to any one of claims 117 to 125, wherein the water unit has a water wettability of 80% or more. 127. The apparatus unit according to claim 117, wherein said alumina fine particles (C) have a triboelectric charge of -30 to +20 mC / kg. The apparatus unit according to any one of claims 117 to 127, wherein said alumina fine particles (C) have a water wettability of 30% or less. 129. The small-particle-diameter hydrophobic silica fine particles (A)
(A) is 0.3 to 2.5 parts by weight based on 100 parts by weight of the toner particles, and the amount (b) of the hydrophobic silica fine particles (B) added to the toner is 100 parts by weight. ) Is 0.05 to 1.5 parts by weight with respect to 100 parts by weight of the toner particles, and the amount (c) of the alumina fine particles (C) added to the toner is 0. 01 ~
The apparatus unit according to any one of claims 117 to 128, wherein the amount is 2.0 parts by weight. 130. The small-particle-diameter hydrophobic silica fine particles (A)
The amount of (a) added to the toner, the amount (b) of the large-particle-diameter hydrophobic silica fine particles (B) added to the toner, and the amount (c) of the alumina fine particles (C) added to the toner are as follows. a: b: c = 1: 0.10-0.65: 0.05-0.
130. The apparatus unit according to claim 129, wherein the following condition is satisfied. 131. The water wettability of the alumina fine particles (C) is more than 30%, and the amount (a) of the small particle size hydrophobic silica fine particles (A) added to the toner is based on 100 parts by weight of the toner particles. 0.3 ~
2.5 parts by weight, and the amount (b) of the large-particle-diameter hydrophobic fine silica particles (B) added to the toner is 100 parts by weight.
The amount (c1) of the alumina fine particles (C) having a water wettability of more than 30% to the toner is 0.05 to 1.5 parts by weight with respect to 100 parts by weight of the toner particles. 11 to 0.05 to 2.0 parts by weight
The apparatus unit according to any one of Items 6 to 128. 132. The small-particle-diameter hydrophobic silica fine particles (A)
(A) to the toner, (b) the amount of the large-sized hydrophobic silica fine particles (B) to the toner, and 30
% (C1) of the alumina fine particles (C) larger than 1% to the toner is as follows: a: b: c1 = 1: 0.10 to 0.65: 0.20
The apparatus unit according to claim 131, wherein 0.50 is satisfied. 133. The water wettability of the alumina fine particles (C) is 30% or less, and the small particle size hydrophobic silica fine particles (A) is added to the toner in an amount (a) of 100 parts by weight of the toner particles. 0.3 ~
2.5 parts by weight, and the amount (b) of the large-particle-diameter hydrophobic fine silica particles (B) added to the toner is 100 parts by weight.
The amount (c2) of the alumina fine particles (C) having a water wettability of 30% or less to the toner is 0.05 to 1.5 parts by weight based on 100 parts by weight of the toner particles. The apparatus unit according to any one of claims 117 to 128, wherein the amount is 0.01 to 1.0 part by weight. 134. The small-particle-diameter hydrophobic silica fine particles (A)
(A) to the toner, (b) the amount of the large-sized hydrophobic silica fine particles (B) to the toner, and 30
% Or less of the alumina fine particles (C) to the toner (c
2) The following relationship a: b: c2 = 1: 0.10 to 0.65: 0.05 to
The apparatus unit according to claim 133, wherein 0.35 is satisfied. 135. The toner particles have a weight average particle size of 5.
The apparatus unit according to any one of claims 117 to 134, wherein the size of the apparatus unit is 5 to 8.8 µm. 136. The toner has an average circularity measured by a flow type particle image analyzer of 0.950 to 1.0.
The apparatus unit according to any one of claims 117 to 135, wherein 00 is 00. 137. The toner has an average circularity measured by a flow type particle image analyzer of 0.950 to 0.9.
The apparatus unit according to any one of claims 117 to 135, wherein the apparatus unit is 90. 138. The toner has an average circularity measured by a flow type particle image analyzer of 0.960 to 0.9.
The apparatus unit according to any one of claims 117 to 135, wherein the number is 85. 139. The toner is obtained by mixing the toner particles, the small-sized hydrophobic silica fine particles (A), the large-sized hydrophobic silica fine particles (B), and the alumina fine particles (C) using a mixer. 139. The apparatus unit according to any one of claims 117 to 138, wherein the apparatus unit is manufactured by performing the following. 140. The apparatus unit, comprising: (i) a developer supply roller for supplying toner to the surface of the developer carrier; and (ii) a developer supply roller for supplying toner to the surface of the developer carrier. The apparatus unit according to any one of claims 117 to 139, further comprising an elastic blade as a developer layer thickness regulating member for regulating the layer thickness of the toner formed in the image forming apparatus.