IT202100025322A1 - INTEGRATED SYSTEM FOR THE OPTIMIZATION OF THE COMBUSTION OF INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES WITH MAGNETIZING EFFECT, IR AND UV RADIATION - Google Patents

Description

Description of the invention with title:

?INTEGRATED SYSTEM FOR THE OPTIMIZATION OF THE COMBUSTION OF INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES WITH MAGNETIZING EFFECT, IR AND UV RADIATION?

Description

Technical sector

The present invention refers to the mechanical sector. More? in detail the present invention refers to the sector of internal combustion engines. Even more? in detail, the present invention refers to a new and innovative internal combustion engine equipped with a series of components which make it possible to significantly reduce fuel consumption, reduce polluting compounds and considerably improve the performance of the engine itself. All this is achieved by exploiting various phenomena combined with each other including the phenomenon of magnetization, induced by particular magnets and/or electromagnets, the phenomenon of irradiation with IR, UV and UVC rays, the phenomenon of the introduction of oxyhydrogen into the comburent, the phenomenon on substrates showing different properties? when immersed in a magnetic field, a special additive in the fuel and other various components which will be described below.

State of art

? The beneficial effect induced by fuel magnetization on the performance of internal combustion engines has been known for several years. ? known also? the beneficial effect that induces irradiation of the fuel with IR rays combined with magnetism to improve the molecular arrangement of the fuel. Furthermore, the beneficial effect that induces the elimination of the water present in the fuel and its sterilization by bacteria thanks to irradiation with UVC rays has been known for several years.

? else? The beneficial effect of introducing a portion of oxyhydrogen into the comburent to improve combustion has been known for several years.

? else? The beneficial effect that induces a magnetic field on the exhaust pipe of polluting emissions to reduce the emissions of small parts of magnetic metals has been known for several years.

More? in detail, ? It has been observed that by magnetizing the fuel or irradiating it with IR rays, energy consumption decreases and harmful emissions are reduced. In light of these experimental observations, in recent decades, devices specifically designed to induce the magnetization of fuel in engines have been created. However, according to the diamagnetic behavior of most of the substances that make up the fuel, the effect of the magnetization induced by the magnets on the molecules present in it is ? relatively mild and also tends to decay over time. For these reasons, various solutions currently proposed indicate that the magnetization of the fuel must occur by immersing the magnets inside the tank in which it is stored. content in order to make s? that the induced phenomenon is the most? possible constant and long-lasting during combustion. A recent and innovative solution which, by exploiting the phenomenon of magnetization induced by magnets, allows obtaining high engine performance,? described in patent WO2012143804. The cited document, of which the present invention is? an important evolution associated with other important techniques, refers to a method of treatment of the substances involved directly and indirectly in the combustion reactions of internal combustion engines thanks to a set of devices including magnetic elements appropriately positioned on the fuel pipe; inside an immersion container(s) present in the tank containing the fuel; on the cooling duct and on the supply air duct. These appropriately selected elements induce effects which, surprisingly, optimize the reaction conditions during combustion. All this? with the result of improving overall engine performance in terms of reducing energy consumption and reducing harmful emissions. More? in detail, the substances and mixtures of substances that interact with the generated magnetic field are: fuel, air and cooling water. As ? known, these substances do not have the same properties? when immersed in a magnetic field. Water and fuel are, in fact, diamagnetic substances for which the induced magnetization has the opposite direction compared to that of the applied magnetic field, with the result that said substances are weakly repelled by the field.

Otherwise, paramagnetic substances, such as the molecular oxygen contained in the air, when they are in the presence of a magnetic field, show a magnetization having the same direction as that associated with the external field. Paramagnetic materials have magnetic dipoles that align with the external field, thus resulting in weakly attracted.

The invention described in document WO2012143804 was born from studies carried out on combustion reactions, typical of internal combustion engines, in the presence of applied magnetic fields. It describes more specifically a system that optimizes the performance of these motors thanks to a set of magnetic devices specifically positioned in specific points of the motor itself. More? in detail, these devices are:

1) at least one immersion box-shaped container represented by a common container suitably perforated with a plurality? of openings, designed to facilitate direct contact of the fuel itself with a plurality? of magnetic elements positioned inside said immersion container, combined with special ceramics that emit IR rays. The latter is also stably fixed inside the fuel tank with special welded brackets that make it stably constrained inside the tank itself, taking into account the particular use of the engine, the size of the tank and its application on engines such as: those of airplanes, boats, or any other means of land locomotion, regardless of whether it moves by rail, rubber or tracks, or by plane. The immersion container should preferably be placed close to of the fuel outlet pipe. Inside the immersion container(s) placed in the tank containing the fuel, there is at least one solid container of any shape, preferably cylindrical, containing within it a plurality of of magnetic elements represented by permanent magnets with a discoidal profile and including some elements from the rare earth group such as samarium-cobalt-neodymium magnets. Ceramic spacers are interposed between said magnetic discoidal elements which emit IR rays, also with a discoidal profile, suitably spaced to optimize the magnetic effect. Said solid containers, preferably cylindrical, are in turn stably anchored to the bottom of the immersion container to facilitate their contact with the fuel on which they must exert their magnetizing effect. The anchoring takes place via stable locking systems such as screws or brackets, in order to appropriately distance said solid containers from each other by at least 3 cm, so? to help optimize the generated magnetic field. Each solid container, placed inside the immersion container, in turn placed inside the tank as much as possible. close as possible to the exit of the duct to power the motor, so? the maximum quantity to be treated? of fuel, ? created in such a way as to favor the most? possible contact between the fuel contained inside the tank itself and said magnetic and ceramic elements. The materials with which the aforementioned containers are made are of various nature, as long as they are are insoluble in the fuel. Even their shape can? vary and their dimensions are obviously proportional to those of the engine on which they must be applied. The indicative height of each cylindrical container and, consequently, of the immersion element varies according to the flow rate of the feed flow and the type of motor subjected to the magnetization process from a minimum height of 6 cm, ideal for tanks of motorcycles, well over 100 cm in height to induce magnetization in ship engines, preferably the height of each cylindrical container? from 20 to 40 cm, the optimal one? of 30 cm. The density? of the magnetic flux generated by the container, when completed with the magnetic discs and ceramic spacers, ? of the order of 1.17 tesla. Magnetic disks comprise rare earth elements, preferably neodymium.

2) The second device? represented by a solid structure with a parallelepiped shape in which the fuel pipe coming from the tank where it is located? containing the aforementioned immersion container, enters by performing a series of folds and/or curves in order to create a serpentine and/or a winding of tubes thus? what a plurality? of further magnets can be stably housed. The coil and/or the winding of the tubes contributes to the permanence of the magnetization previously induced in the fuel. In fact, the fuel that flows inside the duct generating the coil, passing close to of the magnets present on it, is magnetized by said magnets which are preferably made of ferrite and/or with elements belonging to rare earths such as those in neodymium and/or samarium-cobalt. 3) The third device? represented by a set of pairs of magnets positioned in proximity? of the mechanical fuel supply pump and/or in the vicinity? of the injection point of the fuel itself into the engine combustion chamber. Furthermore, these pairs of magnets can be covered by a plurality? of neodymium washers designed to further increase the applied magnetic field. Furthermore, these magnets have a curved profile, therefore having convexities? and concavity? in order to allow their adaptation to the surfaces of the components on which they are installed to be optimal.

4) The fourth device? represented by a further set of magnets, on which neodymium washers are possibly applied, arranged radially on the air intake duct thanks to a sealing band. The temperature that these magnets must withstand? of at least 120?C.

5) The fifth device? instead represented by a plurality? of magnets installed on the cooling duct connected to the radiator of the internal combustion engine which magnetize the water and/or the coolant. For these substances, namely water and coolant, the magnetization will have? opposite direction to that of the external magnetic field, similarly to what happens for fuel, being also diamagnetic. The temperature that these magnets must withstand? of at least 130?C.

6) The sixth device? It is also represented by a set of magnets that are arranged around the fuel filter connected to the internal combustion engine. Also in this case the profile of the magnets? such as to allow the adaptation of said magnets to the surface of the component on which they are installed to be optimal.

The system including the aforementioned devices ? can be installed on any combustion engine regardless of whether it is powered by diesel, petrol, LPG, methane, kerosene or any other fuel.

The invention described in document WO2012143804 therefore refers to an efficient system of magnets which consistently optimizes the performance of the engine.

The purpose of this patent application for an industrial invention, described in detail below, is? that of adding further important components to the internal combustion engine described in document WO2012143804 which, according to their properties? chemical-physical properties and their specific positioning in the engine, provide a further significant increase in the technical effect obtained with the invention covered by the aforementioned patent. The above considerably improves the performance of any internal combustion engine. Description of the invention

The present patent application for industrial invention refers to a new and innovative internal combustion engine in which, thanks to the effect of the magnetization induced by specific magnets on the substances directly and indirectly involved in the combustion reactions of internal combustion engines, finds a clear improvement in its performance in terms of reductions in energy consumption and reduction of harmful emissions. More? in detail, the present description refers to an internal combustion engine in which the fuel line is structured in such a way that the magnetisation of the fuel remains throughout its journey and that it does not decay quickly as it is a mixture of substances with diamagnetic behaviour. Even more? in detail, the invention in question is an evolution of the internal combustion engine described in document WO2012143804. The invention in question describes in particular an internal combustion engine in which the fuel line, regardless of its profile, which is preferably in the form of a serpentine contained inside a box-shaped container, it internally has a magnetic bar which runs centrally and longitudinally through all the sections of said fuel duct as well as, depending on the type of engine to be treated, possibly other magnets placed around it. outside of the pipe with the coil as just described. Said bar presenter? therefore straight sections and curved sections. The magnetic bar? fixed inside the fuel pipe thanks to welds appropriately spaced inside the pipe. The magnetic bar can be variously structured: for example in some embodiments ? represented by a single permanent magnet, profiled in the shape of a cylindrical bar, suitably fixed inside the fuel pipe. Other embodiments provide that the magnetic bar comprises a plurality of of discoidal magnets arranged to form a cluster of magnets in which each magnet? separated from the consecutive magnet by a disk of ceramic material. Some embodiments of the invention provide that the magnetic bar is replaced by a plurality of of magnets appropriately applied and spaced inside the fuel line. There? expresses the same inventive concept. How already? mentioned, the problem that the present invention intends to solve is? that of keeping the fuel magnetized and therefore subjected to the magnetization induced by the magnetic field applied as much as possible as long as possible. Since? the substances that make up the fuel are generally diamagnetic, their magnetization tends to decay easily as soon as they are removed from an external magnetic field. Finding that the magnetization of the fuel leads to an improvement in engine performance, the present invention intends to ensure that it lasts as long as possible. as long as possible so that the combustion reaction involves a magnetized fuel for which the transformation occurs with a considerably greater yield than in the case in which it is not magnetized. All this? reducing the quantity of unburned products produced, the emission of harmful substances and, overall, improving engine performance. The present application for industrial invention therefore intends to describe an innovative internal combustion engine comprising, preferably a plurality of components, including a plurality? of magnetic elements, also possibly mounted in a special configuration called ?Halbach? capable of generating a magnetic field, be it permanent and/or electromagnetic and/or mixed with the combination of both, of any shape indicatively concave or semicircular, reversibly applicable on the ducts of any internal combustion engine since? reversibly secured to the engine thanks to common quick coupling systems made of metal, designed to allow the magnetisation of the power supply and cooling ducts, the oil ducts, the polluting emissions exhaust pipe duct, and all the exhaust filters. said engine. ? Furthermore, there is a system for eliminating any water in the fuel, an IR and UVC ray irradiation system including at least one UV-LED ray emitter (with a double function, first to disinfect the fuel and second to convert the CO2 into methane). Description of the drawings

FIGURE 1 shows a perspective view of the box-shaped container 3 containing the duct 2, covered on its internal surface with an optional metal sheet 9, suitable for the passage of fuel into the internal combustion engine which is the subject of the present patent application for industrial invention. More? in detail, the figure in question intends to show the presence of the magnet 1 represented by the magnetic bar 4 found inside the duct 2. Said bar 4, being extended along the entire path of the serpentine-profiled duct 2, has straight sections and curved sections.

FIGURE 2 shows a detailed view of the duct 2 of the internal combustion engine of the invention. The figure in question intends to show that magnet 1, which also in this case? represented by the magnetic bar 4, ? stably housed inside the fuel line 2 thanks to a plurality? of spacers and/or hooks and/or welding.

FIGURE 3 shows a detailed view of another embodiment of the invention in question, in which the magnet 1, inserted inside the fuel duct 2, is represented by a plurality? of 6 discoidal magnets. Said disc-shaped magnets 6 are interspersed with ceramic discs 7 that emit IR rays. The magnets 6 and the discs 7 are held together thanks to a special glue material placed in the center of their interfacing surfaces. Alternatively, the magnets 6 and the disks 7 are contained in a stacked form inside a special perforated cylindrical container (not shown). The figure in question also shows the detail of welding 5. Pi? in detail, the figure shows that said weld has its portion 5? facing the inside of the duct 2, profiled in the form of a semicircle within which the cluster of magnets, or the magnetic bar, are fixed stably and reversibly with a snap tightening mechanism.

FIGURE 4 shows a detailed view of a further embodiment of the invention. The figure in question shows that the magnets 1 are represented by a finite number of disks or spheres 8 suitably spaced and fixed inside said duct. The figure in question also highlights the presence of the metal sheet 9 covering the internal surface of the duct 2. Said sheet? made of material including paramagnetic and/or ferromagnetic elements and? designed to enhance the magnetizing effect on the fuel, therefore to improve the overall performance of the internal combustion engine in question.

FIGURE 5 shows a cross-sectional view of the combustion chamber 110 of the magnetized internal combustion engine according to the present invention, wherein the grouped magnets 16 installed on both the engine exhaust gas pipe or manifold 20 and the fuel supply duct 8 suitable for powering the injector 88. Also note the magnets 16 installed on the air intake duct 17. The grouped magnets 16 are on the supply duct 8 via at least one adjustable sealing band 2 equipped with a reversible closing device , in the figure you can also see the UV-LED ray emitters 105 oriented towards the fuel. In the drawing you can also see the piston 80 and the injector 88 fed by the fuel supply pipe 8.

FIGURE 6 shows a non-limiting example of the possible configurations of the ?Halbach? arrangement.

Detailed description of the invention

In all its embodiments, the combustion engine which is the subject of this patent application for industrial invention includes a plurality? of elements, both magnetic and/or electromagnetic fields, and/or mixed fields composed of permanent magnets and/or electromagnets located in different points of the engine, also possibly with a special conformation called ?Halbach? and specifically: inside the tank designed to contain the fuel; on the duct through which the coolant passes; on the air intake duct; on the fuel filter, on the oil filter, on the engine lubrication duct, on the exhaust gas elimination duct, on the fuel duct and is characterized by the fact that it includes, inside the duct through which the fuel passes , at least one magnet 1 suitable for keeping the fuel previously subjected to magnetisation inside the tank magnetised. More? in detail, after the magnetization that has taken place inside the tank, the fuel is transferred inside a duct 2 with various profiles, preferably it is transferred inside a duct 2 shaped like a serpentine. Said coil? in turn contained inside a box-shaped container. Inside said duct 2? magnet(s) 1 is present. In a first embodiment of the invention, the motor in question is characterized by the fact that magnet 1 is represented by a bar 4 comprising straight sections and curved sections and which runs centrally throughout the entire duct 2.

The fixing of the bar 4 inside said duct 2 takes place using systems and measures of a known type, for example through welding 5. In another embodiment of the invention the engine in question is characterized by the fact that it includes a plurality? of magnets 1 represented by discoidal magnets 6 arranged inside the duct 2 along its entire path in the manner of a serpentine.

Said disc-shaped magnets 6 are interspersed with discs 7 of ceramic material. The disc-shaped magnets 6 and the discs 7 of ceramic material are stably joined with a special glue material placed in the center of their surfaces, or they can be contained inside a perforated cylindrical container into which disc-shaped magnets 6 have previously been inserted in alternating sequence. and 7 ceramic disks.

Also in this case, as in the previous embodiment, the cluster of magnets 6 interspersed with the disks 7 extends centrally inside the duct 2 thanks to the welds 5 found on the internal walls of said duct 2. Said welds 5, in all embodiments, can present their portion 5? extended towards the magnets, therefore towards the inside of the duct 2, profiled in the form of a semicircle within which the cluster of magnets or the magnetic bar are fixed stably and reversibly with a snap tightening mechanism. A further embodiment of the internal combustion engine in question provides that the fuel duct 2 internally has magnets 1 represented by a finite number of disks or spheres 8 suitably spaced and fixed inside said duct.

In its preferred embodiment, the internal combustion engine which is the subject of this description is characterized by the fact that it presents, in addition to the magnets 1 inside the duct 2, also a metal sheet 9, comprising paramagnetic or ferromagnetic elements, which covers the internal surface of the duct 2.

Preferably, said metallic sheet 9? made entirely of ferromagnetic material. The fuel passing through pipe 2, so? structured, can? be treated with a further magnetically amplified effect also on the outside of the tube with a further magnetization called ?Halbach? conformation. is highly magnetized, making s? that the combustion reaction occurs with a high yield and consequently minimizing the quantity of unburned materials. In all the embodiments described in the present industrial invention patent application, the internal combustion engine which is the subject of the present document includes magnets 1 comprising rare earth elements. Preferably, but not necessarily, said magnets 1 are samarium-cobalt-nickel ones.

By magnet, in the present industrial invention patent application, we mean any commercially available permanent magnet or any electromagnet with a fixed or variable drive, i.e. programmed? with variable frequencies, possibly associated with a magnet and/or a common device emitting infrared rays, also with a fixed or variable drive. In the present patent application for industrial invention, by fuel line we mean the possibility to make the fuel itself perform more? passages of the same fuel pipe, in order to amplify the effects, also by adding the magnetic conformation called ?Halbach?. These steps are carried out via any fixed, mobile and/or electronic diversion device. By air duct we mean, in the present patent application for industrial invention, the possibility to have more carried out? passages of the same treated air duct, also by adding the magnetic conformation called ?Halbach?, in order to amplify the effects, via any fixed, mobile and/or electronic diversion device.

By coolant duct, in the present industrial invention patent application, we mean the possibility to have more carried out? passages of the same cooling liquid duct, also adding the magnetic conformation called ?Halbach? in order to amplify its effects, via any fixed, mobile and/or electronic diversion device.

The present application for industrial invention therefore intends to further describe an innovative engine comprising an integrated system where a plurality of of magnetic elements preferably concave or semicircular in shape, reversibly applicable on the ducts of any internal combustion engine since? reversibly secured to the motor thanks to quick coupling systems made of metal, designed to allow magnetization even by adding the magnetic conformation called ?Halbach? the fuel and cooling ducts and the filters of the said engine.

Furthermore, in the implementation according to the present invention there is a UV irradiation system comprising at least one UV-LED ray emitter to disinfect and treat the fuel. The aforementioned magnetic devices can be reversibly installed and can be applied in appropriate positions of the engine, being equipped with an adjustable diameter band, they can also be easily moved and adjusted along the fuel, air and coolant supply duct and on the exhaust manifold on which they must be applied, regardless of whether they have a constant or variable diameter and regardless of the position they assume along said duct. The reactions of magnetization and radiation can occur effectively both at room temperature, thus avoiding the energy waste and the poor functioning of the aforementioned systems when cold, which also when hot, favored by the decidedly lower temperatures? high levels produced by the prolonged operation of internal combustion engines. Advantageously, the said system uses UV-LED emitters which, compared to traditional UV bulb lamps, are characterized by low consumption while emitting the same energy. ? finally, it should be noted that the large-scale use of the system according to the present industrial invention application on pre-existing or newly developed vehicles would allow the target of reducing CO2 emissions into the atmosphere to be reached in a relatively very short time, as well as offering the It is a further advantage of promoting the conversion of CO2 into less polluting by-products with greater yield when combustion takes place in the presence of magnetization and UV-LED irradiation. The present invention is therefore aimed at new technologies used to reduce harmful emissions from combustion engines, improving their performance, duration, efficiency and simultaneously reducing consumption.

? it is appropriate and obvious for those skilled in the art to underline that the effect of the magnetic field on the atmospheric air fed to the engine for combustion occurs only if the material with which it is made is once the air duct is built it does not hinder the passage of the magnetic field. ? else? It is of interest to point out that the position of the magnets and/or permanent electromagnets must be evaluated taking into consideration the temperature of the positioning point and the resistance of the magnets.

The permanent magnets and/or electromagnets, used to create the system according to the present invention, are such as to create a persistent magnetic field from 0.17 tesla to 1.53 tesla, typically 1.49 tesla, and an overall magnetic field of intensity? consistently higher than 1.5 tesla.

By way of example and without limitation, also possibly with the particular magnetic conformation called ?Halbach?; the permanent magnets used to develop the system in question are based on magnetite, cobalt, nickel and elements from the rare earth group such as gadolinium and dysprosium. Other usable magnets are those based on boron, magnets in ceramic compounds, magnets in Al, Ni, Co, those in Ti, Co, Al, injection molded magnets and flexible magnets. Preferably, but not necessarily, the magnets used in the system in question are those in samarium-cobalt and those in neodymium-iron-boron.

By way of example, the electromagnets are controlled by a special control unit that works in synergy to improve combustion with the other control units to optimize the magnetic flux. This control unit can also operate with pulses and/or with variable field and can? also control an electromagnetic field with a conformation called ?Halbach?.

How already? anticipated, the system for optimizing the efficiency of internal combustion engines according to the present invention provides that the electrical power supply of the electrolyser is managed by the electronic control unit 14 capable of controlling a current of intensity included, for example, between 0 and 50 amperes, in direct current, constant and/or with direct current at a pulsating frequency between 10 Hz and 1000 MHz and voltage between 0 and 24 Volt and even higher if required.

? finally, it is clear that additions, modifications and variations that are obvious to a person skilled in the art can be applied to what has been described so far, without departing from the scope of protection provided by the present invention.

Claims (11)

Claims 1. Internal combustion engine comprising a plurality? of magnets together with ceramic elements placed: inside the tank suitable for containing the fuel, comprising a plurality? of magnets and/or arranged in a special magnetic conformation called ?Halbach? on the duct through which the coolant passes, on the air intake duct, on the fuel filter, called internal combustion engine? characterized by the fact that it includes inside the duct (2) through which the fuel passes at least one magnet (1) and at least one UV irradiation system for disinfecting the fuel comprising at least one emitter (105) of UV-LED rays. 2. Internal combustion engine, according to the previous claim, characterized in that the duct through which the fuel passes? profiled in the form of a serpentine contained inside a box-shaped container. 3. Internal combustion engine according to claims 1 and 2 characterized by the fact that the duct through which the fuel passes contains at least one magnet (1) profiled in the form of a cylindrical bar (4) running centrally along the inside of said duct through which it passes the fuel, called magnetic bar (4) having straight sections and curved sections. 4. Internal combustion engine, according to the previous claim, characterized in that the magnetic bar (4) is stably fixed inside the duct (2) thanks to welding (5). 5. Internal combustion engine according to claims 1 and/or 2 characterized in that the magnet (1) is represented by a plurality? of discoidal magnets (6) interspersed with ceramic disks (7), said discoidal magnets (6) and said ceramic disks (7) being joined thanks to a common glue placed in the center of their interfacing surfaces. 6. Internal combustion engine according to claims 1 and/or 2 characterized in that the magnet (1) is represented by a plurality? of discoidal magnets (6) interspersed with ceramic disks (7), said discoidal magnets (6) and said ceramic disks (7) previously stacked inside a perforated container, called perforated container? fixed inside the duct (2) thanks to the welds (5). 7. Internal combustion engine according to any one of claims 4 to 6 characterized by the fact that the welds (5) have their portion (5?) extended towards the inside of the duct (2) profiled in the form of a semicircle, said portion (5?) suitable for fixing with a common snap tightening mechanism the sequence of magnets (6) interspersed with ceramic disks (7) or the perforated container suitable for containing said sequence of magnets (6) interspersed with disks (7) . 8. Internal combustion engine according to claims 1 and/or 2 in which the magneto (1) is represented by a plurality? of disks and/or spheres (8) suitably spaced and fixed inside the duct (2) thanks to the welds (5). 9. Internal combustion engine according to any of the previous claims characterized by the fact of comprising a metal sheet (9) comprising paramagnetic and/or ferromagnetic elements, said metal sheet (9) extending onto the internal surface of the duct (2). 10. Internal combustion engine, according to any of the previous claims, characterized in that it comprises neodymium-samarium-cobalt magnets (1) and/or also has a magnetic conformation called ?Halbach?. 11. Conduit (2) for the passage of fuel in internal combustion engines characterized by the fact that it includes inside at least one magnet (1) and/or a variously profiled magnetic bar (4) depending on the profile of said conduit (2 ) and/or a plurality? of magnets (6) and/or a plurality? of disks and/or spheres (8).