IE49710B1 - Precipitation hardening copper alloys - Google Patents

Abstract

A precipitation and dispersion hardening copper alloy which combines useful properties of high tensile and yield strength, proportional limit, modulus of elasticity, ductility and formability, corrosion resistance, high fatigue resistance and electrical conductivity comprises 2 to 9% nickel, 0.05 to 2% each of silicon, chromium and aluminum, the balance being copper and impurities.

Description

This invention relates to precipitation and dispersion hardening copper alloys and more particularly to precipitation hardening copper alloys that combine good mechanical and electrical properties.

There are many applications in which a strong resilient part having good electrical conductivity is desired. Due to its excellent conductivity, copper would be an ideal metal to use were it not for its relatively poor mechanical properties such as comparative softness, low modulus of elasticity and low tensile and tensile yield strengths.

Unlike many kinds of steel, most copper alloys are not susceptible to improvement in hardness and strengthby heat treatment processes. One useful exception to this is the copper-beryllium alloys which are precipitation or age hardenable. These copper alloys, typically.containing between 1 and 2? beryllium, are useful because of their non magnetic properties, good electrical conductivity, high tensile strength, high degree of hardness, and their ability to be east, wrought, forged or drawn. 'Because of these properties they find utility in the manufacture of various types of scientific instruments, electrical contact points, coil springs, non magnetic cutting tools and the like.

While copper beryllium alloys have useful mechanical and electrical properties, their cost is comparatively high -3.due to the scarceness of beryllium in the earth's cruet.

Of even greater concern, however is that it is now recognized that beryllium is an extremely toxic material and is a hazardous carcinogen. This makes it difficult to process copper beryllium alloys with conventional techniques without creating danger to the health of workers and without violating exposure standards as set by various governmental health organisations. Copper-beryllium alloys present a health hazard not only at the time of manufacturing the alloy, but also in subsequent operations which give rise to air borne metallic oxide dust particles.

Other copper base alloys also tend to be deficient in certain respects. For example, brasses, phosphor bronzes, nickel silvers and most copper alloys obtain their property increases through cold working, which decreases formability in proportion to the amount of cold work. Other dispersion hardening alloys have insufficient electrical conductivity to be useful in electrical applications.

This invention provides a beryllium-free precipitation hardenable copper alloy that has mechanical and electrical properties similar to those ordinarily only obtained with copper-beryllium alloys.

The copper alloys of the invention combine useful properties of tensile strength, yield strength, hardness, formability, corrosion resistance and resistance to fatigue, and electrical conductivity.

According to the invention, a copper-nickel alloy includes minor quantities of silicon, chromium and aluminum.

To achieve Lbc desired mechanical propurLios aL least 2% nickel is required and the practical upper limit from the standpoint of electrical conductivity is 9%. The silicon, chromium and aluminum are all essential, at least in small amounts, of from 0.05% to 2%. Within these limits, a large number of alloys can be made. No specific percentages can be given as ideal since, as is so often the case, an increase or decrease in a particular component is a trade off of one desirable property.for another and the exact formulation selected will depend on the end use requirements. The total amount of silicon, aluminum and chromium, however, preferably does not exceed 2%. A typically useful alloy with a good average range of properties comprises 4.5% nickel, 0.5 to 0.7% aluminum and silicon and 0.25% chromium. It may also be desirable to add trace amounts (i.e. up to 0.01%) of incidental elements such as lithium, boron or phosphorous for deoxidizing or fluidity purposes.

Generally speaking, depending upon the end use application, it is desired to provide a conductivity.of at least 8.1 x 10® Sm’1 (14% I.A.C.S. (Internation Association of Conductivity Standards).

The alloys of this invention have a very complex structure of the various pseudo-binary systems with copper as the base component and the other elements combined in various combinations as the other phases. The alloy has increased solubility at elevated temperatures and this alpha state can be maintained by rapidly quenching to room temperature, thereby creating an unstable, super saturated 48710 condition that only requires the proper temperature to precipitate the hardening phases.

The alloys of this invention are readily hardenable, which is a time/temperature related function. For example, maximum hardness can be obtained in less than 2 hours if the alloys are heated to about 400°C., but, this time can be reduced to only about 15 seconds at a temperature of about 75O°C.

The variation of various properties of the alloys of the invention with changing constitution is illustrated in the drawings of which:Fig. 1 is a graph showing the effect upon ultimate tensile strength and conductivity when the nickel content of an alloy of this invention is varied as shown along the abscissa and the alloying amount of Si and Al are held constant at Ο.75ί and the Cr at 0.5ί· Fig, 2 is a graph showing the effect upon ultimate tensile strength and conductivity when the aluminum content of an alloy of this invention is varied as shown along the abscissa and the Ni is held constant at 5?, the Si at Ο.75ί· and the Cr at 0.5ί.

Fig. 3 is a graph showing the effect upon ultimate tensile strength and conductivity when the silicon content of an alloy of this invention is varied as shown along the abscissa and the Ni is held constant at 5%, the Al at Ο.75ί and the Cr at 0.5)(.

Fig. 4 is a graph showing the effect upon ultimate tensile strength and conductivity when the chromium content 497 10 of an alloy of this invention in varied aa shown alonG the abscissa and t.iic Ni cuntent ia held constant at 52 and the Al ar.d Si at, 0.752.

Fig. 5 is a graph showing the time required to achieve maximum hardness of typical alloys of this invention plotted against the function of temperature.

Table I shews typical property values of the alloys according to the invention.

DENSITY' SPECIFIC HEAT CAPACITY THERMAL CON u JC. Λ x.i (0-2C0°C) MODULUS OF ELASTIC TTY MA G ’ET IC PERMEABILITY ELECTRICAL CONDUCTIVITY VOLUME RESISTIVITY (at 20°C) MAXIMUM WORKING TEMPS TABLE I Unared gm/cm3at 20°C 8 694 lb/in^ at 68°F 0.3140 J/(kg.cK) 397 StU/(lb°F) 0.0948 W/(m.k)_x _χ _χ ctu ft hi :°f i Cal cm ~1S ±0C 78.9 45.6 0.188 Ibf/in2;; IO6 KPa χ 10b 17-19 117.2-131 •.•fl, .

(HM-1) χ 109 ~ I-TCS , SHI1 χ 10° (circ inil/ft) m 1.001 - 1.005 1.257 - 1.262 7.0 · 146.3 Aged 8 681 0.3136 397 0.0948 78.9 45.6 0.188 17-19 117.2-131.0 1.001 1.257 18-20 .4-11.6 53-69 88.1-114.7 (stable for 24 hours) 375°C 375°C 707 F 707 F 9 710 - 7 “ The following examples illustrate the invention.

In the examples, alloys having the constitution shown in Table II were made in accordance with this invention using standard techniques. Table III shows the variation in properties obtained for the alloys of Table II. The property data listed was obtained after heat ageing at 450°C for the times shown. Alloy No. TABLE II Nxit SiS Alit Crjt 1 5.60 0.72 1.46 0.46 2 5.44 0.97 1.00 0.50 3 5.81 0.79 0.28 0.44 4 5-52 0.74 0.77 0.2-2 5 5-54 0.89 0.78 0.33 6 5.35 1.41 0.82 0.40 7 5-23 i.4i 0.83 0.42 8 5.44 1.30 0.80 0.42 9 5.30 0.28 0.72 0.36 10 2.15 0.88 0.78 0.46 11 3.18 0.90 0.77 0.41 12 4.55 0.95 0.86 0.41 13 4.23 1.02 0.92 0.47 14 8.63 1.31 1.16 0.20 15 7.88 1.42 1.23 0.18 16 7.11 1.36 0.86 0.21 17 7.89 1.38 0.01 0.19 18 5-37 0.86 0.78 0.43 19 5.20 0.80 0.80 0.40 20 3.27 0.88 0.81 0.44 21 7.67 1.25 1.15 0.19 22 5.14 Ο.89 0.70 0.4?.

Claims (7)

1. A precipitation hardenable copper alloy comprising 2 to 9 weight percent nickel, 0.05 to 2 weight percent of aluminum, chromium and silicon, the balance being 5 copper and impurities.

2. A precipitation hardenable copper alloy according to claim 1, wherein the total amount of silicon, aluminum and chromium does not exceed 2% by weight.

3. A precipitation hardenable copper alloy according lo to claim 1, comprising substantially 4.5 weight percent nickel, substantially 0.5 to 0.7 weight percent each silicon and aluminum and substantially 0.25 weight percent chromium, the balance being copper and impurities.

4. A precipitation hardenable copper alloy according 15 to any one of claims 1 to 3 of which the conductivity after heat ageing is at least 8.1 x 10^ 5m (14? I.A.C.S.).

5. A precipitation hardenable copper alloy according to any one of claims 1 to 4 of which the ultimate tensile strength after heat ageing is in excess of 620 x 10^ Pa 2.0 (90,000 psi). • 49710 - 10

6. A precipitation hardenable copper alloy according to any one of claims 1 to 5 in which the impurities include trace amounts of conventional deoxidizers and fluidity improving agents. 5

7. A precipitation hardenable copper alloy substantially as described herein with reference to