HUE029372T2

HUE029372T2 - Use of a coating material for direct connection to a concrete structure

Info

Publication number: HUE029372T2
Application number: HUE08733227A
Authority: HU
Inventors: Herwig Miessbacher
Original assignee: Semperit Ag Holding
Priority date: 2007-04-06
Filing date: 2008-04-07
Publication date: 2017-02-28
Also published as: EP2147158A1; AT505180B1; WO2008122065A1; HRP20160933T1; EP2147158B1; PL2147158T3; AT505180A1; PT2147158T; ES2587011T3

Description

ügg OF & CPA IM N G MhTBRIhh FOR DIRECT CORRRCTfOH TO Ä

COiSiCRETE ^STRüCîyRE

DESCRIPRIOR

IjOôOl] The nvent.:.on relates ta the use of s coating material for ddreetf form-fitting bonding to a concrete structure, comprising a layer of at least one polymer with a first surface for contact and connue: 'on to the concrete atrnotare, wherein this surface has a surface structure> 10002] Concrete componente are provided with polymer lavera for a wide variety of reasons. In particular,, these polymer layers should, on the one hand, protect the concretc component Itself from ambient influenças in order to thereby obtain a longer useful lifetime of this concrete component. On the other hand, however, it is frognently also necessary to prevent direct contact of the concrete component with the surroundings, i.e., to protect the surroundings. i 0-0 0 3 ] For these purposes, paints made of polymer dispersions are used, on the one hand. However, these have the disadvantage that they must be applied on-sate, . n. , on installation of the concrete component, so this reduces the degree of préfabrication of the concrete component .

[OöOi] There are also known composite systems, in which a concrete component is bonded us ing an elastomer layer.. For example, it is known from railway track construction that concrete: flee may be provided with a so-called undertie pad. When there is c load or: the rail system., the high pressure stresses in the gravel result in destruction of the gravel and deterioration of the track position. The reason for this is that the gravel stone«: cone in contact with the concrete tier only in sene spots in the installed state so that great local stresses occur when rail vehicles travel over these contact surfaces. Due to the use of undertie pact, which, oust hate sufficient elastic properties, the compression stress on the gravel can be reduced, in. particular in the area of contact between the tie and the gravel, because the eontact surface area is greater in this way than is possible with the gravel pebbles to penetrate into this ändertle bad, as is the case with wooden ties, which are already sufficiently elastic" to allow the pieces of grave}, to penetrate .Into the undertie pad. In addition, however, this underiie pad also acts as noise abatement foecause it reduces direct further transfer of sound waves fron the concrete tie into the gravel bed, [Onus] In all cases in which a concrete structure is provided with an elastomer mat, it is thus important that this elastomer mat. has sufficiently good adhesion to the concrete component to prevent délamination. One possibility for achieving this, for example, is to adhesively pond the elastomer mar to the concrete component., However , it can then, happen that this adhesive layer softens at elevated temperatures, thereby reducing the adhesive strength of the elastomer mat to the concrete component, [0006] In addition., it is known from the state of the art that such elastomer mats can foe joined to the concrete component by mechanical fastening means, [0007] Thus, for enamels, DE 202 15 101 Ü describes a rail tie with a concrete body and at least one elastic plastic layer arranged on the bottom of the concrete foody, a layer of tangled fibers, in particular a nonwoven layer, preferably a geotextile layer, which adheres to the concrete of the concrete body and is bonded at the surface to the at least one elastic plastic layer, is provided between the concrete body and this plastic layer. The fiber.« of thin intermediate layer are used here to achieve a mechanical anchoring in the eonCrete component by means of these fibers, wherein a micro-form fit is achieved. However, one disadvantage here is that another rayer is required for providing the elastomer .. a y or . 10008] Concrete ties which are m.anuf actared as semifinished parts with mounting grids are known, from the company brochure ’'Ties with undertie fads in Ballasted Track" from. ’’Got an er Werkstoffe" . Cer mer Materials] . The mounting gr id, which is integrated into the under;; ; e pad, serves to fasten the bed to the ties. It is vibrated while the ties are being introduced into fresh concrete during production of the ties, However, this in turn necessitates increased effort in production of the underlie pad itself, 1.0.00 91 DC 10 2001 Oil old A describes a method for manufacturing a composite system between concrete and a h roh-polymer clastic material. The high-polymer elastic material is provided with a specialiy produced geometric surface· modification as an original form in the injection molding process or by means of pressing, this original form being melded as nobby or ribbed elevations. After cooling the original mold, the hubby and/or ribbed elevations are remolded with a light pressure to form mnshroom-shaped aad/or T-shaped and/or cropped elevations using a hot reforming tool. The elevations therefore have a larger diameter in the upper region. This is also in turn associated with a mtitllayer production process.

[001ö] US 2Ö06/0Ö97QU4 Al discloses «π elastomer coating material for placement beneath a railway tie. This coating: material has corn nan nun channels,- on the one hand., while, on the other hand, haring web-type elevations with an approximately T-shaped cross section. This armament discloses the use of a coating material having the features of the preamble of claim 1, [UP 11] DE 201) 14 399 Ul describes a concrete arc for railway engines ring in. which a concrete body and an elastic plate material made of a high-polymer material are .situated in contact with one another and bonded to one another. The sheet material is bonded in a form-f; thing manner to the concrete body by means of a geometric surface modification* The geometric surface modification is formed by protruding nubs, [0012] hf 0 04 9 8T9 ml describes a tie boot or sleeper cover made of rubber, wherein recesses are molded into the surface of this railway tie cover which tacos the rail tie. Thebe recess es may be channel-mbaped and/or there is the possibility that the recesses are also molded in addition to elevations in the form of a nobby and/or rectangular, .me,, quadrilateral cross section, {0013} SË 2‘? OX 597 &i describes a flexible under layman t. sheet for the rail track cons tract ions or superstructure- systems, in particular for ballast for the tracks this underlayment being made of rubber or motor -like elastic plant: ms,- Such a sheet has hollow ribs running on its underside, parallel to one another, with mutas1 spacings over the entire width, each with a web formed in the interior, starting from the interior space cover facing the underside of the sheet and extending freely oyer essentially the entire length of the hollow ribs in the direction of the interior space bottom in a stress--! res state without contact with name, [801ej EE 8 105 950 hi describes a mat made of an elastic material tot use beneath a ernenn:, each therein this mat has on its surface a shoot metal of such hardness and elasticity that the gravel cannot penetrate into the mar. hubs, protrusions or the like may be provided on the underside of the mat, [DOIS] DE 35 24 719 hi describes a protective layer: for an elastic rail bed mat consisting of a single layer or multilayer sheet of elastomeric materiale disposée! beneath a gravel bed, wherein the sheet has cavities and/or nubs, h protective layer made of a nunwoven, a woven fabric, an eiastomer or a rubber - ; ko plastic, whose strain capacity and compression resistance are selected so that penetration of: the gravel will not result in destruction of the mat, is arranged on the side of the rail bed mat facing the grame! bed, [0016] DE EE 0 833 COS hi Coscrubes a foot plate let a railway tie made of concrete. On the one hand, a support plate:, the top side of which is enclosed In concrete, is provided with means for anchoring it in the railway tie and with means for venting air trapped in the railway tie when casting the concrete. On the other hand, this support plate Is provided with an elastomer coating, which is connected to at least the underside of the plate, [0017 1 The object of the invention is to create the possibility of easily connecting a coating material to a concrete component.

[0018] The object of the invention is achieved by the use defined if. the introduction, in which the auf face structure is forced by at least .approximately charinel-shaped recesses and/or at least approximately channel-shaped eleven .;.ons, wherein the at least approximately channel-shaped recesses ariá/sr eleyations are formed in the manner Of a tube profile running at least approximately parallel, to the surface, to produce the form fit, It is advantageous here that the concrete can flow into these recesses and/or elevations over a large area in the form of possibly continuous, .: · e.,, uninterrupted, cnanneis and thus a large surface area is made available to form the connection, It is also advantageous that this coating· material can be produced continuously, so that no additional reforming steps and/or processing steps are necessary before connect:.·.nq it to the concrete component, so that corresponding cost advantages can be achieved, furthermore, the connection is accomplished essentially through mechanical measures on the coating material, so that it Is not necessary to take into account special material compatibility issues with regard to the concrete component,

Due to the design of the at least approximately channel"'1 type recesses and/or elevations in the manner of a tube profile running at least approximately parallel to the surface, it is possible, on the one hand, by avoiding sharp-edged transitions, to facilitate the flow of concrete material and to increase the degree of filling of the channels while, on the other hand, a type of loop formation and/or a form fit Is achieved with the "elevation” embodiment, so that the concrete matériái that has flowed into the channels is surrounded by and enclosed in the polymer of the coating material over a large area in the region of these channel segments. This achieves a. further ; πρ r evemre i in the connecting syst eng :: . a , , the pullout st rengte ni the coating material. 1:00X91 the channe 1.-type recesses may also extend into the end face(s) of the coating material,, and it is possible for those recesses to be designed, so that they are closed in the region of the end faces., i.e,, roiled together, 10020T ft is also possible that the at least approximately channel-shaped recesses and/or elevations are interrupted in the direction: of their longitudinal extent to form channel suosectcons. Thus, also the formation of a connection in the concrete component is improved in particular when the end faces in the case of chants i -type recesses also have an undercut, for example, in the form of "elongated pores," and/or in the ease of the channel-type elevations, this add! ti.onally achieves the result that the concrete Tsateriai can floe more easily into these channels, 10021] To improve the flow effect for the concrete .material it is possible to provide that the channel subsections have a length, which is selected from a range with a lower limit of 30 % and an upper limit of 70 % of the total length of these channel •• type recesses and/or elevations forming the channel subsections. It is thus also possible to achieve the result that in the case of faulty connections that might occur, they can be limited to a narrower region..

[0022] To improve these effects, these channel subsections may have a length which is selected, from a range with a lower limit of 35 1 and an npper limit of 65 % of the length of the channel···type recesses and/or elevations forming the channel subsections, in particular a length selected from a ranee with a I.ower limit of 40 % and an upper limit of 60 % of the total length, [0023] In particular these channel segments may have a length, which is selected from a range with a lower limit of 1 Pit and an upper limit or IDO rut in conjunction: with these effects. It is also possible for these channel subsections to have a length selected from a range with a lower limit of 10 mm and an upper limit of 30 rum,- in particular selected from a range with a lower limit of 20 mm and an upper limit ox 50 man [0021] It is advantageous if the tubular profiles are designed to protrude beyond the surface, so that again a better flow of concrete material into the profiles is achieved > [0025] Ine at least .approximately channel-type recesses and/or elevations in the manner of a tubular profile may have a height above the surface of the layer, which: is selected from a range with a lower limit of 2: urn and an upper limit of 20 mm, Below 2 mm, the diameter of the channels is too small in the case of the elevations, so that the flow of concrete material into the channels is again made difficult, hoove 20 mm, in particular in the case of elastomeric embodiments of the coating material, it may happen that the cross section of these channels undergoes changes while the concrete material is flowing info them and the surface structure, which is designed with a loop shape, may optionally be compressed to the extent that the effect of the flow of the concreto material is entirely prevented, [0026] Ät least individual ones of the at least approximately channel-'*· type recesses and/or elevations î'-ay have a height which is different froe that of the ado.·.clocal recesses and/or elevations in the coating rsterial, which are at least apnr ex.ieaf eiy channel“ shaped, thereby facilitating the ventilation during the penetration of the concrete material onto this coating material, [0027] according to one embodiment variant, it is possible to provide: that a second surface, opposite the first surfaces of the layer, is also designed with a surface structure, so that another concrete component can be bonded to this coating material by means of this additional surface and thus the coating material can act as a buffer between these two concrete components.

[0028] It is advantageous if this coating material has a density gradient with an increasing density in the intetidr of the layer of the coating material.

[0029] To improve the bonding properties of the coating material, the at least approximately channel-type recesses and/or elevations of a linear embodiment may also foe arranged so that they are distributed at right angles to an external lateral edge, in a tigtag pattern and/or in a curved and/or wavy shape: above: the first and/or second: surface. For example, in conjunction with the channel subsections, a type of chessboard pattern may be formed between the elevations and the channel subsections, by the fact that the channel subsections run at least approximately at a right angle to the elevations. On the other hand, it is also possible that the channel subsections have a course relative to the elevations that is different from 90°, for example, is selected from a renie with a lower limit of 10“ and an. upper limit ox uô% in particular from a range with a lower limit of 20J and an upper limit of 75°, for example, selected from a range vélt h a lower .1 isiit of 10 " and an upper limit of 6'5°, Tops the distribution of forces in the; correcting region of the coating material/concrete component can be varied accordingly. 00030] The elevations and/or recesses may be bordered by straight side pails. On the other hand, it is also possible that at least individual ones, preferably all of these walls, have a crowning, ÍQQ31] The at: least approximately channel-shaped recesses and/or elevations may have a round, oval, mushroom-shaped, T.....shaped, triangulär, rectangular or polygonal cross section, depending on the required adhesive strength of the coating material to the concrete component and/or for adaptation of different strength classes of the concrete and/or the stiffness of the concrete during the cementing process, 1:0032] In this context, it should be pointed out that, with regard to the arrangement of these recesses: and/or elevations and/or embodiments of same, multiple different variants, for example, recesses and/or elevations with a round and/or oval and/or mushroomshaped and/or T-shaped and/or triangular and/or rectangular ana/or polygonal cross sections may be impiexcenteo m a ooaimg material, [ 0 0 3 3 ] The coating material may be formed from an elastomer or a thermoplastic polymer. This permits a corresponding adaptability for a wide variety of d 1 f f e r er, t intended purposes of the coat in g mat e r i a 1, iuQ3i] In particular the nias sonor say be selected from a group consisting: of natural rubber (PR) , styrene-butadiene rubber (SEE), ethylene-propylene-diene rubber (ErDM), butadiene rubber (BE), nitrile rubber (PBR) , ch.ioxoprene rubber (Ch) ,. nit oroeui fosa Led polyethylene (CBM) and polyurethane (piiR; as well as cuts ox blends thereof. These elastomers· are suitable in particular for continuous production of the coatrug material and also have a corresponding vibration and/or damping behavior. Furthermore, hard impacts with the concrete component from any side where the coating material is arranged can be prevented, sc that the concrete component re better protected from destruction, ; 003d j Mixtures and/or cut s of natural rubber and/or styrene-butadiene rubber and/or sthbiene-propyiene··· diene rubber and/or butadiene rubber and/or nitrile rubber and/or chIoropren.e rubber and/or ehidrosaif onated oo I. verb y reue and/or polyurethane with natural rubber and/or styrene-butadiene rubber and/or sthylene-propyiene-diene rubber and/or butadiene rubber and/cr nitrile rubber and/or ehloroprene rubber and/or cnlorosulfonated polyethylene and/or polyurethane may toe used in particular, [0036] The coating material, i,e,, its base body, may be iormes frort a thermoplastic material, for example, polyethylene (PE), ultra-high-moiecular polyethylene (OHMb-PF) r polypropylene (FF), an. ethylene-vinylacetate copolymer (EVÄ), a polyamide (Ft;, polyvinyl chloride /FUG) , polyethylene terepet nn.l.ato (PET) , a polyurethane (FÜR), poiytetrafiuoroethylehP (PITE) or a thermoplastic elastomer (TPE) , Here again, mixtures of: the thermoplastic materials are also possible, such as polyethylene and/or u 1 r ra--dd.ga-molecu.:J ar polyethylene and/or polypropylene and/or ethylene-vinyl-acetate copolymers and/or polyamide and/or polyvinyl chloride and/or pplyethylene terephtralate and/or polyurethane and/or polytetrafluoroethylene and/or a thermoplastic elastomer with polyethylene and/or ultra-high-moiocular polyethylene and/or polypropylene and/or ethylene-vinyl-acetate copolymers and/or polyamide and/or polyvinyl chloride and/or polyethylene teteplrthdlate and/or polyurethane and/or polytetrafiuoroethyiene and/or a thermoplastic: elastomer.

[0037] The base body nay be a solid material or may be foamed,· each as an ËPDM foam. It is also possible that the base body is provided with a reinforcement such as a metallic .material.,, for example, steel, brass or the like and/or a fiber material, in particular in the form of short fibers with a fiber length, which is selected, for example, from a range with a lower limit of a mm and an upper limit of SQ mm. The fibers, for example, staple fibers, may be selected from a group consisting of textile fibers, polyethylene fibers, polypropylene fibers, polyamide fibers, polyacrylonitrile fibers and polyester fibers, but mixtures of these types of fibers are also possible. The fibers may a! so be dis tribu ted at least approximately homogenously In the base body and/or it is possible to implement the distribution in the form of a gradient, [0038] The reinforcement may also be formed over a large area, in the form of a rod or mesh, [0039] The coating material may have at least one cnumber, which forms a cavity through which the vibration properties and/or no : an abatement properties of the coating matériái bah be influenced in a controlled manner. In addition, the compressibility of this coating material can also be influenced in this way. The chamber may be designed to be open or closed, [OOio] For the noise abatement properties, it is advantageous if the chamber is filled at least partially with at leant one fill ing material,,, for example, forming a no-callea "sprmg-mass system,“ [0041] the cavity on the end face is) may foe designed to be open, Within the scope of the invention., it is also possible to seal at least one of the end openings and/or to design it to be sealed..» for example, by glning the side wails of the ohambers together in this region or rolling them together.

[0043] The filling materials may be selected from a group comprising granules;» knit fabrics. powders, pastes and/or mixtures thereof.

[0043] The layer of the coating material may have a layer thickness selected from a rang© with a lower limit of 2 mm and an upper limit of SD mm, In particular this layer thickness may be selected from a range with a lower limit of. 5. mm, and an upper limit of 40 mm, preferably from a range with a lower limit of 3 mm and an upper limit of 20 mm. corresponding damping properties, in particular sound absorbing properties of the layer, can thus be achieved in this way, [0044] The layer itself may be designed in one piece with corresponding adva·· tagen with regard to the product rop or me coat mg maser to 1 and/or i r. is possible for this base body to be connnoted to at least one additional layer, for example, a cover layer, which has different properties in comparison with the present layer, no that again, for example, the embodiment of a “spring'"ma as system" can be achieved for noise abatement purposes, A better resistance to abrasion can be imparted to the coating material and/or lubricating properties can be imparted to the railroad underfie pad with thin layer in this way, [0045] The surface of the layer facing outward ray be designed to fee smooth and/or closed. It is also possible for this surface to also have a surface structoref for example > In the form of elevations and/or recesses and/or pores, [0046] ft is also possrbXe for the surface facing the base body of the coating material to bo designed to be smooth or to have a Surface structure., .[0047] It is advantageous in particular If the additional layer Is softer in comparison with, the irrst, layer., so that the connect ion to the concrete component i.s established via the hard layer of the coating material and this connection is more durable in comparison with soft elastic layers, in. particular because the surface structure in this way 1 s not compressed by the concrete flowing into the structure and the noise abatement properties can be influenced accordingly via the soft layer.

[004 83 it is thus possible that this additional layer is formed by an additional polymer; .:.n particular an additional elastomer, preferably selected from the elastomers listed above [NR; SBR, hr Ufo BR, CR, CSM, FOR; and/or it may also he formed by a fiber mater la.I , Due to its softness and/or its design as a soft polymer, thus a larger coni act surface area between the gravel bed and the tie is thus possible even with the embodiment variant of the underlie pad so that again the individual pebbles of gravel can be protected better from destruction.

[0049] The fiber material may be formed here by a knit fabric in the form, of a non wo ven or felt or by a woven fabric and/or a cord. Thus, a good bonding and adhesion of this additional layer to the first layer , 1.e», the bas.ic body of the coating material can be achieved, for example, again through mechanical anchoring of the fibers of the additional layer in the first layer, for example, in that the first layer is extruded onto the additional layer so that these fibers can penetrate into the material of the first layer vh ich is still soft and/or they can floe into the interspaces in the woven fabric ehet in the f roe-flowing state of the material for the first layer. 1:0050} For the resistance to environment ai influences and/or for the mechanical load-bearing strength of this laminated material, it is advantageous if the fiber material comprises fibers selected frem a group consisting of polyethylene, polypropylene, polyamide, pclyacrylonl triie and polyester f ibers, where in here again, blends of these types of fibers are also possible, per example, blend fiber materials communising approxlmaoely 50 % polyethylene and approximately 50 % polyamide and/or polyester fibers are possible in order to influence the temperature behavior of this fiber material, for example. Other compositions in addition to this 1:0/50 composition are oi course also possible.

[0051] This additional layer may also be formed from a thermoplastic material, for example, polyethylene (Pit , aitra™h.igh''-molecular polyethylene (UHMd-FE) , polypropylene (PP), an et hyione-v.wayi-acetate copolymer (bVtb , a polyamide (PA), polyvinyl chloride {PVC ), polyethylene terephthalate {PET? , polyurethane }P1TR), poiytetrafiuoroethyiehe {PITS} or a rhermoplassie elastomer (TPS) . Hare again, a bland of the thermoplastic materials is also possible, such as, for example, polyethylene and/or ui.tra-hien-moiecular polyethylene and/or polypropylene and/or ethylene-'· vinyl-acetate copolymers and/or poly arid be and/or polyvinyl chloride and/or polyethylene terephthalate and/or polyurethane a no/or poiytatr&f iaoroethyl one and/or a thgrmopiast ic elastomer with polyethylene and/or ultra-high-molecular polyethylene and/or polypropylene and/or ethylene- vinyl-acetate copolymers and/or polyamide and/or polyvinyl chloride and/or polyethylene terephthalate and/or polyurethane and/or polytetrailuoroethylone and/or a thermoplastic elastomer, [ÖQ52] At least one layer may bo a solid material or may be foamed. 10 0 5 3 j for batter vantilation daring the concreting process, the coating material may have at least one, preferably a plurality of racessea permeating this layer or these layers.

[0051] Similarly good adhesion properties and/or bonding: properties ore achieved: when the at least approximately channel-type and/or pore-shaped recesses and/or at least approximately channel-type elevations extend over a portion of the surface and/or surfaces which is/are selocres from a range with a loner limit of 20 % and an upper limit of 80 %, based on the total extent of the surface, In particular this amount may be selected from a range with a lower limit of 30 I and an upper limit of 70 I, preferably with a lower limit of 40 % and an upper limit of 00 %.

[0055] with regard to the: improvement in preventing the ber orna ::. row of these surface structures in the area of the formation of the connection to the concrete component, the coating material may have a static modulus of subgrade reaction: according to Old 45673-1 (stiffness per unit of area], which is selected from a range with a lower limit of O.hl b/mm/ and an upper limit of 0,5 b/mrc, at least m this connecting· region.

The modulus of snograde reaction can he selected in particular f roc a range with a loner limit of 0,05 N/bml and an upper Unit of 8,3 N/mtr'd for example, from a range with a loner limit of 0,08 il/oov and an upper limit of 0,2S h/mth, [COSOj The coating mar orrai arav hare a groove in a first boundary region and may have a tongue and groove connect ion in a second: boundary region in order to be able to cover continuously a larger surface area with the coa ting material, [0057] In addition the coating material may have a crowned surface to form a ventilation, system to alloc the escape of air enclosed daring the concreting process, [0058] For a better understandihg of the .invent won, this will now be described on the basis or the following figures, which are not to be seen as restricting the scope of prelection of the invention, [0059] They each show in a schematically simplified diagram:

Fig, 1; a composite system in cross section, consisting of the coating material and a concrete component to which it is bonded;

Fig, 2: ah embodiment carrant of the composite system according to Fig, 1 in cress section.;

Fig, 3; another embodiment variant of the composite system according to Fig, 1 in cross section;

Fig, 1: a first embodiment variant, of the coating material in an obliqué view;

Fig. 5; the top mw of a coating material with a schematic indication of surface structures distributed over the surface of the coating material;

Fug, 6: an embodiment; variant of Fig. 5;

Fig. 7' an embodiment variant of rig., a; rig. 0; various forma of the surface structures;

Fig. Si a composite system consisting of a coating material and two concrete components arranged on it, shewn in cross section;

Fig, IQ; the design of the composite system aa a undertie pad;

Fig. 11; a composite system consisting of two ties connected to one another via the coating material ;

Fig, 12: an embodiment variant of the composite system in cross sect ion;

Fig, 13; an embodiment variant of the composite system in cross section;

Fig, 14; a coating material with chambers incorporated in cross section;

Fig. 15: a coating material design in multiple parts in cross section;

Fig. 16; a coating material not according to the Invention designed as a foam in cross section;

Fig, 17: an embodiment variant of the coating material. consisting of a foam layer with surface structares in cross section;

Fig, 18: an embodiment mariant of the coating material:

Fig. IS; shows the coating material according to Fig, 18 in a ties from above, in a sectional, view according to line 18-18 in Fig. IS;

Fig. 20: an embodiment mariant of the coating material as channel "-type recesses running obliquely in a view from above;

Fig.. 21: an embodiment variant of a coating material in side view with crowned side surfaces of the web"-type elevations;

Fig, 22: an embodiment variant of a coating materia], in front view with crowned side su; laces of the web-type elevations;

Fig, 23; an embodiment variant of a coating: material in front view with crowned side surfaces of the web-type elevations;

Fig. 24; an embodiment variant of a coating material in front view with wavy side sur faces of the web~type elevations;

Fig , 25: an nrcbocl i menu variant of a coating material in front vier with a tongue and groove design.

[i0Q€0] It should bo pointed Out by nay of introduction that the rare parte are labe loo with the narre reference numerals and/or the name component dos: orations in the different spécifie embodiment s described below, wherein the disclosure content contained in the entire description can logically be applied to the sane parts having the same reference numerals and/or the same component designations. The positions statements such as top, bottom, lateral, ate, selected in the description are also based on the figures which are described and illustrated below, and when there is a change la position they are to be applied logically to the new position. In addition individual features or combination of features from the different exemplary embodiments doser 1 bed and 11 fust rated below may also sensed rote independent inventive approaches or approaches according to the invention.

[0061] It should also bo pointed out that surface structures described below having at least apprOhlmately channei-ivpe recesses and/or at least approximately channel--1000 elevations which are not designed in the manner cf a tubular profile running at least approslmately parallel to the surface to establish the form fit are not covered by the scope of protection of the claims, ÍQÖ62] Fig, 1 shows a composite system 1 comprising a coating material 2 as well as a concrete component 3, The coating material 2 has a surface structure 5 on a first surface 4 which faces the concrete compensât 3 · This coating material 2 is connected to the concrete component 3 via this surface 4 and the surface struct irre 5, in particular being connected in a form--· fitting and/or force "hocking manner, {0063] The surface structure 5 in this embodiment variant of the composite system 1 is designed in the form of channel-type elevations 6 an let protrude above the surface h. The surface structures 5 are designed as .loops -- as seen in cross section - so that the channels 7 are formed. These channels 7 are filled at least largely with the concrete of the concrete component 3, which thus forms a mechanical anchoring of the coating material 2 on the concrete component 3, [00.64] Fig, 2 shows an embodiment va t iaht of the composite system X> This again consists of the coating material 2 and the concrete component: 3. In comparison with the ;;oncre: e component 3 according to Fig. 1,. the concrete component according to Fig. 2 is cos lened to foe larger than the coating material 2 , which should thus illustrate the point that it is not absolute! y necessary within the context of the invention for the coating material 2 and the concrete component 3 to have: the same dimensions with respect to their height and/or width - as seen in cross section. Instead, concrete components 3 having any desired shape may be joined to the coating material 2, as is also shown in Fig, 3.

[0065] It is also not absolute 1. y necessary for the connecting surface between the coating material 2 and the concrete component 3 to be designed to be planar. It may equally he domed,- polygonalf etc, [00 56] The surface structure 5 in this embodiment variant is designed at at least approximately channel-type recesses 8, Ί-,ό., depressions in the Coating material 3 in s layer 9 forming this coating material as the base body of the coating material 2. The cross section oi these at least approxim.ateiy Channel“type recesses 8 is designed to he essentially rectangular, Cherein undercuts 10 ere formed in the region or the surface 4 of the coating material 2, so that the. cross cootion of these ehannei-type recesses 0 becomes eider ih the area near the surface in the direction of tiro core 11 or the layer Su [0067] The channel “-type recesses 8 in this emhodrrivent variant of the composite system 1 run at least appro/:mate.'..'/ parallel with regard to their longitudinal extent to the surface 4 of the coating matériái. This pattern may also he embodied formed in ail the ocher vari auto of the invention , [0068] In the case of the ontodimorn variants of the composite system, 1 according: to Fig, 3 which are net claimed for the invention, the surface structure 5 is also designed, in the. form of at least, approximate i.y channel type recesses 8 wherein these recesses 8 run at least approximately vertically tc the surface 4 of the coating materlai 2 in contrast with the embodiment variant according to Fig, 2, [0068] These recesses 8 may have different cross sections, for example, round, oval, quadrilateral, rectangular or polygonal, [0070] The composite system ]. is suitable for a wide variety of applications, On the one hand, for examp :e, it is thus possible to line containers that are made of concrete in biogas installations and/or sewage treatment facilities,- so that protection is provided for the concrete sense the media contained ih those facilities very often have a corrosive' ef foot on concrete, in particular steel-reinf creed: concrete, it is also conceivable to· line water pipes, for example, with such coating systems so that these water pipes can ha esed. for a: longer period, of time. This also applies to water tanks , [007 1]: On the other hand, it is also possible to design the concrete components 3 as noise abatement walle, for erampie, and/or as protective walis in general, wherein the surface of these protective walls facing: the traffic cay be furnished with the coating material 2 in order to provide a pertain amount of protection in the event of a crash of a passenger vehicle and/or to .ameliorate the consequences of such a crash , [0072} Seals on balconies or terraces to prevent the penetration of moisture are a 1so possible with this composite system.. In this case, it is advantageous if the cost.lúg 2 is arranged with an offset by a certain length with respect to the concrete oomponenl 3 ho as to re suit, in an overlap region, which can be designed to overlap with another concrete component, so that abutting joints of the concrete components 3 are covered by the coating material. 2. This offset may be designed to fee linear, on the one hand, but may also fee two -dimens local , Γ: 007 3' 3' it is also possible to produce strain joints with the coating material, according to the invention, as will be described in greater detail below, when the coating is provided on these two concrets components 3 and they are joined to one another, [0071] Finally, embodiments in the form, of undertie pads and concret® ties are also possible, wherein these concrete ties may be embodied as simple ties, as frame ties, ear ties, U ties, etc.

[007¾] In ail these appiicat.io.ns, it; is advantageous that the stability of the concrete can be increased without any additional coating agent. In addition, in the case of underlie pads, this also offers ah opportunity to reduce the load on the gravel feed, as explained in the introduction, Í0Ö76] In the embodiment variant according to Fig, 3, it is snovT; with dasiw'dot lines that the channel type recesses 7 re;y be provided with a bead 12 on the end protruding into the concrete component 3 in order to thereby form a type of undercut and increase the adhesive strength of the concrete to the coating material 2, This bead 12 may have any cross section, [0077] Within the contest ci the pressai invdnticn it is also possible to provide such beads 12 in other embodiment variants, [0078] Fig, 4 shows an embodiment variant of the coating material 2 in comparison with the coating material 2 accord ing to Fig, 1, The at ieast approsimathiy channel-type elevations 6 which are designed again in the form of blades ·· as seen in cross section -- are not designed as continuous channels 7 but instead are separated at predeterminafele intervals, forming channel subsections 13, These again protrude above the surface 7 of the coating material :2.

[0073] This design with channel subsections 13 mates it easier for the liquid concrete mixture to penetrate into the channels 7 of the channel subsections 13.

[0080] These channel subsections 13 may be designed to be arranged in rows side fey side or as shown In Fig, 4 may fee arranged with an offset from one another within two neighboring rows. ί.0.081] Figs. 5 through 7 show possible distributions of too at least approximately channel-"type er cvat bans 6 and/or recesses 8 oner the surface 4 of the coating rsa térfal 2 .

[DOBtj it should be pointed out that within the content of the invention it is of coarse possible to Provide both ehe at least approximately channel·-- type elevations 6 a no the at iea.st approximately ehannel---type recesses 8 on this surface 4, [0883] As shewn in Pig, 5., these recesses 8 and/or e lever, ions 8 may also have a erg sag shape or may ba designed in the shape of an arrowy as ah over in Fig. 6, or in a m i itu.ro arranged in a linear and arc-shaped fashion over the surface 4 of the coating material 2, [00841 The variants shown hero repressor only a few possible esfeodiments and other geometries are of course also nonce1yable within the context of the invention.

[0085] Fig, 8 shows a cross section through a coating ma serial 2., which shows a: wide variety of examples cf possible cross sectiers as the surface structure 5 for the cravations 6, which arc at least approximately channel-shaped.. These elevations 6 may thus be at least approximately square and/or at least approximately trapexoidal or at least approximately oval and/or at least approximately found and/or at least approximately T-shaped and/or polygonal, such as, for example, at leant «pproximoso], y octagonal, or designed to be octagonal, as seen in cross section, so that the above-mentioned channel ? is situated in. the interior of these sleva r ions , [0086] These cross sections and/or examples of such cross sect ions of channels 7 nay be used for continuous elevations 6,. i,s>, elevations 6 extending on the surface 4 without interruption as well as for the channel subsections Is ace or din g to Fig·* I.

[0077] Within the context of the indention there is of course a iso the possibility· of designing these cross sections for tne recesses 7 .. for example, according to Fig, 2 and/or 3, Likewise; a distribution according to the execs/! e sheen in Figs, 5 to 7 for such cross sections over the surface 4 of the coating ft térfal 2 is also pcs s í m Ie « [0068] As additionally indicated with dash-dot lines in Fig, 8, bhbfe in the posstbiitty within the context of the invention to design a second surface 14 of the coating material 2 with such at least approximately channel Hrype elevations 6., Lite wise this second surface 14, which is designed to be opposite the first surface 1 cay have corresponding recesses 6 (not shown) and/or combinations of recesses 8 and elevations 6, [0089] In addition within the context of the invention there is also the possibility of providing additional surfaces of the coating caterial 2 with such surface structures 5, [0090] Fig, 9 shows one possible application of the coating material 2 La which a concrete coeponent 3 and/or a concrete coeponent 15 is/are arranged both on the first surface 4 and on the second surface 14 and is/are connected to the coating material 2 via the surface structure 5 designed at the at least channel-type élévations 6 in this case. Thus, the coating material cay act as a buffer between these two concrete components 3, 15, for example, and/or may also function to prevent and/or reduce structure-borne sound transmission at tin same time.

[0091] Fig, 10 shows an application case of thé coating material /, an which the concrete component 3 is designed os a concrete tie and thus the coating material 2: forms a so-called undertie pad in order to thereby reduce possible gravel pressing dee to wheel loads onto the gravel bed via the concrete tie. This figure shows schematically a rail line 16, which is arranged on the top side of tee concreto component 3 which is designed as a concrete tie, [0092] : Although an at least approximately loop·· typo design of the surface structure d (as seen la cross section} is again provided in this application example, all other cross-sect ional variants which have already been shown and/or which are also conceivable and i mp.L erne ru. a b.:.e in the context of the invent inn are naturally also included and can thus be replaced by these loop-type surface structures 5 and/or also replaced: by corresponding recesses.

[0093] Fig. 11 also shows the application case of a concrete tie, but in tula embodiment variant the coating: materiel 2 serves to connect two concrete components 3, 15 in the form of concrete ties, in accordance with the specific embodiment according to Fig, 9, in order to thus create a connection between the concrete ties having shear strength but flexural elasticity.

[0094] Although not shown here, it is of course also possible with this embodiment variant to provide the coating material 2 on the bottom side of the concrete ties as a under i. : o pad in accordance with the embodiment variant according to Fig, 10, [0095] The embodiments relate to the cress sections of the élévations 6 and/or recesses 8 according to Fig. 10,. which are also applicable here.

[0090] Frys, 12 and 13 show several different embodiments of cross sections for the at least approximateiy channel~type recesses 3, wherein these work together with .elevations· 6 to ensure a better anchoring of the coating material 2 on the concrete component 3.

[0097] A.s can be seen in these two figures,· the cross sections of the at least approximately channel-typo recesses 8 may be designed1 tc vary over the coarse of the surface ·; cf the coating matériái 2 and/or these cross sections of tee recesses 8 may also change completely.

[0098] The elevations 6 in this embed!ment variant are arranged over the surface i in such a way that they partially intersect with the recesses 8 so that they also constitute a type of undercut 10 of the recesses 8 and thus contribute toward a better anchoring of the concrete in the coating material 2. These elevations β may be designed to be mushroom-shaped, for example, or they may also be oval, as shown in the left part of Fig. 1,2; likewise, these channels may he designed to be at least oval or pot “Shaped, as shown in the right portion of Fig. 12.

[0099] hgain in these embodiment variants it is possible for the elevations 6 to be designed like channels as is shown on many of the elevations in Figs. 1,2 and 13 through the indication or the channels 7.

[ölOOj In addition, these elevation« 6 may again be designed as subsections.

[0101] It should he pointed out here that all possible son ce...V.able variants of elevations 6 with recesses 8 are possible in ail the embodiment variants of the one ting material ?...

[0102] In adds. siony it should be pointed out that, as already described above, the elevations 6 day also have different heights above the surface [0103] Furthermore, it is indicated with dash-dot. lines in Figs, 12 and 13 that the coating material 2 may have at least one, preferably a plurality of, continuous recesses 17 (including more than tue, as shown in Fig, 12; , which extend from the first surface 4 to the second surface 14 to thereby achieve a ventilation: system for venting air trapped during the concret ing of the concrete component 3 through the coating material in These recesses 17 may ne designed to ostend beneath the at least channel-type recesses 8 beginning in the direction of the second surface 14; likewise these channel type recesses 17 may also extend through the elevations 6 - as indicated in Fig, 13, [0104] Her® again, combinations of the two embodiment variants are also possible.

[0105] Likewise it is possible for these recesses 17 not to extend into the second surface 14 but instead to extend into the end faces and/or lateral faces of the coating material. 2, for example, [0X063 Fid, 14 shops an embodiment variant of the coating material. 2 in cross section in which the layer 9 of the coating material 2 has at. least one chamber, preferably à plurality of chambers 18. These chambers IB may be arranged in the center of the core, as shoes in Fig, 14; likewise an acentric arrangement of same mithin: the layer 8 is also possible · as seen in cross seccion , föl07f hath these chambers 18, a cor responding variance in the compressibility of the layer 9 and/or of the coating mare rial 2 and thus also a variance in the vibrational behavior are also achieved, As already mentioned above, these chambers 18 may also be partially filled, [01084 although the coating material 2 is preferabiy manaf sutured, in one piece because in this ray the production is definitely simplified in comparison with the corresponding coating materials according to the state of the art, mithin the context of the invention, it is also possible to design this coating material 2 in multiple parts, as indicated in tig, 15, to arrange another layer 19, for example, on the bottom side, i-o,, the additional surface 14 of the coating material 2, i.o., opposite the surface structure o. This additional layer 19 may also be an elastomer layer, wherein this layer preferabiy has different properties from layer 9 of this coating material 2, likewise it is also possible for this layer 19 to be designed in the form of a thermoplastic polymer or a fiber ma sor i al, for example, a knit fabric or a woven fabric, as indicated by the arrangement of fibers 20 in Fig. 15, A machen.;, cal. bonding between the layer 9 and the additional layer 19 is possible due to those fibers 20 in that at least individual ones of these fibers 20 protrude partially into the layer 9 of the coating material 2, [011)9] íTig, 18 show« an cmoodimen t variant not according to the intention in eitlen the coating material 2 is designed in the torn of an integral foam according to the above embodiments so that the recesses 8 in the preceding examples ere. forced by perce 21 at the surface 1, There pores 21 say ee designed to widen in the direction of the core fl of tbs: layer 2 of the coating material 2, so that again, a type of undercut is formed.

[0110] For example, the integrai foam may he formed by a FUR or EFDM foam, ( 03.11 j it ia also post ; he e for the: base body of the coating material 2, i.e,, the layer 9 to be formed: by a ,ynormaI!ï foam, 1,e., not an integral foam, [0112] Fig. 17 shows & combination of integral foam with at least approximately channel---type elevations 6 in the coating material 2 arrangea at trie snrfaoe 4, [0113] The b: manes-type recesses 8 already described above may of coarse also be used again in this exerno 1 ary embodimen t, [0114] Figs. 18 and 19 shoe an embodiment variant of the coating material 2 which has, on the one: hand, web-" type el eve none 6 and, on she other hand, the at least approximately channel--1000 recesses: 8 in these elevations a, forming the channels 7, such that the recesses 8 are subdivided info the channel subsections 13 by the e ! oversees 6, i.e., the channels 7 do not extending continuously, [Q115] The elevations 6 are distributed asymmetrically over the surface 4 of the coating material 2:, as is shown in Fig, 19, wherein two elevations 6 form a group, which ara arranged at a first distança 22 from ope another and a second distance 23 Is formed between the groups, this distance being greater than the first distance 22., [0116j Within, the content of the invention, it is also possible that more than two elevations 6 torn a group, 1. . e, , three or four, and it also possible that the distances of the élévations 6 within a group having more than two elevations 6 are also different., Furthermore, the groups of elevations h may also be arranged in complete]y irregular distances from one another.

[0117] Due to these désigne, the concrete can penetrate into the interspaces between the elevations 6 and into the channels ? of the recesses 8 at different rates .because of the small distances between the elevations 6 of a group such that the smaller distances 22 between the elevations 6 of a group become filled with concrete later and/or more slowly, which thus forms a ventilation system to allow the escape of air enclosed during the cementing process.

[0118] A width 2 8 of the web-type elevations 6 may be selected from a range with a lower limit of 1 mm and an upper limit of 10 nan, in particular selected from a range with a lower limit of 2 mm and ah upper limit of Ί mm..

[0119] The distance 22 between the elevations 6 of a group may be selected from a .range with a lower limit of 0,2 mm and' an upper limit of lu mm, in particular from a range with a lower limit of 1 mm and an upper limit of 3 mm [0120] Trie distance 23 between the greens of elevations 6 may he selected from a range with s loner limit of 2 mm and an upper limit of 20 meg in particular selected from a range with a lower limit of 3 tea and an upper limit of 7 mm, Distances 23 which are greater than 20 mm reduce the adhesive surfaces with concrete oc that the adhesive strength of the adhesive system may dee À lee, Í0121] The distances 22 and 23 may he created by corresponding molds, for example, or hy subsequent milling out of the solid material, [0122] The recesses S, 1. e, , the channels 7 rua y he produced by subsequent drilling or milling of the elevations 6 or preferably hy a suitably shaped norrle of an extrusion tool, [01231 Instead Of this checkerboard··type design of the elevations 6 in relation to the channels 7 of Figs, 16 and Is with at least approximately right angle arrangement mf the channels 7 relative to the elevations 6, it is possible within the context of the invention as shewn in Fig. 20, which shoos a top view of the coatirm material 2, cat by the channels 7,- so that the channels 7 are arranged at an angle other than 93s to the elevations €, For example, the angle may be selected from a range with a lower limit of 10s' and an upper limit of 65;h [0127] Fig, 21 shows a coating material 2 in a side view with elevation 6 having side wails 25, which have a crowning so that the I orre-locking effect with the concrete is improved. The radius of the crowning may tee selected from a range with a lower limit of 1000 res and an upper limit of 10,000 mm. Agai o in this embodiment, the e levât ions 5 may nave recesses B [not shown): . As shown here, two elevationa may form a group in this variant although a nymot rma ' exrbodrment of the elevations 6 without a grouping is also possible, no that an ©levâtion 6 may hava two crowned ai.de surfaces 25, for example, however, the crowning may also fee formed only one of two side surfaces 6, for example, only the respective right or .left side wall 6 and/or mixed forms may also fee formed; in which., for example, two side wails 25 situated side by side are designed with crowning and the adjacent side walls are designed to toe straight. It is also possible for different crowning· radii, to be provided within a given crown as well as between different crowns of two elevations a, [0125] The embodiment of the coating material 2 accord! nq to Fig, 22, shown in a front new, has a crowning, although it is in the surface 4 which comes into contact with the concrete tie, Therefore, this also achieves better ventilation for the air enclosed during cementing, [0125] Alternatively or in addition to chat, the crowning: may also be present on the surface of the elevations .6 which corse into contact with the concrete. This surface is designed to protrude above the surface 4 above which the elevations 0 protrude, [0127] It is likewise passible to design the bottom surface between the elevations 6 with crowns fey guiding a tool, such as a disk miller, for example, with which the recesses are formed, between the elevations 6, for example, accordingly, so that at least some of the channels 7 have a different spacing from this bottom surface, as indicated with dash-dot lines in Fig, 22, [0128] The at least approximately channel-shaped recesses 3 here have a different diameter which is larger in. the cate of the channel» 7 arranged centrally than with the channels 7' formed at the edge». dere than, too mutually differing diameters of the channels 7 are also possible, [01201 In contrant ni th that embodiments the channels: 7 have the: same diameter in the embed · nenn of the coating material 2 according to Fig, 2 2, but the channels are not arranged at least in a linear pa item, at is the case according to Fig, 22, but instead follow the shape of an arc.

[0130] Fig. 2d shews a coating material a it a trónt view, having as an emampie of a possible surface modi!featcon a wavy profile, as seen In cross section, so that a larger serf ace area is created: for bonding the concrete, in addition to the at least approximately channel'- type recesses 8.

[0131] The coating materials 2 according to Figs, 22 to 24 may also be provided with elevation» 0 (not shown), as described: with respect to Figs. 18 to 21, [0132] Finally, Fig, 25 shows a variant of the invention, with winch it is possible to provide larger widens of concrete surfaces: completely with coating material 2 ever the entire surface. Therefore, the coating materiel 2 ha a a groove .2 7 on a first edge area 2 6 and a tengne 2 9 ön a second edge area 28: situated opposite the first edge area. This makes it possible to lein together a plurality of coating material» 2 by means of the groove 27 and tongue 29 connection to form an element having a larger surface area.

[0133] In one embodiment variant, It Is possible for a coating material 2 to have two grooves 27 each and for another coating material 2 to have two tongues 29, but the asymmetrical design with the tongue 2 9 and the •groove £7 is preferred,, because tins requires only one ire id, 1, , , (extrusion) die, [0134] Groove 27 and tongue 2 9 may be formed over the entire longitudinal, extent of the coating material 2, [0135] Instead of the t ongrm-unc-g r mve connection, other eonneeting mechanisms may also be provided, [0136] As already mentioned amove,- this coating material 2 can preferably be produced by a continuous process. Examples of this include pressing processes,, injection molding processus, extrusion processes and/or automatic vulcanization processes. Since these processes have already been described to a sufficient extent in the state of the art, at this point reference shall be node only to the relevant literature, for unarm; ( e, test neruayor'/Somme ry Kauf echo kuechuo Log ; e

Werkstoffe -- Verarbeitung -- Produkte [Rubber Technology - Materials - Processing - Products]; Manser, 2C01, in particular chapters 10 through 12, [01371 The compos; re System 1 can now be produced in svich a way that, for example, as an embodiment variant of the h;o, a corresponding mold casing is made ava 1 lubie, providing the outside dimensions for the tie. The coating material 2 is inserted into this shell and the liquid concrete composition is cast into it and then hardened. The viscosity of the concrete composition should be adjusted so that it is possible to ensure with sufficient certainty that the concrete will flow into the recesses 8 and/or the channels 7. It is also possible to vibrate the concrete introduced into the mold casing to compact it and to drive out air trapped inside. 00138] In. this variant it is advantageous if tie coating material 2 is furnished with the ventilât loss openings^ i<a,, for exam do, recesses 1? and/or ventilation systems sash as those described above and if the bottom of the shell optionally also has Ven. c.:.lation οροnings > [0139] .as an alternative to this it is possible to first pour the concrete composition into the shell and then; in a second step, to apply the coating matériái 2 to the concrete composition while the latter is still liquid and to press it into the shell, [0140] Here again; the use of coating materials 2 with oontihuous rotessos 17 and/or ventilation systems is advantageous, [0141] The thickness of the coating material 2 is preferably selected for the embodiment variant of underlie pad, thus acbievrng a spring resiliency of 1 to 1,5 mm, [0142] In conclusion, it should fee pointed out for the sake of order that,- for better riders randi no of the structure of the composure system. 1 and/or the coating material 2, this structure and/or the components thereof shall fee represented as enlarged and/or reduced and/or in part without a dimensional scale. EIIMËMÊlLilfï [0143] 1 composite system 2 coating rsa tori al. 3 concrete component 4 surface 5 surface structure 5 clever, ion '? enamel 3 reces s u ra yer 10 undercut 11 core 12 bulge 13 c ha n n e I sub amt:; on 14 surface 15 concrete component 16 rail line 11 recess 18 chamber 19 X a ye r 20 fiber 21 pore 22 distance 23 distance 24 wídtb 25: side nail 2e cage ares 27 drcove 23 edge area

Claims

Application On Spot Building Block With Direct Binding Patent Claims

1. The use of a wrapper (2) on a boton-like component (3) is a direct-shape-forming (δ), which is at least γ-polymer and has a first surface {4} for supporting and connecting the beta-block on the building block, which surface (4) has a half structure. (5), characterized in that the surface structure (5) is formed with at least approximately channel-like recesses (8) or at least approximately channel-like protrusions (6), and at least approximately channel-like depressions (8), and protrusions (6), respectively; a sectional profile section at least approximately parallel to the surface to create a shape closure; are designed.

Use according to claim 1, characterized in that the at least approximately channel-like recesses (8), or protrusions (8), are interrupted by a deflection plate of the channel sub-portions (13). Use according to claim 2, characterized in that the length of the channel sub-parts fi 3) is the lower boundary of the channel-like recesses (8) forming the channel sub-portions (13), or the total length of the protrusions (6), and 7% by weight. Use according to claim 2 or 3, characterized in that the length of the channel sub-portions (13) is 1 mm from the lower boundary and is 100 mm from the upper boundary range> S <In 1-4. Application according to any one of the claims, characterized in that it is superimposed over (4), 6 <M M & application of any one of the above, characterized by a more pronounced single, at least roughly partial oscillations, (8), or protrusions (height lj of the other, at least magnets < RTI ID = 0.0 >> < / RTI > deviate from the (n) height of

7. A method according to any one of the preceding Claims, characterized in that the second surface (14) of the layer facing the first surface (4) also comprises a strap (5),

Use according to any one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the airborne approximately thoracic cavities (8) or protrusions (6} are distributed on the first and / or second surface (4, 14), perpendicular to one of the outer side spheres, zigzag and / or Iveit, or in wave form and / or linear.

Use according to any one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the most imperial part is the recesses (I) or protrusions (6) in a round, oval, butt-head, T-shaped, Triangular, rectangular or polyene cross-section.

Use according to any one of the preceding claims, characterized in that at least one chamber (18} is arranged on the boif layer layer (9), 11. A10, according to claim 1, characterized in that the at least one chamber (18) is at least partially filled with filler. is loaded.

Use according to any one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the layer (9) is connected to at least one additional layer (19) having different properties for the layer (9). Use according to claim 13, characterized in that the further layer fi 8) is formed with a further polymer or fibrous material. The use according to claim 13, characterized in that the tip is a fibrous material in the form of a fiber or 01c or a fabric. .

Application according to any of the preceding Claims, characterized in that the layer (0) has recesses (T7) penetrating the layer (9).

Use according to any one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the at least cut-off radius (8), and the protrusions (6) extending over the surface (4; 14) extends over the surface (dk) (4,14). } is selected from the upper limit of 20% for the full size and 8% for the upper limit.

Use according to any one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the surface (4) or the protrusions (6) are embossed.