HK1178835A1 - Methods and system for removing gas components from flue gas - Google Patents

Methods and system for removing gas components from flue gas

Info

Publication number
HK1178835A1
HK1178835A1 HK13106541.6A HK13106541A HK1178835A1 HK 1178835 A1 HK1178835 A1 HK 1178835A1 HK 13106541 A HK13106541 A HK 13106541A HK 1178835 A1 HK1178835 A1 HK 1178835A1
Authority
HK
Hong Kong
Prior art keywords
methods
flue gas
gas
components
gas components
Prior art date
Application number
HK13106541.6A
Other languages
English (en)
Chinese (zh)
Inventor
周輝煌
Original Assignee
藝科環球科技私人有限公司
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by 藝科環球科技私人有限公司 filed Critical 藝科環球科技私人有限公司
Publication of HK1178835A1 publication Critical patent/HK1178835A1/xx

Links

Classifications

    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01DSEPARATION
    • B01D53/00Separation of gases or vapours; Recovering vapours of volatile solvents from gases; Chemical or biological purification of waste gases, e.g. engine exhaust gases, smoke, fumes, flue gases, aerosols
    • B01D53/32Separation of gases or vapours; Recovering vapours of volatile solvents from gases; Chemical or biological purification of waste gases, e.g. engine exhaust gases, smoke, fumes, flue gases, aerosols by electrical effects other than those provided for in group B01D61/00
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01DSEPARATION
    • B01D53/00Separation of gases or vapours; Recovering vapours of volatile solvents from gases; Chemical or biological purification of waste gases, e.g. engine exhaust gases, smoke, fumes, flue gases, aerosols
    • B01D53/34Chemical or biological purification of waste gases
    • B01D53/46Removing components of defined structure
    • B01D53/48Sulfur compounds
    • B01D53/50Sulfur oxides
    • B01D53/501Sulfur oxides by treating the gases with a solution or a suspension of an alkali or earth-alkali or ammonium compound
    • B01D53/504Sulfur oxides by treating the gases with a solution or a suspension of an alkali or earth-alkali or ammonium compound characterised by a specific device
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01DSEPARATION
    • B01D53/00Separation of gases or vapours; Recovering vapours of volatile solvents from gases; Chemical or biological purification of waste gases, e.g. engine exhaust gases, smoke, fumes, flue gases, aerosols
    • B01D53/34Chemical or biological purification of waste gases
    • B01D53/46Removing components of defined structure
    • B01D53/54Nitrogen compounds
    • B01D53/56Nitrogen oxides
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01DSEPARATION
    • B01D53/00Separation of gases or vapours; Recovering vapours of volatile solvents from gases; Chemical or biological purification of waste gases, e.g. engine exhaust gases, smoke, fumes, flue gases, aerosols
    • B01D53/34Chemical or biological purification of waste gases
    • B01D53/46Removing components of defined structure
    • B01D53/60Simultaneously removing sulfur oxides and nitrogen oxides
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01DSEPARATION
    • B01D53/00Separation of gases or vapours; Recovering vapours of volatile solvents from gases; Chemical or biological purification of waste gases, e.g. engine exhaust gases, smoke, fumes, flue gases, aerosols
    • B01D53/34Chemical or biological purification of waste gases
    • B01D53/46Removing components of defined structure
    • B01D53/62Carbon oxides
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01DSEPARATION
    • B01D53/00Separation of gases or vapours; Recovering vapours of volatile solvents from gases; Chemical or biological purification of waste gases, e.g. engine exhaust gases, smoke, fumes, flue gases, aerosols
    • B01D53/34Chemical or biological purification of waste gases
    • B01D53/74General processes for purification of waste gases; Apparatus or devices specially adapted therefor
    • B01D53/75Multi-step processes
    • FMECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F23COMBUSTION APPARATUS; COMBUSTION PROCESSES
    • F23JREMOVAL OR TREATMENT OF COMBUSTION PRODUCTS OR COMBUSTION RESIDUES; FLUES 
    • F23J15/00Arrangements of devices for treating smoke or fumes
    • F23J15/02Arrangements of devices for treating smoke or fumes of purifiers, e.g. for removing noxious material
    • F23J15/04Arrangements of devices for treating smoke or fumes of purifiers, e.g. for removing noxious material using washing fluids
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01DSEPARATION
    • B01D2251/00Reactants
    • B01D2251/50Inorganic acids
    • B01D2251/506Sulfuric acid
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01DSEPARATION
    • B01D2251/00Reactants
    • B01D2251/60Inorganic bases or salts
    • B01D2251/606Carbonates
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01DSEPARATION
    • B01D2251/00Reactants
    • B01D2251/60Inorganic bases or salts
    • B01D2251/608Sulfates
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01DSEPARATION
    • B01D2251/00Reactants
    • B01D2251/60Inorganic bases or salts
    • B01D2251/61Phosphates
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01DSEPARATION
    • B01D2252/00Absorbents, i.e. solvents and liquid materials for gas absorption
    • B01D2252/10Inorganic absorbents
    • B01D2252/103Water
    • B01D2252/1035Sea water
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01DSEPARATION
    • B01D2257/00Components to be removed
    • B01D2257/30Sulfur compounds
    • B01D2257/302Sulfur oxides
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01DSEPARATION
    • B01D2257/00Components to be removed
    • B01D2257/40Nitrogen compounds
    • B01D2257/404Nitrogen oxides other than dinitrogen oxide
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01DSEPARATION
    • B01D2257/00Components to be removed
    • B01D2257/50Carbon oxides
    • B01D2257/504Carbon dioxide
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01DSEPARATION
    • B01D2258/00Sources of waste gases
    • B01D2258/02Other waste gases
    • B01D2258/0283Flue gases
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01DSEPARATION
    • B01D2259/00Type of treatment
    • B01D2259/80Employing electric, magnetic, electromagnetic or wave energy, or particle radiation
    • B01D2259/818Employing electrical discharges or the generation of a plasma
    • FMECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F23COMBUSTION APPARATUS; COMBUSTION PROCESSES
    • F23JREMOVAL OR TREATMENT OF COMBUSTION PRODUCTS OR COMBUSTION RESIDUES; FLUES 
    • F23J2219/00Treatment devices
    • F23J2219/20Non-catalytic reduction devices
    • F23J2219/201Reducing species generators, e.g. plasma, corona
    • YGENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02ATECHNOLOGIES FOR ADAPTATION TO CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02A50/00TECHNOLOGIES FOR ADAPTATION TO CLIMATE CHANGE in human health protection, e.g. against extreme weather
    • Y02A50/20Air quality improvement or preservation, e.g. vehicle emission control or emission reduction by using catalytic converters
    • YGENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02CCAPTURE, STORAGE, SEQUESTRATION OR DISPOSAL OF GREENHOUSE GASES [GHG]
    • Y02C20/00Capture or disposal of greenhouse gases
    • Y02C20/40Capture or disposal of greenhouse gases of CO2
    • YGENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02EREDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
    • Y02E20/00Combustion technologies with mitigation potential
    • Y02E20/32Direct CO2 mitigation

Landscapes

  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
  • Environmental & Geological Engineering (AREA)
  • Analytical Chemistry (AREA)
  • General Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Oil, Petroleum & Natural Gas (AREA)
  • Biomedical Technology (AREA)
  • Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Treating Waste Gases (AREA)
  • Gas Separation By Absorption (AREA)
  • Physical Or Chemical Processes And Apparatus (AREA)
  • Water Treatment By Electricity Or Magnetism (AREA)
  • Pharmaceuticals Containing Other Organic And Inorganic Compounds (AREA)
HK13106541.6A 2010-05-26 2013-06-04 Methods and system for removing gas components from flue gas HK1178835A1 (en)

Applications Claiming Priority (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
PCT/CN2010/073259 WO2011147085A1 (en) 2010-05-26 2010-05-26 Methods and system for removing gas components from flue gas

Publications (1)

Publication Number Publication Date
HK1178835A1 true HK1178835A1 (en) 2013-09-19

Family

ID=45003207

Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
HK13106541.6A HK1178835A1 (en) 2010-05-26 2013-06-04 Methods and system for removing gas components from flue gas

Country Status (8)

Country Link
US (1) US8529855B2 (ja)
EP (1) EP2576013B1 (ja)
JP (1) JP5411389B2 (ja)
KR (1) KR101441221B1 (ja)
CN (1) CN102811793B (ja)
HK (1) HK1178835A1 (ja)
MX (1) MX2012009381A (ja)
WO (1) WO2011147085A1 (ja)

Families Citing this family (26)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US7615385B2 (en) 2006-09-20 2009-11-10 Hypres, Inc Double-masking technique for increasing fabrication yield in superconducting electronics
KR101144820B1 (ko) * 2009-10-21 2012-05-11 한국에너지기술연구원 이산화탄소 분리 장치 및 방법
US8870735B2 (en) 2012-05-17 2014-10-28 Strategic Environmental & Energy Resources, Inc. Waste disposal
CN104395746B (zh) * 2012-09-04 2016-12-07 Atonarp株式会社 膜交换单元以及具有膜交换单元的系统
US9387438B2 (en) 2014-02-14 2016-07-12 Tenneco Automotive Operating Company Inc. Modular system for reduction of sulphur oxides in exhaust
CN103908881B (zh) * 2014-04-08 2015-12-02 淮南市明月环保科技有限责任公司 一种电解脱硝的方法
BR102014028832B1 (pt) * 2014-11-19 2017-04-11 Embraer Sa processo de reciclagem para recuperar o material de reforço fibroso de materiais compósitos e sistema de tratamento de gases efluentes
KR102289985B1 (ko) 2014-12-08 2021-08-17 삼성디스플레이 주식회사 표시 장치
GB2538484A (en) * 2015-04-02 2016-11-23 Fluid Tech (Environmental) Ltd Improvements in or relating to carbon capture
TWI581857B (zh) * 2015-04-07 2017-05-11 Uni-President Entpr Corp Apparatus for removing odor of odor and its method
US10858268B2 (en) * 2015-07-29 2020-12-08 Semb-Eco R&D Pte Ltd Method and system for applying superimposed time-varying frequency electromagnetic wave to target object or target region
US10376824B2 (en) * 2016-03-22 2019-08-13 Ecological World For Life S.A.S. Mechanical system to capture and transform contaminant gases, and method to purify air
RU170631U1 (ru) * 2016-11-08 2017-05-03 Федеральное государственное бюджетное образовательное учреждение высшего образования "Волгоградский государственный технический университет" (ВолгГТУ) Устройство для очистки газовых смесей от сероводорода
EP3589386A4 (en) * 2017-03-03 2020-12-23 Paul Steding COMBUSTION GAS EMISSIONS REDUCTION TECHNOLOGY
CN107020004A (zh) * 2017-05-25 2017-08-08 浙江富春江环保热电股份有限公司 一种等离子体辅助氨水吸收燃煤烟气同时脱硫脱硝脱碳的装置和方法
CN107149858A (zh) * 2017-07-10 2017-09-12 杭州天明环保工程有限公司 用于等离子烟气处理一体化装置的循环水系统
KR101995911B1 (ko) * 2017-10-19 2019-07-04 한국과학기술원 질소산화물 및 황산화물 제거 장치 및 제거 방법
CN108619875A (zh) * 2018-07-04 2018-10-09 广西科技大学鹿山学院 烧结烟气等离子体/尿素法同时脱硫脱硝工艺及其系统
KR102031984B1 (ko) * 2018-07-13 2019-10-14 (주)플라즈닉스 플라즈마 상에서 대상기체 함유 배출기체를 처리하는 방법 및 장치
CN110102159A (zh) * 2019-05-21 2019-08-09 成都首创环境工程有限公司 废气中有害物质的干式去除装置及干式去除方法
CN110319442A (zh) * 2019-07-05 2019-10-11 肖林 一种节能环保的焚烧炉
US11118492B1 (en) 2020-04-27 2021-09-14 Stec Technology, Inc. Reactive cyclic induction system and method for reducing pollutants in marine diesel exhaust
CN111804139A (zh) * 2020-07-22 2020-10-23 唐山伟德船用设备有限公司 一种应用于船舶的ptfe高压膜接触器脱碳装置
CN113082277B (zh) * 2021-04-26 2022-02-08 燕山大学 一种利用通电耦合等离子体处理有毒气体的系统和方法
CN113599973B (zh) * 2021-09-17 2022-11-22 安徽普泛能源技术有限公司 一种从混合气体中吸收co2的复合吸收剂及其装置和应用
CN117482725B (zh) * 2023-12-12 2024-06-14 华北电力大学 一种燃煤电厂烟气脱硫脱碳及固化重金属的系统及方法

Family Cites Families (27)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
JPS4926175A (ja) * 1972-07-06 1974-03-08
JPS63182023A (ja) * 1987-01-23 1988-07-27 Mitsubishi Heavy Ind Ltd パルス荷電による排ガス処理方法
JPH04219123A (ja) * 1990-12-18 1992-08-10 Mitsubishi Heavy Ind Ltd グロ−放電プラズマによる排ガス処理装置
JPH06165909A (ja) * 1992-11-27 1994-06-14 Kumagai Gumi Co Ltd 温室効果ガスの低減方法および低減装置
JP2691674B2 (ja) * 1993-03-31 1997-12-17 三井造船株式会社 排ガス処理装置
JPH06343820A (ja) * 1993-06-10 1994-12-20 Hitachi Zosen Corp 水蒸気プラズマによる排ガス処理方法
JPH0724254A (ja) * 1993-07-07 1995-01-27 Chiyoda Corp 窒素酸化物除去方法および窒素酸化物除去装置
JP2749258B2 (ja) * 1994-03-04 1998-05-13 英雄 早川 排ガス処理方法及びその装置
JPH07241429A (ja) * 1994-03-04 1995-09-19 Mitsubishi Heavy Ind Ltd 気液接触装置
US5490973A (en) * 1994-05-23 1996-02-13 The United States Of America As Represented By The Secretary Of The Navy Pulsed corona reactor system for abatement of pollution by hazardous agents
US6475350B2 (en) * 1997-07-18 2002-11-05 Noxtech Inc Method for removing NOx and other pollutants from gas streams using a plasma assisted catalyst
DE19927540A1 (de) * 1999-06-16 2000-12-21 Ct Therm Elek Sche Anlagen Gmb Abgasreinigungssystem
US6962679B2 (en) * 2001-07-11 2005-11-08 Battelle Memorial Institute Processes and apparatuses for treating halogen-containing gases
JP3901559B2 (ja) * 2002-03-29 2007-04-04 正憲 田代 排ガス浄化装置
WO2003086615A1 (fr) * 2002-04-01 2003-10-23 Techno Network Shikoku Co., Ltd. Generateur de plasma immerge, procede de generation de plasma en liquide et procede de decomposition de substance toxique avec du plasma en liquide
JP3829184B2 (ja) * 2002-04-18 2006-10-04 国立大学法人神戸大学 排ガス処理方法及び排ガス処理装置
JP2004089770A (ja) * 2002-08-29 2004-03-25 Masanori Tashiro 排ガス浄化方法及びその装置
US7198764B2 (en) 2003-03-05 2007-04-03 Delphi Technologies, Inc. Gas treatment system and a method for using the same
CN1628892A (zh) * 2003-12-15 2005-06-22 北京国网电力技术有限公司 一种等离子体燃煤锅炉烟气净化新工艺
US7188469B2 (en) 2003-12-29 2007-03-13 Delphi Technologies, Inc. Exhaust system and methods of reducing contaminants in an exhaust stream
US7240484B2 (en) 2003-12-29 2007-07-10 Delphi Technologies, Inc. Exhaust treatment systems and methods for using the same
US7377101B2 (en) 2004-02-13 2008-05-27 Fleetguard, Inc. Plasma fuel converter NOx adsorber system for exhaust aftertreatment
JP2006320870A (ja) * 2005-05-20 2006-11-30 Sanyo Electric Co Ltd 排ガス処理システム
CA2526308A1 (en) * 2005-11-18 2007-05-18 Gennady Krylov Method and apparatus for exhaust emission reduction
WO2008102708A1 (ja) 2007-02-21 2008-08-28 Osaka Prefecture University Public Corporation 排気ガスの処理方法および処理装置
JP4842895B2 (ja) * 2007-07-31 2011-12-21 株式会社テドリ 流体処理装置及び流体処理方法
ITRM20070446A1 (it) * 2007-08-20 2009-02-21 Ast Engineering S R L Impianto modulare per l abbattimento degli inquinanti contenuti nei fumi industriale

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
JP5411389B2 (ja) 2014-02-12
US8529855B2 (en) 2013-09-10
EP2576013B1 (en) 2018-11-14
CN102811793B (zh) 2014-11-26
KR101441221B1 (ko) 2014-09-17
KR20120124070A (ko) 2012-11-12
EP2576013A4 (en) 2014-12-03
EP2576013A1 (en) 2013-04-10
MX2012009381A (es) 2012-09-12
WO2011147085A1 (en) 2011-12-01
JP2013522027A (ja) 2013-06-13
US20130052111A1 (en) 2013-02-28
CN102811793A (zh) 2012-12-05

Similar Documents

Publication Publication Date Title
HK1178835A1 (en) Methods and system for removing gas components from flue gas
EP2542328A4 (en) SYSTEMS AND METHODS FOR GAS TEMPERING
EP2938426A4 (en) SYSTEMS AND METHOD FOR REMOVING MERCURY FROM EMISSIONS
PL2689821T3 (pl) Układ i sposób przetwarzania gazu wydechowego
EP2555851A4 (en) METHODS FOR THE REMOVAL OF MERCURY FROM CARBON GAS
EP2609538A4 (en) SYSTEM AND METHOD ADAPTED TO PREVENT SERVER MALIGNANT SOFTWARE
HK1206299A1 (en) Methods for removing contaminants from exhaust gases
EP2276552A4 (en) SYSTEM AND METHOD FOR PROCESSING EXHAUST GAS
EP2559875A4 (en) APPARATUS FOR EXHAUST GAS PURIFICATION
EP2612004A4 (en) EXHAUST GAS CLEANING PROCESS AND SYSTEM
EP2853707A4 (en) EXHAUST GAS PURIFICATION SYSTEM AND EXHAUST GAS PURIFICATION METHOD
EP2569077A4 (en) METHODS FOR REMOVING IMPURITIES FROM NATURAL GAS
ZA201109440B (en) System for gas processing
EP2907994A4 (en) SYSTEM AND METHOD FOR EXHAUST GAS PURIFICATION
EP2599537A4 (en) EXHAUST GAS TREATMENT SYSTEM
IL207208A (en) Install exhaust gas cleaning and methods for this
EP2436436A4 (en) METHOD FOR GAS REMOVAL OR DETOXIFICATION
EP2621607A4 (en) APPARATUS AND METHOD FOR PURIFYING GAS CURRENT
ZA201203496B (en) Flue gas treatment system
ZA201300534B (en) Gas cleaning unit and method for cleaning gas
IL225217A0 (en) Solvent and method for capturing carbon dioxide from gas emitted from a chimney
EP2612003A4 (en) EXHAUST GAS CLEANING PROCESS AND SYSTEM
EP2578293A4 (en) SYSTEM AND METHOD FOR TREATING EXHAUST GAS
EP2591845A4 (en) COMBUSTION GAS DENITRIFICATION SYSTEM
EP2792866A4 (en) EXHAUST GAS CLEANING SYSTEM AND EXHAUST GAS CLEANING PROCEDURE

Legal Events

Date Code Title Description
PC Patent ceased (i.e. patent has lapsed due to the failure to pay the renewal fee)

Effective date: 20190528