GB2568458A

GB2568458A - Electromagnetic device

Info

Publication number: GB2568458A
Application number: GB1716530.9A
Authority: GB
Inventors: James Scott Steven
Original assignee: Hyper Realism Ltd
Current assignee: Hyper Realism Ltd
Priority date: 2017-10-09
Filing date: 2017-10-09
Publication date: 2019-05-22
Also published as: GB201716530D0

Abstract

An electromagnetic actuator has a conductor 220 and a magnet 250 wherein electromagnetic interaction (electromagnetic induction) between the conductor and the magnet results in the conductor changing configuration. The conductor may form a single helical loop, fig 1a, a double helical loop, fig 2a; a biaxial loop, fig 4a; a trial interwoven loop, fig 5a; a circular interwoven loop, fig 6. The actuator also may be formed of multiple helical loops combined with magnets (figs 7a-c). The magnets may be permanent magnets or electromagnets. The magnets may be sufficiently flexible to deform as the conductor deforms. The electromagnets may be arranged in an array (e.g. fig 8) and be individually controlled to reverse their polarity. The electromagnetic actuator may include a supporting layer. The magnets may be interwoven with the conductive material.

Description

Electromagnetic Device

The invention relates to electromagnetic devices. In particular, the invention relates to electromagnetic devices which are able to move between different structural configurations upon application of an electrical input.

Background to the Invention

Devices capable of moving from one configuration upon input from a stimulus are known in the prior art. Thermoplastics change from being rigid to malleable upon application of heat. Special arrangements of these thermoplastics provide devices which can move from a first configuration to a second configuration upon application of heat. Similarly, bi-metallic strips can move between configurations upon application of heat due to dissimilar thermal expansion characteristics between the two metals of the strip. More recently, thermal and magnetic shape memory alloys have been developed which are capable of moving between configurations upon application of thermal energy or magnetic fields respectively.

A downside with the above described devices is that the range of movement they provide is limited. Moreover, many of these devices rely on relatively weak forces to move between configurations reducing the amount of applications of such devices. Additionally, these devices typically suffer from repeated cycling between configurations, leading to a reduction in efficacy in, and in some cases failure of, the device.

To overcome some of these disadvantages, electromagnetic devices may be used, such as electromagnetic actuators. These electromagnetic devices typically comprise a fixed electromagnetic coil and a moveable magnetic core or arm. Application of an electric current into the electromagnetic coil generates a magnetic field causing the magnetic core to move with respect to the fixed coil. Such devices suffer little or no damage from repeated cycling, are capable of producing strong forces through the use of large fixed coils and large electric currents, and can provide a relatively large movement along a single axis.

However, even these electromagnetic devices have drawbacks. The principal drawback being in the restriction in the degree of freedom in which the electromagnetic device can move.

There is therefore a need for improved electromagnetic devices.

Summary of the Invention

A first embodiment of the invention provides an electromagnetic device which may incorporate any of or all of the following features: a first magnetic means for providing a first magnetic field; and a conductive material formed into a permanently flexible electrical circuit, wherein the conductive material is configured to react to forces resulting from the interaction of the first magnetic means with both the moving charge within the conductive material, and the second magnetic field produced by the conductive material, upon application of a first electrical current to the conductive material, causing said conductive material to move from a first configuration to a second configuration.

The electromagnetic device may be further arranged such that in the second configuration the shape of the conductive material is different to the shape of the conductive material in the first configuration. The electromagnetic device may be further arranged such that a volume defined by the conductive material is different to the volume defined by the conductive material in the first configuration. The electromagnetic device may be further arranged such that both the shape and the volume defined by the conductive material is different.

The electromagnetic device may be further arranged such that the first configuration is the resting configuration of the conductive material when no electrical current is applied.

The electromagnetic device may be further arranged such that in the second configuration, the conductive material is angularly deformed with respect to a first dimension of the conductive material when in the first configuration.

The electromagnetic device may be further arranged such that in the second configuration a first dimension of the conductive material is greater than the first dimension of the conductive material when in the first configuration.

The electromagnetic device may be further configured such that the conductive material is arranged to move to a third configuration upon application of a second electrical current to the electrical circuit.

The electromagnetic device may be further arranged such that the second electrical current is greater than the first electrical current, and in the third configuration the first dimension of the conductive material is greater than the first dimension of the conductive material when in the second configuration.

The electromagnetic device may be further arranged such that the second electrical current is less than that of the first electrical current, and in the third configuration the first dimension of the conductive material is greater than the first dimension of the conductive material when in the first configuration but less than the first dimension of the conductive material in the second configuration.

The electromagnetic device may be further arranged such that the second electrical current has a different polarity to the first electrical current, and in the third configuration the first dimension of the conductive material is less than the first dimension of the conductive material in the first configuration.

The electromagnetic device may be further arranged such that the conductive material is an electrically conductive wire or strip.

The electromagnetic device may be further configured such that the conductive material is arranged such that only part of the conductive material is deformed when moving from the first to the second configuration.

The electromagnetic device may be further arranged such that the conductive material comprises any electrical conductor, superconductor, or composite comprising either of those materials.

The electromagnetic device may be further arranged such that the conductive material is formed into a flexible geometry capable of reacting to the forces resulting from the interaction of the first magnetic means with both the moving charge within the conductive material, and the second magnetic field produced by the conductive material, to move between the first configuration and the second configuration.

The electromagnetic device may be further configured such that the conductive material is arranged in a repeating pattern.

The electromagnetic device may be further arranged such that the first magnetic means comprises one or more permanent magnets. The electromagnetic device also be arranged such that the first magnetic means comprises one or more electromagnets.

The electromagnetic device may be further arranged such that the first magnetic means is sufficiently flexible to deform as the conductive material deforms.

The electromagnetic device may be further arranged such that the conductive material is configured to be moveable between the first configuration and the second configuration at a variable speed.

The electromagnetic device may further comprise an inductor. The electromagnetic device may be further arranged such that the inductor is arranged to receive an induced electrical current from an external electrical circuit. The electromagnetic device may be further arranged such that the inductor is arranged to induce an electrical current in an external electrical circuit. The electromagnetic device may be further arranged such that the inductor is arranged to induce electrical current within the electrical circuit.

The electromagnetic device may further comprise a capacitor. The electromagnetic device may be further arranged such that the capacitor is arranged to supply electrical current to the electrical circuit. The electromagnetic device may be further arranged such that the capacitor is arranged to receive electrical current from the electrical circuit.

The electromagnetic device may be further arranged such that the electromagnetic device is further configured to transmit information to an external diagnostic device, the transmitted information being indicative of one or more circuit parameter. The electromagnetic device may be further arranged such that the electromagnetic device is further configured to receive information from the external diagnostic device, the received information being in the form of a command.

The electromagnetic device may further comprise a supporting layer, the supporting layer arranged to at least partially surround the conductive material. The electromagnetic device may be further configured such that the supporting layer is arranged to stiffen the electromagnetic device. The electromagnetic device may be further arranged such that the supporting layer causes the electromagnetic device to move from the first configuration to a third configuration upon application of the first electrical current to the conductive material. The electromagnetic device may be further arranged such that the supporting layer is a fabric and the conductive material is bonded to the fabric.

The electromagnetic device may further comprise a second conductive material formed into a second electrical circuit. The electromagnetic device may be further arranged such that the second conductive material is configured to produce a third magnetic field upon application of a second electrical current to the second electrical circuit, wherein the second conductive material is arranged such that the third magnetic field interacts with the first magnetic field, and/or the second magnetic field, to cause the second conductive material to move from a first configuration to a second configuration.

The electromagnetic device may be further arranged such that it comprises any ratio of electrical conductors to magnetic means. The electromagnetic device may further comprise a second magnetic means for providing a further magnetic field.

The electromagnetic device may be further arranged such that moving from the first configuration to the second configuration comprises an angular deformation of more than 1 degree. The electromagnetic device may also be arranged such that moving from the first configuration to the second configuration comprises an angular deformation of more than 2 degrees, more than 3 degrees, more than 4 degrees, more than 5 degrees or more than 10 degrees.

The electromagnetic device may be further arranged such that moving from the first configuration to the second configuration comprises a change in a volume defined by the conductive material of more than 1 percent. The electromagnetic device may also be arranged such that moving from the first configuration to the second configuration comprises a change in a volume defined by the conductive material of more than 2 percent, more than 3 percent, more than 4 percent, more than 5 percent or more than 10 percent.

The electromagnetic device may be further arranged such that moving from the first configuration to the second configuration comprises a change in a first dimension of the conductive material of more than 1 percent. The electromagnetic device may also be arranged such that moving from the first configuration to the second configuration comprises a change in a first dimension of the conductive material of more than 2 percent, more than 3 percent, more than 4 percent, more than 5 percent or more than 10 percent.

The electromagnetic device may be further arranged such that the first conductive material comprises at least one free air gap. The electromagnetic device may be further arranged such that the first conductive material is free to move about or through the free air gap.

The electromagnetic device may be further configured such that the conductive material is arranged such that moving from the first configuration to the second configuration is non-linear across the conductive material.

The electromagnetic device may be further arranged such that the conductive material is arranged to move repeatedly between the first configuration and the second configuration upon application of a varying electrical current to the conductive material. The electromagnetic device may be further arranged such that the electromagnetic device is configured to vibrate, pump and/or actuate between the first and second configurations.

The electromagnetic device may be further arranged such that the first magnetic means comprises an array of individually controllable electromagnets. The electromagnetic device may be further arranged such that each individually controllable electromagnet can be controlled to reverse its polarity and/or change the magnitude of its magnetic field.

The electromagnetic device may be further configured such that one or more sections of the conductive material are arranged to react to the forces differently to the rest of the conductive material, thereby causing a differential configurational change across the conductive material. The electromagnetic device may be further arranged such that one or more sections of the conductive material can be electrically bypassed, thereby causing a differential configurational change across the conductive materials.

The electromagnetic device may be further arranged such that the first magnetic means is an extension of the conductive material, the first magnetic means being electrically connected in series or in parallel to the conductive material. The electromagnetic device may be further arranged such that the first magnetic means is interwoven with the conductive material.

A second embodiment of the invention provides a bulk electromagnetic device comprising a plurality of any of the electromagnetic devices described above.

A third embodiment of the invention provides a conductive material for an electromagnetic device, comprising a conductive material having a length and a width, wherein the conductive material is folded along its width.

Further features of the invention are defined in the appended dependent claims.

Brief Description of the Drawings

By way of example only, the invention will now be described with reference to the accompanying drawings, in which:

Figure la shows a single coil loop electromagnetic device in accordance with an embodiment of the invention;

Figure lb shows the electromagnetic device of Figure la in a second configuration;

Figure lc shows the electromagnetic device of Figure la in a third configuration;

Figure 2a shows a double coil loop electromagnetic device in accordance with an embodiment of the invention;

Figure 2b shows the electromagnetic device of Figure 2a in a second configuration;

Figure 2c shows the electromagnetic device of Figure 2a in a third configuration;

Figure 3a shows an open biaxial loop electromagnetic device in accordance with an embodiment of the invention;

Figure 3b shows the electromagnetic device of Figure 3a in a second configuration;

Figure 3c shows the electromagnetic device of Figure 3a in a third configuration;

Figure 4a shows a closed biaxial loop electromagnetic device in accordance with an embodiment of the invention;

Figure 4b shows the electromagnetic device of Figure 4a in a second configuration;

Figure 4c shows the electromagnetic device of Figure 4a in a third configuration;

Figure 5a shows a triaxial interwoven loop electromagnetic device in accordance with an embodiment of the invention;

Figure 5b shows the electromagnetic device of Figure 5a in a second configuration;

Figure 5c shows the electromagnetic device of Figure 5a in a third configuration;

Figure 6 shows a circular interwoven loop electromagnetic device in accordance with an embodiment of the invention;

Figure 7a shows a grouped electromagnetic device in accordance with an embodiment of the invention;

Figure 7b shows the electromagnetic device of Figure 7a in a second configuration;

Figure 7c shows the electromagnetic device of Figure 7a in a third configuration;

Figure 8 shows a quadraxial sheet electromagnetic device in accordance with an embodiment of the invention;

Figure 9a shows a star shaped electromagnetic device in accordance with an embodiment of the invention;

Figure 9b shows the electromagnetic device of Figure 9a in a second configuration;

Figure 9c shows the electromagnetic device of Figure 9a in a third configuration;

Figure 10a shows a conical-helix electromagnetic device in accordance with an embodiment of the invention;

Figure 10b shows the electromagnetic device of Figure 10a in a second configuration;

Figure 11 shows a folded conductive material in accordance with an embodiment of the invention;

Figure 12 shows a folded conductive material in accordance with an embodiment of the invention; and

Figure 13 shows a folded conductive material in accordance with an embodiment of the invention.

Detailed Description of Preferred Embodiments

There are many fields in which an electromagnetic device which can deform and/or move with a wide degree of freedom would be advantageous. The following examples, provide such electromagnetic devices which have an increased degree of freedom in movement.

A first embodiment of the electromagnetic device will now be described with reference to Figure la which illustrates the electromagnetic device with three dimensional geometry 100. The electromagnetic device 100 comprises a conductive material 110. The conductive material 110 may be made of any electrically conductive material, such as copper, a conductive polymer, graphene, carbon nanotubes and so forth. The conductive material 110 should be selected to be suitable for any given application, taking into account of the size of the electromagnetic device and the required configurational change.

The electromagnetic devices described herein are designed to change configuration (i.e. alter their shape, volume and/or length). Thus the electrically conductive materials used for the conductive material must be sufficiently flexible to enable this configurational change, given the forces that can be generated by the magnetic fields which will be described below. There is thus a wide range of materials, thicknesses of materials, and configurations of materials which are suitable depending on the application and size of electromagnetic device required. Where, for example, copper is used as the conductive material, differing the thickness of the copper will change the material properties of the device and hence the configurational change. For some applications, thin copper wire or sheets may be used. In other applications, layers of multiple copper wires or sheets may be used to provide a less flexible device as necessary and/or to decrease electrical resistance.

In the device illustrated in Figure la, the conductive material 110 is arranged as a helical loop. That is, Figure la shows the conductive material 110 formed as a helix in a loop with six principal rotations. More or fewer rotations may be used in practice. The conductive material 110 can however be arranged in many different configurations (the full scope of which is represented here within by but a few exemplified embodiments) which will each result in a different configurational change (i.e. a change in shape, volume and/or length), as will be described in relation to later figures. Figure la illustrates a simple arrangement of the conductive material 110 to aid the skilled person's understanding, more complicated exemplary arrangements are provided in the later described electromagnetic devices. Upon greater development, understanding and manufacturing capabilities, geometries will come to involve greater complexities still.

The conductive material 110 also has a first electrical connection point 120 and a second electrical connection point 130. The first 120 and second 130 electrical connection points are arranged to allow the supply of electrical current to and from the conductive material 110. Hence, in combination, the conductive material 110, and the first 120 and second 130 electrical connection points form a simple electrical circuit when connected to each other or to an external power source (not shown). The conductive material 110 is thus arranged to produce its own magnetic field upon application of an electrical current through the first and/or second electrical connection points. This magnetic field is the result of an electric current moving through an electrical circuit.

The electromagnetic device 100 also comprises a magnetic means 150 suitable for providing a magnetic field. In this example, the magnetic means 150 is a permanent magnet which produces a persistent magnetic field.

The arrows in Figure la show the direction a conventional electric current would pass, with electrical connector 120 being connected to the positive terminal of a power supply. The electromagnetic device 100 is in its first (resting) position in Figure la.

The electromagnetic device 100 is arranged such that the magnetic fields produced by the conductive material 110 and the moving charge within the conductive material 110 (when supplied with electrical current) interact with the magnetic means 150 to cause the conductive material 110 to move from a first, resting configuration, to a second configuration.

To be able to move from the first configuration to the second configuration, the conductive material 110 must be sufficiently flexible to be deformed by the interaction between its magnetic field, its moving charge and the magnetic field of the magnetic means 150. To aid movement between configurations, the conductive material 110 is provided with a plurality of air gaps (shown in Figure la as the gaps between successive loops in the conductive material 110).

To increase the magnetic field strength created by the conductive material 110, and to increase the amount of electrical charge moving through the conductive material 110 (whilst inversely decreasing the required level of electrical current), the conductive material may complete multiple circuits around the helical loop before finally exiting the loop 130. There may be as many circuits around the loop as is necessary before losing the requisite flexibility. Figure la illustrates this multiple circuits by showing crossing point 160 which illustrates the beginning of a further circuit around a the helical loop, not an electrical bridge between the first and second electrical connections 120, 130.

In the above example, the magnetic means 150 is exemplified as a permanent magnet. However, the function of the magnetic means 150 is to provide a first magnetic field with which the moving charge within, and the magnetic field produced by the conductive material 110 may interact. Therefore, the magnetic means 150 may alternatively be an electromagnet or any other form of nonpermanent magnet.

It is also advantageous if the magnetic means 150 is itself flexible. Advantageously, the use of a flexible magnetic means 150 enables the device 100 to move through a wider range of configurations. Where the magnetic means 150 is a permanent magnet, the permanent magnet may be made of any flexible permanent magnetic material known in the art. Alternatively, the magnetic means 150 may comprise a plurality of non-flexible permanent magnets embedded in a flexible material.

Where the magnetic means 150 is an electromagnet, it is clear that the magnetic means 150 may comprise a second flexible coil, or any other suitable arrangement.

Where the magnetic means 150 is an electromagnet, it can be constructed from a plurality/array of individually controllable electromagnets such that each electromagnet may be controlled to reverse its polarity and/or change the magnitude of its magnetic field. Thus allowing controllable biases across the magnetic field of the magnetic means 150, giving the ability to distort the conductive material 110 in multiple ways across multiple axis describing multiple new configurations. As well as the additional dexterity this introduces, in this incarnation, unwanted twists and bends from external forces such as heavy loads, gravity and acceleration can be counteracted.

Parameters of the conductive material 110, such as potential differences, vibrations and resistance can all change during movement between the first and second configurations. These parameters may be collected by an external diagnostics device (not shown) and analysed for deviations from the norm. Such an analysis can then be relayed back to the electromagnetic device 100, in the form of a correctional command or control. For example, if the information indicates an unwanted lean in the electromagnetic device 100, where the magnetic means 150 is an array of electromagnets, the individual magnetic fields of the magnetic means 150 can be controlled to create movement in the conductive material 110 to oppose that lean. Sensors and probes may also be used to collect and relay information.

The location of the magnetic means 150, with respect to the conductive material 110, may be adjusted in order to create a desired distortion. For example, the magnetic means 150 may be located in the centre of the conductive material 110, at the base or top of the conductive material 110, outside of the conductive material 110, or interwoven into the coil design of the conductive material 110 as required.

Sections of the conductive material 110 may also be electrically bypassed, giving the ability to distort the conductive material in multiple ways across multiple axis describing multiple new configurations. Sections of the conductive material can also be arranged to reverse, increase and/or decrease the electric current independently of one another, giving the ability to distort the conductive material in multiple ways across multiple axis describing multiple new configurations.

The magnetic means 150 may also form part of the electrical circuit of the conductive material 110, either connected in series or in parallel.

Iron or any other soft magnetic material may be introduced as a layer or object within the electromagnetic device 100 as a way to further complete and strengthen the magnetic circuit of the magnetic means 150.

Figures lb and lc show the electromagnetic device 100 of Figure la having moved from its first configuration to a second configuration and third configuration respectively.

Figure lb illustrates configurational change of the conductive material 110 (and hence the electromagnetic device 100). In Figure lb, an electric current has been applied to the conductive material 110 generating a magnetic field about the conductive material 110 such that it's lower pole opposes the pole of the magnetic means 150 below i.e. a north polarity meeting a south polarity or vice versa. This polarity of the two magnetic fields, coupled with the force exerted on the moving charge, causes the lower half of the conductive material 110 to extend towards the magnetic means 150, and the upper half of the conductive material 110 to extend away from the magnetic means 150. In the electromagnetic device illustrated in Figure lb, this causes the conductive material 110 to extend along an axis through the coil loop. Thus, application of an electric current causes the conductive material to move from the first (resting) configuration to the second (extended) configuration.

The extent of the deformation shown in Figure lb between the first and second configuration is controllable by adjusting the magnitude of the electrical current applied to the conductive material 110. The greater the electrical current, the greater the magnetic field of the conductive material 110, and the greater the moving charge will be, and hence the greater the force experienced by the conductive material 110. Hence the deformation of the conductive material can be controlled by adjusting the magnitude of the electric current. The only constraints on the extent of the deformation are in the maximal current the conductive material 110 can accept, and the extent over which the conductive material can maximally deform.

The conductive material 110 may also be configured to be moveable between the first configuration and the second configuration at a variable speed. Adjusting the magnitude of the electric current will cause the conductive material 110 to move between the first and second configurations at a different speed.

To aid the skilled person's understanding, adjusting the deformation of the conductive material between the first and second configuration, or deforming past the second configuration, may simply be considered as moving the conductive material 110 to a third configuration.

In addition, or alternatively, the deformation between configurations of the conductive material 110 is controllable by adjusting the relative positioning of the magnetic means 150 and the conductive material 110. The closer the two are brought together, the higher the forces between them. Hence, moving the magnetic means 150 and the conductive material 110 closer together will result in a greater deformation of the conductive material 110. Similarly, moving the magnetic means 150 and the conductive material further apart will result in a lesser deformation of the conductive material.

In addition, or alternatively, the deformation between configurations of the conductive material 110 is controllable by adjusting the magnitude of the magnetic field of the magnetic means 150. Where the magnetic means 150 is a permanent magnet, adjusting the magnitude of the magnetic field may not be possible without damage. However, where the magnetic means 150 is also an electromagnet, the magnetic field may be increased or decreased simply by adjusting the electric current supplied. This therefore provides a further method of controlling the deformation of the conductive material 110, in the same manner as adjusting the current supplied to the conductive material 110 described above.

In addition, or alternatively, the deformation between configurations of the conductive material 110 is controllable by adjusting the flexibility/rigidity of the conductive material 110 along its length. The more able the conductive material

110 is able to deform, the greater the magnitude of deformation of the conductive material for a given magnetic force.

Moreover, selectively adjusting the flexibility of the conductive material 110 along sections of its length or volume will cause the conductive material 110 to deform in a non-linear manner, giving fine control of the configurational change of the conductive material 110.

Adjusting the flexibility may be achieved by any suitable method such as making the conductive material out of more than one material (each having different mechanical properties), or changing the thickness of the conductive material 110 across its length, or by adding a layer of supporting material such as an elastomer.

Figure lc illustrates a further configurational change of the conductive material 110 (and hence the electromagnetic device 100). In Figure lc, an electric current has been applied to the conductive material 110 in the opposite direction to the same in Figure lb, which generates a magnetic field about the conductive material 110 such that it's lower pole matches the pole of the magnetic means 150 below. This polarity of the two magnetic fields, coupled with the force exerted on the moving charge, causes the lower half of the conductive material 110 to contract away from the magnetic means 150, and the upper half of the conductive material 110 to contract towards the magnetic means 150. In the device illustrated in Figure lc, this causes the conductive material 110 to contract along an axis through the coil loop, towards its centre. Thus, application of an electric current in this manner causes the conductive material to move from the first (resting) configuration to a second (contracted) configuration. Thus Figure lc illustrates how the direction of the deformation between the first and second configuration is controllable by adjusting the polarity of the electrical current.

As with the configurational changes described in respect of Figure lb, fine control of the configurational change shown in Figure lc can be achieved by adjusting the magnitude of the electrical current applied to the conductive material 110. In addition, or alternatively, the deformation between configurations of the conductive material 110 is controllable by adjusting the relative positioning of the magnetic means 150 and the conductive material 110. In addition, or alternatively, the deformation between configurations of the conductive material 110 is controllable by adjusting the magnitude of the magnetic field of the magnetic means 150.

In addition to, or alternatively, fine control of the configurational change across multiple axis can be achieved when the magnetic means 150 is constructed from a array of individually programmable electromagnets such that each one may be controlled to reverse polarity and/or change the magnitude of its magnetic field. Thus allowing controllable biases across the magnetic field of the magnetic means 150.

In addition, or alternatively, the deformation between configurations of the conductive material 110 is controllable by adjusting the flexibility/rigidity of the conductive material 110. The more able the conductive material 110 is able to deform, the greater the magnitude of deformation of the conductive material for a given magnetic force. Moreover, in addition or alternatively, selectively adjusting the flexibility of the conductive material 110 along sections of its length or volume will cause the conductive material 110 to deform in non-linear manner, giving fine control of the configurational change of the conductive material 110.

Figures 2a to 2c illustrate a further embodiment of the electromagnetic device with three dimensional geometry 200. Figures 2a to 2c illustrate an electromagnetic device 200 which may have some or all of the features of the first exemplary electromagnetic device. That is, Figures 2a to 2c illustrate an electromagnetic device comprising a conductive material 210, a first electrical connection point 220, a second electrical connection point 230 and a magnetic means 250.

In this example, the conductive material 210 is arranged as a double helical loop. That is, Figures 2a to 2c shows the conductive material 210 formed as a double helix in one loop with twelve principal rotations. The conductive material 210 still forms a single circuit. However, this embodiment shows a simple rearrangement allowing connection points 220 and 230 to enter and exit at one end of the configuration.

The advantage of a double helical loop 200 over the single helical loop 100 as shown in Figures la to lc, is that the two ends of the configuration are not bound by the connection points 220 and 230 as they were in the previous embodiment la through lc. The structure is also reinforced. Arrows show the direction an electric current would move if a power source was connected in the manner shown. As with the repeated loops described in respect of Figure la, it is possible for the conductive material 210 to complete one loop and then continue over the same path multiple times before exiting the configuration at a connection point 220, 230. In this way it will multiply the moving charge and magnetic field whilst reducing the necessary current. Furthermore, when the electromagnetic device 200 is arranged to use the configurational change to perform work (for example moving or pushing an external object as an actuator), the electromagnetic device 200 is able to exert a higher force on any external objects than that of the electromagnetic device 100.

Figure 2b illustrates configurational change of the conductive material 210 (and hence the electromagnetic device 200). In Figure 2b, an electric current has been applied to the conductive material 210 which generates a magnetic field about the conductive material 210 such that it's lower pole opposes the pole of the magnetic means 250 below i.e. a north polarity meeting a south polarity or vice versa. This polarity of the two magnetic fields, coupled with the force exerted on the moving charge, causes the lower half of the conductive material 210 to extend towards the magnetic means 250, and the upper half of the conductive material 210 to extend away from the magnetic means 250. In this example, this causes the conductive material 210 to extend along an axis through the coil loop. Thus, application of an electric current causes the conductive material to move from the first (resting) configuration to the second (extended) configuration.

Figure 2c illustrates configurational change of the conductive material 210 (and hence the electromagnetic device 200). In Figure 2c, an electric current has been applied to the conductive material 210 in the opposite direction to the same in Figure 2b, which generates a magnetic field about the conductive material 210 such that it's lower pole matches the pole of the magnetic means 250 below. This polarity of the two magnetic fields, coupled with the force exerted on the moving charge, causes the lower half of the conductive material 210 to contract away from the magnetic means 250, and the upper half of the conductive material 210 to contract towards the magnetic means 250. In this example, this causes the conductive material 210 to contract along an axis through the coil loop towards its centre. Thus, application of an electric current causes the conductive material to move from the first (resting) configuration to the second (contracted) configuration.

As with the configurational changes described in respect of Figures la to lc, fine control of the configurational change shown in Figures 2b and 2c can be achieved by adjusting the magnitude of the electrical current applied to the conductive material 210, adjusting the relative positioning of the magnetic means 250 and the conductive material 210, adjusting the magnitude of the magnetic field of the magnetic means 250, adjusting the flexibility/rigidity of the conductive material 210 and/or adjusting the flexibility of the conductive material 210 along its length or volume.

Figures 3a to 3c illustrate a third embodiment of the electromagnetic device with three dimensional geometry 300. Figures 3a to 3c illustrate an electromagnetic device 300 which may include all of the features of the previous exemplary electromagnetic devices. That is, Figures 3a to 3c illustrate an electromagnetic device 300 comprising a conductive material 310, a first electrical connection point 320, a second electrical connection point 330 and a magnetic means 350.

In this example, the conductive material 310 is arranged as a short biaxial loop. That is, Figures 3a to 3c shows the conductive material 310 formed as a short biaxial loop with a flowering motion. The conductive material 310 is arranged to extend along two principal axes as it is constructed along a central device axis. Figure 3a shows arrows on the conductive material 310 which illustrate the direction in which a conventional current would flow if the positive terminal of a power source were to be connected to the connector 320 and the negative terminal to connector 330. In Figure 3a the electromagnetic device 300 is at rest.

As with the repeated loops described in respect of Figure la, it is possible for the conductor material 310 to complete one loop and then continue over the same path multiple times before exiting the configuration as a connection point 320 330. In this way it will multiply the moving charge and magnetic field whilst reducing the necessary current. The conductive material 310 still forms a single circuit.

This incarnation illustrates how a change in design can change the possible configurations. For brevity only a small number of arrangements are described herein, this should not be taken as placing any limitation on the scope of protection sought.

Figure 3b illustrates configurational change of the conductive material 310 (and hence the electromagnetic device 300). In Figure 3b, an electric current has been applied to the conductive material 310 which generates a magnetic field about the conductive material 310 such that it's lower pole opposes the pole of the magnetic means 350 below i.e. a north polarity meeting a south polarity or vice versa. This polarity of the two magnetic fields, coupled with the force exerted on the moving charge, causes the lower half of the conductive material 310 to contract in a normal direction towards an axis through the biaxial loop, and the upper half of the conductive material 310 to expand in a normal direction away from the axis through the biaxial loop. Given the arrangement of the magnetic means 350 and the conductive material 310 shown in Figure 3b, this causes the conductive material 310 to actuate in a blooming motion. Thus, application of an electric current causes the conductive material 310 to move from the first (resting) configuration to a second configuration.

Figure 3c illustrates configurational change of the conductive material 310 (and hence the electromagnetic device 300). In Figure 3c, an electric current has been applied to the conductive material 310 in the opposite direction to the same in Figure 3b, which generates a magnetic field about the conductive material 310 such that it's lower pole matches the pole of the magnetic means 350 below. This polarity of the two magnetic fields, coupled with the force exerted on the moving charge, causes the lower half of the conductive material 310 to expand in a normal direction away from the axis through the biaxial loop, and the upper half of the conductive material 310 to contract in a normal direction towards an axis through the biaxial loop. Given the arrangement of the magnetic means 350 and the conductive material 310 shown in Figure 3c, this causes the conductive material 310 to actuate in a fading motion. Thus, application of an electric current causes the conductive material to move from the first (resting) configuration to a second configuration.

As with the configurational changes described in respect of Figures la to 2c, fine control of the configurational change shown in Figures 3b and 3c can be achieved by adjusting the magnitude of the electrical current applied to the conductive material 310, adjusting the relative positioning of the magnetic means 350 and the conductive material 310, adjusting the magnitude of the magnetic field of the magnetic means 350, adjusting the flexibility/rigidity of the conductive material 310 and/or adjusting the flexibility of the conductive material 310 along its length or volume.

Figures 4a to 4c illustrate a fourth embodiment of the electromagnetic device with three dimensional geometry 400. Figures 4a to 4c illustrate an electromagnetic device 400 which may include all of the features of the previous exemplary electromagnetic devices. That is, Figures 4a to 4c illustrate an electromagnetic device 400 comprising a conductive material 410, a first electrical connection point 420, a second electrical connection point 430 and a magnetic means 450.

In this example, the conductive material 410 is arranged as a tall biaxial loop. That is, Figures 4a to 4c shows the conductive material 410 formed as a tall biaxial loop with a ballooning motion. In a tall biaxial loop, the conductive material 410 is arranged to extend along two principal axes as it is constructed along a central device axis. The tall biaxial loop 410 differs from the short biaxial loop 310 in height only. This simple change prevents the flowering motion as in the electromagnetic device 300, and instead presents an alternate configurational change.

Figure 4b illustrates configurational change of the conductive material 410 (and hence the electromagnetic device 400). In Figure 4b, an electric current has been applied to the conductive material 410 which generates a magnetic field about the conductive material 410 such that it's lower pole opposes the pole of the magnetic means 450 below i.e. a north polarity meeting a south polarity or vice versa. This polarity of the two magnetic fields, coupled with the force exerted on the moving charge, causes the lower half of the conductive material 410 to contract in a normal direction towards an axis through the biaxial loop, and the upper half of the conductive material 410 to expand in a normal direction away from the axis through the biaxial loop. Given the arrangement of the magnetic means 450 and the conductive material 410 shown in Figure 4b, this causes the conductive material 410 to actuate in an inflating motion. Thus, application of an electric current causes the conductive material 410 to move from the first (resting) configuration to a second configuration.

Figure 4c also illustrates configurational change of the conductive material 410 (and hence the electromagnetic device 400). In Figure 4c, an electric current has been applied to the conductive material 410 in the opposite direction to the same in Figure 4b, which generates a magnetic field about the conductive material 410 such that it's lower pole matches the pole of the magnetic means 450 below. This polarity of the two magnetic fields, coupled with the force exerted on the moving charge, causes the lower half of the conductive material 410 to expand in a normal direction away from the axis through the biaxial loop, and the upper half of the conductive material 410 to contract in a normal direction towards an axis through the biaxial loop. Given the arrangement of the magnetic means 450 and the conductive material 410 shown in Figure 4c, this causes the conductive material 410 to actuate in a deflating motion. Thus, application of an electric current causes the conductive material to move from the first (resting) configuration to a second configuration.

As with the configurational changes described in respect of Figures la to 3c, fine control of the configurational change shown in Figures 4b and 4c can be achieved by adjusting the magnitude of the electrical current applied to the conductive material 410, adjusting the relative positioning of the magnetic means 450 and the conductive material 410, adjusting the magnitude of the magnetic field of the magnetic means 450, adjusting the flexibility/rigidity of the conductive material 410 and/or adjusting the flexibility of the conductive material 410 along its length or volume.

Figures 5a to 5c illustrate a fifth embodiment of the electromagnetic device with two dimensional geometry 500. Figures 5a to 5c illustrate an electromagnetic device 500 which may include all of the features of the previous exemplary electromagnetic devices. That is, Figures 5a to 5c illustrate an electromagnetic device 500 comprising a conductive material 510, a first electrical connection point 520, a second electrical connection point 530 and a magnetic means 550.

In this example, the conductive material 510 is arranged as a triaxial interwoven loop. In a triaxial interwoven loop, the conductive material 510 is arranged to extend along three principal axes approximating triangular rotations of the conductive material 510. Figure 5a shows arrows on the conductive material 510 which illustrate the direction in which an electric current would travel should one be applied in this way. The electromagnetic device 500 is at rest (first configuration) in Figure 5a.

Figure 5b illustrates configurational change of the conductive material 510 (and hence the electromagnetic device 500). In Figure 5b, an electric current has been applied to the conductive material 510 which generates a magnetic field about the conductive material 510 such that it's lower pole opposes the pole of the magnetic means 550 below i.e. a north polarity meeting a south polarity or vice versa. This polarity of the two magnetic fields, coupled with the force exerted on the moving charge, causes the magnetic means 550 and the conductive material 510 to attract. In this example, this causes the conductive material 510 to bend toward the magnetic means 550 about an axis perpendicular to the magnetic field of the magnetic means 550. Thus, application of an electric current causes the conductive material to move from the first (resting) configuration to a second (angularly contracted) configuration.

Figure 5c also illustrates configurational change of the conductive material 510 (and hence the electromagnetic device 500). In Figure 5c, an electric current has been applied to the conductive material 510 in the opposite direction to the same in Figure 5b, which generates a magnetic field about the conductive material 510 that has the same polarity at the point it meets the magnetic field of the magnetic means 550. This polarity of the two magnetic fields, coupled with the force exerted on the moving charge, causes the magnetic means 550 and the conductive material 510 to repel. Given the arrangement of the magnetic means 550 and the conductive material 510 shown in Figure 5c, this causes the conductive material 510 to bend away from the magnetic means 550 about an axis perpendicular to the magnetic field of the magnetic means 550. Thus, application of an electric current causes the conductive material 510 to move from the first (resting) configuration to a second (angularly extended) configuration.

As with the configurational changes described in respect of Figures la to 4c, fine control of the configurational change shown in Figures 5b and 5c can be achieved by adjusting the magnitude of the electrical current applied to the conductive material 510, adjusting the relative positioning of the magnetic means 550 and the conductive material 510, adjusting the magnitude of the magnetic field of the magnetic means 550, adjusting the flexibility/rigidity of the conductive material 510 and/or adjusting the flexibility of the conductive material 510 along its length or volume. It should be further understood, that adjusting the relative positioning of the magnetic means 550 and the conductive material 510 enables the extent and axis about which any angular deformation occurs.

Figure 6 illustrates a sixth embodiment of the electromagnetic device with two dimensional geometry 600. Figure 6 illustrates a circular interwoven loop electromagnetic device 600 which may include all of the features of the previous exemplary electromagnetic devices. That is, Figure 6 illustrates an electromagnetic device 600 comprising a conductive material 610, a first electrical connection point 620, a second electrical connection point 630 and a magnetic means 650. The circular interwoven loop electromagnetic device 600 provides a further exemplary configuration which is suitable for angular deformation. It should be readily understood that the circular interwoven loop electromagnetic device 600 is suitable for angularly deforming in the manner shown in Figures 5b and 5c.

That is, a repelling force between the two magnetic fields, coupled with the force on the moving charge within the conductive material 610, causes the conductive material 610 to try to move away from the magnetic means 650 and the circular weave of the conductive material translates this force into an angular deformation away from the magnetic means 650.

Conversely, an attractive force between the two magnetic fields, coupled with the force on the moving charge within the conductive material 610, causes the conductive material 610 to try to move towards the magnetic means 650, the circular weave of the conductive material translates this force into an angular deformation towards the magnetic means.

The previous embodiments have illustrated the invention by reference to a single conductive material and a single magnetic means. The advantages of this example can be multiplied by combining multiple conductive materials and/or multiple magnetic means to enable further configurational changes and extend the possible uses of the electromagnetic device.

Figures 7a to 7c illustrate a seventh and grouped embodiment of the electromagnetic device with three dimensional geometry 700. Figures 7a to 7c illustrate an electromagnetic device 700 which may comprise some or all of the features of the previous embodiments. For exemplary purposes, Figures 7a to 7c illustrate multiple helical loops, as illustrated in Figures la to 2c, combined into a single electromagnetic device 700. Electromagnetic device 700 thus comprises six conductive materials 710, six first electrical connection points 720, six second electrical connection points 730 and seven magnetic means 750.

In this example, the six conductive materials 710 are arranged end to end along a single principal axis. In between consecutive conductive materials 710 a magnetic means 750 is located. Furthermore, in this example, one further magnetic means 750 is added to one end to maintain a symmetry between configurations. Each magnetic means in this example has the same orientation.

Consecutive conductive materials 710 may be electrically connected together, through respective first 720 and second 730 electrical connection points, to form effectively a single conductive material 710. The advantage of connecting the conductive materials in this manner is that it simplifies the electrical circuit and enable a uniform configurational change.

Alternatively, the conductive materials 710 may be each electrically isolated in separate electrical circuits, or connected in groups. Electrically connecting the conductive materials 710 in this manner enables finer control of any configurational change and an increased number of possible configurational changes by use of differential contraction and/or expansion of individual or groups of conductive materials 710.

Figure 7b illustrates a configurational change of the electromagnetic device 700. In Figure 7b, an electric current has been applied to each of the conductive materials 710 which generates a magnetic field about the conductive materials 710 such that each end of the conductive materials 710 holds the opposite pole to it's connecting magnetic means 750. Each end of the conductive material is then attracted towards it's connecting magnetic means 750, and repelled by the magnetic means 750 at the opposite end. Given the arrangement of the magnetic means 750 and the conductive material 710 shown in Figure 7b, this causes the electromagnetic device 710 to extend along a principal axis passing through the centre of each of the magnetic means 750 and conductive material 710. Thus, application of an electric current causes the electromagnetic device 700 to move from the first (resting) configuration to a second (extended) configuration.

Figure 7c illustrates a further configurational change of the electromagnetic device 700. In Figure 7c, an electric current has been applied to the conductive materials 710 which generates a magnetic field about the conductive materials 710 such that each end of the conductive materials 710 holds the same pole to it's connecting magnetic means 750. Each end of the conductive material is then repelled by it's connecting magnetic means 750 and attracted towards the magnetic means 750 at the opposite end. Given the arrangement of the magnetic means 750 and the conductive materials 710 shown in Figure 7c, this causes the electromagnetic device 710 to contract along a principal axis passing through the centre of each of the magnetic means 750 and conductive material 710. Thus, application of an electric current causes the electromagnetic device 700 to move from the first (resting) configuration to a second (contracted) configuration.

As with the configurational changes described in respect of Figures la to 6, fine control of the configurational change shown in Figures 7b and 7c can be achieved by adjusting the magnitude of the electrical current applied to each of the conductive materials 710, adjusting the relative positioning of the magnetic means 750 and the conductive materials 710, adjusting the magnitude of the magnetic field of the magnetic means 750, adjusting the flexibility/rigidity of the conductive materials 710 and/or adjusting the flexibility of the conductive materials 710 along their length or volume.

Figure 8 provides a further exemplary electromagnetic device which makes use of combining multiple conductive materials and multiple magnetic means to enable further configurational changes and extend the possible uses of the electromagnetic device.

Figure 8 illustrates an eighth and grouped embodiment of the electromagnetic device with a combined two dimensional geometry 800. That is to say electromagnetic device 800 combines a plurality of three dimensional embodiments into one two dimensional embodiment. Figure 8 illustrates an electromagnetic device 800 which may comprise some or all of the features of the previous exemplary electromagnetic devices. For exemplary purposes, Figure 8 illustrates multiple helical loops, as illustrated in Figures la to 2c, combined into a single electromagnetic device 800. Electromagnetic device 800 thus comprises a plurality of conductive materials 810, a plurality of first electrical connection points 820, a plurality of second electrical connection point 830 and a plurality of magnetic means 850.

In this example, the plurality of conductive materials 810 are arranged into a 2dimenstional flat sheet. A plurality of radially aligned magnetic means 850 are interspersed between the plurality of conductive materials 810 and connected to each surrounding conductive material 810, to form said flat sheet.

The conductive materials 810 may be electrically connected together, through respective first 820 and second 830 electrical connection points, to form effectively a single conductive material 810. The advantage of connecting the conductive materials 810 in this manner is that it simplifies the electrical circuit and enable a uniform configurational change.

Alternatively, the conductive materials 810 may be each electrically isolated in separate electrical circuits, or connected in groups. Electrically connecting the conductive materials 810 in this manner enables finer control of any configurational change and an increased number of possible configurational changes by use of differential contraction and/or expansion of individual or groups of conductive materials 810.

If a uniform electric current was applied to each of the conductive materials 810 of electromagnetic device 800, thus generating a magnetic field about the conductive materials 810 such that each end of the conductive materials 710 holds the opposite pole to it's connecting magnetic means 750, then each end of the conductive material would be attracted towards it's connecting magnetic means 750, and repelled by the magnetic means 750 at the opposite end. Given the arrangement of the magnetic means 850 and the conductive material 810 shown in Figure 8, this would cause each line of conductive materials to extend and the electromagnetic device 800 to expand equally in all directions along it's two dimensional plane. Thus, application of an electric current causes the electromagnetic device 800 to move from the first (resting) configuration to a second (expanded) configuration.

If the reverse electric current was applied to each of the conductive materials 810, thus generating a magnetic field about the conductive materials 810 such that each end of the conductive materials 810 holds the same pole to it's connecting magnetic means 850, then each end of the conductive materials 810 would be repelled by it's connecting magnetic means 850, and attracted towards the magnetic means 850 at the opposite end. Given the arrangement of the magnetic means 850 and the conductive material 810 shown in Figure 8, this would cause each line of conductive materials to contract and the electromagnetic device 800 to contract equally in all directions along it's two dimensional plane. Thus, application of an electric current causes the electromagnetic device 800 to move from the first (resting) configuration to a second (contracted) configuration.

As with the configurational changes described in respect of Figures la to 7c, fine control of the configurational change can be achieved by adjusting the magnitude of the electrical current applied to each of the conductive materials 810, adjusting the relative positioning of the magnetic means 850 and the conductive materials 810, adjusting the magnitude of the magnetic field of the magnetic means 850, adjusting the flexibility/rigidity of the conductive materials 810 and/or adjusting the flexibility of the conductive materials 810 along their length or volume.

It is not practical to illustrate every two dimensional embodiment of the electromagnetic device. However, to aid the skilled person's understanding, one further example is provided in Figures 9a to 9c in diagram form.

Figures 9a to 9c illustrate another embodiment of the electromagnetic device with two dimensional geometry 900. Figures 9a to 9c illustrate an electromagnetic device 900 which may include all of the features of the previous exemplary electromagnetic devices. That is, Figures 9a to 9c illustrate an electromagnetic device 900 comprising a conductive material 910, a first electrical connection point 920, a second electrical connection point 930 and a magnetic means (not shown). In figures 9a to 9c, the magnetic means is provided behind the conductive material 910, and the field lines 955 of the magnetic field are illustrated as coming out of the page.

In this example, the conductive material 910 is arranged in an approximate star shape. The conductive material 910 is shown as a single wire only to aid the skilled person's understanding of the configurational change generated by such a shape. The conductive material 910 may be formed of a sheet, twisted wire, multiple layered wire or any other suitable configuration. The result of the different configurational shape compared to previous electromagnetic devices is that it produces a different configurational change. When an electric current is applied in the direction of the arrows as indicated in Figure 9a, a force is generated which causes the conductive material to contract at the base of each point in the star configuration. This configurational change is illustrated in Figure 9b.

Figure 9b illustrates the configurational change of the conductive material 910 (and hence the electromagnetic device 900). In Figure 9b, an electric current has been applied to the conductive material 910 which generates a magnetic field about the conductive material 910 which, combined with the force on the moving charge, causes the star shape to collapse, by the respective bases of each point on the star being caused to draw together. Thus, application of an electric current causes the conductive material 410 to move from the first (resting) configuration to a second (collapsed) configuration.

Figure 9c illustrates the reverse configurational change of the conductive material 910 (and hence the electromagnetic device 900). In Figure 9c, an electric current has been applied to the conductive material 910 in the opposite direction to the same in Figure 9b, which generates a magnetic field about the conductive material 910 such that the interaction of magnetic fields with each other and the moving charge cause the star shape to expand. Thus, application of an electric current causes the conductive material to move from the first (resting) configuration to a second (expanded) configuration.

As with the configurational changes described in respect of Figures la to 8c, control of the configurational change shown in Figures 9b and 9c can be achieved by adjusting the magnitude of the electrical current applied to the conductive material 910, adjusting the relative positioning of the magnetic means (not shown) and the conductive material 910, adjusting the magnitude of the magnetic field of the magnetic means 950, adjusting the flexibility/rigidity of the conductive material 910 and/or adjusting the flexibility of the conductive material 910 along its length or volume.

It is not practical to illustrate every three dimensional embodiment of the electromagnetic device. However, to aid the skilled person's understanding, one further example is provided in Figures 10a and 10b in diagram form.

Figures 10a and 10b illustrate another electromagnetic device 1000. Figures 10a and 10b illustrate an electromagnetic device 1000 which may include all of the features of the previous exemplary electromagnetic devices. That is, Figures 10a and 10b illustrate an electromagnetic device 1000 comprising a conductive material 1010, a first electrical connection point 1020, a second electrical connection point 1030 and a magnetic means 1050.

In this example, the conductive material 1010 is arranged in a conical helix configuration. The conical helix shape is helical in that the conductive material is formed into a helical, spring like shape. The conical helix shape is conical in that each successive rotation of the helix describes a larger (or smaller) circle leading to a conical plan view as shown in figures 10a and 10b. The direction of rotation of the helix is reversed about the midpoint of the conductive material 1010 to provide a symmetric configurational change about the midpoint of the conductive material 1010.

The conductive material 1010 is shown as a single wire only to aid the skilled person's understanding of the configurational change generated by such a shape. The conductive material 1010 may be formed of a sheet, twisted wire, multiple layered wire or any other suitable configuration. The result of the different configurational shape compared to previous electromagnetic devices is that it produces a different configurational change.

Figure 10a illustrates this configurational change of the conductive material 1010 (and hence the electromagnetic device 1000). In Figure 10a, an electric current has been applied to the conductive material 1010 which generates a magnetic field about the conductive material 1010 which, coupled with the force on the moving charge, causes the conductive material 1010 to be repelled from the magnetic field of the central magnetic means 1050. This causes the conductive material 1010 to expand along an axis through the centre of the conductive material 1010. Thus, application of an electric current causes the conductive material 1010 to move from a first (resting) configuration to a second (expanded) configuration.

Figure 10b illustrates the reverse configurational change of the conductive material 1010 (and hence the electromagnetic device 1000). In Figure 10b, an electric current has been applied to the conductive material 1010 in the opposite direction to the same in Figure 10a, which generates a magnetic field about the conductive material 1010 which, combined with the force on the moving charge, has the opposite polarity to that of the conductive material 1010 shown in Figure 10a. Given the arrangement of the magnetic means and the conductive material 1010 shown in Figure 10b, this polarity of the two magnetic fields causes the conductive material 1010 to contract along the axis through the centre of the conductive material 1010. Thus, application of an electric current causes the conductive material to move to a second (contracted) configuration.

As with the configurational changes described in respect of Figures la to 9c, control of the configurational change shown in Figures 10a and 10b can be achieved by adjusting the magnitude of the electrical current applied to the conductive material 1010, adjusting the relative positioning of the magnetic means (1050) and the conductive material 1010, adjusting the magnitude of the magnetic field of the magnetic means 1050, adjusting the flexibility/rigidity of the conductive material 1010 and/or adjusting the flexibility of the conductive material 1010 along its length or volume.

The conductive material may form, in part or as a whole, a coil suitable for receiving electrical energy through electromagnetic induction. Similarly, the conductive material may form, in part or as a whole, a coil suitable for transmitting electrical energy through electromagnetic induction. In one example, the second configuration of the conductive material may form the conductive material into a coil shape suitable for transmitting and receiving electrical energy from a nearby matched coil.

The conductive material may be formed from a single layer of any suitable conductive material. Alternatively, the conductive material may be formed from multiple layers of a conductive material.

Advantageously, the conductive material may be formed from a single layer of a conductive material that has been folded about its width. Folding, as described herein, is meant as bending a material such that one part of the material covers another. That is, folding may be considered to be the rolling of a material such that one part covers another, or the bending of a material along an axis such that one part covers another. An insulation layer may or may not be introduced in between each fold.

The advantages include a greater width with a capacity to deliver a greater charge with less resistance or heat loss, and remaining more flexible than a comparably dimensioned solid wire of the same conductive material. Such advantages are obviously not limited to this application and thusly such a wire can be used in other circuits for other purposes.

Figure 11 shows an exemplary conductive material 1110 which has been folded repeatedly to form a larger structure. Figure 11 illustrates a flat sheet which has been rolled repeatedly such that it forms a shape approximating wire.

Figure 12 shows a further exemplar conductive material 1210 which has been folded repeatedly to form a larger structure. Figure 12 illustrates a flat sheet which has been repeatedly folded (in a concertinaed manner) such that it forms a square cross-sectioned wire.

The electromagnetic device of all of the preceding exemplary electromagnetic devices may further include a capacitor (in addition to, or in place of, the electrical circuit powering the device). A capacitor, or capacitors, may be provided to supply electrical current to the electromagnetic device in order to cause it to move from a first configuration to a second configuration. The capacitor may form part of an electrical circuit connected to the first and second electrical connection points. Alternatively, the capacitor may be integrated with, and directly connected to, the conductive material. For example, the conductive material may comprise layers of a dielectric material between respective layers of the conductive material to form such a capacitor.

Figure 13 illustrates an exemplary conductive material 1310 comprising a conductive material 1360. Two lengths of conductive material 1310 have been folded repeatedly together (in a concertinaed manner), separated by a dielectric material 1360 (indicated by a dashed line) to form a larger structure. This larger structure may act as a capacitor. This provides a conductive material with an integrated capacitor that is relatively more flexible that a comparably dimensioned solid conductive material. Again, the advantages of such a wire are not limited to this device and thusly such a wire can be used in other circuits for other purposes.

The electromagnetic device may further comprise a supportive layer. Such supportive layer may be of any material suitable for providing mechanical support to the conductive material. The supportive layer must be at flexible enough to enable the conductive material to move between a first and second configuration in use.

The electrical circuit formed by the conductive material may be supplied with either direct current or alternating current. Direct current enables the conductive material to persistently stay in a second configuration. Alternating current enables the conductive material to cycle between a first and second configuration. The skilled person will appreciate that both of these options have their own inherent advantages. Direct current allows for flexible configurable actuators to be formed. Alternating current allows for electromagnetic devices which can pump between states.

Features of the present invention are defined in the appended claims. While particular combinations of features have been presented in the claims, it will be appreciated that other combinations, such as those provided above, may be used.

The above example describe one way of implementing the present invention. It will be appreciated that modifications of the features of the above examples are possible within the scope of the independent claims.

Claims

1. An electromagnetic device, comprising:

a first magnetic means for providing a first magnetic field; and a conductive material formed into a permanently flexible electrical circuit, wherein the conductive material is configured to react to forces resulting from the interaction of the first magnetic means with both the moving charge within the conductive material, and the second magnetic field produced by the conductive material, upon application of a first electrical current to the conductive material, causing said conductive material to move from a first configuration to a second configuration.

2. The electromagnetic device of claim 1, wherein in the second configuration the shape of the conductive material is different to the shape of the conductive material in the first configuration, or a volume defined by the conductive material is different to the volume defined by the conductive material in the first configuration, or both the shape and the volume defined by the conductive material is different.

3. The electromagnetic device of any preceding claim, wherein the first configuration is the resting configuration of the conductive material when no electrical current is applied.

4. The electromagnetic device of any preceding claim, wherein in the second configuration, the conductive material is angularly deformed with respect to a first dimension of the conductive material when in the first configuration.

5. The electromagnetic device of any preceding claim, wherein in the second configuration a first dimension of the conductive material is greater than the first dimension of the conductive material when in the first configuration.

6. The electromagnetic device of any preceding claim, wherein the conductive material is arranged to move to a third configuration upon application of a second electrical current to the electrical circuit.

7. The electromagnetic device of claim 6, wherein the second electrical current is greater than the first electrical current, and in the third configuration the first dimension of the conductive material is greater than the first dimension of the conductive material when in the second configuration.

8. The electromagnetic device of claim 6, wherein the second electrical current is less than that of the first electrical current, and in the third configuration the first dimension of the conductive material is greater than the first dimension of the conductive material when in the first configuration but less than the first dimension of the conductive material in the second configuration.

9. The electromagnetic device of claim 6, wherein the second electrical current has a different polarity to the first electrical current, and in the third configuration the first dimension of the conductive material is less than the first dimension of the conductive material in the first configuration.

10. The electromagnetic device of any preceding claim, wherein the conductive material is an electrically conductive wire or strip.

11. The electromagnetic device of any preceding claim, wherein the conductive material is arranged such that only part of the conductive material is deformed when moving from the first to the second configuration.

12. The electromagnetic device of any preceding claim, wherein the conductive material comprises any electrical conductor, superconductor, or composite comprising either of those materials.

13. The electromagnetic device of any preceding claim, wherein the conductive material is formed into a flexible geometry capable of reacting to the forces resulting from the interaction of the first magnetic means with both the moving charge within the conductive material, and the second magnetic field produced by the conductive material, to move between the first configuration and the second configuration.

14. The electromagnetic device of any preceding claim, wherein the conductive material is arranged in a repeating pattern.

15. The electromagnetic device of any preceding claim, wherein the first magnetic means comprises one or more permanent magnets.

16. The electromagnetic device of any preceding claim, wherein the first magnetic means comprises one or more electromagnets.

17. The electromagnetic device of any preceding claim, wherein the first magnetic means is sufficiently flexible to deform as the conductive material deforms.

18. The electromagnetic device of any preceding claim, wherein the conductive material is configured to be moveable between the first configuration and the second configuration at a variable speed.

19. The electromagnetic device of any preceding claim, further comprising: an inductor.

20. The electromagnetic device of claim 19, wherein the inductor is arranged to receive an induced electrical current from an external electrical circuit.

21. The electromagnetic device of claim 19 or 20, wherein the inductor is arranged to induce an electrical current in an external electrical circuit.

22. The electromagnetic device of any of claims 19 to 21, wherein the inductor is arranged to induce electrical current within the electrical circuit.

23. The electromagnetic device of any preceding claim, further comprising:

a capacitor.

24. The electromagnetic device of claim 23, wherein the capacitor is arranged to supply electrical current to the electrical circuit.

25. The electromagnetic device of claims 23 or 24, wherein the capacitor is arranged to receive electrical current from the electrical circuit.

26. The electromagnetic device of any preceding claim, wherein the electromagnetic device is further configured to transmit information to an external diagnostic device, the transmitted information being indicative of one or more circuit parameter.

27. The electromagnetic device of claim 26, wherein the electromagnetic device is further configured to receive information from the external diagnostic device, the received information being in the form of a command.

28. The electromagnetic device of any preceding claim, further comprising:

a supporting layer, the supporting layer arranged to at least partially surround the conductive material.

29. The electromagnetic device of claim 28, wherein the supporting layer is arranged to stiffen the electromagnetic device.

30. The electromagnetic device of either claim 28 or claim 29, wherein the supporting layer causes the electromagnetic device to move from the first configuration to a third configuration upon application of the first electrical current to the conductive material.

31. The electromagnetic device of any of claims 28 to 30, wherein the supporting layer is a fabric and the conductive material is bonded to the fabric.

32. The electromagnetic device of any preceding claim, further comprising: a second conductive material formed into a second electrical circuit, wherein the second conductive material is configured to produce a third magnetic field upon application of a second electrical current to the second electrical circuit, wherein the second conductive material is arranged such that the third magnetic field interacts with the first magnetic field, and/or the second magnetic field, to cause the second conductive material to move from a first configuration to a second configuration.

33. The electromagnetic device of any preceding claim, comprising any ratio of electrical conductors to magnetic means.

34. The electromagnetic device of any preceding claim, further comprising: a second magnetic means for providing a further magnetic field.

35. The electromagnetic device of any preceding claim, wherein moving from the first configuration to the second configuration comprises an angular deformation of more than 1 degree.

36. The electromagnetic device of any preceding claim, wherein moving from the first configuration to the second configuration comprises a change in a volume defined by the conductive material of more than 1 percent.

37. The electromagnetic device of any preceding claim, wherein moving from the first configuration to the second configuration comprises a change in a first dimension of the conductive material of more than 1 percent.

38. The electromagnetic device of any preceding claim, wherein the first conductive material comprises at least one free air gap, and wherein the first conductive material is free to move about or through the free air gap.

39. The electromagnetic device of any preceding claim, wherein the conductive material is arranged such that moving from the first configuration to the second configuration is non-linear across the conductive material.

40. The electromagnetic device of any preceding claim, wherein the conductive material is arranged to move repeatedly between the first configuration and the second configuration upon application of a varying electrical current to the conductive material.

41. The electromagnetic device of any preceding claim, wherein the electromagnetic device is configured to vibrate, pump and/or actuate between the first and second configurations.

42. The electromagnetic device of any preceding claim, wherein the first magnetic means comprises an array of individually controllable electromagnets, wherein each individually controllable electromagnet can be controlled to reverse its polarity and/or change the magnitude of its magnetic field.

43. The electromagnetic device of any preceding claim, wherein one or more sections of the conductive material are arranged to react to the forces differently to the rest of the conductive material, thereby causing a differential configurational change across the conductive material.

44. The electromagnetic device of any preceding claim, wherein one or more sections of the conductive material can be electrically bypassed, thereby causing a differential configurational change across the conductive materials.

45. The electromagnetic device of any preceding claim, wherein the first magnetic means is an extension of the conductive material, the first magnetic means being electrically connected in series or in parallel to the conductive material.

46. The electromagnetic device of any preceding claim, wherein the first magnetic means is interwoven with the conductive material.

47. A bulk electromagnetic device, comprising a plurality of the electromagnetic devices of any preceding claim.

48. A conductive material for an electromagnetic device, comprising:

a conductive material having a length and a width, wherein the conductive material is folded along its width.