GB2561353A

GB2561353A - Pre-fabricated dome

Info

Publication number: GB2561353A
Application number: GB1705727.4A
Authority: GB
Inventors: Hee Lee Yeon
Original assignee: Individual
Current assignee: Individual
Priority date: 2017-04-10
Filing date: 2017-04-10
Publication date: 2018-10-17
Anticipated expiration: 2037-04-10
Also published as: GB201705727D0; GB2561353B

Abstract

A semi-spherical dome comprising two layers, each layer comprising six pentagonal modules, each module comprising six struts coupled with a hexagonal hub B and five struts coupled with a pentagonal hub C, each strut having bevelled edges, with axial pillars extending between the layers to join them together at the joins between the struts, and with cover plates 12, 12 covering the joints at the upper and lower ends of the axial pillar. The cover plates are attached using fixing bolts. The hexagonal and pentagonal hubs have grooves 5e, 6c into which are inserted packing insertion mounts 5, 5 which comprise packings 5a, 5b, 6a, 6b. The packings may be elastic. Glass panels 11 may be inserted between the struts and the packings, the packings being elastic so that the angle of the glass panels is adjustable. Also claimed is a pre-fabricated spherical building comprising twelve sets of pentagonal modular assemblies and which is supported by a tubular support.

Description

(71) Applicant(s):

Yeon Hee Lee

31, Naedong-gil, Gyeryong Gongjusi, Chungcheongnam-do, Republic of Korea

1705727.4 (51) INT CL:

E04B 1/32 (2006.01)

10.04.2017

E04B 1/19 (2006.01) (56) Documents Cited:

WO 2002/086250 A1 JP 2003027595 A US 6240694 B1 US 3810336 A KR 20120134210

CN 204126052 U KR 101466494 B US 3909994 A (72) Inventor(s):

Yeon Hee Lee (58) Field of Search:

INT CL E04B Other: EPODOC, WPI (74) Agent and/or Address for Service:

LLR Lyon boulevard de Sebastopol, 75001, Paris,

France (including Overseas Departments and Territori es) (54) Title of the Invention: Pre-fabricated dome Abstract Title: Pre-fabricated dome (57) A semi-spherical dome comprising two layers, each layer comprising six pentagonal modules, each module comprising six struts coupled with a hexagonal hub B and five struts coupled with a pentagonal hub C, each strut having bevelled edges, with axial pillars extending between the layers to join them together at the joins between the struts, and with cover plates 12, 12’ covering the joints at the upper and lower ends of the axial pillar. The cover plates are attached using fixing bolts. The hexagonal and pentagonal hubs have grooves 5e, 6c into which are inserted packing insertion mounts 5’, 5” which comprise packings 5a, 5b, 6a, 6b. The packings may be elastic. Glass panels 11 may be inserted between the struts and the packings, the packings being elastic so that the angle of the glass panels is adjustable. Also claimed is a pre-fabricated spherical building comprising twelve sets of pentagonal modular assemblies and which is supported by a tubular support.

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(54) TITLE OF THE INVENTION PRE-FABRICATED DOME [DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION]

TECHNICAL FILED

The present invention relates to a pre-fabricated dome and a spherical structure, wherein strut assembly sets, into which glass panels or synthetic resin transparent plates are to be inserted, are assembled into 5 sets of hexagonal modular assemblies around a pentagonal assembly to build a primary pentagonal modular assembly, and further 5 sets of primary pentagonal modular assemblies, into which upper and lower, (outer and inner) struts are assembled in 2 layers (of outer and inner walls), are interconnected to build a semi-spherical dome, and if 12 sets of primary pentagonal modular assemblies are assembled, a solid cylindrical structure can be built to provide a perfect block between the outdoor and the indoor so that the room temperature will not be affected at all by the outdoor temperature.

PRIOR ART

Generally, dome-types of housings, residential units, buildings and the like are built by assembled modular components in a simplified way for temporary uses, and dome-types of pre-fabricated housings, buildings and the like, which are used as a large building or a permanent housing to provide a perfect block between room temperature and outdoor temperature, have never been built yet.

Conventional dome-types of structures, which are publicly known, are officially published. Among them, the typical one is UNIVERSAL HUB STRUT SYSTEM FOR A GEODESIC ENCLOUSURE disclosed in US patent no. US 2013/0152486, wherein the geodesic structure is assembled by interconnecting a plurality of universal hubs and struts at each vertex of a geodesic spatial framework. To connect a strut to a universal hub of the present system, a strut-tab on a strut end overlaps a hub-tab of the universal hub, which is secured together via a fastening means through the respective ports. The universal hub with hub-tabs resembles a “flower with petals,” the petals corresponding to the hub-tabs and the pistil corresponding to the polygonal center component.

Another dome-type of structure, which is publicly known, is the light-weight dome connector disclosed in Japanese patent publication no. Pyeong4-41831, wherein each hub is inserted into upper and lower ends of a pipe member used as a strut, and the upper and lower hubs have 5-6 pairs of arms protruded radially, and plate struts are inserted between each pair of arms and fixedly attached by bolts and nuts to support the dome in dual layers.

In addition, “dome building” disclosed in Korean patent no. 2009-0121994 is publicly known, wherein the disclosed technology relates to a dome building, comprising side walls with which the dome is polygonally enclosed along circumference of a given area, a prefabricated dome roof frame to be installed over the side walls, wherein the dome roof frame is cut off in a given unit length, and both ends of the cut frame have each insertion tab provided in a tetragonal tube form, a plural number of frame pipes going through openings formed at each insertion tab to fasten them, a pair of upper and lower connection openings to receive insertion tabs, which meet at a connection point of each frame pipe when the plural frame pipes are radially arranged around one connection point where they get to meet, and thereby connect them integrally, and a fastening means to fasten and fix each pair of connection openings integrally so that each insertion tab of the plural frame pipes may not come out of the connection openings.

Meanwhile, “pre-fabricated dome house” disclosed in Korean patent no. 10-0397476 is publicly known, wherein the dome house can be built by assembling modular members continuously, of which neighboring faces are continuously interconnected, and each modular member comprises a metal frame having a connection tab with a coupling hole at the end of each side, which is formed by bending it, and urethane resin to be formed by foaming so that the connection tab of the metal frame may be exposed.

[DESCRIPTION OF INVENTION]

PROBFEMS WE INTEND TO SOFVE

Firstly, the present invention has a different method to build a pre-fabricated dome from the prior method to connect 5-6 struts to the universal hub with 5-6 holes around a central hole, resembling a flower with petals by tightening them with bolts.

Secondly, the present invention is to solve a problem involved with the prior art that each hub is inserted into upper and lower ends of a pipe member used as a strut, and the upper and lower hubs have 5-6 pairs of arms protruded radially, and plate struts are inserted between each pair of arms and fixedly attached by bolts and nuts to support the dome in dual layers.

Thirdly, the present invention is to solve problems involved with the prior art that a plural number of frame pipes going through openings formed at each insertion tab to fasten them are provided, and a pair of upper and lower connection openings to receive insertion tabs, which meet at a connection point of each frame pipe when the plural frame pipes are radially arranged around one connection point where they get to meet, are provided so that each insertion tab of the plural frame pipes may not come out of the connection openings, and that struts are assembled in a single layer, not 2 layers of outer and inner layers in which upper struts and lower struts are inserted into holes provided pentagonally and radially at pipe-form ends of the hub.

MEANS TO SOLVE PROBLEMS

The present invention has been created to solve the said problems and shortcomings involved with prior arts by adopting the upgraded technology that strut assembly sets, into which transparent panels (glass panels or synthetic resin transparent plates) are to be inserted, are assembled into 5 sets of hexagonal modular assemblies around a pentagonal modular assembly to build a primary pentagonal modular assembly, and further 5 primary pentagonal modular assemblies, into which upper and lower, and outer and inner struts are assembled in 2 layers of outer and inner walls of the dome building, are interconnected to build a semispherical dome, wherein pentagonal and hexagonal modular assemblies are assembled with bolts and nuts, and transparent panels are vacuum-assembled so that outdoor air may not communicate with indoor air by giving some inclination toward inner walls (internal direction) respectively, and thereby modular assemblies for a semi-spherical pre-fabricated dome house are formed to build a completely assembled dome.

When modular assemblies are assembled to provide one pentagonal assembly hub in the center and 5 hexagonal assembly hubs, a pentagonal modular assembly gets to be formed. 6 sets of such pentagonal modular assemblies are interconnected and assembled into a semispherical dome house. A complete spherical building can be also built. In case that 6 sets of modular assemblies suitable for a building structure are pre-fabricated at a factory and they are only assembled on site, the work period and the work cost get to be shortened and reduced and further a semi-spherical pre-fabricated dome house, which has various advantages of solid section performance, strong fire-resistance, high durability, strong corrosion-resistance and strong earthquake-resistance, is provided. If 12 sets of pentagonal modular assemblies are assembled, a cylindrical structure can be built.

EFFECTS

The present invention is characterized by provision of a semi-spherical dome house, a complete spherical building and further a cylindrical structure, wherein strut assembly sets, into which glass panels or synthetic resin transparent plates are to be inserted, are assembled into 5 sets of hexagonal modular assemblies around a pentagonal modular assembly to build a primary pentagonal modular assembly, and further 5 sets of primary pentagonal modular assemblies, into which upper and lower (outer and inner) struts are assembled in 2 layers, are interconnected to build a semi-spherical dome to provide a perfect block between the outdoor and the indoor so that the room temperature will not be affected at all by the outdoor temperature. In case that modular assemblies suitable for a building structure are prefabricated at a factory and they are only assembled on site, the work period and the work cost get to be shortened and reduced and further a semi-spherical pre-fabricated dome house, which has various advantages of solid section performance, strong fire-resistance, high durability, strong corrosion-resistance and strong earthquake-resistance, is provided.

[BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS]

FIG. 1 is a perspective view illustrating a set of primary pentagonal modular assemblies to build the pre-fabricated dome and the spherical structure according to the present invention.

FIG. 2 is a full perspective view illustrating the outward form of the dome built with 6 sets of primary pentagonal modular assemblies in the pre-fabricated dome and the spherical structure according to the present invention.

FIG. 3 is a view illustrating one embodiment of the pre-assembly arrangement centering on the primary pentagonal modular assembly to build the pre-fabricated dome and the spherical structure according to the present invention.

FIG. 4 is a detailed perspective view (the rear longitudinal part not shown) illustrating the assembled strut set in the pre-fabricated dome and the spherical structure according to the present invention.

FIG 5 is a view illustrating the enlarged state of the strut set assembled with a transversal bolt and a vertical fixing bolt in the pre-fabricated dome and the spherical structure according to the present invention.

FIG. 6, FIG 6, FIG 8 and FIG 9 are exploded views illustrating outer and inner struts in the pre-fabricated dome and the spherical structure according to the present invention, and sectional views illustrating a packing insertion mount and a packing.

FIG. 10 is an exploded and enlarged view illustrating Part C in the pre-fabricated dome and the spherical structure according to the present invention, the assembled upper and outer struts to be securely attached to each bolt opening of the axial pillar with each transversal bolt and fixing bolt (inner struts are to be assembled in the same manner to the opposite lower end of the axial pillar), and the partial hexagonal assembly which is equivalent to 4 struts to remain after 2 struts are excluded from the hexagonal assembly shown in the sectional view of FIG 13.

FIG 11 is a front view of the strut assembly set illustrating the state that the glass panel is inclined to the right in the pre-fabricated dome and the spherical structure as assembled according to the present invention.

FIG 12 is a front view of the strut assembly set illustrating the state that the glass panel is inclined to the left due to the curved surface pivot on which the glass panel hold the packing by inserting the glass panel into both ends shown in FIG 11 and the curved surface inside the strut to support the curved surface pivot in the pre-fabricated dome and the spherical structure according to the present invention.

FIG 13 is an enlarged plan illustrating Part B in the pre-fabricated dome and the spherical structure according to the present invention, where 6 struts are coupled with the hexagonal hub with 6 bolt openings into which each transversal bolt is tightened to adjust the gap between each strut and the hub, and then each fixing bolt is made to go through the head of each transversal bolt and it is tightened into each bolt opening to fix the strut with the cover panel not assembled.

FIG 14 is a plan of the axial pillar with 7 bolt openings in the pre-fabricated dome and the spherical structure according to the present invention.

FIG 15 is an enlarged sectional view of one core part illustrating the state that outer and inner struts are coupled with the bolt openings of the axial pillar in 2 layers by fastening them with transversal bolts and fixing bolts in the pre-fabricated dome and the spherical structure according to the present invention.

FIG 16 is an enlarged perspective view illustrating the state that the packing insertion mount and the packing are inserted into the outer strut in the pre-fabricated dome and the spherical structure according to the present invention, as shown in FIG 11.

FIG 17 is a perspective view illustrating the state that the outer and inner strut assembly sets are coupled with 5 bolt openings of the axial pillar by tightening them with bolts in the pre-fabricated dome and the spherical structure according to the present invention.

FIG 18 is a plan of the axial pillar with 5 bolt openings in the pre-fabricated dome and the spherical structure according to the present invention, as shown in FIG 17.

FIG 19 is an enlarged perspective view illustrating the state that 4 outer strut assembly sets (upper) are coupled with the 4 bolt openings of the axial pillar in the X shape in the pre-fabricated dome and the spherical structure according to the present invention.

FIG 20 is a plan of the axial pillar with 5 bolt openings in the pre-fabricated dome and the spherical structure according to the present invention, as shown in the perspective view of the upper axial pillar in FIG 19.

FIG 21 is a perspective view illustrating of packings to be inserted into the upper and lower ends of the axial pillar in the pre-fabricated dome and the spherical structure according to the present invention.

FIG 22 is a perspective view of various bolts to be used in the pre-fabricated dome and the spherical structure according to the present invention.

FIG 23 is an enlarged perspective view of core parts of the assembled hexagonal strut set shown from the top view point and the bottom view point in the pre-fabricated dome and the spherical structure according to the present invention.

FIG 24 is an enlarged perspective view of separated core parts of the hexagonal strut assembly set shown from the bottom view point in the pre-fabricated dome and the spherical structure according to the present invention.

FIG 25 is a perspective view the state that each transversal bolt (8) is inserted into both ends of the transversal beam (7) of the strut assembly set (A) in the pre-fabricated dome and the spherical structure according to the present invention.

FIG 26 is an exploded perspective view illustrating the state that strut assembly sets are coupled with the upper and lower ends of the axial pillar (10) in the pre-fabricated dome and the spherical structure according to the present invention.

FIG 27 is a view illustrating a triangular glass panel and a tetragonal glass panel to be inserted into the strut assembly set in the pre-fabricated dome and the spherical structure according to the present invention.

FIG 28 is a view illustrating the state that if continuous assembly of the prefabricated dome and the spherical structure according to the present invention takes place, the full spherical form gets to be made with no need to install any prop (pillar).

FIG 29 is a view illustrating the 1/12 form of the full spherical form shown in FIG 28 in the pre-fabricated dome and the spherical structure according to the present invention, which is equivalent to FIG 1.

FIG 30 is an illustrative view indicating that each vertical angle of the pentagonal spherical surface of the 1/12 form of the full spherical form shown in FIG 28 is 120° in the pre-fabricated dome and the spherical structure according to the present invention.

FIG 31 and FIG 32 are views illustrating the state that strut assembly sets form the line in the full configuration of the spherical surface in the pre-fabricated dome and the spherical structure according to the present invention.

FIG 33 is an illustrative view explaining the state that if one linking ring is in FIG 31 and FIG 32 in the pre-fabricated dome and the spherical structure according to the present invention, $ is a circle formed by interconnecting strut assembly sets respectively.

FIG 34 is a partially cut-out perspective view illustrating the state that the prefabricated dome and the spherical structure according to the present invention are used as well as the inside thereof.

DESCRIPTION OF REFERENCE NUMERALS OF MAIN PARTS OF DRAWINGS

A: strut assembly set	B: hexagonal assembly hub
C: pentagonal assembly hub	D: cylindrical structure
K: strut surface length	K’: strut inner surface length

1: completely assembled dome (built by assembling 6 sets of pentagonal modular

assemblies (2))
2: pentagonal modular assembly	3: Dome Support
3’: Gate	4: pentagonal assembly panel
5: outer strut	5’, 5”: packing insertion mount
5a, 5b: outer packing	5c: central prop plate
5d: bevel	5e: formed groove
6: inner strut	6’, 6”: packing insertion mount
6a, 6b: inner packing	6c: formed groove
6d: bevel	7: transversal beam

7’: bolt opening 7”: inner prop plate

7a: bump insertion port 8: transversal bolt (with its head opening)

8’: head opening 8”: bolt bump

9: fixing bolt (to be inserted through the head of the transversal bolt to tighten the strut

assembly)
9’: bolt for fixing the upper cover	9”: bolt for fixing the lower cover
9a: bolt with a head ring	10: axial pillar with 7 bolt openings

10a: axial pillar with 5 bolt openings (for assembling 4 struts in the X shape) 10b: axial pillar with 5 bolt openings (for assembling 4 struts in the + form) 10’: bolt opening of axial pillar 10”: bolt bump insertion port

11, 11’: glass (transparent panel)

12, 12’: upper/lower cover plates for upper/lower fastening parts of the axial pillar

12a: cover plate packing 14, 14’: bolt opening

13, 13’: packing

15, 15’: bolt bump insertion port

16, 16’: dark black line of linking ring 17: arc line

18: horizontal line (linking line between a pentagon and a hexagon)

19: support tube for a spherical structure 20: spherical structure [SPECIFIC DESCRIPTION FOREMBODYMENT OF INVENTION]

Embodiments are described as follows by reference to the attached drawings.

FIG. 1 is a perspective view illustrating a set of primary pentagonal modular assemblies to build the pre-fabricated dome and the spherical structure according to the present invention. FIG. 2 is a full perspective view illustrating the outward form of the dome built with 6 sets of primary pentagonal modular assemblies in the pre-fabricated dome and the spherical structure according to the present invention. FIG. 3 is a view illustrating one embodiment of the pre-assembly arrangement centering on the primary pentagonal modular assembly to build the pre-fabricated dome and the spherical structure according to the present invention.

FIG. 4 is a detailed perspective view (the rear longitudinal part not shown) illustrating the assembled strut set in the pre-fabricated dome and the spherical structure according to the present invention. FIG 5 is a view illustrating the enlarged state of the strut set assembled with a transversal bolt and a vertical fixing bolt in the pre-fabricated dome and the spherical structure according to the present invention. FIG. 6, FIG 6, FIG 8 and FIG 9 are exploded views illustrating outer and inner struts in the pre-fabricated dome and the spherical structure according to the present invention, and sectional views illustrating a packing insertion mount and a packing.

FIG 11 is a front view of the strut assembly set illustrating the state that the glass panel is inclined to the right in the pre-fabricated dome and the spherical structure as assembled according to the present invention. FIG 12 is a front view of the strut assembly set illustrating the state that the glass panel is inclined to the left due to the curved surface pivot on which the glass panel hold the packing by inserting the glass panel into both ends shown in FIG 11 and the curved surface inside the strut to support the curved surface pivot in the pre-fabricated dome and the spherical structure according to the present invention.

FIG 13 is an enlarged plan illustrating Part B in the pre-fabricated dome and the spherical structure according to the present invention, where 6 struts are coupled with the hexagonal hub with 6 bolt openings into which each transversal bolt is tightened to adjust the gap between each strut and the hub, and then each fixing bolt is made to go through the head of each transversal bolt and it is tightened into each bolt opening to fix the strut with the cover panel not assembled. FIG 14 is a plan of the axial pillar with 7 bolt openings in the pre-fabricated dome and the spherical structure according to the present invention.

FIG 16 is an enlarged perspective view illustrating the state that the packing insertion mount and the packing are inserted into the outer strut in the pre-fabricated dome and the spherical structure according to the present invention, as shown in FIG 11. FIG 17 is a perspective view illustrating the state that the outer and inner strut assembly sets are coupled with 5 bolt openings of the axial pillar by tightening them with bolts in the prefabricated dome and the spherical structure according to the present invention. FIG 18 is a plan of the axial pillar with 5 bolt openings in the pre-fabricated dome and the spherical structure according to the present invention.

FIG 19 is an enlarged perspective view illustrating the state that 4 outer strut assembly sets (upper) are coupled with the 4 bolt openings of the axial pillar in the X shape in the pre-fabricated dome and the spherical structure according to the present invention. FIG 20 is a plan of the axial pillar with 5 bolt openings in the pre-fabricated dome and the spherical structure according to the present invention, as shown in the perspective view of the upper axial pillar in FIG 19. FIG 21 is a perspective view illustrating of packings to be inserted into the upper and lower ends of the axial pillar in the pre-fabricated dome and the spherical structure according to the present invention.

FIG 22 is a perspective view of various bolts to be used in the pre-fabricated dome and the spherical structure according to the present invention. FIG 23 is an enlarged perspective view of core parts of the assembled hexagonal strut set shown from the top view point and the bottom view point in the pre-fabricated dome and the spherical structure according to the present invention. FIG 24 is an enlarged perspective view of separated core parts of the hexagonal strut assembly set shown from the bottom view point in the prefabricated dome and the spherical structure according to the present invention.

FIG 25 is a perspective view the state that each transversal bolt (8) is inserted into both ends of the transversal beam (7) of the strut assembly set (A) in the pre-fabricated dome and the spherical structure according to the present invention. FIG 26 is an exploded perspective view illustrating the state that strut assembly sets are coupled with the upper and lower ends of the axial pillar (10) in the pre-fabricated dome and the spherical structure according to the present invention. FIG 27 is a view illustrating a triangular glass panel and a tetragonal glass panel to be inserted into the strut assembly set in the pre-fabricated dome and the spherical structure according to the present invention.

FIG 31 and FIG 32 are views illustrating the state that strut assembly sets form the $ line in the whole configuration of the spherical surface in the pre-fabricated dome and the spherical structure according to the present invention.

FIG 33 is an illustrative view explaining the state that if one linking ring is in FIG 31 and FIG 32 in the pre-fabricated dome and the spherical structure according to the present invention, Λβ a circle formed by interconnecting strut assembly sets respectively.

FIG 34 is a partially cut-out perspective view illustrating the state that the prefabricated dome and the spherical structure according to the present invention are used as well as the interior thereof.

Around the pentagonal modular assembly (2) shown in FIF 1 according to the present invention, 5 ea of hexagonal assembly hubs (B) are interconnected and assembled. Means for interconnection and assembly are the hexagonal assembly hub (B) and the pentagonal assembly hub (C), which are structures shown in FIG 24, as assembled in 2 layers, wherein outer struts (5) and inner struts (6) are assembled to the axial pillar (10), and the upper/lower fastening parts of the axial pillar are covered with the cover plate (12) and the packing (12’), which are fixed with the bolts (9’) (9”) for fixing the upper/lower cover plates, and thereby the hexagonal assembly hub (B) and the pentagonal assembly (C) are assembled to form one pentagonal modular assembly (2).

When 6 sets of pentagonal modular assemblies (6) are assembled, the semispherical dome can be built, as illustrated in FIG 2.

That is to say, the simply formed structure is assembled in 2 layers via the hexagonal assembly hub (B) and the pentagonal assembly hub (5).

As with the strut assembly set (A) shown in FIG 4, FIG 5, FIG 10, FIG 11, FIG 12, FIG 15 and FIG 17, a plural number of bump insertion ports are formed in each bolt openings (10’) provided in the axial pillar (10), and each outer strut (5) and each inner strut (6) are coupled with the axial pillar for each connection. Then, the transversal bolt (8) with the head opening is inserted through the bolt opening (7’) of the transversal beam (7), and the fixing bolt (9) is inserted through the bolt opening (8’) with the bolt bump (8”) in the head of the transversal bolt (8). Further, this bolt is inserted and vertically tightened through the bolt opening (10’) of the axial pillar (10) to fix the said structure, wherein the bolt bump (8”) provided on the circumference of the head bolt opening (8’) is inserted into the bump insertion port (7a) formed in the bolt opening of the axial pillar to prevent the transversal bolt (8) from wobbling when the fixing bolt (9) is inserted and tightened through the head opening (8’) of the transversal bolt (8).

The transparent glass panels (11)(11’), which are inserted between the outer strut (5) and the inner strut (6), particularly between left/right outer packings and left/right inner packings, are shown in a partial length, not full length, for convenience' sake in preparation of drawings.

All of the strut assembly sets (A) are secured into all of the bolt openings (10’) of the axial pillar (10) in the said manner. As shown in FIG 13, 6 strut assembly sets are assembled and fixed to form the hexagonal assembly hub (B). Meanwhile, as shown in FIG 3, FIG 17 and FIG 18 (axial pillar with 5 openings), 5 strut assembly sets are assembled and fixed to form the pentagonal assembly hub (C).

Each strut assembly set (A), which is shown in FIG 4, FIG 5, FIG 13, FIG 16 and FIG 17, can have bevels (5d) (6d) formed on both edges of each of outer/inner struts so that it may be easily connected with the upper end of the axial pillar (10), or it can have one bevel formed on either edge of each of outer/inner struts or a straight line of the connection surface of each of outer/inner struts.

The hexagonal assembly hub (B) and the pentagonal assembly hub (5), which are simply formed and assembled in 2 layers to build the semi-spherical dome according to the present invention, have no difference in the assembly process thereof.

The hexagonal assembly hub (B) and the pentagonal assembly hub (5), which are simply formed and assembled in 2 layers to build the semi-spherical dome according to the present invention, are components to form the pentagonal modular assembly (2) as shown in FIGI.

As illustrated in FIG 6 to FIG 9, the outer strut (5) is coupled with the inner strut (6) , which is shown in FIG 7 and FIG 8, by inserting its central prop plate (5c) into the prop plate (7”) of the inner strut, and each packing insertion mount (5’)(5”)(6’)(6”) is inserted into each groove (5e) (6c), and each outer/inner packing (5a)(5b)/ (6a)(6b) is inserted into each packing insertion mount. By this assembly process, the strut assembly set (A) gets to be formed.

In the strut assembly set (A), the prop plate (5c) is protruded under the mid part of the outer strut (5), and the groove (5e), into which the packing insertion mount (5’)(5”) is to be inserted, is formed on both sides, and the packing insertion mount (5’)(5”), into which the outer packing (5a)(5b) is inserted, is inserted into both grooves (5e), and thereby the upper outer strut (5) is formed; and lower/inner struts (6), which are to be coupled with upper/outer struts, have also a pair of inner prop plates (7”), each of which receives the prop plate (5c), protruded upward on the mid part thereof, and the transversal beam (7), which has a plural number of bump insertion ports (7a) formed by providing bolt openings (7’), is integrally formed under each strut, and the groove (6c), into which the packing insertion mount (6’)(6”) is inserted, is formed on both sides, and the packing insertion mount (6’)(6”), into which the inner packing (6a)(6b) is inserted, is inserted into the groove (6c) and thereby the strut assembly set is assembled.

When the prop plate (5c) of the outer strut (5) is inserted and assembled between the inner prop plates (7”) protruded on the inner strut (6), and transparent or glass panels (11)(1Γ) are inserted and installed between outer /inner packings (5a)(5b)(6a)(6b), the curved surface, which is holding the outer packings (5a)(5b) and the inner packings (6a)(6b), supports the curved surface pivot so that it may adjust the angle of each glass panel (11)(1 Γ). Each transparent glass panel (11)(1Γ), which is inserted between outer/inner packings (5a)(5b)(6a)(6b), can be wobbled to adjust the angle to the right or the left B, as shown in FIG 11, FIG 12 and FIG 16, by the elastic force on the curved surface pivot, and further blocks any inflow of air or water through any gap. Actually, both glass plates (11)(1 Γ) can be adjusted downward at 30° by the elastic force of the packing, which is required to assemble and form the semi-spherical or complete spherical dome.

When the strut assembly set (A) is assembled, the transversal bolt (8) with the head bolt opening (8’) having the bolt bump (8”), as shown in FIG 4, FIG 5, FIG 11, FIG 12, FIG and FIG 17, is inserted and tightened into the bolt opening (7’) of the transversal beam and thereby the bolt bump (8”) gets to be inserted into the blot bump insertion port (10”) formed in the bolt opening (10’) of the axial pillar (10). And the fixing bolt (9) is inserted and tightened into the bolt opening (10’) of the axial pillar (10), which is vertically aligned with the head bolt opening (8’) of the transversal bolt (8), to fix them. As the transversal bolt (8) is inserted and tightened deeply or shallowly into the bolt opening (7’) of the transversal beam (7), the gap between the outer strut (5) and the inner strut (6) can be adjusted according to it.

Each strut assembly set (A) is assembled to 5 or 6 bolt openings (10’) of the axial pillar (10) in the same manner, as shown in FIG 10 and FIG 13. As illustrated in FIG 15, upper/lower strut assembly sets (A) are oppositely fastened and assembled to the axial pillar (10), and then upper/lower cover plates (12)( 12’) for upper/lower fastening parts of the axial pillar are fixed onto upper/lower ends of the axial pillar (10) by inserting and tightening upper/lower fixing bolts (9’)(9”) into the central bolt opening of the axial pillar (10). Thereby each pentagonal or hexagonal assembly hub is completely assembled. Upper/lower cover plates (12)(12’) for upper/lower fastening parts of the axial pillar has the packing (12a) attached to itself to have the water-proof effect.

If each pentagonal or hexagonal assembly hub is continuously interconnected, 5 hexagonal assembly hubs are combined around the pentagonal assembly hub (4) assembled in 2 layers, including pentagonal and hexagonal forms, as shown in FIG 1, to form the pentagonal modular assembly (2).

Five pentagonal modular assemblies, as shown in FIG 1, are continuously interconnected to build a semi-spherical prefabricated dome house as simply illustrated in FIG 2.

Particularly, if the length of the outer strut (5) is 10cm, the length of the inner strut (6) should be 9 cm, shorter than that of the outer strut. Such shorter length of the inner strut is to address the tolerance between the outer strut (5) and the inner strut (6) by tightening the transversal bolt (8) loosely in the outer strut and securely in the inner bolt.

Meanwhile, though an adhesive can be applied to the gap between outer/inner packings (5a)(5b)(6a)(6b) in the outer/inner struts, transparent or glass panels (11)(11’) are inserted between outer/inner struts to block outdoor/indoor air, particularly any inflow of outside temperature, moisture, rainwater and the like, and further keep a vacuum between the upper/lower glass panels (11) against the axial pillar (10).

Also, even though no adhesive is used to keep a vacuum between the upper/lower glass panels (11) when transparent or glass panels (11)(11’) are inserted between outer/inner struts (5)(6), outer/inner packings (5a)(5b)(6a)(6b) with themselves being inserted into outer/inner packing insertion mounts (5’)(5”)(6’)(6”), are inserted between outer/inner struts to have a strong elastic force and a strong absorbent force. Therefore, even though only the transparent or glass panels (11)(1 Γ) are inserted between outer/inner struts, they get to have water-proof, sound-proof, moisture-proof and further impact cushioning effects.

Each outer strut (5), a component forming the strut assembly set (A), has a pair of protruded prop plates (5c) under its mid part and a formed groove (5e) therein into which each packing insertion mount (5’)(5”) is inserted respectively from its both ends, and each outer strut (5) is assembled by inserting the insertion mount (5’)(5”) having the inserted outer packing (5a)(5b) into the groove (5e);

Though only outer/inner packings (5a)(5b)(6a)(6b) without packing insertion mounts (5’)(5”)(6’)(6”) can have the said effects, it would be more advantageous to use packing insertion mounts (5’)(5”)(6’)(6”) in the aspect of long-term durability.

Each outer strut (5) and each inner strut (6) are separately manufactured (see FIG7) and fabricated as illustrated in FIG 10 and FIG 13. Then, each fixing bolt (9) is vertically inserted through the head opening (8’) of the transversal bolt (8), which is inserted and tightened into the bolt opening (7’) of the transversal beam of each inner strut (6), and further into the bolt opening (10’) of the axial pillar (10) to fix it.

Upper/lower cover plates (12)(12’) (see FIG 10, FIG 15, FIG 23, FIG 24) for upper/lower fastening parts of the axial pillar are fixed onto upper/lower ends of the axial pillar (10) by inserting and tightening upper/lower fixing bolts (9’)(9”) into the central bolt opening of the axial pillar (10), wherein upper/lower strut assembly sets (A), which are respectively assembled with outer/inner struts (5)(6), are oppositely fastened and assembled to the axial pillar (10). Thereby, pentagonal/hexagonal assembly hubs are completely assembled respectively, as illustrated in FIG 15. Such assembly hubs are continuously interconnected to form the pentagonal modular assembly (2) as shown in FIG 1. Then 6 pentagonal modular assemblies (2) are interconnected to build a semi-spherical prefabricated dome solidly.

When the prop plate (5c) of the outer strut (5) is inserted and assembled between inner prop plates (7’)(7”) protruded on the inner strut (6), and transparent or glass panels (11)(11⁵) are inserted and installed between outer/inner packings (5a)(5b)(6a)(6b), the curved surface, which is holding the outer packings (5a)(5b) and the inner packings (6a)(6b), supports the curved surface pivot so that it may adjust the angle of each glass panel (11)(1 Γ).

Each outer strut (5), a component forming the semi-spherical pre-fabricated dome according to the present invention, has a pair of protruded prop plates (5c) under its mid part and a formed groove (5e) in both sides into which each packing insertion mount (5’)(5”), into which each outer packing(5a)(5b) is inserted, is inserted, and each packing insertion mount (5’)(5”), into which each inner packing(6a)(6b) is inserted, is inserted into each groove (6c) formed in both sides. And the transversal beam (7) with the bolt opening (7’) formed on its bottom is also formed. Thereby, the strut assembly set (A) is formed.

FIG 10, FIG 13 and FIG 19 are characterized in the fact that 4 strut assembly sets (A) are assembled by inserting and tightening the transversal bolt (8) with the head opening (8’) into the bolt opening (7’) of the transversal beam (7) at the upper end of the axial pillar (10), and the fixing bolt (9) is manually inserted through the head opening (8’) and it is tightened and assembled into the bold opening (10’), and the fixing bolt (9) is inserted through the head opening (8’) of the transversal bolt (8) coupled with the strut assembly set (A) at the lower end of the axial pillar (10) too so that it may be oppositely and vertically aligned with the bolt opening (10’) of the axial pillar (10), and thereby the strut assembly set (A) is tightened, fastened and assembled to the axial pillar;

Each transparent or glass panel (11)(11’) is inserted between the outer strut (5) and the inner strut (6), upper/lower packing insertion mounts (5’)(5”)(6’)(6”), into which upper/lower packings (5a)(5b)(6a)(6b) are inserted, are inserted into each groove (5e) (6c) of outer/inner struts.

The outer strut (5) and the inner strut (6) are formed separately, wherein the central prop plates (5c) protruded on the outer strut (5) are inserted between the inner prop plates protruded on the inner strut, and the insertion depth can be adjusted according to the thickness of the glass panel (11)(11’). Each strut assembly set (A), which is shown in FIG 4, FIG 5, FIG 13, FIG 16 and FIG 17, can have bevels (5d) (6d) formed on both edges of each of outer/inner struts so that it may be easily connected with the upper end of the axial pillar (10) as illustrated in FIG 13, or it can have a straight line of the connection surface of each of outer/inner struts, or it can be formed so that it may be easily connected with the side of the axial pillar (10). This formation is applied to one embodiment of assembling 4 strut assembly sets (A) with the axial pillar (10) with 5 bolt openings in the X-shape. Even though it has no bevel formed on both edges of each of outer/inner struts, it can be well assembled with the axial pillar.

That is to say, 4 strut assembly sets can be assembled in the X-shape as illustrated in FIG 19, wherein they are engaged, assembled and fastened with the axial pillar, and the cover plate (12) for the fastening part is fixed by inserting and tightening the vertical fixing bolts (9’)(9”) in the central opening of the axial pillar (10) to prevent the outer strut (5) from being separated or removed from the inner strut assembled with the outer strut.

In the semi-spherical dome according to the present invention, outer /inner struts (5)(6) are respectively assembled to the axial pillar (10) by tightening transversal/fixing bolts (8)(9) respectively, and pentagonal/hexagonal assembly hubs (C)(B) are respectively assembled, as shown in FIG 1. Such assembly hubs are continuously interconnected to form the pentagonal modular assembly (2) in 2 layers. Then 6 pentagonal modular assemblies (2) are interconnected to build a semi-spherical pre-fabricated dome solidly.

On the dome bottom, a dome support (3) is provided as a circumferential sill for the dome building and a gate (3’) is installed at the time of assembling the dome building. Such completed dome house provides an underlying solution to the problem involved in the inefficient and uneconomical conventional method to build common houses using building materials, such as sand, aggregates, water, cement, steel bars, lumbers, etc., for a long term with endurance of changes in climate and seasons. The semi-spherical dome, which has used transparent panels to assemble the semi-spherical structure in dual layers, provides benefits to create more pleasant interior environment and reduce the heating cost in the winter.

In addition, if 12 sets of pentagonal modular assemblies are assembled, a cylindrical structure can be built, wherein if the length of the outer strut (5) is 10, the length of the inner strut (6) should be 9, shorter than that of the outer strut. The absorbent force and the elastic force of the packings inserted between outer/inner struts makes the glass panel, which lands on both sides of the strut, seating tightly and solidly between the 1^st strut and the 2^nd strut, regardless of the size of the cylindrical shape, because such insertion of transparent or glass panels (11)(11’) between outer/inner struts makes 30° inward and downward, and further the sum of each 30° be 60°.

When strut assembly sets (A) are interconnected, outer struts (5) are interconnected as long as the circle size, and inner struts (6) are interconnected shorter than outer struts. So, while strut assembly sets are repetitively interconnects to form a circle, each length of outer/inner struts 95)(6) should be kept strictly.

The first rule to follow in the process to assemble the spherical structure (cylindrical form) is that the assembly set should be a regular hexagon. When 5 regular hexagonal assembly sets are assembled into a pentagonal modular assembly, if 6 sides of the regular hexagonal assembly set are just assembled while outer/inner struts (5)(6) are connected with the axial pillar (10) at a given angle to make a cylindrical form, any circular form is not made. However, if hexagonal assembly sets are connected with the X-shape axial pillar (see FIG 19), a vertical cylindrical form, where 6 sides and a triangle are intersected, can be assembled and built.

When 6 triangles are assembled, the internal angles make 6 sides, not a cylindrical form. When 6 regular triangles are assembled, a hexagon gets to be made. However, when 5 hexagons are put together, the central angle gets to be a pentagonal angle, and the internal angle of the hexagon is 60°. Since the pentagon’s inside is 108°, 6 triangles should be put together in order for hexagons to be assembled to one hexagon. And internal angles of one triangle should be increased to 60° angle X 12 angles in order to make a pentagon. However, since the sum of the internal angles in the regular triangle is 180°, an error takes place in the assembly process to cause some warpage.

In this process, the interval between the axial pillar (10) and the strut assembly set (A) might be decreased or increased. This is because while the sum of internal angles in a hexagon is 720° in the process of assembling 5 hexagons, the sum of internal angles in a pentagon gets to be 540° to cause a serious variable in both the distances and the angle. When outer/inner struts (5)(6) are connected between one axial pillar (10) and another axial pillar, a curved surface (an angle at which the glass panel gets to be inclined) gets to be made. Accordingly, glass panels should make a curved surface on the straight line formed by strut assembly sets. Thus, if the bolt for the strut assembly set (A), which is connected and assembled with the axial pillar (10), fails to be contracted, the strut assembly set cannot be fixed to the axial pillar.

One of key advantages of the present invention is that the tightness of the bolt for the strut assembly set (A) can be contracted to enable the landing surface of the glass panel to roll upward and downward.

Particularly, the present invention has many advantages that there is no need to install a plural number of pillars indoors, a demerit in construction of common buildings, so that space can be used at maximum in the dome house, and its solidness is ensured without installation of any pillar, and modular assemblies suitable for a building structure are prefabricated at a factory to be only assembled on site so that the work period and the work cost get to be shortened and reduced, and a semi-spherical pre-fabricated dome house, which has various advantages of solid section performance, strong fire-resistance, high durability, strong corrosion-resistance and strong earthquake-resistance, as well as perfect shock-proof, thermal insulation, sound-proof, which is ensured by forming transparent/glass panels (11)(1 Γ) in dual layers to keep a vacuum state, is characteristically provided.

FIG 34 illustrates that 12 pentagonal modular assemblies (2) are assembled to form a pre-fabricated spherical structure (20) on the tubular support (19), showing the interior thereof.

The state that the pre-fabricated are being manufactured and formed is supplementary explained by reference to the accompanying FIG 28 to FIG 33.

The spherical form, as shown in FIG 28, requires neither strut (8, 8a, 10b) nor pillar to support the force of gravity, and its starting point is identical with its ending point. When all of deflection angles, at which axial pillars (10) to hold strut assembly sets (A) are interconnected, are moved as far as the distance is calculated by the formula of 360° z and meet as many times as calculated by the formula of 360° = 3 = 120° x 20 times, the balllike spherical structure can be completely and solidly formed. And flat triangular glass panels (see FIG 27) are assembled at a deflection angle toward internal/external surfaces to form a complete spherical structure comprising polygons.

FIG 29 illustrates the 1/12 form of the full spherical form shown in FIG 28 in the pre-fabricated dome and the spherical structure according to the present invention. To help understand how it is formed, an explanation is given as follows. If a plastic ball with a given thickness is divided into 12 equal parts, one equal part has a spherical surface cut in a pentagon where a vertex formed at 120°, and the cutting plane line is as shown in FIG 30. Accordingly, if axial pillars (10) and strut assembly sets (A) are assembled as shown in FIG 29, the 1/12 form of the full spherical form can be built, and the spherical surface of the built 1/12 form is 1π/12π in the whole curvature of the sphere. When 12 pentagonal modular assemblies with each pentagonal spherical surface are wholly assembled, 20 vertexes of 360°, where 3 pentagonal vertexes of 120° meet, get to be made. Accordingly, as the 1/20 vertex of the whole sphere is 360°, 20 vertexes, where 3 angles of 120° meet, get to be made.

Now, let’s give some further explanation by reference to FIG 28 illustrating a 3D model of the real spherical structure, which has the whole spherical surface comprising planar triangles with no curvature to form bent space in even dimensions. It consists of five triangular modular assemblies and 6 triangular modular assemblies, having neither starting point nor ending point. The internal angle in the triangle of the pentagon comprising five triangles gets to be 72°, and the internal angle in the triangle of the hexagon comprising six triangles gets to be 60°. Thus, when the internal angle in the triangle of the pentagon is 72° at the point where the vertex of the pentagon meets the vertex of the hexagon, the point at which the internal angle of the hexagon meets at 60° gets to be 12° (=72° - 60°). As a result, the vertex of the whole spherical surface, where the pentagon meets the hexagon, gets to provide 10 lines, each of which stands inclined at 72° (= 5/360) due to 12° + the deviation at each point of 1/5 of the curved line corresponding to (1)(2)(3)(4)(5) in FIG 28. Such 10 lines encircle and form a circle, and 10 circles having the S form are bilaterally intersected with other 10 circles at the point where such lines go through the vertex of the hexagon, and a straight line intersects such circles at 10 central points where 10 circles are intersected with other 10 circles. If a horizontal line is drawn to intersect X, ''' gets to appear. This figure is indicated as ‘SS’ for convenience sake.

The spherical structure, as shown in FIG 28, is what has been completed in combination with 3 different lines of dot lines, left curved lines and right curved lines, wherein DL stands for a dot line, LS for a left curved line) and RS for a right curved line. DL represents a combination of a total of lOx straight lines (x = length), which are breaking at each given point (where pentagons meet).

LS is what has been formed of a total of lOx curved lines flowing from the left upper side to the right lower side.

RS is what has been formed of a total of lOx curved lines flowing from the right upper side to the left lower side. The spherical structure’s volume is directly proportional to 4 times of 10 times of DL, LS, and RS.

LS and RS have 2 contact points respectively. Whenever each line is added to form the spherical structure, contacts points gets to be increased to the third power. A pentagon is centrally completed in combination of DL, LS and RS, and 5 hexagons of the same size encircle the pentagon to form the spherical structure.

The sphere’s formula is that when a total of contact points of vertexes where DL, LS and RS meet respectively is defined as R², the sphere + LS*10 + RS*10 + DL*10*R². When the name of LSRSDL is defined as SS, the formula of πθ + R² is established. (π^θ means 30 sets of 10 eaofDL, LS andRS. πθ = $8 R² -> 10 ea of Si, 10 ea of S2, and the horizontal line represents 10 ea of balance circles, R² is the vertex of the whole spherical form as well as the vertex of the curvature. While Si represents the right side, S2 represents the left side.)

FIG 30 indicates that each vertical angle of the pentagonal spherical surface of the 1/12 form of the full spherical form shown in FIG 28 is 120°, and shows that each vertical angle of 120° of 3 sides comes together to form 360°. FIG 31 and FIG 32 are views illustrating the state that strut assembly sets form the $ line in the whole configuration of the spherical surface.

Claims

1. A pre-fabricated semi-spherical dome and a spherical structure which are formed in combination of pentagons and hexagons;

wherein the semi-spherical dome built by assembling six sets of pentagonal modular assemblies (2), each of which is a structure assembled by coupling 6 outer/inner struts (5)(6) with a hexagonal assembly hub (B), and five outer/inner struts (5)(6) with a pentagonal assembly hub (C) in two layers, wherein each strut has bevels (5d) (6d) on its both edges, and the outer/inner struts (5)(6) are of the same form except a transversal beam (7), and they are assembled into the strut assembly set (A), and it is fixed by fastening it to the axial pillar and covering the upper/lower fastening parts of the axial pillar with cover plates (12) and packings (12’) by tightening upper/lower fixing bolts (9’)(9”) inserted through the bolt openings (1 O’) accompanied by packings in the axial pillar (10), and thereby grooves (6c), into which packing insertion mounts (6’)(6”) are inserted respectively in hexagonal/pentagonal assembly hubs (B)(C), are formed, and each strut assembly set is assembled by inserting packing insertion mounts (6’)(6”) having the inserted inner packings (6a)(6b) into the groove (6c), and the transversal beam (7), which has the bolt opening (7’) and the bump insertion port (7a) formed therein, is formed beneath the inner strut.

2. The pre-fabricated semi-spherical dome and the spherical structure according to Claim 1, wherein each outer strut (5), a component forming the strut assembly set (A), has a pair of protruded prop plates (5c) beneath its mid part and a groove (5e) formed between them, into which each of packing insertion mounts (5’)(5”) is inserted from its both ends, and each outer strut (5) is formed by inserting each of packing insertion mounts (5’)(5”) having the inserted outer packings (5a)(5b) into the groove (5e);

each inner strut (6), which is coupled with the lower part of the strut assembly set, has also a pair of inner prop plates (7”) protruded on its mid part and a groove (6c) formed between them, which receives the prop plate (5c), into which each of packing insertion mounts (6’)(6”) is inserted in its both sides, and each inner strut is assembled by inserting each of packing insertion mounts (6’)(6”) having the inserted inner packing (6a)(6b) into the groove (6c), having the transversal beam (7) with the bolt opening (7’) and the bump insertion port (7a) formed beneath it.

3. The pre-fabricated semi-spherical dome and the spherical structure according to Claim 1, wherein each of transparent panels or glass panels (11)(11’) is inserted between packings (5a)(5b) (6a)(6b) of outer/inner struts, and thereby the packing, which is highly elastic and cushioned, responds to the thickness of the glass panel, and the transparent or glass panel (11)(1 Γ) is assembled so that its angle may be adjusted upward or downward to have water-proof, sound-proof, moisture-proof and impact cushioning effects.

4. The pre-fabricated semi-spherical dome and the spherical structure according to Claim 1, wherein a plural number of strut assembly sets (A) are assembled by inserting and tightening the transversal bolt (8) with the bolt bump (8”) and the head opening (8’) into the bolt opening (7’) of the transversal beam (7) at the upper end of the axial pillar (10), and the fixing bolt (9) is manually inserted through the head opening (8’) and it is tightened and assembled into the bold opening (10’), and the fixing bolt (9) is inserted through the head opening (8’) of the transversal bolt (8) coupled with the strut assembly set (A) at the lower end of the axial pillar (10) too so that it may be oppositely and vertically aligned with the bolt opening (10’) of the axial pillar (10), and thereby the strut assembly set (A) is tightened, fastened and assembled to the axial pillar.

5. The pre-fabricated semi-spherical dome and the spherical structure according to Claim 1, wherein upper/lower strut assembly sets (A) are oppositely fastened and assembled to upper/lower ends of the axial pillar (10) in 2 layers by tightening the transversal bolt (8) and the fixing bolt (9).

6. A pre-fabricated spherical building, wherein the spherical building is formed by assembling 12 sets of pentagonal modular assemblies (2), which is supported by the tubular support (19).

7. The pre-fabricated semi-spherical dome and the spherical structure according to Claim 4, wherein each strut assembly set (A) is lengthwise (interval-wise) adjusted by tightening its transversal bolt (8) loosely or securely into its bolt opening (7’), and the glass landing surface is variably rolled according to its upward or downward changeable angle.

8. The pre-fabricated semi-spherical dome and the spherical structure according to Claim 4, wherein the bolt bump (8”), which is protruded on the tip of the head opening (8),

5 is inserted into the blot bump insertion port (10”) formed in the bolt opening (10’) of the axial pillar (10)(10a)(10b) to prevent any wobbling, and the bolt with a head ring (9a) has a ring formed on its head.

Intellectual

Property

Office

Application No: GB 1705727.4 Examiner: Mr Joshua Nolan