GB2470796A - Roof rafter comprising two timber chords joined by metal struts - Google Patents

Roof rafter comprising two timber chords joined by metal struts Download PDF

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Publication number
GB2470796A
GB2470796A GB0919897A GB0919897A GB2470796A GB 2470796 A GB2470796 A GB 2470796A GB 0919897 A GB0919897 A GB 0919897A GB 0919897 A GB0919897 A GB 0919897A GB 2470796 A GB2470796 A GB 2470796A
Authority
GB
United Kingdom
Prior art keywords
rafter
roof
chords
timber
struts
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Withdrawn
Application number
GB0919897A
Other versions
GB0919897D0 (en
Inventor
Anthony J Fillingham
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Mitek Holdings Inc
Original Assignee
Mitek Holdings Inc
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Mitek Holdings Inc filed Critical Mitek Holdings Inc
Publication of GB0919897D0 publication Critical patent/GB0919897D0/en
Priority to DK12187680.9T priority Critical patent/DK2546428T3/en
Priority to EP20100164657 priority patent/EP2261434B1/en
Priority to DK10164657T priority patent/DK2261434T3/en
Priority to EP12187680.9A priority patent/EP2546428B1/en
Publication of GB2470796A publication Critical patent/GB2470796A/en
Withdrawn legal-status Critical Current

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Classifications

    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E04—BUILDING
    • E04B—GENERAL BUILDING CONSTRUCTIONS; WALLS, e.g. PARTITIONS; ROOFS; FLOORS; CEILINGS; INSULATION OR OTHER PROTECTION OF BUILDINGS
    • E04B5/00—Floors; Floor construction with regard to insulation; Connections specially adapted therefor
    • E04B5/02—Load-carrying floor structures formed substantially of prefabricated units
    • E04B5/12—Load-carrying floor structures formed substantially of prefabricated units with wooden beams
    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E04—BUILDING
    • E04B—GENERAL BUILDING CONSTRUCTIONS; WALLS, e.g. PARTITIONS; ROOFS; FLOORS; CEILINGS; INSULATION OR OTHER PROTECTION OF BUILDINGS
    • E04B1/00—Constructions in general; Structures which are not restricted either to walls, e.g. partitions, or floors or ceilings or roofs
    • E04B1/18—Structures comprising elongated load-supporting parts, e.g. columns, girders, skeletons
    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E04—BUILDING
    • E04B—GENERAL BUILDING CONSTRUCTIONS; WALLS, e.g. PARTITIONS; ROOFS; FLOORS; CEILINGS; INSULATION OR OTHER PROTECTION OF BUILDINGS
    • E04B7/00—Roofs; Roof construction with regard to insulation
    • E04B7/20—Roofs consisting of self-supporting slabs, e.g. able to be loaded
    • E04B7/22—Roofs consisting of self-supporting slabs, e.g. able to be loaded the slabs having insulating properties, e.g. laminated with layers of insulating material
    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E04—BUILDING
    • E04C—STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS; BUILDING MATERIALS
    • E04C3/00—Structural elongated elements designed for load-supporting
    • E04C3/02—Joists; Girders, trusses, or trusslike structures, e.g. prefabricated; Lintels; Transoms; Braces
    • E04C3/29—Joists; Girders, trusses, or trusslike structures, e.g. prefabricated; Lintels; Transoms; Braces built-up from parts of different material, i.e. composite structures
    • E04C3/291—Joists; Girders, trusses, or trusslike structures, e.g. prefabricated; Lintels; Transoms; Braces built-up from parts of different material, i.e. composite structures with apertured web
    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E04—BUILDING
    • E04C—STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS; BUILDING MATERIALS
    • E04C3/00—Structural elongated elements designed for load-supporting
    • E04C3/02—Joists; Girders, trusses, or trusslike structures, e.g. prefabricated; Lintels; Transoms; Braces
    • E04C3/29—Joists; Girders, trusses, or trusslike structures, e.g. prefabricated; Lintels; Transoms; Braces built-up from parts of different material, i.e. composite structures
    • E04C3/292—Joists; Girders, trusses, or trusslike structures, e.g. prefabricated; Lintels; Transoms; Braces built-up from parts of different material, i.e. composite structures the materials being wood and metal

Abstract

The roof rafter 41 comprises two elongate timber chords 9,10 joined by two metal struts 1a,1b that form a cross. The struts may be made of stamped and/or folded steel and include punched protrusions that engage the chords or include holes to accommodate nails, screws or rivets for fastening. One or more bearings may be provided to support the rafter's weight. One chord may be longer than another so that an overhang for a roof constructed with the rafter is provided. A roof panel or a roof incorporating a plurality of the rafters may be constructed having insulation fitted between the rafters and the chords.

Description

ROOP RAflfl
Introduction
The present invention relates to a roof rafter and to a roofing system using such a roof rafter.
Background
Traditionally roofs are made by positioning a series of roof rafters at spaced intervals across the roof line of a building, connecting them to a wallplate and tying the heads of the wallplate together with a ceiling joist which in turn supports the ceiling lining. An alternative and more popular approach is the use of trussed rafters which are prefabricated offsite and which sit on and are fixed to the wallplate and braced with diagonal and longitudinal braces to keep the trussed rafters vertical and to distribute the forces back to flanking walls. An outer pitched surface is then sometimes boarded and is covered with weatherproof roofing material such as roofing felt and tiles.
Traditional trussed rafters can be heavy and take up a large amount of space because the webs forming the trusses in the loft area render it unusable for living accommodation. Insulation is usually added piece by piece after the roof is constructed, preferably between the bases of the trusses and under the roofing material and this is time consuming on site.
There is an increasing need for lower cost housing in which a larger proportion of a building is useable as living space. There is also an increasing need for better insulated buildings and constructions in which a minimum of non-living space is heated, so as to make heating more economical and to reduce the carbcn footprint ot icv buLldirgs both frit an ecological point of.iew and to Ireet modern legal standards.
Summar ci. tie Irnenton According to thc present in"ention, there is pros ided a roof rafter comprising two parallel elongate timber chords joined ogether by two metii struts rn opposite elongate faces ef the timber chords so that thc two struts fcrw a crcss secarating the timber chcrds. Preferably, a bearing is pros ided on one chord fcr supporting the weight of rafter.
Ihe bearing may bs provided by a timber member elated onto one ct the chords. A second bearing may be pro zided by a timber cross piece joining the two chords of the raftcr.
O-ie -f the rhoris Is preferably longer than the othev so as to provide an overhan; to a nof constrntel iith a rafter according to the invert.on.
A ro.f panel na ba f rmed as a rafter cassctta ky -c4'nnJ t rrthcr çliralxty ct thc invertizc roof rafrerb.
rns maid-s or-site onsttuction r a roof wicker. tie b ruitcr: :y Lc Dcnclcd..n tie ndcrt'ae sath any s'tLse xi tertcJ. si' t.,SB tOricn cc Strand R ari). Ira1atxor. Is peferii * fi ted be aCc er ao oei t crc as ard lenqc Pc tvn tort f nc' r4 e rf_ -C oa..tner tt praJ3 c-rnloe ir.t(jns Dq rO05 3' . u. cu br 5uC. stru..OCt' c U' 5_. .5 -----S & �%# � # %.. a.a J S_a. Sd e %,S eJ. s..'. I.tt. 1 d I.. S c c tt i 5 LL'fl.na r're wort Dcc.1.
cnnnect%.d to the sec.d sectto at. an obtust. anglc md Icing genera...ly paraLltl to the rst section, 4ith thc. first ana third sections af err' strut ixed to and parallel with the -espectivc timber chcrd so hat tht. stcord aecticns form a bridge between the timber cl'ords.
rhe struts ray be f rued with pr.trusions Sr a region of tact' jf thc first and third sections whic'i can b psled into a timber surface to posiivel ergage and grip the side of the timber cI'ords. Such protrusions preferably tare the form of integros panched metal fasteners, i.e. nalbeds.
Alternatively the struts could be provided with hc.ses to accommodate nails, screws or rivets tor fastening t the tiIwr surfaces.
Prsfer.bly the struts are made of mctal, advantdgecusly of steeL, and they may be stamped out of metal sheets. They ray be fi.r'ned b4 taupina shaped fonts ar.o the. br.alcirj the V shape in half at the root of the V to mate twc symrnetric& half struts. abe steel plate used can be nf ztlotvC.lv tnin gduye becaim the ctxzangement of trw c'russ d s'ruts fun very strong strac.tl res. The.3t..A pLa e rn. to stamped tc t nt struts if un1f,rn width 1or.i th it cnath anl then peLlpherai. portions along the c-lges ot the st.c na sn i-ion ray be f.....c!ec4 ar, e.a. ot r.ght ctnç4es c.he -. te, -c cS n id ict%rai ctre.r.gtI t Je. . cu 3..r struts JtdKt s5eUbL oi rca nil ers rCativo y c.r4d zj4lck...ni p-OvJ. s&ic.a. -9t � Cp to...tri t:, .z. ,cr3-..fl.. EL"cc 1Gb ra Ic r'-* nr. y) s4z.s a hapea ad a rc ranufi' ui-ed o c...sc.
.leranc..s. Tn s a:y trckitss n. safte... slid.rcc.i p cl Ca& -Q,t, Cl -. 3 it r tt_...-...' Use of such s ruts increases the bending stiffness in the plane of a rafter without increasing the volume at he timber used. Ecoromy of timber usage is a significant advantage of the Invention.
S
Using strits o,pposite sides of the caftcr ir a crossed arrc.ngement increases the rigidity of thc rcfter since stiff pcins on t..e timber clords are proiiaei at each position where a stru' is f:stened to the t'mber chords. It also aives "qiai t1cnding res.stance o bath ch...rcls a'id reduces tao risic f thermd Cli g'nq.
Roofs constructed with these rafters have a cavity running along tneir length which can accommodate insulation and could a.so accommoaate building services such as electri wires or pipes without *hc need to drill tIroug trusscs or braces wtich:ould affer1 the integrity of thc i..ishe1 roof structuie.
The decper the raftcr the mdc 1r*s'.a1otio'j cnr be sr5tasae1 in iot, issczt.acsrty tre ti cnra res'.t V(.t. C....
t se roof pane] and aecrening he U JaiUC to meet iTodern building star lards. Using the 4nv..ntion aflows thc.. rao4 panei aeptfls to be i4.c..reased without usirg thicker timber', with crnsequcnt snis4gs ins cos ard we gh c. .rbDdiusr.LO For a better urers rrdir4 "t tric r3D nt invenior' hj lns sat st irF e * ..eJ o es cc.., Cs..L. c's n', . -f c a. . 1 rw'ra.,, : -*C.. e.. Sfl.4 * ; C' a ---i. *1 -t pzez. r Figure 2 is a side view of part of the rafter of Figure 1 showing more detail; Figure 3 is a schematic view of a strut used in the construction of the rafter of Figures 1 and 2; Figure 4 is a schematic view of an alternative embodiment of the strut of Figure 3; Figures 5 to 13 illustrate construction of a roof using rafters according to the invention.
Detailed description of drawings
Figures 1 and 2 illustrate a roof rafter 41 according to the invention. Figure 1 shows a perspective view of the whole length of the rafter 41 and Figure 2 shows an enlarged schematic view of part of the rafter 41. The rafter 41 comprises two spaced apart parallel timber chords 9 and 10 connected by metal struts la and lb on opposite sides of the chords 9 and 10.
Towards the upper end of the rafter 41 a bearing member is plated onto the lower chord 10 (which is on the left hand side as shown in Figure 1) by a series of punched metal plate fasteners. A second bearing is provided at the lower end of the rafter by a timber cross piece 47 joining the two chords 9 and 10. An overhang 49 is provided by making the upper chord 9 longer than the lower chord 10.
Figure 2 is a side view of part of the rafter showing more detail of the crossed pairs of struts la and lb connecting the chords 9 and 10. In each pair, one strut la is on the near sides of the chords 9 and 10 and one strut lb is on the far sides of the chords 9 and 10, as viewed in the f1gure. t con bc. seen that tdch aiZ of struts forts a cross shspe, ,itf hc di gonuls of ths crosse* k.-ep4'tg th*..
tso cncrds 9 and lC apart. The crcssd pairs o. struts Ic.
aid lb ma" be rastened to the chords 9 nd 10 at any position but, in o'ie cxaiaple, they are spaced a distanct of about 0.6 metres and each extends a tctal of 0.3 metres along the length of the rafter.
The design of the struts la and lb is sr'cwn r Figures 3 and 4. Each strut has tarot sectionb 2, 3 and 4. E'ia sections 2 and 4 are para_lel to each other and make ar ttase angle s'1ith the middle section 3. In figure 3 on each of the end scctiors there is a nail pLate or a set of protrusions 5, 6 stanaing ut from the surtace of the strit 101 fc' engagement with the timber chord. Prefcrably the protrusions are each tapered to a relatively sharp pcirt to make it. easier to insert them io undtil' d timbcr, f.,r example by mtans of press ir.g the end sections against the tn'bcr Such pressirg vi21 be dore using an industrial press to ap. an appropriate oresbure t-fu*..j embed he prc.nsi r10 r the tiraber. she struts Li, lb ore prcferbc fonrai o m..tal 4hich ny be pressed or ast, aid ne d.a'tag�ousiy tcr.mcd oL zteel. !.hy ma.' bc pressed oat of a met 1 L1rik as.2 shp' a flcr...pi o cu' c.1. thc base rf the V tt font nz &cp ra_c. strits. The b..rltE. If ç w'tr uni'rrT width oc'.g..rci r;rF a'a nez hc edges folded oier; cna p°ripterai par ot thi. "ade° 0 tie raidaav se't1) I Inc east Itt. 1a eds seigt aria._ic.J.j r1 5 u...
rqCfl � ros-1 rot 1e ircod tie t -LCa' 3i a. I'., ..tti 1L -ard 8 by w'iich the strut ray be fixed to the timber chcrds 9 and 10 using rails, screws.r rivets.
Figares 5 tc 13 illustnte steps in tI'c orstructior of a roof ising raftcrs according to the invention.
laurc 5.llustrates the tcp rloor 21 of a ouiLdna rn o wni;h a rco Is t.. te addcd. This top floor 11. may k'e fcrmed using prefabricated floor cassettes ccnstructcd ot double timber floor joists connected by a frame and boarded over. A hole 19 is provided for a staircase (not shown;.
This top floor 21 is constructed to be level and square so as to provide a good base to work from for construction cf the rod. lion cassettes make it easicr to achieva..his sirce they can be constructed to high tolerances in the fac'orj aid can be laser)cvcllcd on site. However cassettes are nct esser4tia and any traditiona tor ficor rfac'e can bt ased.
Two lower f at-top spar.drels 23 and 24 are then erected or opposite long sdeb or the laser level)ed too rs'.nr i as shown in Figure 6. eaca of these spar drels 2: .rid t4 approx_matly trapezoida- shape witr a S..ae ccmprising an uppcr horzontal c'iord 6 qcnernly parallel to a awer hor1zcnta. chori 6. ant joirsed DL two slopita cnords 7 ard ii ani two vtrtica... st.sb -h rds 7C. A p ur lit of 1n rra] r' sr-c..csed r tr f-&re s' ngth an ri.. rtty, Lu' rc hort)rt I "lion0 are i.tct si. cc t c.e re,re ii cifl rnc.. te..h r a1i fl c e..as...i Lt: ufl'*C' "C.'s C uDcqr. itcr o' or tore cci a:asse.t'. frasuea Ii XC t T0 ttt' C c.S sst* � s, n.a.
ac as P.;ciL'o ct......... r-ires e0... e re z it chords 6t and 62 cf the l'wer spendrels 23 and 14 ard are located by means of a locator cha.nel 65 in tte top sirfacc.
of one or each upper chord 61, 62. Th4s channel is forired by a threc ply ccnstruction of the top chord 61, for example as.ng 97vni inner and outer chords and a 72mw internal chord.
These ceili'sg assettes 29 are then ins'lated cad aecked as shown ir Figure 8, sc hat the roo spaLe csbcnt. is cold roof space t avoid unnecessdry heating cf the lotr space LV rYe firashed biildtcg. The ce�ling c..s:ettca rc1v Lc pie-insulated and decked in the factor-, before being rstalled on site.
As shown in the �iaures the cening 29 tas upstand1ng edge beams 46a, 46b to support the roof rafters as explained irer. The edge beamt 46a and 46k are fitted with e"itg noag1ns 5 s figure which are ang e cut s" as to mae'- 9'.. not rifrers.t r ap&rGpaar" anqie.
wc re atively 1cw titter rae valis 22 ar... then riflt at 1-te thex two cpj stt sxnt. sides)f le fLocr ii s shwn it Fiqire 9 as o abu the spandre's 23, 2° it the stub t631fl8 iO.
Trianaulc.r shared uppfr, apex, spanartis 3G are tnen fted irto oot't4un en i-op i the cci iii asEete 20 c," d Ic bC par s, -1-, * r i 1J. Pt'.' aLCX a&a'I': s.O ma c2S. it tj Y t( 1 O..i.. I. S40 aics1s i' un c C.. ..h_r tar zontai. b..cJfl._c, ice i." . oie.c4tDr. y', 4-,
S
Aa shcvi r Faure i. or elonaatc raft.r cosa...te 40 i..
pos..taonei to bridgt. 9'c g&p be.waer the lOW aol-22 aria he edge beam 16b ci the cei)iug cassette 29. Pt tfl!s exalPp.Le the raftsr cassette.1) comprises three o the doublc chorded rafters 41 of Figurc L, but it miy comprise morc rdfters as required. These are joined togetner at the upper end tsr timber connecting piece 42 &nd boarded on the undcrsidc tor
example with CSB 43.
ile bearing members 4', which are pated ontc tie lrwtr timber chords 10, rest on the top of the edge beam 46b of the ceiling cassette z9. hc rafter casbettc 4 1b also sapported at its lower end by the bearing surface 47 resting on the lo was 27. fle raster cassette 40 ozerhangs the low wall 2? as shown C 4 be:ause ot the extendd upper chord 9, and abits the side of the slopi'ig �eam 1 of the spandrel 23. The rafter cassette 40 may be pre-insulated between the rafters and insuiation may also be ptessed between the timber chords during manufacture. The cassette 40 ma also be felted ard counter-battened auring flrfl4tac't5e the act.,r'1 ma's reetrt t I t Iast'e...
on °t. A1ternatL,_j the root may be i sulated sad subsequen 1 -felted ani -cuntcrbctcnc'd an aLtc.
in Wigur... i a ri raIL..r jt.cttc r i0 p's4t. n..4 tcajoce.t rhe.aa ette ro* roftcr a&Jt.t e 4, ctçr.c.o at1ct ra$r: 3 ti ssct.. nj -.. r nunber f L 4't.tra "i y p'aucd. Ca.SL.7 5C c.,nctrtct'Vt or J( tr icrrer b'flC 1 fgir' 11 -.ini 2 e rex 0rd c C arc cn"tted u G ct E.h..,h rcc dcta.1. c a.r t.. .n:. 9.
kfter a1 ot the rafter cassettes 40, 50 have been posit4 oned on one side of the roof o fill the gap cetween the spardress 23 ard 2 tncn ratter cassettes aX'-aasemblcd or the other sid° z tre roof frcm gaba ta gable is hown in Figure 13.
nrmer windcws are tFen installed in the relecnt pnirgs sict a 51.nd tie wloU. rorf is ther cair eted with felt ng and eathezpxoof i of ing materiai such as JO tiles. I0
GB0919897A 2009-06-01 2009-11-13 Roof rafter comprising two timber chords joined by metal struts Withdrawn GB2470796A (en)

Priority Applications (4)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
DK12187680.9T DK2546428T3 (en) 2009-06-01 2010-06-01 wall stud
EP20100164657 EP2261434B1 (en) 2009-06-01 2010-06-01 Roof rafter
DK10164657T DK2261434T3 (en) 2009-06-01 2010-06-01 ROOF LIGHTING AND WALL PILLOWS
EP12187680.9A EP2546428B1 (en) 2009-06-01 2010-06-01 Wall stud

Applications Claiming Priority (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
GB0909349A GB2470721A (en) 2009-06-01 2009-06-01 A stud for use in timber frame walls

Publications (2)

Publication Number Publication Date
GB0919897D0 GB0919897D0 (en) 2009-12-30
GB2470796A true GB2470796A (en) 2010-12-08

Family

ID=40902363

Family Applications (2)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
GB0909349A Withdrawn GB2470721A (en) 2009-06-01 2009-06-01 A stud for use in timber frame walls
GB0919897A Withdrawn GB2470796A (en) 2009-06-01 2009-11-13 Roof rafter comprising two timber chords joined by metal struts

Family Applications Before (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
GB0909349A Withdrawn GB2470721A (en) 2009-06-01 2009-06-01 A stud for use in timber frame walls

Country Status (3)

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EP (2) EP2546428B1 (en)
DK (2) DK2261434T3 (en)
GB (2) GB2470721A (en)

Families Citing this family (2)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
GB2470721A (en) 2009-06-01 2010-12-08 Mitek Holdings Inc A stud for use in timber frame walls
FR2973051A1 (en) * 2011-03-23 2012-09-28 Herve Hourman Double hollow bar for use in wall for construction of wooden building, has set of bars located opposite to one another and spaced from each other, and flat attaching units i.e. metal sections, for attaching set of bars

Citations (4)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3103262A (en) * 1958-11-14 1963-09-10 Mc Graw Edison Co Box beam
US4475328A (en) * 1979-08-06 1984-10-09 Moehlenpah Industries, Inc. Web member
US5996303A (en) * 1999-02-18 1999-12-07 Mitek Holdings, Inc. Truss with alternating metal web
EP1609920A1 (en) * 2004-06-21 2005-12-28 MiTek Holdings, Inc Structural wall framework

Family Cites Families (10)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US1405889A (en) * 1921-02-17 1922-02-07 Barling Walter Henry Spar
US3025577A (en) * 1959-03-09 1962-03-20 Automated Building Components Structural element
US3591997A (en) 1969-06-19 1971-07-13 James D Tennison Jr Antiracking support brace for a building wall
CA1069272A (en) * 1977-11-16 1980-01-08 Fred Haas Wood and metal building component adapted for prefabricated manufacture
GB2041060B (en) * 1978-12-21 1982-12-01 Redland Technology Ltd Rafters roof structures
GB2121848B (en) * 1982-06-09 1986-01-22 Hydro Air International Wall studs and connectors therefor
US4435929A (en) * 1982-08-23 1984-03-13 Bussell Hugh M Modified A-frame structure
JPH1199354A (en) 1997-09-27 1999-04-13 Tdk Corp Rotary type coating method and coating applicator
CA2603021C (en) * 2005-03-18 2012-01-17 3088-7418 Quebec Inc. Modular building structure
GB2470721A (en) 2009-06-01 2010-12-08 Mitek Holdings Inc A stud for use in timber frame walls

Patent Citations (4)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3103262A (en) * 1958-11-14 1963-09-10 Mc Graw Edison Co Box beam
US4475328A (en) * 1979-08-06 1984-10-09 Moehlenpah Industries, Inc. Web member
US5996303A (en) * 1999-02-18 1999-12-07 Mitek Holdings, Inc. Truss with alternating metal web
EP1609920A1 (en) * 2004-06-21 2005-12-28 MiTek Holdings, Inc Structural wall framework

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
DK2546428T3 (en) 2014-03-10
EP2261434A1 (en) 2010-12-15
DK2261434T3 (en) 2012-11-05
EP2546428A1 (en) 2013-01-16
GB0919897D0 (en) 2009-12-30
GB0909349D0 (en) 2009-07-15
EP2546428B1 (en) 2013-12-25
EP2261434B1 (en) 2012-10-10
GB2470721A (en) 2010-12-08

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