GB2032463A - Thermal Oxidation of Stainless Steel to Produce Optimum Solar Absorption Characteristics - Google Patents

Thermal Oxidation of Stainless Steel to Produce Optimum Solar Absorption Characteristics Download PDF

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Publication number
GB2032463A
GB2032463A GB7835090A GB7835090A GB2032463A GB 2032463 A GB2032463 A GB 2032463A GB 7835090 A GB7835090 A GB 7835090A GB 7835090 A GB7835090 A GB 7835090A GB 2032463 A GB2032463 A GB 2032463A
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solar
stainless steel
spectrally selective
samples
coatings
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GB2032463B (en
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    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C23—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; CHEMICAL SURFACE TREATMENT; DIFFUSION TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL; INHIBITING CORROSION OF METALLIC MATERIAL OR INCRUSTATION IN GENERAL
    • C23C—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; SURFACE TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL BY DIFFUSION INTO THE SURFACE, BY CHEMICAL CONVERSION OR SUBSTITUTION; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL
    • C23C8/00—Solid state diffusion of only non-metal elements into metallic material surfaces; Chemical surface treatment of metallic material by reaction of the surface with a reactive gas, leaving reaction products of surface material in the coating, e.g. conversion coatings, passivation of metals
    • C23C8/06—Solid state diffusion of only non-metal elements into metallic material surfaces; Chemical surface treatment of metallic material by reaction of the surface with a reactive gas, leaving reaction products of surface material in the coating, e.g. conversion coatings, passivation of metals using gases
    • C23C8/08—Solid state diffusion of only non-metal elements into metallic material surfaces; Chemical surface treatment of metallic material by reaction of the surface with a reactive gas, leaving reaction products of surface material in the coating, e.g. conversion coatings, passivation of metals using gases only one element being applied
    • C23C8/10—Oxidising
    • C23C8/12—Oxidising using elemental oxygen or ozone
    • C23C8/14—Oxidising of ferrous surfaces
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F24—HEATING; RANGES; VENTILATING
    • F24S—SOLAR HEAT COLLECTORS; SOLAR HEAT SYSTEMS
    • F24S70/00—Details of absorbing elements
    • F24S70/20—Details of absorbing elements characterised by absorbing coatings; characterised by surface treatment for increasing absorption
    • F24S70/225—Details of absorbing elements characterised by absorbing coatings; characterised by surface treatment for increasing absorption for spectrally selective absorption
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F24—HEATING; RANGES; VENTILATING
    • F24S—SOLAR HEAT COLLECTORS; SOLAR HEAT SYSTEMS
    • F24S70/00—Details of absorbing elements
    • F24S70/20—Details of absorbing elements characterised by absorbing coatings; characterised by surface treatment for increasing absorption
    • F24S70/25—Coatings made of metallic material
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
    • Y02E10/00—Energy generation through renewable energy sources
    • Y02E10/40—Solar thermal energy, e.g. solar towers

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • Sustainable Energy (AREA)
  • Thermal Sciences (AREA)
  • Sustainable Development (AREA)
  • Combustion & Propulsion (AREA)
  • Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
  • General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Materials Engineering (AREA)
  • Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
  • Metallurgy (AREA)
  • Organic Chemistry (AREA)
  • Spectroscopy & Molecular Physics (AREA)
  • Powder Metallurgy (AREA)
  • Other Surface Treatments For Metallic Materials (AREA)
  • Application Of Or Painting With Fluid Materials (AREA)

Abstract

Spectrally selective solar surfaces have been produced after heating the austenitic stainless steel AISI 321 to a firing temperature of 843K for a time ranging from 10 to 20 minutes. The optimum values of solar absorptance and near-normal thermal emittance are found to be 0.92+/-0.02 and 0.22+/-0.02 respectively. Severe temperature treatment like quenching in liquid nitrogen at 77K shows no adverse effect upon the quality of coatings produced by thermal treatment. The values of solar absorptance and near-normal thermal emittance remain unchanged after 'quenching' of the heat treated samples. It is believed that suitable thermal treatments given to ferretic steels and other alloys and metals may also result in spectrally selective solar surfaces.

Description

SPECIFICATION Fabrication of Spectrally Selective Surfaces by the Thermal Treatment of Austenitic Stainless Steel AISI 321 At present, the commonly known techniques for obtaining spectrally selective solar coatings are by (a) chemical deposition (b) vacuum deposition In both cases, however, either the semiconductor is coated on to the substrate or the substrate itself is converted into semiconductor. These techniques are often complex, time consuming and expensive.
In the present work, an entirely new technique of fabricating spectrally selective solar surfaces on austenitic stainless steel AISI 321 is developed. This technique does not involve any chemicals or vacuum producing equipment but requires a simple heat treatment of the stainless steel surfaces in an electric oven, under controlled conditions of temperature and time. Twenty samples of stainless steel were fired in a constant temperature oven at various temperatures ranging from 593K to 1293K and for times ranging from 5 to 30 minutes. The samples were then removed from the oven and cooled to room temperature under normal atmospheric conditions. Many samples had blue coatings formed on them due to oxidation, presumably of chromium oxide.The best surface coatings were formed at a firing temperature of 843K and for firing time of 10 to 20 minutes. the optimum values of solar absorptance a, and near-normal thermal emittance En of the heat treated samples were found to be S=0.92+0.02 and En=0.22+0.02. These values were obtained for samples heated to 843K for a firing time of 10 to 20 minutes. The corresponding values for the unheated samples were 0.50+0.02 and 0.22+0.02. It shows clearly that the heat-treated samples are spectrally selective and act as high absorbers of solar energy but low emitters of thermal energy.
Severe temperature treatments given to heat treated samples, like quenching in liquid nitrogen at 77K, produced no visible adverse effects upon the thermally produced coatings on the stainless steel surfaces, indicating, that the coatings produced were very tough and durable. Measured values of solar absorptance and near-normal thermal emittance remained unchanged after quenching, which goes on to confirm that the quality of the coatings produced did not change even after such severe temperature treatments.
No pre-heating surface treatments were given to any of the samples used. Although. it is expected that, in addition to the improvement of the quality of the coatings produced the value of the near-normal thermal emittance would be considerably reduced, if the surfaces were wellpolished before firing them in constant temperature oven.
Once the parameters are properly controlled and optimised, the technique could be employed as a simple routine-type on-line, one-step process by manufacturers for the fabrication of spectrally selective solar surfaces. The surfaces so obtained will not only be useful for the heating of buildings in cold climates but also find their uses in solar air-conditioning and refrigeration in tropical countries.
It is my belief that suitable thermal treatments given to ferretic steels and other alloys and metals may also result in similar spectrally selective solar surfaces.
Claim
Thermally coloured spectrally selective solar absorber surfaces having high solar absorptance and low thermal emittance have been obtained by heating the austenitic stainless steel AISI 321 to various firing temperatures and under controlled conditions of temperature and time. The process is also applicable to a variety of other stainless steels, metals and alloys. The technique could be employed as a simple routine-type on-line onestep process for the fabrication of spectrally selective solar surfaces. The surfaces so produced will be used to manufacture a variety of solar appliances, e.g.; solar panels, solar coolars and solar refrigerators etc.
**WARNING** end of DESC field may overlap start of CLMS **.

Claims (1)

  1. **WARNING** start of CLMS field may overlap end of DESC **.
    SPECIFICATION Fabrication of Spectrally Selective Surfaces by the Thermal Treatment of Austenitic Stainless Steel AISI 321 At present, the commonly known techniques for obtaining spectrally selective solar coatings are by (a) chemical deposition (b) vacuum deposition In both cases, however, either the semiconductor is coated on to the substrate or the substrate itself is converted into semiconductor. These techniques are often complex, time consuming and expensive.
    In the present work, an entirely new technique of fabricating spectrally selective solar surfaces on austenitic stainless steel AISI 321 is developed. This technique does not involve any chemicals or vacuum producing equipment but requires a simple heat treatment of the stainless steel surfaces in an electric oven, under controlled conditions of temperature and time. Twenty samples of stainless steel were fired in a constant temperature oven at various temperatures ranging from 593K to 1293K and for times ranging from 5 to 30 minutes. The samples were then removed from the oven and cooled to room temperature under normal atmospheric conditions. Many samples had blue coatings formed on them due to oxidation, presumably of chromium oxide.The best surface coatings were formed at a firing temperature of 843K and for firing time of 10 to 20 minutes. the optimum values of solar absorptance a, and near-normal thermal emittance En of the heat treated samples were found to be S=0.92+0.02 and En=0.22+0.02. These values were obtained for samples heated to 843K for a firing time of 10 to
    20 minutes. The corresponding values for the unheated samples were 0.50+0.02 and 0.22+0.02. It shows clearly that the heat-treated samples are spectrally selective and act as high absorbers of solar energy but low emitters of thermal energy.
    Severe temperature treatments given to heat treated samples, like quenching in liquid nitrogen at 77K, produced no visible adverse effects upon the thermally produced coatings on the stainless steel surfaces, indicating, that the coatings produced were very tough and durable. Measured values of solar absorptance and near-normal thermal emittance remained unchanged after quenching, which goes on to confirm that the quality of the coatings produced did not change even after such severe temperature treatments.
    No pre-heating surface treatments were given to any of the samples used. Although. it is expected that, in addition to the improvement of the quality of the coatings produced the value of the near-normal thermal emittance would be considerably reduced, if the surfaces were wellpolished before firing them in constant temperature oven.
    Once the parameters are properly controlled and optimised, the technique could be employed as a simple routine-type on-line, one-step process by manufacturers for the fabrication of spectrally selective solar surfaces. The surfaces so obtained will not only be useful for the heating of buildings in cold climates but also find their uses in solar air-conditioning and refrigeration in tropical countries.
    It is my belief that suitable thermal treatments given to ferretic steels and other alloys and metals may also result in similar spectrally selective solar surfaces.
    Claim
    Thermally coloured spectrally selective solar absorber surfaces having high solar absorptance and low thermal emittance have been obtained by heating the austenitic stainless steel AISI 321 to various firing temperatures and under controlled conditions of temperature and time. The process is also applicable to a variety of other stainless steels, metals and alloys. The technique could be employed as a simple routine-type on-line onestep process for the fabrication of spectrally selective solar surfaces. The surfaces so produced will be used to manufacture a variety of solar appliances, e.g.; solar panels, solar coolars and solar refrigerators etc.
GB7835090A 1978-08-31 1978-08-31 Thermal oxidation of stainless steel to produce optimum solar absorption characteristics Expired GB2032463B (en)

Priority Applications (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
GB7835090A GB2032463B (en) 1978-08-31 1978-08-31 Thermal oxidation of stainless steel to produce optimum solar absorption characteristics

Applications Claiming Priority (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
GB7835090A GB2032463B (en) 1978-08-31 1978-08-31 Thermal oxidation of stainless steel to produce optimum solar absorption characteristics

Publications (2)

Publication Number Publication Date
GB2032463A true GB2032463A (en) 1980-05-08
GB2032463B GB2032463B (en) 1982-07-21

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Cited By (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
FR2976349A1 (en) * 2011-06-09 2012-12-14 Commissariat Energie Atomique METHOD FOR PRODUCING A SOLAR RADIATION ABSORBER ELEMENT FOR A CONCENTRATED THERMAL SOLAR POWER PLANT.

Cited By (4)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
FR2976349A1 (en) * 2011-06-09 2012-12-14 Commissariat Energie Atomique METHOD FOR PRODUCING A SOLAR RADIATION ABSORBER ELEMENT FOR A CONCENTRATED THERMAL SOLAR POWER PLANT.
WO2012168577A3 (en) * 2011-06-09 2013-03-28 Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives Process for producing an element for absorbing solar radiation for a thermal concentrating solar power plant
AU2012266168B2 (en) * 2011-06-09 2016-10-20 Commissariat A L'energie Atomique Et Aux Energies Alternatives Process for producing an element for absorbing solar radiation for a thermal concentrating solar power plant
US9551507B2 (en) 2011-06-09 2017-01-24 Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique et aux Energies Alternatives Process for producing an element for absorbing solar radiation for a thermal concentrating solar power plant

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GB2032463B (en) 1982-07-21

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746 Register noted 'licences of right' (sect. 46/1977)
PCNP Patent ceased through non-payment of renewal fee