GB1225804A - - Google Patents

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Publication number
GB1225804A
GB1225804A GB1225804DA GB1225804A GB 1225804 A GB1225804 A GB 1225804A GB 1225804D A GB1225804D A GB 1225804DA GB 1225804 A GB1225804 A GB 1225804A
Authority
GB
United Kingdom
Prior art keywords
workpiece
auxiliary substance
cover
june
gaseous
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Expired
Application number
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed filed Critical
Publication of GB1225804A publication Critical patent/GB1225804A/en
Expired legal-status Critical Current

Links

Classifications

    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B23—MACHINE TOOLS; METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • B23K—SOLDERING OR UNSOLDERING; WELDING; CLADDING OR PLATING BY SOLDERING OR WELDING; CUTTING BY APPLYING HEAT LOCALLY, e.g. FLAME CUTTING; WORKING BY LASER BEAM
    • B23K26/00—Working by laser beam, e.g. welding, cutting or boring
    • B23K26/12—Working by laser beam, e.g. welding, cutting or boring in a special atmosphere, e.g. in an enclosure
    • B23K26/123—Working by laser beam, e.g. welding, cutting or boring in a special atmosphere, e.g. in an enclosure in an atmosphere of particular gases
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
    • B01J19/00—Chemical, physical or physico-chemical processes in general; Their relevant apparatus
    • B01J19/08—Processes employing the direct application of electric or wave energy, or particle radiation; Apparatus therefor
    • B01J19/081—Processes employing the direct application of electric or wave energy, or particle radiation; Apparatus therefor employing particle radiation or gamma-radiation
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B23—MACHINE TOOLS; METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • B23K—SOLDERING OR UNSOLDERING; WELDING; CLADDING OR PLATING BY SOLDERING OR WELDING; CUTTING BY APPLYING HEAT LOCALLY, e.g. FLAME CUTTING; WORKING BY LASER BEAM
    • B23K15/00—Electron-beam welding or cutting
    • B23K15/08—Removing material, e.g. by cutting, by hole drilling
    • B23K15/085—Boring
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B23—MACHINE TOOLS; METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • B23K—SOLDERING OR UNSOLDERING; WELDING; CLADDING OR PLATING BY SOLDERING OR WELDING; CUTTING BY APPLYING HEAT LOCALLY, e.g. FLAME CUTTING; WORKING BY LASER BEAM
    • B23K26/00—Working by laser beam, e.g. welding, cutting or boring
    • B23K26/12—Working by laser beam, e.g. welding, cutting or boring in a special atmosphere, e.g. in an enclosure
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B23—MACHINE TOOLS; METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • B23K—SOLDERING OR UNSOLDERING; WELDING; CLADDING OR PLATING BY SOLDERING OR WELDING; CUTTING BY APPLYING HEAT LOCALLY, e.g. FLAME CUTTING; WORKING BY LASER BEAM
    • B23K26/00—Working by laser beam, e.g. welding, cutting or boring
    • B23K26/12—Working by laser beam, e.g. welding, cutting or boring in a special atmosphere, e.g. in an enclosure
    • B23K26/127—Working by laser beam, e.g. welding, cutting or boring in a special atmosphere, e.g. in an enclosure in an enclosure
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B23—MACHINE TOOLS; METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • B23K—SOLDERING OR UNSOLDERING; WELDING; CLADDING OR PLATING BY SOLDERING OR WELDING; CUTTING BY APPLYING HEAT LOCALLY, e.g. FLAME CUTTING; WORKING BY LASER BEAM
    • B23K26/00—Working by laser beam, e.g. welding, cutting or boring
    • B23K26/16—Removal of by-products, e.g. particles or vapours produced during treatment of a workpiece
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B23—MACHINE TOOLS; METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • B23K—SOLDERING OR UNSOLDERING; WELDING; CLADDING OR PLATING BY SOLDERING OR WELDING; CUTTING BY APPLYING HEAT LOCALLY, e.g. FLAME CUTTING; WORKING BY LASER BEAM
    • B23K26/00—Working by laser beam, e.g. welding, cutting or boring
    • B23K26/36—Removing material
    • B23K26/38—Removing material by boring or cutting
    • B23K26/382—Removing material by boring or cutting by boring
    • B23K26/389—Removing material by boring or cutting by boring of fluid openings, e.g. nozzles, jets
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B26—HAND CUTTING TOOLS; CUTTING; SEVERING
    • B26F—PERFORATING; PUNCHING; CUTTING-OUT; STAMPING-OUT; SEVERING BY MEANS OTHER THAN CUTTING
    • B26F1/00—Perforating; Punching; Cutting-out; Stamping-out; Apparatus therefor
    • B26F1/26—Perforating by non-mechanical means, e.g. by fluid jet
    • B26F1/31—Perforating by non-mechanical means, e.g. by fluid jet by radiation
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
    • B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
    • B29C59/00—Surface shaping of articles, e.g. embossing; Apparatus therefor
    • B29C59/16—Surface shaping of articles, e.g. embossing; Apparatus therefor by wave energy or particle radiation, e.g. infrared heating
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
    • B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
    • B29C59/00—Surface shaping of articles, e.g. embossing; Apparatus therefor
    • B29C59/16—Surface shaping of articles, e.g. embossing; Apparatus therefor by wave energy or particle radiation, e.g. infrared heating
    • B29C59/165—Surface shaping of articles, e.g. embossing; Apparatus therefor by wave energy or particle radiation, e.g. infrared heating of profiled articles, e.g. hollow or tubular articles
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C21—METALLURGY OF IRON
    • C21D—MODIFYING THE PHYSICAL STRUCTURE OF FERROUS METALS; GENERAL DEVICES FOR HEAT TREATMENT OF FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS METALS OR ALLOYS; MAKING METAL MALLEABLE, e.g. BY DECARBURISATION OR TEMPERING
    • C21D1/00—General methods or devices for heat treatment, e.g. annealing, hardening, quenching or tempering
    • C21D1/06—Surface hardening
    • C21D1/09—Surface hardening by direct application of electrical or wave energy; by particle radiation
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C23—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; CHEMICAL SURFACE TREATMENT; DIFFUSION TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL; INHIBITING CORROSION OF METALLIC MATERIAL OR INCRUSTATION IN GENERAL
    • C23C—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; SURFACE TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL BY DIFFUSION INTO THE SURFACE, BY CHEMICAL CONVERSION OR SUBSTITUTION; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL
    • C23C14/00—Coating by vacuum evaporation, by sputtering or by ion implantation of the coating forming material
    • C23C14/04—Coating on selected surface areas, e.g. using masks
    • C23C14/046—Coating cavities or hollow spaces, e.g. interior of tubes; Infiltration of porous substrates
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C23—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; CHEMICAL SURFACE TREATMENT; DIFFUSION TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL; INHIBITING CORROSION OF METALLIC MATERIAL OR INCRUSTATION IN GENERAL
    • C23C—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; SURFACE TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL BY DIFFUSION INTO THE SURFACE, BY CHEMICAL CONVERSION OR SUBSTITUTION; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL
    • C23C14/00—Coating by vacuum evaporation, by sputtering or by ion implantation of the coating forming material
    • C23C14/04—Coating on selected surface areas, e.g. using masks
    • C23C14/048—Coating on selected surface areas, e.g. using masks using irradiation by energy or particles
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01J—ELECTRIC DISCHARGE TUBES OR DISCHARGE LAMPS
    • H01J37/00—Discharge tubes with provision for introducing objects or material to be exposed to the discharge, e.g. for the purpose of examination or processing thereof
    • H01J37/02—Details
    • H01J37/16—Vessels; Containers
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
    • B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
    • B29C35/00—Heating, cooling or curing, e.g. crosslinking or vulcanising; Apparatus therefor
    • B29C35/02—Heating or curing, e.g. crosslinking or vulcanizing during moulding, e.g. in a mould
    • B29C35/08—Heating or curing, e.g. crosslinking or vulcanizing during moulding, e.g. in a mould by wave energy or particle radiation
    • B29C35/0805—Heating or curing, e.g. crosslinking or vulcanizing during moulding, e.g. in a mould by wave energy or particle radiation using electromagnetic radiation
    • B29C2035/0838—Heating or curing, e.g. crosslinking or vulcanizing during moulding, e.g. in a mould by wave energy or particle radiation using electromagnetic radiation using laser
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
    • B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
    • B29C35/00—Heating, cooling or curing, e.g. crosslinking or vulcanising; Apparatus therefor
    • B29C35/02—Heating or curing, e.g. crosslinking or vulcanizing during moulding, e.g. in a mould
    • B29C35/08—Heating or curing, e.g. crosslinking or vulcanizing during moulding, e.g. in a mould by wave energy or particle radiation
    • B29C35/0866—Heating or curing, e.g. crosslinking or vulcanizing during moulding, e.g. in a mould by wave energy or particle radiation using particle radiation
    • B29C2035/0877—Heating or curing, e.g. crosslinking or vulcanizing during moulding, e.g. in a mould by wave energy or particle radiation using particle radiation using electron radiation, e.g. beta-rays
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
    • B29L—INDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBCLASS B29C, RELATING TO PARTICULAR ARTICLES
    • B29L2007/00—Flat articles, e.g. films or sheets
    • B29L2007/008—Wide strips, e.g. films, webs
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
    • B29L—INDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBCLASS B29C, RELATING TO PARTICULAR ARTICLES
    • B29L2023/00—Tubular articles
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
    • B29L—INDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBCLASS B29C, RELATING TO PARTICULAR ARTICLES
    • B29L2031/00—Other particular articles
    • B29L2031/737—Articles provided with holes, e.g. grids, sieves
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
    • Y10S—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10S65/00—Glass manufacturing
    • Y10S65/04—Electric heat

Landscapes

  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Optics & Photonics (AREA)
  • Plasma & Fusion (AREA)
  • Toxicology (AREA)
  • Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
  • Organic Chemistry (AREA)
  • Metallurgy (AREA)
  • Materials Engineering (AREA)
  • Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
  • General Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
  • Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
  • Forests & Forestry (AREA)
  • Thermal Sciences (AREA)
  • Crystallography & Structural Chemistry (AREA)
  • Analytical Chemistry (AREA)
  • ing And Chemical Polishing (AREA)
  • Processing Of Solid Wastes (AREA)
  • Welding Or Cutting Using Electron Beams (AREA)
  • Physical Or Chemical Processes And Apparatus (AREA)

Abstract

1,225,804. Removing material by fusion. STEIGERWALD - STRAHLTECHNIK G.m.b.H. 10 June, 1968 [9 June, 1967], No. 27404/68. Heading B3V. In removing material from a workpiece 1 to form depressions, slots, cuts, bores &c. by means of an energy beam 4, e.g. an electron, laser beam, a solid, liquid or gaseous auxiliary substance 5 is used to remove the material portions 3 heated by the beam from the workpiece 1, the auxiliary substance 5 being provided in the cavities of a cover 9 positioned on at least one side of the workpiece. In one embodiment, Fig. 11, the auxiliary substance 5 is arranged in cells 21<SP>1</SP> in a cover 9 in a predetermined arrangement. The workpiece 1 is moved relative to the beam 4 which is switched on when a marking 32 aligned with a cell 21<SP>1</SP> has been located by a beam 44 or feeler device in line with the beam 4. When a complete bore has been formed in the workpiece 1, the auxiliary substance 5 is activated by the beam and/or temperature to form gas or vapour which blows the molten material 3 out of the processing region. The cover 9 may include P.T.F.E., Zn, Mg or Pb and may have closed or open pores containing the auxiliary substance, e.g. polyurethane foam foamed with oxygen. Alternatively, the workpiece 1 is arranged on a cover 9 having apertures (11<SP>11</SP>) (Fig. 6, not shown) through which a gaseous or liquid auxiliary substance is passed. The cover 9 is either resistant to or destroyed by the beam 4. An absorbent layer (22), (Fig. 19, not shown) may additionally be arranged on the one side of the cover 9, at the bottom of each aperture of which may be positioned an absorbent stopper (26), (Fig. 10, not shown). In another embodiment, Fig. 5, a fluid auxiliary substance is contained in a pipe 7 which is movable relative to the workpiece 1. The beam source 15 may be contained in a chamber 12 (Fig. 8, not shown), which is evacuated through a conduit (16) and which is movable relative to the workpiece 1. In a further embodiment, Fig. 12, a strip 1 is moved on to a rotatable drum 40 which is coated with auxiliary substance 5 from a bath 46. The auxiliary substance may alternatively be supplied from the drum interior.
GB1225804D 1967-06-09 1968-06-10 Expired GB1225804A (en)

Applications Claiming Priority (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
DEST026993 1967-06-09

Publications (1)

Publication Number Publication Date
GB1225804A true GB1225804A (en) 1971-03-24

Family

ID=7461222

Family Applications (2)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
GB27405/68A Expired GB1217350A (en) 1967-06-09 1968-06-10 Process for the treatment of internal surfaces of recesses
GB1225804D Expired GB1225804A (en) 1967-06-09 1968-06-10

Family Applications Before (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
GB27405/68A Expired GB1217350A (en) 1967-06-09 1968-06-10 Process for the treatment of internal surfaces of recesses

Country Status (9)

Country Link
US (1) US3632398A (en)
AT (2) AT287427B (en)
BE (2) BE716298A (en)
CH (2) CH503803A (en)
DE (1) DE1621355A1 (en)
FR (2) FR1587060A (en)
GB (2) GB1217350A (en)
NL (2) NL6808137A (en)
SE (1) SE350420B (en)

Cited By (3)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US4081892A (en) * 1976-11-01 1978-04-04 Flow Industries, Inc. Method of making composite structure
FR2568154A1 (en) * 1984-07-30 1986-01-31 United Technologies Corp Apparatus for drilling holes by electron beams
GB2231525A (en) * 1989-05-18 1990-11-21 Colin John Humphreys Preparation of substrates.

Families Citing this family (22)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3934109A (en) * 1972-06-23 1976-01-20 The Torrington Company Latch pivot for latch needle
FR2202421B1 (en) * 1972-10-10 1976-10-29 Thomson Brandt
FR2217118B1 (en) * 1972-10-25 1975-04-25 Alsacienne Atom
US4015100A (en) * 1974-01-07 1977-03-29 Avco Everett Research Laboratory, Inc. Surface modification
LU71852A1 (en) * 1975-02-14 1977-01-05
US4081655A (en) * 1975-08-22 1978-03-28 Caterpillar Tractor Co. Method of deburring intersecting drilled holes
US4093842A (en) * 1976-01-19 1978-06-06 General Motors Corporation Ported engine cylinder with selectively hardened bore
US4059876A (en) * 1976-11-03 1977-11-29 General Motors Corporation Method of alloying and forming a valve seat
US4157935A (en) * 1977-12-23 1979-06-12 International Business Machines Corporation Method for producing nozzle arrays for ink jet printers
JPS6029234A (en) * 1983-07-11 1985-02-14 Mitsubishi Electric Corp Wire electrode for wire cut electrical discharge machining
US5229163A (en) * 1989-12-21 1993-07-20 Hoffmann-La Roche Inc. Process for preparing a microtiter tray for immunometric determinations
US5841099A (en) * 1994-07-18 1998-11-24 Electro Scientific Industries, Inc. Method employing UV laser pulses of varied energy density to form depthwise self-limiting blind vias in multilayered targets
US5614114A (en) * 1994-07-18 1997-03-25 Electro Scientific Industries, Inc. Laser system and method for plating vias
US6280757B1 (en) 1997-05-22 2001-08-28 The Procter & Gamble Company Cleansing articles for skin or hair
US6225032B1 (en) * 1997-08-27 2001-05-01 Canon Kabushiki Kaisha Method for manufacturing liquid jet recording heads and a head manufactured by such method of manufacture
WO2002029845A2 (en) * 2000-10-04 2002-04-11 Plasmion Displays, Llc Method of fabricating plasma display panel using laser process
ATE323569T1 (en) * 2001-03-22 2006-05-15 Xsil Technology Ltd A LASER PROCESSING SYSTEM AND METHOD
GB0112234D0 (en) 2001-05-18 2001-07-11 Welding Inst Surface modification
CN1309527C (en) * 2003-03-17 2007-04-11 三菱电机株式会社 Laser processing method
US7674997B2 (en) * 2006-10-17 2010-03-09 Johns Manville Spinner for fiberizing glass and method
DE102014004035A1 (en) * 2014-03-21 2015-10-08 Probeam Ag & Co. Kgaa Method for producing small holes in workpieces
DE102019101351B4 (en) * 2019-01-18 2021-01-07 Dyemansion Gmbh Device and method for surface smoothing of additively manufactured molded parts made of plastic

Family Cites Families (3)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3364087A (en) * 1964-04-27 1968-01-16 Varian Associates Method of using laser to coat or etch substrate
US3360398A (en) * 1965-03-11 1967-12-26 United Aircraft Corp Fabrication of thin film devices
FR1468426A (en) * 1966-02-17 1967-02-03 Ibm High energy ray machining and coating process

Cited By (3)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US4081892A (en) * 1976-11-01 1978-04-04 Flow Industries, Inc. Method of making composite structure
FR2568154A1 (en) * 1984-07-30 1986-01-31 United Technologies Corp Apparatus for drilling holes by electron beams
GB2231525A (en) * 1989-05-18 1990-11-21 Colin John Humphreys Preparation of substrates.

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
FR1587060A (en) 1970-03-13
GB1217350A (en) 1970-12-31
FR1587059A (en) 1970-03-13
SE350420B (en) 1972-10-30
NL6808137A (en) 1968-12-10
US3632398A (en) 1972-01-04
AT297171B (en) 1972-03-10
BE716298A (en) 1968-12-09
CH497242A (en) 1970-10-15
CH503803A (en) 1971-02-28
BE716334A (en) 1968-12-10
DE1621355A1 (en) 1971-05-13
NL6808136A (en) 1968-12-10
AT287427B (en) 1971-01-25

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Legal Events

Date Code Title Description
PS Patent sealed [section 19, patents act 1949]
PCNP Patent ceased through non-payment of renewal fee