FR3045685A1 - ALVEOLAR BUILDING ELEMENT FOR THERMALLY CONTROLLED WALL - Google Patents

Abstract

The invention relates to a flat composite building element (1) having a floor height for the manufacture of a building wall, the building element comprising a ceramic outer facing (32), an inner facing (31). ceramic and an insulating intermediate layer (12) arranged between the outer facing and the inner facing, wherein at least one of the outer facing and the inner facing has longitudinal depressions (10, 11) extending over all the height of the siding. The use of this composite construction element makes it possible to define different air circulation circuits in order to produce a cooling air circulation or a heating air circulation.

Description

Technical area

The present invention relates to the field of construction of buildings that have thermal control qualities. In particular, the invention relates to a composite building element and the use of this composite building element to define different air circulation circuits to optionally produce a cooling air circulation or a warm air circulation. summary

An idea underlying the invention is to use cells disposed on one or more levels in the thickness of ceramic cladding to produce fresh and / or hot air circulation circuits. These cavities also make it possible to have inside the ceramic facings a pipe network for a coolant and / or coolant.

According to embodiments, the invention makes it possible to achieve one or more of the following objectives:

Drive the air inside a building from the outside through the walls; - Pretreat the fresh air by heat exchange with the inside of the brick cells by using the inertia of the brick, the partial capture of losses through the wall and the capture of solar energy illuminating the outer facing of the brick ; - Associate the supply of air with a flue in underbody or lower periphery of the wall ensuring by a Canadian well effect a pretreatment of fresh air in winter and summer; - Ensure a supply of air either at the bottom or at the top of the premises depending on the season; - Provide natural ventilation of the premises by creating high and low ventilation.

For this, the invention provides a flat composite building element having a floor height for the manufacture of a building wall, the building element having a ceramic outer facing, a ceramic inner facing and an intermediate layer. of insulation arranged between the outer facing and the inner facing, wherein at least one of the outer facing and the inner facing has longitudinal recesses extending over the entire height of the facing.

According to advantageous embodiments, such a construction element may have one or more of the following characteristics.

In one embodiment, the construction element further comprises a bore passing through the thickness of the construction element and a device for switching and routing the air arranged in the borehole and making it possible to place the longitudinal cells with selectively an inner side and an outer side of the building element.

In one embodiment, each of the outer facing and the inner facing has longitudinal cells extending over the entire height of the facing, the switching device and air routing being adapted, in a first switching position, communicating the longitudinal cells of the outer facing with the inner side of the building element and, in a second switching position, to put in communication the longitudinal cells of the outer facing with the longitudinal cells of the inner facing.

In one embodiment, the device for switching and routing air in a third switching position is able to put the inner side in communication with the outer side of the construction element without communication with the longitudinal cells.

In one embodiment, the construction element has a first bore passing through the thickness of the building element in a lower region of the building element and a first arranged air switching and routing device. in the first piercing and a second piercing through the thickness of the building element in an upper region of the building element and a second air switching and routing device arranged in the second piercing.

In one embodiment, the construction element further comprises a coil placed in the longitudinal cells in which a coolant or coolant fluid can circulate, the coil consisting of rectilinear conduits arranged in cells and connected in series alternately by their upper extremities and their lower extremities. The invention also provides a building comprising a wall consisting essentially of a series of aforementioned building elements juxtaposed and an air circuit buried at the base of the wall, wherein longitudinal cells of the building elements have a lower end in communication with the buried air circuit.

According to advantageous embodiments, such a building can have one or more of the following characteristics.

In one embodiment, the first device for switching and routing the air puts in communication a lower portion of the longitudinal cells of the outer face with an upper portion of the longitudinal cells of the inner face, and wherein the second switching device and routing the air communicates the upper portion of the longitudinal cells of the inner facing with the interior space of the building.

In one embodiment, the building further includes containers (102) disposed in the wall and provided with a substrate in which plants grow and a layer of porous material under said substrate.

In one embodiment, the wall further includes an irrigation system including a downward water pipe, a spout connected bypassing the downward water pipe to pour water into each vessel, and water pipes. return configured to return excess water collected by the layer of porous material to the pipe.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS The invention will be better understood, and other objects, details, features and advantages thereof will become more clearly apparent from the following description of several particular embodiments of the invention, given solely for the purposes of the invention. illustrative and not limiting, with reference to the accompanying drawings. - Figure 1 is a partial cutaway perspective view of a building according to a first embodiment. - Figure 2 is a side sectional view of the building of Figure 1 illustrating the flow of air in summer, on the one hand on the left side with a wall facing south; on the other hand on the right side with a wall facing north. - Figure 3 is the same view as Figure 2 illustrating the circulation of air in winter, on the one hand on the left side with a wall facing south; on the other hand on the right side with a wall facing north. - Figure 4 is an enlarged sectional view of a lower portion of the building of Figure 1 illustrating the two air circulation channels. - Figure 5 is a schematic view illustrating the position of the top and bottom sleeves by means of which are implemented the various air flows. - Figure 6 is a schematic detail exploded perspective view illustrating the bottom sleeve. - Figure 7 is a schematic detail exploded perspective view illustrating the upper sleeve. - Figure 8 is a schematic sectional view in perspective illustrating a wall section according to a second embodiment. FIG. 9 is a horizontal sectional view of the floor height brick of the wall of FIG. 8. FIG. 10 is a schematic side view showing the greening means hung on the wall of the wall and their system. irrigation. - Figure 11 is a detail view illustrating the plant irrigation system. - Figures 12 to 16 are sectional views of a building according to a second embodiment in different operating positions. FIG. 17 is a diagrammatic sectional view of an intake and switching sleeve that can be used in the building of FIGS. 12 to 16. FIG. 18 is a schematic view of a shutter that can be used in the intake and switching sleeve of Figure 17.

Detailed description of embodiments

The wall according to the present invention can be made from large ceramic monolithic hollow facings having longitudinal cells extending over the entire height of the facing. Typical dimensions are about 100 cm to 300 cm high, for example 180 cm high, 60 cm wide and 5 to 20 cm thick A brick of height of floor 1 here designates a composite building element comprising ( FIG. 1) an outer ceramic cladding 32, an inner ceramic cladding 31 and an insulating intermediate layer 12 arranged between the outer ceramic cladding 32 and the inner ceramic cladding 31.

A method of manufacturing a wall for a building consists in using bricks of height of stage 1 provided with inner longitudinal 10 and outer 11 cells separated by the layer of insulator 12. These bricks 1 are provided with means making it possible to define different circuits air circulation to have a choice of cooling air circulation or circulation of warm air.

According to this method the floor height bricks 1 are placed on a concrete base whose horizontal portion 20 is at ground level and the vertical portion 21 sunk into the ground so as to produce a Canadian well in which ducts are arranged. 3 communicating with the inner cells 10 and / or with the outer cells 11 bricks.

The means defining various air circulation circuits can be implemented so as to define: - a first circuit for a wall facing south in summer. In the first circuit, the air from the ducts 3 of the Canadian well rises through the inner cavities 10 to the base of the bricks of floor height 1 from which it is blown into the interior space 4 of the building. a second circuit for a north-facing wall in summer. In the second circuit, this air rises through the same cells 10 to the top of the brick floor 1 from where it is blown into the interior space 4 of the building. - a third circuit for a wall facing south in winter. In the third circuit, the air coming from the ducts 3 rises through the outer cavities 11 of the brick 1 to the top of said brick from where it is blown into the interior space 4 of the building. - a fourth for a north-facing wall in winter. In the fourth circuit, the air rises through the inner cavities 10 to the top of each brick floor height 1 where it is blown into the interior space 4 of the building.

A device for implementing this method comprises one or more cylindrical sleeves 5, 6 disposed in a coring made horizontally in the brick of height of stage 1, or at a depth for which it crosses the entire thickness of the brick of height of stage 1, that is to a depth for which it crosses only the inner cells 10. Each sleeve has a lateral light 50, 60 allowing according to its position to communicate with the inner or outer 10 cells 11.

Each brick floor height 1 can also be provided in its inner cells 10 of a coil in which a fluid can be coolant or coolant. This coil consists of rectilinear ducts 70, 71 arranged in internal cavities 10. The ducts are interconnected in pairs at their upper ends by jumpers 72 and from one pair to the other at their base by a driving portion horizontal 73 introduced by windows 74 formed at the base of the brick floor height 1.

The wall according to the present invention may further comprise receptacles 82 hooked to said wall to produce a green wall, these receptacles comprising a substrate 83, plants and under the substrate a layer of porous material 84.

In Figure 1, we see partially a building wall consisting of bricks of floor height 1 which are composite building elements. Their hollow ceramic facings 31 and 32 are provided with longitudinal cells 10, 11 extending over the entire height.

These bricks height stage 1 are carried by a concrete base 2, the upper horizontal portion 20 is at ground level and the vertical portion 21, carried by a heel 22, is pressed into the ground so as to achieve what is called a Canadian well, that is to say a trench surrounding the building in which are arranged one or more ducts 3, which allow air circulation. Due to the depth to which the ducts 3 are driven into the ground, the air circulating there tends to be at a substantially constant temperature; either in summer cooler than the ambient temperature and in winter warmer.

The bricks of floor height 1 comprise longitudinal cells 10 and 11 which extend over the entire height of the brick floor height 1 and are separated by an insulator 12. The cells 10 are arranged in the interior ceramic facing 31 which has a greater thickness than the outer ceramic facing 32 containing the cells 11.

In the example shown by way of non-limiting example, the ducts 3 are rectangular section channels. They are provided with means making them communicate with the cells 10 and / or 11.

Figure 2, which illustrates the flow of air from the ducts 3 in summer, is in two parts: on the left side of the figure the flow of air from the ducts 3 in the walls facing south and on the right side the circulation of air in the walls facing north. In the summer, on the south side, the air coming from the ducts 3 is blown into the interior of the building 4 at the base of the bricks of floor height 1, going up to the floor 20 from the ducts 3 along the insulation 12. In the summer, on the north side, the air coming from the ducts 3 rises from the ducts 3 along the insulator 12 to the floor 20, then passes into the inner cavities 10, up to their upper end and from there is insufflated into the interior space 4 of the building.

Means are arranged at the base and the top of the bricks height stage 1 to control these various flows. These means make it possible to define, for example as represented in FIG. 4, two types of circulation of air coming from the ducts 3: namely a type A where the air passes into the internal cells 10 and a type B where the air air passes into the outer cells 11. In addition means may be arranged in the ducts 3 to blow the air.

As shown in FIG. 4, ceramic semi-cylindrical elements 14 can be arranged along a buried composite element 27 to isolate from the ground the outer cells 11 of the buried element 27.

FIG. 5 illustrates the position of an upper sleeve 5 and a lower sleeve 6 arranged in the floor height bricks 1 in order to define the various circulation circuits of the duct 3 from the ducts 3. In this figure, the cells 10 and 11 are not shown, only their position is indicated. In this figure we see that the sleeve 5, disposed at the upper part of the bricks 1 through the entire thickness of the brick; while the sleeve 6 disposed at the lower part passes only the inner ceramic facing 31.

Figures 6 and 7 show the sleeves 5 and 6 respectively. These sleeves are cylindrical tubes provided with a window 50, 60 and open at their ends 51,61.

Referring to FIG. 5, it can be seen that the flow of air arriving through the cells 11 enters the upper sleeve 5 through the window 50 and leaves the end 51 of the sleeve 5 in the interior space 4. In a similar manner the flow of air arriving through the cells 10 enters the lower sleeve 6 through the window 60 and leaves the end 61 of the sleeve 6 in the chamber 4.

Figure 8 is a partial schematic sectional view and perspective of a wall section according to a second embodiment. In this figure are represented three bricks height of stage 1 assembled to each other by any known means, provided with sleeves 5 and 6. One of them is provided with a coil for conveying a fluid, for example water, which can be either hot or cold. To set up this coil is first introduced from the top into the cells 10 straight, parallel portions of pipes 70 and 71, and then connected at the top by jumpers 72 and at the bottom by a portion of pipe 73 carried by the floor 20 of the concrete base and connected at both ends to the pipes 70 and 71 through the windows 74 formed at the bottom of the floor height brick 1. The links between the jumpers 72, the pipe portion 73 and the straight portions 71 must be made in a sealed manner.

Figure 9 is a sectional view of a floor height brick 1 that can be used in the second embodiment. The ducts 70 and 71 are here interconnected alternately by their upper ends by jumpers 72 and similarly by their lower ends by jumpers 75. It is possible to have an additional insulator 28 in all or some of the cells 10 in this case.

FIG. 10 shows a succession of supports 81, fixed to a wall, not shown, carrying containers 82 placed one above the other, filled with a substrate 83 placed on top of a porous material 84. Irrigation water arrives via a pipe 85 carried by the wall and is poured into each container 82 by a pouring spout 86 connected in branch of the pipe 85. The possible excess of water is collected by the layer of porous material 84 and has returned to line 85 through lines 87. Figure 11 shows the appearance of this green wall from the outer surface of the wall, the irrigation system being integrated into the thickness of the wall.

With reference to FIGS. 12 to 18, a third embodiment of the building wall will now be described. Elements similar or identical to those of the first embodiment have the same reference numeral increased by 100.

In this third embodiment, there is described a building wall structure that allows the ventilation of a room through the cells through or not a Canadian well, by means of an intake sleeve and routing air through the cells.

As before, a basic principle is to bring fresh air inside the premises by air transfer from the outside via the inner and / or outer cells constituting the brick walls and the base. The operation will now be described. The air can be taken outside at the foot of the building by an air intake 201 equipped with a fence insect and insect rodents. The air can pass through a double buried or semi-buried flue 103 in the basement of the wall and thus benefit from a thermal and hygrometric exchange with the internal walls of the flue 103, the outer walls of which are in contact with the earth 202. air in winter and cooling in summer by Canadian Well effect.

The double flue 103 is composed of a lower compartment 1031 of a length long enough to ensure a heat exchange with the air and an upper compartment to ensure connections with the vertical cells 111 of the brick wall.

The transfer of air between the outer cells 111 to the inner cavities 110 is provided by means of one or more intake and switching sleeves, namely an upper sleeve 105 and a lower sleeve 106 in the illustrated example.

Each inlet and branching sleeve 105, 106 provides the following 3 operating modes: - Use of cavities 111 on the outer facing side for the transfer of air - Use of the cavities 110 on the inner facing side for the transfer of air - Direct transfer of air from outside with bypassing the flue 103. The air then passes inside the cells 110 or 110 internal external and benefits from a heat exchange with the inner wall of the brick 131 or 132, as illustrated in Figures 12 to 16.

This heat exchange is related to the temperature difference between the air conveyed and the brick 131 or 132 by thermal inertia effects of the ceramic, solar energy uptake on the outer surface of the wall and capture of the flow of heat. heat loss from the interior space 104 through the active wall. Thus, the freshness accumulated at night by inertia effect of the ceramic is for example redistributed during the day. For this, we can use the inner facing 131 for the transit air.

Similarly, the use of the inner facing 131 for the transit of air allows the capture of a portion of the losses through the wall between the inside and the outside. The use of the outer facing 132 for the transit of air in the facades exposed to the sun allows the capture of solar energy illuminating the outer facing 132.

Air may be introduced into the room to be ventilated either from the inlet and lower switch sleeve 106 or from the upper intake and switch sleeve 105.

The switching control of the sleeves 105 and 106 in the different operating positions can be manual by action on a wheel or motor driven to a remote control and / or an automatic program to control the switch. Such a program, for example, controls the position at a time programmer or measurements, for example measurement of the indoor temperature, the outside temperature, the outdoor humidity, the indoor humidity, etc.

With reference to FIG. 12, there is shown the air flow in a first switching position of the lower sleeve 106, which ensures: - A supply of fresh air in the summer refreshed by the Canadian Well - A supply of air at the bottom wall to provide air delamination and comfort in the summer.

In this position, the outer end of the sleeve 106 is closed, the inner end is open and opens into the inner space 104. The outer side channel is open to the flue 103 through the lower part of the cells 111, and the inner side channel is closed. This first switching position of the lower sleeve 106 may be associated with high ventilation through the upper intake sleeve 105 for a natural ventilation of the premises, as will be described in Figure 15.

With reference to FIG. 13, in a second switching position of the lower sleeve 106, the two ends of the sleeve 106 are closed. The outer side channel is open towards the flue 103 and the inner side channel is open towards the upper part of the cells 110. This position ensures: - A supply of fresh air in the winter pretreated with heat exchange by the Canadian well and on the interior ceramic siding 131. The supply of air from above to prevent a flow of fresh air to the occupants. For this, the upper sleeve 105 communicates the upper portion of the cells 110 with the interior space 104. The air captures the heat from the ground by the Canadian well and captures a share of thermal losses through the active wall. The routing of the air on the inner cells 110 makes it possible to pass the air inside the isolated volume delimited by the insulating layer 112.

With reference to FIG. 14, in a third switching position of the lower sleeve 106, the two ends of the sleeve 106 are open. The outer side channel and the inner side channel are closed. This position ensures the supply of fresh air directly from the outside to get around the Canadian well.

Fig. 15 illustrates the third switching position performed at the upper sleeve 105. It ensures: - The direct supply of fresh air at the top from the outside to bypass the Canadian Well, - Direct extraction of air on the outside, - Natural ventilation of the premises.

With reference to FIG. 16, in a fourth switching position of the lower sleeve 106, the outer end of the sleeve 106 is closed, the inner end is closed. The outer side channel is closed and the inner side channel is closed as well. The air flow rises in the outer cavities 111 around the lower sleeve 106 without penetrating into it (or by traversing diametrically the lower sleeve 106 if its geometry allows it) and reaches the outer side channel of the upper sleeve 105. The sleeve upper 105 is in the same switching position as the lower sleeve 106 in FIG. 12. This position makes it possible to circulate the air from the Canadian well through the entire height of the exterior facing 132 and then to introduce it into the upper part of the local.

The connecting sleeve and air routing can be achieved in various ways. One embodiment is illustrated in Figure 17.

The sleeve 105,106 performs the following functions: - Air routing with control wheel - By the inner end 55, air inlet mouth, selectively open or closed, - By the outer end 67, mouth of external air outlet, selectively open or closed, - communication with the inner cells 110, selectively open or closed, - communication with the outer cells 111, selectively open or closed.

The sleeve rotates to ensure these different configurations: it consists here of an inner cylinder 63 with two lateral holes 65 and 66 positioned at 90 °, which is rotatably mounted in an outer cylinder 62 also with two lateral holes 59 and 54 aligned in the lower part. The at least partial alignment of the holes 65 and 59 opens an outer side channel and their misalignment closes it. The at least partial alignment of the holes 66 and 54 opens an inner side channel and their misalignment closes it. Two O-rings 64 seal between the two cylinders 62 and 63.

Figure 18 illustrates a shutter that can be used at both ends of the air connecting and routing sleeve. It consists of a perforated plate provided here with four openings 68, which is placed in the section of the inner cylinder 63, and a flap 69, here provided with four flaps, which is integral with the outer cylinder 62. Thus, depending on the position relative to the two cylinders, the shutter 69 covers or discovers the openings 68.

Motorized ventilation can also be installed in the sleeve. The use of the verb "to include", "to understand" or "to include" and its conjugated forms does not exclude the presence of other elements or steps other than those set out in a claim. The use of the indefinite article "a" or "an" for an element or a step does not exclude, unless otherwise stated, the presence of a plurality of such elements or steps.

In the claims, any reference sign in parentheses can not be interpreted as a limitation of the claim.

Claims (10)

A flat composite building element (1, 101) having a floor height for the manufacture of a building wall, the building element having a ceramic exterior cladding (32, 132), an interior cladding (31) , 131) made of ceramic and an insulating intermediate layer (12, 112) arranged between the outer facing and the inner facing, wherein at least one of the outer facing and the inner facing has longitudinal depressions (10, 11; 110, 111) extending over the entire height of the facing. 2. Construction element according to claim 1, further comprising a bore passing through the thickness of the construction element and a switching device and air routing (105, 106) arranged in the bore and allowing communicating the longitudinal cells (110, 111) selectively with an inner side (104) and an outer side of the building element. 3. Construction element according to claim 2, wherein each of the outer face and the inner face has longitudinal cells (110, 111) extending over the entire height of the facing, the switching device and switch of the air being able, in a first switching position, to put in communication the longitudinal cells (111) of the outer face with the inner side (104) of the construction element and, in a second switching position, to put in communication the longitudinal cells (111) of the outer facing with the longitudinal cells (110) of the inner facing. 4. Construction element according to claim 3, wherein the * switching device and air routing in a third switching position is adapted to put in communication the inner side (104) with the outer side of the construction element without communication with the longitudinal cells (110, 111). 5. Construction element according to one of claims 2 to 4, I comprising a first bore passing through the thickness of the construction element in a lower zone of the construction element and a first switching and switching device. air (106) arranged in the first bore and a second bore passing through the thickness of the construction element in an upper region of the construction element and a second air switching and routing device. (105) arranged in the second bore. 6. Construction element according to claim 1, furthermore comprising a coil placed in the longitudinal cells (10) in which a coolant or coolant fluid can circulate, the coil consisting of rectilinear conduits (70, 71) arranged in cavities. (10) and connected in series alternately by their upper ends and their lower ends. 7. Building comprising a wall consisting essentially of a series of building elements (1, 101) according to one of claims 1 to 6 juxtaposed and a buried air circuit (3, 103) at the base of the wall, wherein longitudinal cells (11, 111) of the building elements have a lower end in communication with the buried air circuit (3, 103). 8. Building according to claim 7, wherein the construction element is according to claim 5, and wherein the first switching device and air routing (105) communicates a lower portion of the longitudinal cells ( 111) of the outer facing with an upper portion of the longitudinal cells (110) of the inner facing, and wherein the second switching and air routing device (106) communicates the upper portion of the longitudinal cells (110). the interior facing with the interior space (104) of the building. 9. Building according to claim 7 or 8, further comprising containers (82) disposed in the wall and provided with a substrate (83) in which grow plants and a layer of porous material (84) located under said substrate (83). i 10. Building according to claim 9, wherein the wall also carries an irrigation system including a downward water pipe (85), a pouring spout (86) connected in a bypass of the downward water pipe to pour water. water in each container (82) and return lines (87) configured to return excess water collected by the layer of porous material (84) to the downward water line (85).