FR2974378A1 - BIOCLIMATIC HOUSE - Google Patents

Abstract

The present invention relates to a bioclimatic house. Building with at least a substantially transparent part or roof section, said building comprising, on the one hand, structurally integrated thermal storage means and, on the other hand, external means of protection and / or occultation of the part or the roof of transparent roof (e). Building (1) characterized in that it comprises, in addition, one or means (s) inside and / or outside of thermal insulation of said portion or said transparent roof panel (e), which is (are) retractable (s) and in that at least some of the, preferably all of the side walls (7, 7 '), as well as the floor structure (8), of the construction incorporate thermal insulation and storage components thermal, advantageously natural materials preferentially untreated, the thermal storage component consisting of a plurality of mass formations (10 "), spaced and exposed to air circulation, by natural convection or at least partially forced, since and towards the interior volume delimited by the construction (1 ').

Description

DESCRIPTION

The present invention relates to the field of the construction of buildings and buildings, in particular residential buildings and more specifically houses, and relates to a building of the bioclimatic type.

The present invention aims, in a general manner, at proposing a residential construction, of the individual or collective house type, possibly answering in varying degrees to criteria and requests of different kinds, some of which are mutually antagonistic, namely: a) equilibrium, or even obtaining a surplus, in the overall energy balance in the use of the building, in particular in the caloric or frigoric balance, with a reversible beneficial effect according to the seasons (controlled accumulation, conservation and restitution of calories during cold seasons and frigories during hot seasons); b) construction by assembly of elementary parts, advantageously without implementation of industrial type of bonding means and / or professional handling means (at its initial erection, but also during its expansion, reduction or relocation) ); c) possibility of multiple assembly and dismantling, with limited impact on the environment, in particular the construction site; d) preferred use of natural materials, if possible not processed industrially, with a minimized carbon footprint and a favorable or even very favorable life cycle assessment report; e) optimizing the direct use of solar radiation, especially zenith, at least for lighting and heating, with the possibility of simple regulation; (f) the search for decentralized fluidic management, at least for air and for caloric energy, favoring natural distribution and diffusion and volume accumulation; g) creation of a living environment with neutral health effects, or even preferentially beneficial for its occupants and improving their overall feeling, for example by the nature of the building materials used or otherwise; -2- h) reversible operation with a beneficial and positive effect in summer and winter, by differentiated exploitation of the possibilities of transmission by movement with the outside. Current dwelling house constructions normally make it possible to meet one or two of these criteria and requests, but generally to the detriment of others. Most of the houses or apartment buildings that have been built in recent decades seek to integrate into the existing building environment, while maintaining their particularity, and have good thermal insulation that reduces heating costs. In addition, there has been an increase in the use of sustainable energy sources such as wind, soil, air, groundwater and others, but the yield achieved often does not cover 15%. initial investment and maintenance costs and technical systems implemented are cumbersome and complex. Moreover, to date, the direct exploitation of solar radiation is not optimal and is often considered only as a source of natural lighting or at best heat support. In addition, the deep compartmentalization of the interior volume leads to numerous and complex fluid transfers, generally from a single central point. Finally, the use of inert, sanitized and / or non-biosourced building materials does not allow interaction between the habitat and its occupants, or even produces harmful influences on the occupants, without their knowledge. The solar energy collected is often converted into total electrical energy or hot water, which leads to low yields and the loss of intrinsic vital qualities of direct solar radiation, especially zenith, which is also a carrier of solar energy. information beneficial to essences and living things. More recently, many passive house projects have been proposed whose energy consumption has been reduced to a minimum. Their architectural appearance is however atypical, as sacrificed at the expense of technical performance, they can not blend in an already built environment. Similarly, many realizations of so-called "solar" houses have also been made, but they also have a very particular architectural aspect, are generally complex to achieve, often involve complicated technical systems and energy consumers. . By the French patent application No. 09 57245 in the name of the applicant, it is proposed a building meeting some of the expectations 5 and requests previously expressed. Indeed, this prior patent application proposes a building, particularly of the single family type, which essentially comprises a construction with at least a portion or a substantially transparent roof panel oriented for optimal exposure to solar radiation. , in particular winter, depending on the geographical location of the building, said building comprising, on the one hand, structurally integrated means of thermal storage by absorption of solar radiation, by contact with the indoor air and / or by transmission or diffusion and, on the other hand, external means of protecting and / or obscuring the transparent roof portion or roof (e), the transparent roof or roof portion (e) forming, in association with thermal storage means exposed to solar radiation, a Trombe type system. The present invention aims to improve the building known from this prior patent application, particularly with respect to at least some of the points a) to d), f) and g) indicated above. For this purpose, the subject of the present invention is a building, in particular a building or a dwelling-house, of the bioclimatic type, essentially comprising a construction forming a passive envelope, with at least a part or part of a roof that is substantially transparent. oriented for optimal exposure to solar radiation, particularly winter, depending on the geographical location of the building, said building comprising, on the one hand, structurally integrated means of storage and thermal rendering by absorption of the solar radiation, by contact with the indoor air and / or by transmission or diffusion and, on the other hand, external means of protection and / or obscuration of the part or the transparent roof panel (e), the pan or the transparent roof portion (e) forming, in association with the thermal storage means exposed to solar radiation, a Trombe type system, characterized in that in addition, one or more means (s) inside and / or outside of thermal insulation of said part or said transparent roof panel (e), -4- which is (are) retractable (s) and in that at least some of the, preferably all the side walls, as well as the floor structure of the building incorporate thermal insulation and thermal storage components, preferably natural materials preferentially untreated, the thermal storage component being composed of a plurality of mass formations, spaced apart and exposed to air circulation, by natural convection or at least partially forced, from and to the interior volume delimited by the construction.

The invention will be better understood, thanks to the following description, which refers to preferred embodiments, given by way of non-limiting examples, and explained with reference to the accompanying diagrammatic drawings, in which: FIGS. 1A, 1B and 1C are perspective and partially broken-away views of a building according to an embodiment of the invention, under construction; Fig. 2A is a perspective view in another direction of the building of Figs. 1A and 1B with the clear panels removed; Figure 2B is a partial perspective view of the roof of the building of Figures lA and 1B; Figures 3A, 3B and 3C are partial perspective views of the side walls and the slope of the roof not exposed to the sun optimally, illustrated in three different construction phases; FIGS. 4A and 4B are partial perspective views of a building according to a variant of the embodiment of FIGS. 1 to 3, the retractable thermal insulation means being in two different positions, namely deployed (FIG. 4A) and folded (Figure 4B); FIGS. 5A, 5B and 5C are partial views in perspective, in different directions, of a building according to another variant of the embodiment of FIGS. 1 to 3, the thermal insulation means of the transparent roof slope and the adjoining side wall being separated; FIGS. 6A, 6B, 6C and 6D are partial perspective views illustrating four consecutive phases of construction of the side walls of a building according to a first embodiment of the invention; FIG. 7 is a perspective view illustrating the essential elementary parts used for the construction of the building according to the invention, in particular the frame and the double-shell structure; Figures 8A and 8B are partial perspective views illustrating two consecutive phases of construction of the side walls and the floor structure of a building according to a second embodiment of the invention; Figure 9 is a partial detail and perspective view of a floor structure as shown in Figures 8A and 8B; FIGS. 10 and 11 are partial perspective views of the upper part of a roof forming part of a building according to another embodiment of the invention, and FIG. 12 is a graph showing the simulated curves of the evolution of the outside temperatures (bottom curve) and interior temperatures (top curve) for a building made according to the invention, the transparent roof portion being discovered only when the solar caloric intake is greater than the losses in case of occultation or isolation (no regulation in case of overheating having been made).

FIGS. 1, 2, 4, 5 and 10 show a building 1, in particular a building or dwelling-house, of the bioclimatic type, essentially comprising a construction 1 'forming a passive envelope, with at least a part or a pan 2 of a roof 1 "substantially transparent (e) oriented (e) for optimal exposure to solar radiation, especially winter, depending on the geographical location of the building 1. This building 1 comprises, on the one hand, means 3 9" , 10 "structurally integrated storage and thermal restoration by absorption of solar radiation, by contact with the indoor air and / or transmission or diffusion and on the other hand, external means 4 for protection and / or occultation of the portion or the transparent roof panel (e) 2, the transparent roof or part of the roof (e) 2 forming, in association with the means 9 ", 10" of thermal storage exposed to solar radiation, a system of the type waterspout.

According to the invention, this building 1 further comprises one or more means (s) 5, 6 inside and / or outside of thermal insulation of said part or said transparent roof panel (e), which is (are At least some of the, preferably all, of the side walls 7, 7 'and the floor structure 8 of the construction incorporate retractable components 9, 9' and thermal storage 10, 10 ', advantageously natural materials preferably untreated, the thermal storage component 10, 10' consisting of a plurality of mass formations 10 "spaced apart and exposed to air circulation, by natural convection or at least partially forced, from and towards the interior volume delimited by the construction.

The construction 1 'thus has a means for controlling the thermal insulation at the level of the transparent roof panel 2 and thermal storage means distributed throughout the building structure of this construction, the air circulation allowing to distribute the calories absorbed in a non-homogeneous way by the various storage means according to their direct exposure (through the wall itself) or indirectly (through the transparent roof panel) to the solar radiation, or even possibly their absence of radiation exposure. The control of the occulting means 4 and retractable isolation means 5, 6 can be carried out manually, or preferably via actuators. In addition, a centralized management unit for the movements of the means 4, 5, 6 is provided, being normally controlled by an automatic program adapted to the location and adapting to the changing seasons, while integrating data. measurement provided in real time by internal and external sensors to the construction. Advantageously, the construction 1 'comprises a wooden frame, preferably at the level of the floor, the side walls and the roof, and the portion or the transparent roof portion (e) 2 is formed (e) of plates of glazing 2 ', double or single thickness, the construction 1' being essentially formed by assembling elementary parts dimensioned and adapted for ergonomic manipulation by operators, advantageously at most two. The elementary parts are optimized to allow the realization of building site without lifting gear or traditional machine used for the construction sites and by limiting the waste. Preferably, the assembly of the elementary portions forming the construction 1 'is a dry assembly, in particular by cooperation of conjugated forms, mechanical interlocking and / or mutual interlocking, preferentially locked, elementary parts, allowing disassembly and disassembly. repeated reassembly without alteration, the construction 1 'advantageously having a roof of the full type with two slopes and preferably a modular constitution with a segmentation in its direction of longitudinal extension. According to one embodiment of the invention, it can be provided that at least for the opaque sidewalls 13, as well as for the floor structure 8, the thermal insulation component 9, 9 'is constituted expanded cork, agglomerated into 9 "blocks or plates or packaged in bulk in flexible or non-flexible containers, and the thermal storage mass formations 10" consist of pressed and dried raw clay plates, the side wall 13 'located in the continuity of the transparent roof panel 2 having, if necessary, an essentially transparent constitution, with external removable and / or retractable concealing means and at least one thermally insulating retractable screen 14, inside and / or outside, and at least a portion of this side wall 13 ', variable according to the needs and wishes of the inhabitants, preferably having a Trombe wall type constitution.

According to an advantageous characteristic of the invention, the lateral wall (s) or part (s) of lateral wall (s) 13 ', intended (s) to positively recover solar energy and / or or the side wall 13 'situated in the continuity of the transparent roof panel 2, advantageously at least partially of the Trombe wall type, comprise between, on the one hand, their transparent outer skin 15, possibly retractable, and, on the other hand, their internal structural component 15 ', integrating an arrangement of thermal storage mass formations 10', which preferably consist of pressed and dried raw clay plates, an intermediate receiving space 15 'for a movable and retractable insulating screen 14, associated to a corresponding guided displacement device, formed in one piece or not with the inner retractable thermal insulation means 6 of the transparent roof panel 2, possibly present. According to a first variant, the opaque side walls 13 each consist of a framework based on an alignment or a double alignment of vertical carrier beams 11 of type I or H, arranged in a unitary manner or in pairs of spaced unit beams, the fact that plates or blocks 9 "of insulating material, possibly in superposed layers extending transversely between two beams 11 of the alignment concerned, as well as plates or thermal storage blocks 10", are mounted by interlocking with mechanical maintenance each time between two consecutive beams 11, the thermal storage plates 10 "being, where appropriate, also maintained by crosspieces 16 connecting the beams 11 consecutive to each other, and in that the plates or blocks of insulating material 9" are arranged to form an airtight outer wall component 9 and the thermal storage plates 10 "are arranged to allow a flow of air between them and to form a perforated inner wall component 10, preferably separated from the outer component 9 by an air gap, and possibly delimited between the double alignment of beams 11 of the wall considered. According to a second variant, the opaque side walls 13 each consist of a framework formed essentially of a spaced alignment of vertical carrier beams 11, between which the thermal storage plates 10 "are arranged, preferably with mechanical support each time between two beams 11 of the alignment concerned, for example by crosspieces 16 extending between the beams 11, and in that the plates or blocks of insulating material 9 "are arranged to form an outer wall component 9 tight to the air and the thermal storage plates 10 "are arranged to allow circulation of the air between them and to form a perforated inner wall component, preferably separated from the outer component 9 by an air knife, the component of external wall 9 being connected to the supporting structure by a bracing and holding structure, these opaque walls 13 may be provided, according to their needs, one or more openings of the type window or door with high insulating power and provided with external means of occultation. In accordance with the second variant mentioned above, it may be provided that the spacer and holding structure of the blocks or plates of insulating material 9 "comprises a plurality of superimposed spacers 17, extending substantially horizontally and parallel to the alignment of beams 11 carrying the relevant wall 13 and rigidly connected to the latter, for example by bars or screeds 17 ', the blocks of insulating material 9 "being disposed between the spacers 17 with partial interlocking with the latter at the level of profiled recesses 17" , formed in their upper and lower faces, these blocks or plates 9 "being, if appropriate, also held laterally by vertical brackets 18 connecting the superimposed spacers 17 to each other and coming into cooperating engagement and locking in profiled recesses 17 "formed in the opposite side faces of said blocks or plates 9".

These brackets 18, mounted by their lower parts in support rails 27 mounted on the frame 8 ', further contribute to the maintenance of the bearing structure 19, 19', directly or through the 11 'sanders. The rafters 19, 19 'forming the abovementioned structure may be connected longitudinally by a ridge beam, where appropriate segmented, Preferably, the floor structure 8 consists of a framework consisting essentially of a peripheral frame 8' in which are mounted beams of type I or H 11 'laid singing and in a parallel arrangement, preferably on a bed of sand or similar natural mineral aggregates, in that plates or blocks 9 "of insulating material, possibly in superposed layers, are arranged with mechanical support each time between two consecutive beams 11 'to form a lower floor component 9' insulating and watertight air, and in that thermal storage plates 10 "lie transversely on said beams 11 ', flat or edge, preferably with mutual spacing or presence of openings, to form an upper floor component 10', a free interstice air circulation being provided between these two components 9 'and 10', preferably between the successive beams 11 'and blocks or plates of insulating material 9 "being optionally attached to the outer periphery of the peripheral frame 8' . In accordance with an advantageous embodiment of the invention, making it possible to optimize the thermal performance of the construction 1 ', the total thickness of the side walls 13, 13' and the ratio of the thicknesses of the insulation components thermal 9 and thermal storage 10 of these side walls are determined such that they have a thermal resistance greater than a determined minimum value and with an external / internal transmission phase shift between 9 hours and 14 hours, preferably about 10 to 12 hours, if any, of about 36 hours or 60 hours, the inner linings of the sidewalls 7, 7 'possibly present being permeable to air and the construction 1' defining a shell or envelope to double wall substantially waterproof and drafts, but allowing the passage of air and water vapor. In accordance with a practical example of embodiment, the side walls 7, 7 'may, for example, comprise the following three components: an outer cork layer of about 35 cm, an air space of about 10 cm and a thickness of raw clay pressed and dried about 25 cm, to obtain a thermal resistance of 9 and a phase shift of 36 hours. The non-transparent parts or slopes of the roof 1 "have a relatively traditional constitution (see in particular FIGS. 1, 2B, 4B and 5) with rafters 11" 'supporting, possibly in cooperation with breakdowns and / or sleepers, plates or blocks 9 "insulating and means of fixed outer covers, such as tiles and slates.

The mobile concealment means 4 of the transparent roofing part 2, pan or slope 2 (e) also have, on the surface, advantageously tiles or slates, where appropriate, grouped into plates or blades. According to a first embodiment of the invention, the means 4 for concealment of the transparent roof portion or panel (e) 2 consist of separate elements in the form of elongate slats or plates, such as slats, pivotally mounted on a support structure externally surmounting the portion or the transparent roof panel (e) 2, at a distance from this or the latter, and in that the retractable thermal insulation means 6, or the external component 5 of the means retractable thermal insulation 5, 6, for example by sliding, is able to be moved (e) unitarily between, on the one hand, a first deployed position in which said means or said component 5 is disposed (e) between means of occultation and this part or section 2, in or covering it entirely, and, secondly, a second retracted position in which this means or component 5 is arranged on, under or in a ( e) other party or Roof pan 1 "of the building. Such an embodiment of the occulting means is described in particular in the French patent application No. 09 57245. In accordance with a second variant, the means 4 for concealment of the part or pan 2 consists of a continuous curtain -11 - Segmented formed of blades or elongated plates 4 'connected together in an articulated manner and slidably mounted in a supporting structure 19 forming part of the roof 1 ", said curtain 4 being movable between, on the one hand, a first position deployed in which it covers and hides the pan or the transparent part (e) 2 and, secondly, a second folded position in which it is located on, under or in another part or pan of the roof 1 ", leaving the pan or transparent part (e) 2 cleared. In the context of this second variant, it may be provided that the segmented curtain 4 is associated with the retractable external thermal insulation means 5, or with the outer component 5 of the retractable thermal insulation means 5, 6, each plate or plate occultation 4 'being mounted on a segment or an equivalent elementary part 5' of the retractable outer thermal insulation means 5, or the outer component 5 of the inner and outer thermal insulation means. Advantageously, the retractable outer insulation means 5, or the outer component 5 of the retractable inner and outer insulation means, is formed of plates 5 'of natural insulating material, at least free-standing or even rigid, such as for example expanded cork sheets or hydrophobic cellulose wadding, each mounted in a support frame and assembled together to form one or more parallel portion (s) of segmented wall, said plates 5 'of each wall portion being connected between them by articulated links 20 and slidably mounted in lateral guide rails 20 'forming part of the supporting structure 19, 19'. In order to ensure continuous protection between the opposite slopes of the roof 1 ", while allowing the passage of the occulting means 4 and / or the outer insulation means 5, retractable by sliding, the roof 1" of the construction 1 comprises a ridge cover 23, extending above and at a distance from the upper edge zones of the two slopes of said roof 1 ", said ridge cover 23 being advantageously supported by and fixed on the support structure 19, 19 'for the external occulting means 4 and / or the external thermal insulation means 5, for example in the form of additional rafters or rafters, provided with suitable guide rails 20 '. According to an additional feature, or a constructive alternative to relative to the external thermal insulation, it can be provided - 12 - that the retractable inner thermal insulation means 6, or the inner component 6 thermal insulation means e retractable 5, 6, for example by sliding, consists of a unitary screen or several portions or strips of a natural insulating material capable of being wound, such as a screen felt or mattress monolayer or multilayer of natural fibers (wool) or animal, slidably hooked by ropes or cables 21 to support and guide rails 21 'extending under the pan or the transparent portion (e) 2, a winding site 22 in retracted position of said screen or said portions or strips, including for example a rotary axis, being advantageously provided under the ridge of the roof (Figure 4B). Alternatively, and as shown in Figures 1, 2 and 5, the inner insulation means 6 can be slidably transported in rails provided in the rafters Il "'under the non-transparent slope of the roof 1". In order to have an additional source of energy, in particular an autonomous source of electrical energy, possibly leading to a building 1 with positive energy, or even if necessary, to be able to mitigate a possible lack of exceptional prolonged sunshine by limiting the use of external fossil or electric energy consumption, the building may also include at least one other renewable source of energy, such as a wind turbine, a Canadian well, a Provençal well, a site of geothermal energy or a hydraulic site. The dimensioning of the thermal insulation components 9, 9 ', 6, 5 of the floor 8, the side walls 7, 7', 13, 13 ', and the roof 1 "and the thermal storage components 10, 10 ', as indicated above, associated with a transparent roof panel 2 extending on an entire slope (roof 1 "with two slopes), allow to achieve, as shown by simulations carried out by the inventor, to a construction 1 'which shows an interior temperature loss of not more than 1 ° C in five days during the winter periods in the coldest region of France, this temperature loss being compensated in a day of average sunshine during this same period the coldest. In order to promote a substantially homogeneous distribution of calories or frigories in the building 1, the latter advantageously comprises air circulation circuits at the level of the floor structure 8 and the connected sidewalls 7, 7 ', 13, 13' between them, the flow of air flowing in these circuits being possibly at least partially forced by an active circulating device and passing, if necessary, a heat exchange device such as a Canadian well or the like .

It should also be noted the beneficial frigoric virtues of building 1 during warm periods. During these periods, the thermal storage means 3 distributed in the construction, in particular as a wall component or a floor component 10 ', store and restore freshness, resulting from the disengagement (removal of the insulation) of the slope. transparent 2 during the night period, allowing the release by radiation outward excess calories, due in particular to the inhabitants, possibly coupled to a repeated renewal of the air mass of the building 1 'during this period (by natural convection or forced).

This beneficial reversible operation of the bioclimatic building 1 according to the invention results in particular from the radiation energy transmission process between the inside and the outside, namely a radiant transmission with positive gain during cold periods (storage by direct absorption radiant energy of the solar radiation or by convective heating at the level of the thermal storage means 10, 10 'distributed) and with a negative gain during the warm periods (release during the nocturnal periods of the excess calories stored in the means 10, 10 '). The inner faces of the walls of the construction 1 'are advantageously coated with decorative materials promoting the passage of air, such as for example fabrics or paper. The outer faces of the blocks 9 "may be covered with a plaster 24. The single-piece timber frame formed by the roof framing 1" (11 "rafter, 11" sill, antrum 12), the skeleton of the side walls (beam 11, brackets 18, crosspieces 16, bearing rails 26 and 27) and the frame of the floor (frame 8 and beams 11 ') allow to achieve a sufficiently rigid support structure to withstand the mechanical stresses resulting from the natural forces and the various stresses to which the building 1 is subjected during its use. To do this, the framework also comprises connector and stabilizer corner posts 25, interconnecting the three parts of the framework. These posts 25 are mounted at the corners of the construction 1 'and act like braces in the three orthogonal directions. In addition, wood-on-wood assemblies, advantageously made by tenons / mortises locked by pins and studs (preferably made of wood), ensure transmission of compression forces (no traction). Thanks to these arrangements, and to the particular assembly of the ground, the side walls and the roof, neither the pressure / compression stresses, nor the stresses in relaxation / deflection, within the limits of the usual values for this type of building 1, do not cause significant deformation of the construction 1 ', thus making it possible to overcome traditional foundations (excavated and concreted) in the majority of the implementations of the invention. Among the parts and elementary parts for the realization of the construction 1 ', it can be noted, as shown in Figure 7 of the accompanying drawings: - the plates 2' of glass pan 2, - the elementary components 4 'means of occultation, - the blocks 9 of insulating materials of various shapes, - the plates 10 ", 15 'of thermal storage (clay or rammed earth), - the beams 11, - the beams at 11' - the longitudinal members forming the peripheral frame 8 '- the 11' ', - the 11' 'rafters, - the crosspieces 16, - the spacers 17, - the yokes 17' ', - the brackets 18, - the 19', 19 'components of the support structure 4 slidable concealment, - the ridge cover 23 (possibly in modules) - the tile of the floor tile 24, - the corner posts 25, - the support rails 26 and 27 for the beams 11 and the stems 18. Of course, the invention is not limited to the embodiments described and shown in the drawings. s annexed. Modifications are possible, particularly from the point of view of the constitution of the various elements or by substitution of technical equivalents, without departing from the scope of protection of the invention.

Claims (18)

CLAIMS1) Building, in particular a building or residential house, of the bioclimatic type, essentially comprising a passive envelope construction, with at least a portion or a substantially transparent roof section oriented for optimal exposure to radiation solar, in particular winter, depending on the geographical location of the building, said building comprising, on the one hand, structurally integrated means of storage and thermal restoration by absorption of solar radiation, by contact with the indoor air and / or by transmission or diffusion and, on the other hand, external means for protecting and / or obscuring the transparent roof portion or roof (e), the transparent roof or part forming (e) in association with the thermal storage means exposed to solar radiation, a system of the type Trombe building (1) characterized in that it further comprises one or more means (5) , 6) internal and / or external thermal insulation of said portion or said transparent roof panel (e), which is (are) retractable (s) and in that at least some of, preferably all the side walls ( 7, 7 ') and the floor structure (8) of the construction incorporate thermal insulation (9, 9') and thermal storage components (10, 10 '), advantageously natural materials. preferentially untreated, the thermal storage component (10, 10 ') consisting of a plurality of mass formations (10 "), spaced and exposed to air circulation, by natural convection or at least partially forced, since and towards the interior volume delimited by the construction (1 '). 2) bioclimatic building according to claim 1, characterized in that the construction (1 ') comprises a wooden frame, preferably at the level of the floor, the side walls and the roof, and in that the part or the pan transparent roof (e) (2) is formed of glazing plates (2 '), double or single thickness, the construction (1') being essentially formed by assembling elementary parts sized and adapted for ergonomic handling by operators, advantageously at most two. 3) bioclimatic building according to claim 2, characterized in that the assembly of the elementary parts forming the construction (1 ') is a dry assembly, in particular by cooperation of conjugated forms, mechanical interlocking and / or mutual nesting, preferably locked , elementary parts, allowing disassembly and reassembly repeated without alteration, the construction (1 ') advantageously having a roof type double-sided roof and preferably a modular constitution with a segmentation in its direction of longitudinal extension. 4) Building according to any one of claims 1 to 3, characterized in that, at least for the side walls (13) opaque, and for the floor structure (8), the thermal insulation component ( 9, 9 ') consists of expanded cork, agglomerated into blocks or plates (9 ") or packaged in bulk in flexible or non-flexible containers, and the mass formations (10") of thermal storage consist of raw clay plates pressed and dried, the lateral wall (13 ') situated in the continuity of the transparent roof panel (2) having, if necessary, a substantially transparent constitution, with removable and / or retractable external concealing means and at least one thermally insulating retractable screen (14), inside and / or outside, and at least a portion of this side wall (13 ') preferably having a Trombe wall type constitution. 5) Building according to claim 4, characterized in that the side wall (s) (s) or part (s) wall (s) side (s) (13 '), intended (s) to recover positively l solar energy and / or the side wall (13 ') situated in the continuity of the transparent roof panel (2), advantageously at least partially of the Trombe wall type, comprise between, on the one hand, their transparent outer skin (15) , optionally retractable, and, on the other hand, their internal structural component (15), integrating an arrangement of mass formations (10 ") of thermal storage, which consists preferentially of pressed and dried raw clay plates, an intermediate space Receiving device (15 ") for an movable and retractable insulating screen (14), associated with a corresponding guided displacement device, formed in one piece or not with the inner retractable thermal insulation means (6) of the roof panel transparent (2), possibly present.- 18 - 6) Building according to any one of claims 1 to 5, characterized in that the opaque side walls (13) each consist of a frame based on an alignment or a double alignment of vertical carrier beams (11) of type I or H, arranged in a unitary manner or in pairs of spaced apart unit beams, in that plates or blocks (9 ") of insulating material, possibly in superposed layers extending transversely between two beams (11) of the alignment concerned, as well as thermal storage plates or blocks (10 "), are mounted by interlocking with mechanical support each time between two consecutive beams (11), the thermal storage plates (10") being, if appropriate, also maintained by crosspieces (16) interconnecting the beams (11) consecutive therebetween, and in that the plates or blocks of insulating material (9 ") are arranged to form an airtight outer wall component (9) and the thermal storage coatings (10 ") are arranged to allow circulation of the air inside them and to form a perforated inner wall component (10), preferably separated from the outer component (9) by an air gap, and possibly delimited between the double alignment of beams (11) of the wall considered. 7) Bioclimatic building according to any one of claims 1 to 5, characterized in that the side walls (13) not intended to recover solar energy by direct exposure to external solar radiation, each consist of a frame formed essentially a spaced alignment of vertical carrier beams (11), between which are arranged the thermal storage plates (10 "), preferably with mechanical support each time between two beams (11) of the alignment concerned, for example by sleepers (16) extending between the beams (11), and in that the plates or blocks of insulating material (9 ") are arranged to form an airtight outer wall component (9) and the storage plates thermal (10 ") are arranged to allow a circulation of the air inside them and to form a perforated inner wall component (10), preferably separated from the outer component (9) by an air gap, the outer wall component (9) being connected to the supporting structure by a spacer and holding structure. 8) Bioclimatic building according to claim 7, characterized in that the spacer structure and holding blocks or plates of insulating material (9 ") comprises a plurality of superimposed spacers (17), extending substantially horizontally and in parallel to the alignment of beams (11) carrying the relevant wall (13) and rigidly connected thereto, for example by bars or screeds (17 '), the blocks of insulating material (9 ") being arranged between the spacers (17) with partial engagement with the latter at contoured recesses (17 "), formed in their upper and lower faces, these blocks or plates (9") being, if appropriate, also held laterally by vertical brackets ( 18) connecting the superposed spacers (17) to each other and coming into cooperating engagement and locking in shaped recesses (17 ") formed in the opposite side faces of said blocks or plate s (9 "). 9) Building according to any one of claims 1 to 8, characterized in that the floor structure (8) consists of a frame consisting essentially of a peripheral frame (8 ') in which are mounted beams of the type I or H (11 ') laid singing and in a parallel arrangement, preferably on a bed of sand or similar natural mineral aggregates, in that plates or blocks (9 ") of insulating material, possibly in superposed layers, are arranged with mechanical support each time between two consecutive beams (11 ') to form an insulating and airtight lower floor component (9'), and in that thermal storage plates (10 ") rest transversely on said beams (11 '), flat or edge, preferably with mutual spacing or presence of openings, to form an upper floor component (10'), a free air circulation gap being maintained between these two components (9 'and 10 ", preferentially between the successive beams (11') and blocks or plates of insulating material (9") possibly being attached to the outer periphery of the peripheral frame (8 '). ). 10) Building according to any one of claims 1 to 9, characterized in that the total thickness of the side walls (13, 13 ') and the ratio of the thicknesses of the components of thermal insulation (9) and thermal storage ( 10) of these side walls are determined such that they have a thermal resistance greater than a determined minimum value and with an external / internal transmission phase shift between 9 hours and 14 hours, preferably about 10 to 12 hours, where appropriate, about 36 hours or 60 hours, the inner linings of the side walls (7, 7 ') possibly present being permeable to air and the construction (1') defining a shell or double wrapper wall substantially watertight and drafts, but allowing the passage of air and water vapor. 11) Building according to any one of claims 1 to 6, characterized in that the means (4) for concealment of the transparent roof portion (s) (e) (2) consist of separate elements in the form of blades or elongated plates, such as louvers, pivotally mounted on a support structure externally surmounting the portion or the transparent roof panel (e) (2), at a distance from this or the latter, and in that the thermal insulation means retractable (6), or the outer component (5) retractable thermal insulation means (5, 6), for example by sliding, is able to be moved (e) unitarily between, on the one hand, a first deployed position in which said means or said component (5) is disposed between the occulting means and this part or panel (2), by or covering it entirely, and, secondly, a second position retracted wherein said means or component (5) is disposed on, under or in another part or pan of the roof (1 ") of the building (1 '). 12) Building according to any one of claims 1 to 10, characterized in that the means (4) of occultation of the part or pan (2) consists of a continuous segmented curtain, formed of blades or elongated plates ( 4 ') connected together in an articulated manner and slidably mounted in a supporting structure (19, 19') forming part of the roof (1 "), said curtain (4) being displaceable between, on the one hand, a first position deployed in which it covers and hides the pan or the transparent portion (e) (2) and, secondly, a second folded position in which it is located on, under or in another part or pan of the roof (1 "), leaving the pan or transparent part (2) clear. 13) Building according to claim 12, characterized in that the segmented curtain (4) is associated with the retractable outer thermal insulation means (5), or the outer component (5) of the retractable thermal insulation means (5, 6), each blade or occulting plate (4 ') being mounted on a segment or an equivalent elementary part (5') of the retractable outer thermal insulation means (5), or the outer component (5) of the means internal and external thermal insulation. 14) Building according to claim 12 or 13, characterized in that the retractable outer insulation means (5), or the outer component (5) of the inner and outer retractable insulation means, is formed (e) of plates ( 5 ') of natural insulating material, at least self-supporting or even rigid, such as for example expanded cork sheets or hydrophobic cellulose wadding, each mounted in a support frame and assembled together to form one or more portion (s) parallel of segmented wall, said plates (5 ') of each wall portion being interconnected by articulated links (20) and slidably mounted in lateral guide rails (20') forming part of the supporting structure ( 19, 19 '). 15) Building according to any one of claims 1 to 14, characterized in that the roof (1 ") of the construction (1) comprises a ridge cover (23), extending above and away from the zones of upper edges of the two sides of said roof (1 "), said cover (23) being advantageously supported by and fixed on the supporting structure (19) for the outer concealing means (4) and / or the outer means (5) ) of thermal insulation, for example in the form of additional rafters or rafters, provided with guide rails (20 ') adapted. 16) Building according to any one of claims 1 to 11, or possibly 12 to 14, characterized in that the retractable inner thermal insulation means (6), or the inner component (6) retractable thermal insulation means (5, 6), for example by sliding, consists of a unit screen or several portions or strips of a natural insulating material capable of being wound, such as a screen felt or monolayer or multilayer mattress of natural or animal fibers, slidably secured by ropes or cables (21) to support and guide rails (21 ') extending under the pan or transparent portion (e) (2), a site (22) ) winding in the retracted position of said screen or said portions or strips, including in particular for example a rotary axis, being provided under the ridge of the roof. 17) Building according to any one of claims 1 to 16, characterized in that it comprises at least one other renewable energy source, such as a wind turbine, a Canadian well, a Provençal well, a geothermal site or a hydraulic site. 18) Building according to claim 17 and any one of claims 6 to 8, characterized in that it comprises air circulation circuits at the level of the floor structure (8) and side walls ( 7, 7 ', 13, 13') connected to each other, the flow of air flowing in these circuits being optionally at least partially forced by an active circulating device and passing, if necessary, a heat exchange device such as a Canadian well or the like.